@article{jansen_andrady_barnes_busquets_revell_bornman_aucamp_bais_banaszak_bernhard_et al._2024, title={Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1365-2486"]}, DOI={10.1111/gcb.17279}, abstractNote={There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors. UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution are closely interlinked. Existing studies on the persistence of plastics do not fully consider these linkages, challenging global assessments of plastic dispersal, persistence, and weathering. Recently, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee was tasked with developing an international binding agreement to end plastic pollution. In response, the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel assessed effects of UV radiation and interacting climate change factors on plastics, focusing on the durability of products as well as the production and dispersal of micro- and nano-plastic pollutants in the environment. Annual global production of plastics was estimated at 400 million metric tonnes in 2022 (Plastics Europe, 2023). A substantial fraction of these plastics ultimately ends up in the natural environment as unmanaged and ubiquitous contaminants. Plastics are highly diverse in composition and properties. Further, their formulations typically include additives, such as dyes, flame retardants, and plasticizers, resulting in variations in chemical composition, functional and structural properties, and persistence in the environment. The environmental accumulation of plastics has led to concerns about the effects of macro- (>5 mm), micro- (<5 mm), and nano- (<0.1 μm) plastics on the health of humans and other organisms. Consequently, there is a need to better understand the environmental fate of plastic debris and especially its degradation and fragmentation into micro- and nanoplastics that can be inhaled or ingested (Abdolahpur Monikh et al., 2023). Solar UV radiation drives free-radical mediated photo-oxidation reactions that render plastics brittle and can lead to fragmentation following exposure to mechanical forces (Jansen et al., 2024) (Figure 1). Naturally occurring dissolved organic matter can further facilitate the degradation of plastics via the production of reactive oxygen species. Because of the larger surface to volume ratio of fragments, UV also accelerates the leaching of potentially toxic additives. The extent of UV-induced degradation of plastics in the environment depends on temperature and the intensity and spectral composition of solar UV radiation. Typically, UV-B wavelengths (280–315 nm) are more effective in oxidizing and embrittling common plastics compared to more prevalent UV-A (315–400 nm) or visible (400–700 nm) wavelengths (Zepp et al., 2023). Biological plastic degradation and/or fragmentation has also been reported, yet the global importance of this process remains to be demonstrated in natural environments. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and its Amendments (hereafter referred to as the "Montreal Protocol"), have prevented widespread loss of stratospheric ozone and consequent increases in surface UV-B radiation. Without the Montreal Protocol, rates of UV-B-driven photodegradation of plastics, and consequent fragmentation, would have increased in recent decades. Correspondingly, the lifetime of plastic products exposed to solar radiation would have decreased (with associated economic and environmental costs), as would the persistence of macroplastic debris in the environment (Jansen et al., 2024). In addition to protecting the biosphere from UV-B radiation, the Montreal Protocol provides climate change mitigation benefits through reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), many of which are also potent greenhouse gases (Velders et al., 2007). Furthermore, complex interactive effects between UV radiation and global climate change depend on factors such as consumer behavior, land-use (e.g., increased use of evaporation-reducing plastic films), wildfires and cloudiness (e.g., affecting local UV irradiance), dissolved organic matter in the water column (e.g., affecting UV penetration and formation of reactive oxygen species) and air and ocean currents (e.g., affecting global plastic dispersal). Furthermore, some feedstocks for plastic production are ODS that are currently exempted from the Montreal Protocol (Andersen et al., 2021). If these substances escape during plastic production, they potentially affect UV radiation, the global climate and hence the persistence of environmental plastic pollution. It is expected that the complex, interactive effects of UV radiation and climate change, together with changes in feedstocks, will make plastic weathering less predictable in the future. Global effects of UV radiation and climate change on plastic debris present a double-edged sword: solar UV radiation and higher temperatures enhance the degradation of macroplastic debris but also lead to the generation of potentially hazardous micro- and nanoplastic particles. At present, the contribution of UV-driven