@article{khater_culang_2017, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={49}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743816001100}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743816001100}, abstractNote={The articles in this issue explore the formation and consolidation of national political communities in the Middle East, as well as the atomization of those communities over the past half-decade. The opening section, “Labor and Economy,” brings together two scholars of modern Egypt. In “The Egyptian Labor Corps: Workers, Peasants, and the State in World War I,” Kyle J. Anderson focuses on Britain's mobilization of Egypt's human resources for the war effort. The British recruited workers and peasants from rural areas of Egypt to serve as laborers in the Egyptian Labor Corps (ELC), which Britain had formed to provide logistical support to its troops in various theaters of war, principally nearby Palestine. By reconstructing the wartime recruitment network through the colonial archive, Anderson considers the broad relationship between the central state extending out of Cairo and rural Egyptian society. Where many historians of modern Egypt have seen a hermetic bifurcation characterized by mutual antagonism, Anderson sees linkages and interdependence that undermine category boundaries. The ELC recruitment effort “bound ordinary Egyptians from all corners of the Nile Valley to one another, to their local administrative officials, and to wartime decision makers in Cairo, in London, and on the front lines of the war.” Seeing the relationship between power and resistance as dialectical and mutually constitutive, he shows how, in reaction to wartime mobilization efforts, “workers and peasants developed new ways of interacting with state officials,” while “the Anglo-Egyptian state changed its labor recruitment practices in response to recruits, their families, and their communities in the countryside.” Anderson's analysis of ELC recruitment concludes by providing important context for rural responses to the outbreak of revolt in 1919.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{khater_culang_2017, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={49}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000010}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743817000010}, abstractNote={How do history and literature create a sense of ethnic or imperial community? And how do social and legal normative and disruptive narratives contribute to drawing the boundaries of such communities? To provide some answers, this issue brings together three articles on “Historicizing Fiction” and two on “Early Safavids and Ottomans.” In the first section, David Selim Sayers's article, “Sociosexual Roles in Ottoman Pulp Fiction,” analyzes “premodern sociosexual roles” in the Ottoman Empire through the Tıfli stories, a form of lowbrow literature that narrates the everyday lives of their protagonists in Ottoman Istanbul. This genre seems to have appeared initially in the 18th century, but it peaked in the early 19th century amidst the expansion of Ottoman commercial printing. As Sayers points out, the early 19th century was also a period that witnessed a major transformation of the sociosexual order of the Middle East, perhaps explaining why the authors of the Tıfli stories reflected on the prior order in their writing. Sayers argues that whereas most sources on this subject are prescriptive and transgressive, seeking to “outline, defend, or undermine sociosexual norms,” the Tıfli stories “portray the conflict that ensues when these norms are compromised in suspenseful yet relatable ways.” Through his analysis of these stories, Sayers blurs the lines between roles such as the boy-beloved, the female adolescent, and the adult male and female pursuer, which in other sources and analyses appear self-contained. Yet he also makes an effort “to advance beyond a definition of the roles towards an understanding of how they were negotiated by subjects of history.”}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={211–213} }
 @article{khater_culang_2017, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={49}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000289}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743817000289}, abstractNote={It is with deep sorrow that we open this issue with the announcement that IJMES editorial board member Barbara Harlow has passed away. We mourn the unexpected loss of our dear colleague, one of the most brilliant and accomplished scholars in Middle East studies. In addition to her influential work, Barbara was known for her keen mind, generous spirit, and gentle sense of humor, coupled with an unabiding sense of justice. She will be sorely missed by the IJMES and Middle East and North Africa studies families. We encourage you to read Tarek al-Ariss's moving tribute to Barbara published at the end of this issue.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={371–373} }