weathering on the global load of micro- and nanoplastics cannot be reliably quantified due to a lack of data on rates of photo-oxidation and fragmentation in natural ecosystems. These rates are likely to be high for airborne plastics exposed to stronger UV irradiances, moderate for plastics on soil and near water surfaces, and low for plastics deeper in the water column or buried in soil where photodegradation will not occur due to the absence of UV. Future estimates of plastic persistence in the environment need to be based on existing projections of global UV radiation levels, and growing knowledge of dispersal of plastic around the globe. Such assessments will also inform the design and use of new plastics with durability matching the functional life of products, and that will mineralize into CO2 and other gases. MAKJ, ALA, PWB, RB, LER, JFB: conceptualization, investigation, and writing—original draft. All other authors: conceptualization, investigation, and writing—review and editing. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. LER conducts collaborative research with Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Inc. on the development of photoprotective agents. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.}, number={4}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY}, author={Jansen, Marcel A. K. and Andrady, Anthony L. and Barnes, Paul W. and Busquets, Rosa and Revell, Laura E. and Bornman, Janet F. and Aucamp, Pieter J. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Banaszak, Anastazia T. and Bernhard, Germar H. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jansen_andrady_bornman_aucamp_bais_banaszak_barnes_bernhard_bruckman_busquets_et al._2024, title={Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1007/s43630-024-00552-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Jansen, Marcel A. K. and Andrady, Anthony L. and Bornman, Janet F. and Aucamp, Pieter J. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Banaszak, Anastazia T. and Barnes, Paul W. and Bernhard, Germar H. and Bruckman, Laura S. and Busquets, Rosa and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{liu_li_andrady_wang_he_li_2024, title={Underestimated activity-based microplastic intake under scenario-specific exposures}, volume={18}, ISSN={["2666-4984"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ese.2023.100316}, abstractNote={Despite increasing alarms over the health impacts of microplastics (MPs) due to their detection in human organs and feces, precise exposure evaluations remain scarce. To comprehend their risks, there is a distinct need to prioritize quantitive estimates in MP exposome, particularly at the environmentally-realistic level. Here we used a method rooted in real-world MP measurements and activity patterns to determine the daily intake of MPs through inhalation and from ground dust/soil ingestion. We found that nearly 80% of this intake comes from residential sectors, with activity intensity and behavioral types significantly affecting the human MP burden. The data showed a peak in MP exposure for those aged 18-64. When compared to dietary MP intake sources like seafood, salt, and water, we identified a previously underestimated exposure from inhalation and dust/soil ingestion, emphasizing the need for more realistic evaluations that incorporate activity factors. This discovery raises questions about the accuracy of past studies and underscores MP's potential health risks. Moreover, our time-based simulations revealed increased MP intake during the COVID-19 lockdown due to more surface dust ingestion, shedding light on how global health crises may inadvertently elevate MP exposure risks.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Liu, Kai and Li, Qingqing and Andrady, Anthony L. and Wang, Xiaohui and He, Yinan and Li, Daoji}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{redhwi_siddiqui_andrady_furquan_hussain_2023, title={Durability of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)- and Polypropylene (PP)-Based Wood-Plastic Composites-Part 1: Mechanical Properties of the Composite Materials}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2504-477X"]}, DOI={10.3390/jcs7040163}, abstractNote={Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) have shown exceptional promise as a building material, especially for outdoor uses. Using renewable wood fiber as the reinforcing filler in WPCs increases the material’s environmental sustainability. While virgin commodity thermoplastics are primarily used in these composites, using post-consumer plastic further contributes to their sustainability. While they are beginning to be used in the Gulf countries, information on their performance, especially durability under harsh desert climates, is sparse. The present investigation on WPCs is based on the two most popularly used thermoplastics in WPCs, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP), with the wood content varying between 0 and 36 wt. %. These were prepared with melt processing from a masterbatch and characterized primarily using thermal methods and tensile properties of their injection molded test pieces. Variations in tensile properties, especially the tensile modulus (MPa), the tensile strength (MPa), and the ultimate extensibility (%) of the composite samples were investigated to determine an optimal wood-fiber loading. For either polymer type, exceeding 27 weight percent of wood fiber resulted in unacceptably low ultimate extensibility of the material.