 @article{khater_culang_2016, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={48}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743815001439}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743815001439}, abstractNote={This issue is focused on the politics of belonging/exclusion at the level of rhetoric and everyday practice. We open with two articles—Jonathan Shannon's “There and Back Again: Rhetorics of al-Andalus in Modern Syrian” and Ellen McLarney's “Freedom, Justice, and the Power of Adab”—both exploring linkages between culture and political ideas. In his article, Shannon analyzes the interweaving of a mythologized al-Andalus (the Arab-Muslim Iberian Peninsula) into Syrian popular culture, particularly music, in order to show how it was critical to the formation of Syrian memory cultures and, by extension, nation building. Yet within past- and future-oriented nationalist discourse, this rhetoric of nostalgia—whose genesis dates to the Pan-Arab halcyon days of the 1960s—posits “not only a lost paradise of past glory, but also a (utopian) vision of a future state of glory in the Arab world itself, a sort of neo-Andalusia.” Financed by petrodollars and fostered by Arab migration to and investment in Spain, literary, cinematic, and musical productions evoking al-Andalus and linking it intimately to Syria continued in the subsequent era of what one of Shannon's interlocutors describes as “political, economic, and cultural decline,” in part as a source of solace. With today's Syria tragically fractured, Shannon concludes by suggesting that “the rhetoric of al-Andalus, so closely tied not only to Arabism but also to a broad understanding of community, may yet again offer a way to reimagine the Syria of tomorrow as a ‘first rate place.’”}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{khater_culang_2016, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={48}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743816000027}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743816000027}, abstractNote={This issue is focused on reframing analytical categories in ways different from how scholars have used them, and mechanisms of power in juxtaposition to how states intended them. We open with two articles on “Reading in Translation.” Anne-Marie E. McManus's “Scale in the Balance: Reading with the International Prize for Arabic Fiction (‘The Arabic Booker’)” focuses on the International Prize for Arabic Fiction, or IPAF. Founded in 2007 with funding from Dubai and based on the more well-known Man Booker Prize, the IPAF is awarded to one Arabic novel each year. The prize supports that novel's translation into English and catapults it from the national domain into a global marketplace of readers whose reading practices, McManus suggests, have already been shaped by the postcolonial Anglophone novel. Arguing that methods inherited from postcolonial studies are inadequate for addressing these modes of reading and interpretation (i.e., the national and the global), McManus develops a comparative “scale-based method” combining insights from postcolonial and world literary theory and from area studies, which she brings to bear on two IPAF-winning Egyptian novels: Bahaʾ Taher's Wahat al-Ghurub (Sunset Oasis) and Saud Alsanousi’s Saq al-Bambu (The Bamboo Stalk). In her analysis of these literary works, McManus shows us why “a stark either/or between national and world literary frames . . . cannot apprehend the ways in which a movement between them is institutionalized in bodies such as the IPAF, nor can it grapple with the implications for reading.” “Reading with the IPAF,” she suggests, requires instead “a resituation of national frames, institutionally and hermeneutically, within the nodal relation the IPAF represents.”}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={213–215} }
 @article{khater_culang_2016, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={48}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743816000428}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743816000428}, abstractNote={This issue examines the power of categories, both historically and in contemporary scholarly and public discourse. Whether focused on medicine in colonial Algeria, the varied meanings of the word “mamluk” in Ottoman Tunisia, discursive constructions of the “Jewish refugee,” gender as an analytical category in academic writing, or another topic, our article and roundtable authors push us to consider how categories have shaped modes of life and politics, and how they shape our scholarship.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={441–443} }
 @article{khater_culang_2016, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={48}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743816000799}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743816000799}, abstractNote={This issue centers on two predominant themes: space, boundaries, and belonging from the end of empire to the early nation-state era; and the relationship between political discourse, political praxis, and values. The first section, “Belonging, Boundaries, and Law,” opens with Asher Kaufman's article, “Belonging and Continuity: Israeli Druze and Lebanon, 1982–2000,” on the spatial perceptions and practices of communities in the Middle East under the nation-state. Kaufman observes that only over the past few decades have scholars of the post–World War I order in the region begun to question “the ‘nation-state’ as the natural geographical and political unit of analysis.” Using Druze citizens of Israel before, during, and after Israel's occupation of South Lebanon as his case, he readjusts the lens toward substate, suprastate, and trans-state dynamics. Until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Druze communal and religious networks had spanned the whole of bilād al-shām, but these were radically interrupted by Israel's emergence as a bounded polity whose borders with its neighbors were reputedly sealed. This rupture precipitated the emergence of an Israeli Druze community that, isolated from broader Druze communal life and institutional frames, was expected to be loyal to the new state. Eschewing a national frame, Kaufman reveals how Druze, despite these obstacles, actually maintained “crossborder ties through marriage, licit and illicit trade, and religious practices.” Paradoxically, it was Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and its eighteen-year occupation of the South that allowed for a resumption of pre-1948 spatial practices, though these were complicated by Israeli Druze's multiple and sometimes conflicting allegiances. Such practices, restricted again after the Israeli withdrawal of 2000, continued in limited fashion until the start of the Syrian Civil War, which has propelled Israeli Druze to organize politically in support of Druze in Syria. Observing that the Druze continue to live in state and suprastate spatial scales, Kaufman proposes “using the concept ‘hybrid spatial scale’ as a tool for studying communities such as the Druze that operate on multiple territorial scales.”}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={631–633} }
 @article{khater_culang_2015, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={47}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002074381400141X}, DOI={10.1017/S002074381400141X}, abstractNote={It is with humility that we begin our tenure as editor and managing editor of IJMES. Given the breadth and depth of scholarly and editorial expertise within MESA, we feel privileged to have been chosen as the team to oversee the continuing publication of the flagship journal in Middle East studies. We are also mindful of the challenge of building upon the enormous momentum achieved by our predecessors, Professors Beth Baron and Sara Pursley, over the past five years. They and their team raised the profile of IJMES to make it one of the top area studies journals in the United States and, indeed, the world. This accomplishment is attributable to their remarkable work ethic and coordination, keen awareness of the field, vigorous editorial work, and attention to every detail of the journal's production. Daunting though their legacy may be, we are excited about the editorial team that we have assembled and comforted by the speed with which it has developed rapport and a common purpose. We also find solace in the outstanding scholars who make up the new editorial board and in the knowledge that they are as devoted as us to making sure that IJMES continues to thrive. But we are most heartened by the superb scholarship that abounds in Middle East studies. With so many outstanding young and established scholars in the field, we are certain that the pages of IJMES will continue to be filled by intellectually engaging essays that not only enrich existing areas of research, but also push the field toward new terrains of scholarly inquiry.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{khater_culang_2015, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={47}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002074381500001X}, DOI={10.1017/S002074381500001X}, abstractNote={This issue opens with two articles that explore “Ottoman Belonging” during two significant moments bookending the Ottoman past. The first of these moments is the Ottoman Empire's incorporation of Arab lands after its defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1515–17; the second is the emergence of Ottoman imperial citizenship in the period between the 1908 Constitutional Revolution and World War I, which precipitated the empire's collapse. Helen Pfeifer's article, “Encounter after the Conquest: Scholarly Gatherings in 16th-Century Ottoman Damascus,” traces the intellectual component of the Ottoman Empire's absorption of formerly Mamluk subjects after rapidly conquering an immense territory stretching from Damascus to Cairo to Mecca. As Western European states expanded to control new territories and peoples, the Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) had new encounters of their own—with the Arabic-speaking inhabitants of Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz. The conquest transferred the seat of political power in the Islamicate world from Cairo to Istanbul. Yet, as Pfeifer discusses, the Ottomans understood that their newly acquired political power had no parallel in cultural and religious domains, where prestige belonged predominantly to Arab scholars. Focusing on majālis (sing. majlis), or scholarly gatherings, in Damascus, Pfeifer traces “one of the greatest instances of knowledge transmission and cultural encounter in the history of the Ottoman Empire,” through which this asymmetry was overcome. By facilitating the circulation of books and ideas, she argues, scholarly gatherings—two depictions of which are featured on the issue’s cover—gave rise to an “empire-wide learned culture as binding as any political or administrative ingredient of the Ottoman imperial glue.”}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={215–218} }
 @article{khater_culang_2015, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={47}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743815000471}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743815000471}, abstractNote={The cover image for this issue, from Moroccan artist Mounir Fatmi's installation Modern Times, depicts architectural structures and the cogs of a machine filled in with Arabic calligraphy, representing rapid architectural development and industrialization across the modern and contemporary Middle East. The title derives from the eponymous 1936 Charlie Chaplin film in which Chaplin's character Little Tramp is a factory worker during the Great Depression who, trying to keep up with the acceleration of the assembly line, is quickly overcome and succumbs to a nervous breakdown. Like the film, Fatmi's installation critiques unbridled development and draws attention to its human toll. It also explores two related features of the modern epoch: ceaseless motion and the acceleration of time.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={421–423} }