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE}, author={Redhwi, Halim Hamid and Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid and Andrady, Anthony L. and Furquan, Sarfaraz A. and Hussain, Syed}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{andrady_heikkilae_pandey_bruckman_white_zhu_zhu_2023, title={Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Heikkilae, A. M. and Pandey, K. K. and Bruckman, L. S. and White, C. C. and Zhu, M. and Zhu, L.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jansen_barnes_bornman_rose_madronich_white_zepp_andrady_2023, title={The Montreal Protocol and the fate of environmental plastic debris}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1007/s43630-023-00372-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Jansen, M. A. K. and Barnes, P. W. and Bornman, J. F. and Rose, K. C. and Madronich, S. and White, C. C. and Zepp, R. G. and Andrady, A. L.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{zepp_acrey_davis_andrady_locklin_arnold_okungbowa_commodore_2023, title={Weathering Effects on Degradation of Low-Density Polyethylene-Nanosilica Composite with Added Pro-oxidant}, ISSN={["1572-8919"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10924-023-02864-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={Zepp, Richard G. G. and Acrey, Brad and Davis, Mary J. B. and Andrady, Anthony L. L. and Locklin, Jason and Arnold, Rachelle and Okungbowa, Osadolor and Commodore, Adwoa}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{andrady_law_donohue_koongolla_2022, title={Accelerated degradation of low-density polyethylene in air and in sea water}, volume={811}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151368}, abstractNote={Accelerated weathering of LDPE laminates, with samples exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in air and while floating in seawater at the same temperature, was investigated in this study. The depth profiles of the concentrations of oxidation products in the two sets of samples was assessed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and suggest the oxidation on weathering to be diffusion-controlled in both air and in seawater, localizing the reaction to a thin surface layer. While the thickness of this layer is several hundred microns in air-weathered samples it is too small to be discernible by FTIR spectroscopy in sea water-weathered samples. A naturally weathered polyethylene microplastic pellet from floating ocean debris was also similarly studied by FTIR and the depth profile compared with that from accelerated weathering of LDPE laminates. Tensile properties of the LDPE weathered in air and in sea water were also compared to better understand the impact of diffusion-controlled oxidation on their mechanical integrity. How the origin of apparent retardation of the rate of weathering degradation of LDPE in seawater relative to that in air, is related diffusion-controlled oxidation due to the low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in seawater, is also discussed.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Law, Kara Lavender and Donohue, Jessica and Koongolla, Bimali}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @book{andrady_khan_2022, place={Hoboken, NJ}, title={Applications of Polymer Nanofibers}, ISBN={9781119267683 9781119267713}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119267713}, DOI={10.1002/9781119267713}, publisher={Wiley}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{barnes_robson_neale_williamson_zepp_madronich_wilson_andrady_heikkila_bernhard_et al._2022, title={Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1007/s43630-022-00176-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Barnes, P. W. and Robson, T. M. and Neale, P. J. and Williamson, C. E. and Zepp, R. G. and Madronich, S. and Wilson, S. R. and Andrady, A. L. and Heikkila, A. M. and Bernhard, G. H. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{andrady_barnes_bornman_gouin_madronich_white_zepp_jansen_2022, title={Oxidation and fragmentation of plastics in a changing environment; from UV-radiation to biological degradation}, volume={851}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158022}, abstractNote={Understanding the fate of plastics in the environment is of critical importance for the quantitative assessment of the biological impacts of plastic waste. Specially, there is a need to analyze in more detail the reputed longevity of plastics in the context of plastic degradation through oxidation and fragmentation reactions. Photo-oxidation of plastic debris by solar UV radiation (UVR) makes material prone to subsequent fragmentation. The fragments generated following oxidation and subsequent exposure to mechanical stresses include secondary micro- or nanoparticles, an emerging class of pollutants. The paper discusses the UV-driven photo-oxidation process, identifying relevant knowledge gaps and uncertainties. Serious gaps in knowledge exist concerning the wavelength sensitivity and the dose-response of the photo-fragmentation process. Given the heterogeneity of natural UV irradiance varying from no exposure in sediments to full UV exposure of floating, beach litter or air-borne plastics, it is argued that the rates of UV-driven degradation/fragmentation will also vary dramatically between different locations and environmental niches. Biological phenomena such as biofouling will further modulate the exposure of plastics to UV radiation, while potentially also contributing to degradation and/or fragmentation of plastics independent of solar UVR. Reductions in solar UVR in many regions, consequent to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments for protecting stratospheric ozone, will have consequences for global UV-driven plastic degradation in a heterogeneous manner across different geographic and environmental zones. The interacting effects of global warming, stratospheric ozone and UV radiation are projected to increase UV irradiance at the surface in localized areas, mainly because of decreased cloud cover. Given the complexity and uncertainty of future environmental conditions, this currently precludes reliable quantitative predictions of plastic persistence on a global scale.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Barnes, P. W. and Bornman, J. F. and Gouin, T. and Madronich, S. and White, C. C. and Zepp, R. G. and Jansen, M. A. K.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @book{andrady_2022, place={Hoboken, NJ}, title={Plastics and the Ocean}, ISBN={9781119768401 9781119768432}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119768432}, DOI={10.1002/9781119768432}, publisher={Wiley}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{andrady_2022, title={Weathering and fragmentation of plastic debris in the ocean environment}, volume={180}, ISSN={["1879-3363"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113761}, abstractNote={Fragmentation of plastic macro-debris into secondary microplastics [MPs] is primarily the result of their extensive oxidation under exposure to solar UV radiation. The heterogeneity in the marine zones with respect to their oxidative potential for plastics, introduces a marked zonal bias in their ability to carry out weathering and fragmentation. Comparing the oxidative environments of the beach zone and the upper pelagic zone with floating plastics, it is argued that the latter tends to preclude photooxidative fragmentation. Abundant MPs found in seawater are therefore more likely to have originated on beaches or land and subsequently transferred to the water, as opposed to being generated by weathering of floating plastic stock. Laboratory-accelerated weathering of plastics in seawater obtains efficient micro-fragmentation and in some instances photo- dissolution of the plastic debris, but these results cannot be reliably extrapolated to natural weathering conditions in the ocean environment.}, journal={MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{prata_costa_lopes_andrady_duarte_rocha-santos_2021, title={A One Health perspective of the impacts of microplastics on animal, human and environmental health}, volume={777}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146094}, abstractNote={Microplastics contamination is widespread in the environment leading to the exposure of both humans and other biota.While most studies overemphasize direct toxicity of microplastics, particle concentrations, characteristics and exposure conditions being used in these assays needs to be taken into consideration.For instance, toxicity assays that use concentrations over 100,000 times higher than those expected in the environment have limited practical relevance.Thus, adverse effects on animal and human health of current environmental concentrations are identified as a knowledge J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof gap.Conversely, this does not suggest the lack of any significant effects of microplastics on a global scale.The One Health approach provides a novel perspective focused on the intersection of different areas, namely animal, human, and environmental health.This review provides a One Health interdisciplinary approach to microplastics, addressing indirect effects beyond simple toxicological effects.Microplastics can, theoretically, change the abiotic properties of matrices (e.g., soil permeability) and interfere with essential ecosystem functions affecting ecosystem services (e.g., biogeochemical processes) that can in turn impact human health.The gathered information suggests that more research is needed to clarify direct and indirect effects of microplastics on One Health under environmentally relevant conditions, presenting detailed knowledge gaps.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Prata, Joana C. and Costa, Joao P. and Lopes, Isabel and Andrady, Anthony L. and Duarte, Armando C. and Rocha-Santos, Teresa}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{neale_barnes_robson_neale_williamson_zepp_wilson_madronich_andrady_heikkila_et al._2021, title={Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Neale, R. E. and Barnes, P. W. and Robson, T. M. and Neale, P. J. and Williamson, C. E. and Zepp, R. G. and Wilson, S. R. and Madronich, S. and Andrady, A. L. and Heikkila, A. M. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={1–67} }