 @article{khater_culang_2015, title={EDITORIAL FOREWORD}, volume={47}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743815000914}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743815000914}, abstractNote={How to realize your self? This question, reflective of neoliberal understandings of individual subjectivity and the sacred, is the basis of the Egyptian self-help guide whose artwork graces this issue's cover. The book is one among hundreds like it that can be bought in Egypt's bookstalls and bookstores, from where they circulate through the homes and workplaces of readers. This growing and popular corpus is the focus of Jeffrey T. Kenney's “Selling Success, Nurturing the Self: Self-Help Literature, Capitalist Values, and the Sacralization of Subjective Life in Egypt,” the first of two articles that make up the section “Therapeutic Discourses.” Kenney argues that as capitalism has expanded in Egypt, it has given rise to a pervasive consumer culture and, relatedly, a self-help literature that competes with Islamic etiquette manuals. Mixing modern ideas and ethical practices to form varied and unpredictable combinations, self-help has become a flat universal idiom, but what has given it its legitimacy in Egypt is its association with local tradition. “The inherent message of self-help,” Kenney writes, “is not simply the glorification of the individual but, more pointedly, the sacralization of the self and subjective life choices—an interpretive trend that, in Egypt, simultaneously functionalizes Islam and fosters new understandings of what it means to be Muslim.”}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram and Culang, Jeffrey}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={659–661} }
 @article{khater_2012, title={"Flying while Arab": The experiences of Arab Americans in the wake of 9/11}, volume={31}, DOI={10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.4.0074}, abstractNote={Book Review| July 01 2012 "Flying While Arab": the Experiences of Arab Americans in the Wake of 9/11 Citizenship and Crisis: Arab Detroit after 9/11. By Detroit Arab American Study Team. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2009. x + 299 pp. Graphs, tables, index, and bibliography. $42.50 (cloth).Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience after 9/11. By Louise A. Cainkar. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2009. xii + 325 pp. Graphs, tables, notes, index, and bibliography. $35 (cloth). Akram Fouad Khater Akram Fouad Khater Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2012) 31 (4): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.4.0074 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Akram Fouad Khater; "Flying While Arab": the Experiences of Arab Americans in the Wake of 9/11. Journal of American Ethnic History 1 January 2012; 31 (4): 74–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.4.0074 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of American Ethnic History Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2012 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2012 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of American Ethnic History}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2012}, pages={75–79} }
 @misc{khater_2011, title={American Christians and Islam: Evangelical culture and Muslims from the colonial period to the age of terrorism}, volume={97}, number={1}, journal={Catholic Historical Review}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2011}, pages={180–182} }
 @misc{khater_2011, title={American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire. By Heather Sharkey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. xvi + 318 pp. $45.00 cloth.}, volume={80}, ISSN={0009-6407 1755-2613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0009640711001636}, DOI={10.1017/S0009640711001636}, abstractNote={prominent anti-Catholic agitator S. F. B. Morse invoked the same defense. In his vicious attack on Catholicism, he nonetheless insisted that with their “religious tenets, properly so called, I have not meddled” (“An American,” Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States Through Foreign Immigration, and the Present State of the Naturalization Laws [New York: E. B. Clayton, 1835], 15–16.) The fact that violence against Mormons, like violence against Catholics before them, so often felt itself compelled to masquerade as violence against something else, tell us a great deal about our implicit recognition of the even greater threat religious prejudice itself poses to our conceptions of self and nation.}, number={4}, journal={Church History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram F.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={956–959} }
 @misc{khater_2011, title={American evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary encounters in an age of empire}, volume={80}, number={4}, journal={Church History}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2011}, pages={956–959} }
 @article{khater_2011, title={Fin de Siecle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0020-7438"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0020743811000201}, abstractNote={them by political boundaries and geographical isolation” (p. 6). The author explains this state of affairs by pointing to the Ottoman Empire’s millet system, which offered protected status to non-Muslims and accommodated cultural differences. She then points to the policies of Arab states, which have generally given religious and ethnic minorities a certain amount of autonomy. Syria figures prominently as an example. The book alludes to Syria’s pan-Arab and secular brand of nationalism, which has allowed space for ethnic and religious minorities to maintain separate communities with their own languages, cultural traditions, and schools. The author is careful, however, to note exceptions to this trend in the region, such as Palestinians in Lebanon and undocumented Kurds (bidūn) in Syria. It would have been interesting to read her views on the extent to which these exceptions complicate the “integration without assimilation model’’ and on what they indicate about the current geopolitics of the Middle East. For readers framing their interest in forced migration around specific countries within the Middle East, the historical and ethnographic data will, at times, seem unevenly distributed. The area today comprising Turkey, Israel/Palestine, and especially Syria are given significant historical coverage, but there is less detailed information on Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and particularly Iraq. In terms of the personal narratives, the author largely includes those of individuals who ended up in Syria and to a lesser extent Egypt and Jordan. At the same time, one of the book’s accomplishments is that it avoids taking for granted current national boundaries. The narrative stretches back to the Ottoman era, framing forced displacement through watershed historical moments that have had an impact on mobility and boundary making in the Middle East in the last 150 years. Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East represents a valuable contribution to the study of forced displacement in the Middle East. The book will appeal to scholars in the social sciences and especially those in disciplines such as history, anthropology, geography, and political science whose research focuses on minorities or forcibly displaced groups in the Middle East. It also constitutes a useful textbook for introductory courses on these topics.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, Akram Fouad}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={339–341} }
 @article{khater_2010, title={How Does New Scholarship on Christians and Christianity in the Middle East Shape How We View the History of the Region and Its Current Issues?}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0020-7438"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0020743810000450}, abstractNote={Eastern Christians and Christianity have been elided from Middle Eastern studies. The purpose of this roundtable is to bring their stories back into scholarly focus through the interventions of five scholars: Febe Armanios, Bernard Heyberger, Fiona McCallum, Paul Rowe, and Nelly van Doorn-Harder.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, Akram}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={471–471} }
 @article{khater_2008, title={"God has called me to be free": Aleppan nuns and the transformation of catholicism in 18th-century Bilad Al-Sham}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1471-6380"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743808081002}, abstractNote={On 10 June 1738 Maria Qari wrote her Catholic Melkite bishop, Athnasius Dahhan, an emphatic letter rejecting the authority of the Melkite church to impose the Eastern rite Rule of Saint Basil upon her and her fellowʿabidāt(devotees). She unequivocally states, “It is important that your Excellency knows once and for all that I will only adopt the Augustinian Rule with the Ordinances of Saint Francis de Sales. I will not become a nun under any other circumstances, for God has called me to be free from all that binds my spirit, and I will not accept any oversight [from the Melkite church] . . . Four Jesuit missionaries are in agreement with me on this point.” This is but one missive in a voluminous record of equally rancorous discourses that spanned the better part of two decades (1730–48) and entangled the ten Aleppan devotees, their Jesuit confessors and supporters, the Melkite Church, and the Vatican.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, Akram}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={421–443} }
 @misc{khater_2008, title={The making of a Syrian identity: Intellectuals and merchants in nineteenth-century Beirut}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Mediterranean Historical Review}, author={Khater, A.}, year={2008}, pages={91–93} }
 @misc{khater_2007, title={Being modern in the Middle East: Revolution, nationalism, colonialism and the Arab middle class}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Social History}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2007}, pages={210–211} }
 @article{khater_2005, title={Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the state under the mandate}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1471-6380"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0020743805222067}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, A}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={264–266} }
 @misc{khater_2005, title={The Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921}, volume={34}, ISSN={0361-2759 1930-8280}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526750}, DOI={10.1080/03612759.2005.10526750}, abstractNote={Since the downfall of the Soviet Union thousands of archival documents were declassified, providing a wealth of information concerning the inner workings of the Stalinist state. Oleg Khlevniuk, senior researcher at the State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow, has delved deeply into these materials and provided us with the first in-depth study of the Gulag from 1929-1941. While there have been many firsthand accounts of life in the Gulag, this is the first attempt to analyze its structure and role based on these archival sources. While it is impossible to quantify the exact number of people repressed by the regime during these years, rough estimates indicate some twenty million were convicted, while about three million were exiled and deported. Thus, the Stalinist regime, contrary to some claims, persecuted a significant portion of the population. Add to this the harassment that relatives and family members experienced, and the number grows considerably. The documents show that the terror was instigated and controlled by the Kremlin, becoming a normal part of a system used to resolve social, economic, and political problems. It was used to target specific groups within society, maintain a