 @article{kim_lee_kim_kang_yang_cho_tian_andrady_2021, title={Importance of seasonal sea ice in the western Arctic ocean to the Arctic and global microplastic budgets}, volume={418}, ISSN={["1873-3336"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125971}, abstractNote={Arctic sea ice entraps microplastics (MP) from seawater and atmosphere and is recognized as sink and transport vector of MPs. However, ice-trapped fraction in the global MP budget, contribution of atmospheric input, and linkage among Arctic basins remain unclear. To assess them, we investigated the number- and mass-based data separated by size and shape geometry for MPs in sea ice, snow, and melt pond water from the western Arctic Ocean (WAO). A significant dependency of MP data on measured cutoff size and geometry was found. For the same size range and geometry, sea ice MPs in WAO ((11.4 ± 9.12) × 103 N m-3 for ≥ 100 µm) were within comparable levels with those in other Arctic basins, but showed closer similarity in polymer and shape compositions between WAO and Arctic Central Basin, indicating the strong linkage of the two basins by the Transpolar Drift. Our budgeting shows that a significant amount of plastic particles ((3.4 ± 2.6) × 1016 N; 280 ± 701 kilotons), which are missed from the global inventory, is trapped in WAO seasonal sea ice, with < 1% snowfall contribution. Our findings highlight that WAO ice zone may play a role as a sink of global MPs as well as a source of Arctic MPs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS}, author={Kim, Seung-Kyu and Lee, Hee-Jee and Kim, Ji-Su and Kang, Sung-Ho and Yang, Eun-Jin and Cho, Kyoung-Ho and Tian, Zhexi and Andrady, Anthony}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{barnes_bornman_pandey_bernhard_bais_neale_robson_neale_williamson_zepp_et al._2021, title={The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1365-2486"]}, DOI={10.1111/gcb.15841}, abstractNote={The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer and preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface (McKenzie et al., 2019). This international agreement has also been one of the most important societal actions to mitigate global warming, as many of the ozone-depleting substances and their substitutes that are regulated by the Montreal Protocol are also potent greenhouse gases (Velders, Andersen, Daniel, Fahey, & McFarland, 2007). Ozone depletion itself contributes to climate change in some regions (Robinson & Erickson III, 2015), and climate change modifies the exposure of humans, plants, animals and materials to UV-B as well as UV-A radiation (315-400 nm) (Barnes et al., 2019). Thus, changes in stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate are inextricably linked in a number of critical ways that influence human health and the environment (Fig. 1).}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY}, author={Barnes, Paul W. and Bornman, Janet F. and Pandey, Krishna K. and Bernhard, Germar H. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Neale, Rachel E. and Robson, Thomas Matthew and Neale, Patrick J. and Williamson, Craig E. and Zepp, Richard G. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bernhard_neale_barnes_neale_zepp_wilson_andrady_bais_mckenzie_aucamp_et al._2020, title={Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1039/d0pp90011g}, abstractNote={This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18 , 595–828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.}, number={5}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Bernhard, G. H. and Neale, R. E. and Barnes, P. W. and Neale, P. J. and Zepp, R. G. and Wilson, S. R. and Andrady, A. L. and Bais, A. F. and McKenzie, R. L. and Aucamp, P. J. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={542–584} }
 @article{li_liu_li_peng_andrady_wu_zhang_wang_song_zong_et al._2020, title={Profiling the Vertical Transport of Microplastics in the West Pacific Ocean and the East Indian Ocean with a Novel in Situ Filtration Technique}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.0c02374}, abstractNote={A new technique involving large-volume (10 m3) samples of seawater was used to determine the abundance of microplastics (MPs) in the water column in the West Pacific Ocean and East Indian Ocean. Compared to the conventional sampling methods based on smaller volumes of water, the new data yielded abundance values for the deep-water column that are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The data suggest that sample volumes currently used for surface sampling are insufficient to get accurate estimates of MPs abundance in the deep water. Size distribution data suggest that lateral movement of MPs into the water column contributes to their movement from the surface to the bottom. This study provides a reliable dataset for the water column for a better understanding of the transport and fate of plastic contamination in the deep-ocean ecosystem.}, number={20}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Li, Daoji and Liu, Kai and Li, Changjun and Peng, Guyu and Andrady, Anthony L. and Wu, Tianning and Zhang, Zhiwei and Wang, Xiaohui and Song, Zhangyu and Zong, Changxing and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={12979–12988} }
 @article{athey_albotra_gordon_monteleone_seaton_andrady_taylor_brander_2020, title={Trophic transfer of microplastics in an estuarine food chain and the effects of a sorbed legacy pollutant}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2378-2242"]}, DOI={10.1002/lol2.10130}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LETTERS}, author={Athey, Samantha N. and Albotra, Samantha D. and Gordon, Cessely A. and Monteleone, Bonnie and Seaton, Pamela and Andrady, Anthony L. and Taylor, Alison R. and Brander, Susanne M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={154–162} }
 @article{lebreton_andrady_2019, title={Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2055-1045"]}, DOI={10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Lebreton, Laurent and Andrady, Anthony}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{andrady_pandey_heikkila_2019, title={Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on material damage}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1039/c8pp90065e}, abstractNote={Solar UV radiation adversely affects the properties of organic materials used in construction, such as plastics and wood. The outdoor service lifetimes of these materials are influenced by their rates of degradation under solar UV radiation as well as by other climate factors such as temperature, moisture, and atmospheric pollutants. While recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer is expected, local increases in UV radiation are still likely to occur, especially in the tropics, but also elsewhere because of climate change effects. Such increases, when taken together with an increased ambient temperature due to climate change, can significantly shorten the service lifetimes of organic building materials. Several proven technologies, including the use of UV stabilisers, surface treatments or coatings have been developed over the years to mitigate these adverse effects. While these technologies should be able to compensate for any realistic future UV radiation and climate change scenarios, they will also add significantly to the lifetime cost of material in relevant products. Shorter outdoor lifetime of the plastic components in photovoltaic (PV) modules is a serious concern in the solar energy industry. To ensure module durability over the full service-lifetime (of about ~20 years) of the light-harvesting PV components, better stabilisation technologies are being investigated. The present trend towards more environmentally sustainable materials in building, and environmental impact of additives such as stabilisers, need to be considered in addition to their engineering performance. This may require the phasing out of some conventional additives used in plastics as well as substituting wood or other materials in place of plastics in buildings. Depending on the relative costs of mitigation, substituting more UV-stable materials for conventional ones in outdoor products may also be a viable option with some categories of products. Neither the global cost of mitigation of the effects of climate change on materials nor the long-term sustainability of the technologies available for the purpose, have been estimated. Plastic waste and litter exposed outdoors to solar UV radiation over extended periods undergo cracking and fragmentation into small pieces (of micro- and nano-scale size). Release of these fragments into the environment, particularly in the aquatic environment, poses a potential threat to marine biota. Already several hundred of species are known to ingest these fragments that can potentially accumulate additives and pollutants from water. This is a potential threat to humans because 25% of fish marketed for human consumption have been reported to contain microplastics in their digestive systems. The focus of this assessment is on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of UV-radiation-induced degradation in materials and in assessing emerging technologies for their stabilisation against outdoor UV-degradation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of degradation will allow for innovative stabilisation approaches to be developed. Also assessed is information on the sustainability of the available and emerging UV stabilisation technologies}, number={3}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Pandey, K. K. and Heikkila, A. M.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={804–825} }