grip on society as a whole, suppress the least indication of dissent, and strengthen Stalin’s personal power. It has long been argued that convict labor played a significant part in the industrialization of the Soviet Union during the period of the Five Year Plans. However, evidence indicates this role is less than previously thought. Documents provide a direct connection between the Great Terror and economic needs of the country, but in most cases the Gulag could not keep up with the large influx of prisoners. Many of those projects that came under direct Gulag supervision, such as the Baltic-White Sea Canal and the BaikalAmur railroad, never met expectations. The value of this study is enhanced by the inclusion of brief biographies and photos of the major figures in the OGPU-NKVD, a map of Gulag sites, and the inclusion of an index to the 106 documents that are scattered throughout the book. These materials give the reader a valuable insight into the bureaucratic structure of the punitive apparatus. This is a book that will take its place among the seminal works in any study of the USSR. While it is aimed primarily at the scholar, it can be enjoyed by anyone interested in this vital part of the Stalin era.}, number={1}, journal={History: Reviews of New Books}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Khater, Akram}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={24–25} }
 @misc{khater_2004, title={Civil and uncivil violence in Lebanon: A history of the internationalization of communal conflict}, volume={36}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2004}, pages={525–527} }
 @book{khater_2004, title={Sources in the history of the modern Middle East}, ISBN={0395980674}, publisher={Boston: Houghton Mifflin}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2004} }
 @book{khater_2001, title={Inventing home: Emigration, gender, and the middle class in Lebanon}, ISBN={0520227395}, publisher={Berkeley: University of California Press}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2001} }
 @misc{khater_2000, title={The Merchant Republic of Lebanon: Rise of an open economy.}, volume={60}, DOI={10.1017/s0022050700025456}, abstractNote={chronologically from Byzantium to early modern Italy, Portugal, and Spain, uses the concepts and definitions of "world-economy" and capitalism developed by Fernand Braudel and Immanuel Wallerstein, as modified by Jonathan Israel's analysis of the rise of the Dutch trading empire, and by Michael Mann's work on social power. A short overview of these works in the first two chapters sets the stage for a more sustained narrative of "declines" in various Mediterranean regions, followed by a brief conclusion. While the book is aimed at an undergraduate rather than a specialist audience, teachers will be mainly frustrated by its lack of conceptual clarity. Most problematically, "decline" is never clearly defined. Although Thomson seems to consider decline in strictly economic terms, he does not discuss relative or absolute living standards, and he includes discussions of imperial decline caused by administrative and military overstretch. The time span over which "decline" can be established is equally unclear: witness an inconclusive discussion of whether feudal fragmentation in eleventh-century Byzantium caused short-run decline or set the stage for later growth. For the most part, however, and in keeping with Braudel and Wallerstein's framework, "decline" seems to be conceived as a loss of financial and commercial leadership by successive city-states situated in the "interstices" of political empires whose public goods they exploited. A second problem is conceptual. Thomson relies heavily on the concept of "dependency," defined as "a development process in which one of the two trading parties comes out the loser." Like Braudel and Wallerstein before him, Thomson does not spell out how dependency occurs, although he suggests that it is the result of unequal resource allocation: as markets expand, countries "lacking" in resources fall prey to more fortunate neighbors. Trade, in other words, can be bad for one's wealth. A third difficulty is analytical. Dependency theory's main attraction is that it allows for discussion of economic decline without having to explain it, and Thomson does not always resist this temptation; it is hard to glean any general conclusions about what causes economic decline. Paradoxically, the book's most fruitful suggestion concerns European growth in the long run: namely, that Europe's longstanding institutional fragmentation has always meant that decline in one part of the continent could be compensated by faster development elsewhere.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={2000}, pages={568–569} }
 @article{khater_1999, title={Notables and clergy in Mount Lebanon: The Khazin sheikhs and the Maronite church (1736-1840)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0020-7438"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0020743800054222}, abstractNote={begins with the Ottoman occupation of Mosul in 1519. This date is also cited as that of the first cadastral survey (p. 17), yet a few pages later, this survey is dated 1541 (p. 24, n. 3). However, and more important, with this book Khoury has made a significant contribution to the reinterpretation of the 17th and 18th centuries in Ottoman history. Her study also demonstrates how similar reappraisals might be effected for other parts of the empire. Finally, the explication of how local groups were Ottomanized while trying to safeguard and promote their own interests is a further step toward expunging anachronistic nationalist explanations of Ottoman provincial history, and opens the way to understanding better how the evolution of local identities came to include independent political aspirations in the 19th and 20th centuries.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, A}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={303–304} }
 @misc{khater_1998, title={Muslim politics}, volume={61}, number={1}, journal={Historian}, author={Khater, A. F.}, year={1998}, pages={142142} }
 @article{khater_1998, title={The Middle East economy: Decline and recovery}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0020-7438"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0020743800065740}, abstractNote={on military periodicals might be helpful to civilian researchers who do not have regular access to these sources. Summers's primary contribution lies in how he has organized and presented his information. He employs an encyclopedia style; each entry is not only defined but also explained and illustrated. Many entries are followed by a short list of suggestions for further reading. A broad strategic picture of some historic depth emerges from the more than three hundred alphabetically arranged topics in this section of the book, which is subtitled "The Persian Gulf War from A to Z" and constitutes the volume's centerpiece. These entries range from subjects such as the "MLRS" (multiple-launch rocket system) and the "Wild Weasel" (you can look this one up yourself), to the concept of "just war," complete with a reference to Thomas Aquinas, and a discussion of "friendly fire" that is appallingly informative in spite of its brevity. On the surface, both books cover a lot of the same ground. For example, Summers also offers a chronology—his runs from 19 February 1990 to 5 March 1991—and both authors concentrate on military operations. But each is written from a different perspective and each is directed toward a different audience. Summers talks to the generalist and the student while Hutchison speaks to those with esoteric knowledge and a narrower range of concerns. A capsule comparison of the two can be read from their respective maps. In addition to a frontispiece reproducing a political map of "Southwest Asia," Hutchison offers three little military maps dispersed across a twenty-twopage section featuring mostly bar graphs and publicity stills of military commanders. None of the maps gives the reader a sense of the terrain or of the dynamics of the military situations they presumably illustrate. All three are poorly reproduced, indifferently labeled—on one, for example, it is impossible to distinguish among boundaries, roads, and pipelines—and therefore hardly informative to someone who wasn't there (and perhaps also to some who were). Summers has twenty maps of various sizes that illustrate selected encyclopedia entries. Although these black-and-white maps appear to have been computer-generated for a color printer, they are reasonably legible and most are at least adequately labeled. Even the few decorated with undefined military symbols manage to say something intelligible to the uninitiated, either in English prose or through superimposed diagrams, and sometimes both. The primary advantage of the Hutchison volume is the detailed comprehensiveness of the information it provides on military movements. You could sit down with this book and enter data directly into your GIS program. The advantage of the Summers almanac is its attention to why and how various units were deployed, some of the logistical problems they encountered, and examples of how they dealt with them. Together, these manuals remind us of what actually was the first "television war," faithfully reproducing much of its technical glitz, its large and varied cast of characters enjoying their Warholian minutes of fame, and its peculiar scripted qualities. That the war they reflect wasn't "my" war is just part of their value, not only as "fact books" but also as windows offering another view of a conflict that continues to trouble and bedevil so many that it touched.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES}, author={Khater, AF}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={146–148} }
 @article{khater_1996, title={“House” to “Goddess of the House”: Gender, Class, and Silk in 19th-century Mount Lebanon}, volume={28}, ISSN={0020-7438 1471-6380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800063480}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743800063480}, abstractNote={“Are you going to behave like a factory girl?!” With this phrase, an 1880s peasant in Mount Lebanon not only admonished a daughter, but also encapsulated the social and economic transformations which were altering the notions of family and society, and the gender roles underlying both. Typically enough, these transformations came about between 1843 and 1914 as a result of the interaction between the local peasant economy and European capitalism. Modernization and dependency narratives of such an encounter follow the line of “tradition” versus “modernity,” with Europe ultimately dictating an inevitable outcome to its absolute benefit. Yet closer examination reveals the story in Mount Lebanon to be far more complicated. In particular, gender replaces this artificial bipolarity with a triangular struggle among peasant men, peasant women, and European capitalists. Furthermore, rather than being historical victims, women and men in Mount Lebanon—with intersecting and diverging interests—worked to contour the outcome of their encounter with Europe and to take control over their individual and collective lives. While the equation of power was most definitely in favor of European merchants and capitalists, the struggles of these peasants were not for naught. Rather, as I will argue in this paper, their travails made the outcome multifaceted and less predictable than European capitalists would have liked it to be.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Khater, Akram Fouad}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={325–348} }