 @misc{barnes_williamson_lucas_robinson_madronich_paul_bornman_bais_sulzberger_wilson_et al._2019, title={Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2398-9629"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-019-0314-2}, abstractNote={Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability. Ozone depletion has altered conditions at the Earth’s surface and interacts with climate change. This Review assesses the effects on humans and ecosystems, including implications for food and water security, and the mitigating and ongoing influence of the Montreal Protocol.}, number={7}, journal={NATURE SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Barnes, Paul W. and Williamson, Craig E. and Lucas, Robyn M. and Robinson, Sharon A. and Madronich, Sasha and Paul, Nigel D. and Bornman, Janet F. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Sulzberger, Barbara and Wilson, Stephen R. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={569–579} }
 @article{lebreton_zwet_damsteeg_slat_andrady_reisser_2017, title={River plastic emissions to the world's oceans}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, DOI={10.1038/ncomms15611}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Lebreton, Laurent C. M. and Zwet, Joost and Damsteeg, Jan-Willem and Slat, Boyan and Andrady, Anthony and Reisser, Julia}, year={2017}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{andrady_law_donohue_proskurowski_2017, title={Solar Radiation Induced Degradation of Common Plastics Under Marine Exposure Conditions}, ISBN={9780128122716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812271-6.00093-4}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-812271-6.00093-4}, booktitle={Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Law, K.L. and Donohue, J. and Proskurowski, G.}, year={2017}, pages={91} }
 @misc{andrady_2017, title={The plastic in microplastics: A review}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1879-3363"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082}, abstractNote={Microplastics [MPs], now a ubiquitous pollutant in the oceans, pose a serious potential threat to marine ecology and has justifiably encouraged focused biological and ecological research attention. But, their generation, fate, fragmentation and their propensity to sorb/release persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are determined by the characteristics of the polymers that constitutes them. Yet, physico-chemical characteristics of the polymers making up the MPs have not received detailed attention in published work. This review assesses the relevance of selected characteristics of plastics that composes the microplastics, to their role as a pollutant with potentially serious ecological impacts. Fragmentation leading to secondary microplastics is also discussed underlining the likelihood of a surface-ablation mechanism that can lead to preferential formation of smaller sized MPs.}, number={1}, journal={MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={12–22} }
 @article{law_donohue_collins_pavlekovsky_andrady_proskurowski_2017, title={Using physical and chemical characteristics of floating microplastics to investigate their weathering history}, journal={Micro 2016: Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: From the Coastline to the Open Sea}, author={Law, K. L. and Donohue, J. and Collins, T. and Pavlekovsky, K. and Andrady, A. and Proskurowski, G.}, year={2017}, pages={88–89} }
 @article{redhwi_siddiqui_andrady_muhammad_syed_2017, title={Weatherability of Conventional and Nanocomposites of LDPE and Zinc Oxide}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1548-0569"]}, DOI={10.1002/pc.23592}, abstractNote={LDPE thermoplastic composites prepared using 1–4 wt% of conventional filler‐grade ZnO and nanoscale ZnO were investigated to determine whether the presence of either grade of filler affected the weatherability of the composite material. Outdoor exposure (natural weathering) studies and accelerated weathering was performed and tensile properties were used to assess the weather‐induced damage. Weatherability under outdoor exposure and under laboratory‐ accelerated conditions, primarily quantified using tensile properties, were found to be the same for composites with conventional and nanoscale ZnO filler. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:341–348, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers}, number={2}, journal={POLYMER COMPOSITES}, author={Redhwi, Halim Hamid and Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid and Andrady, Anthony L. and Muhammad, Younas and Syed, Hussain}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={341–348} }
 @misc{andrady_2016, place={Berlin, Germany}, title={Plastics and the Society.}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @article{amaral-zettler_andrady_dudas_2016, place={London, England}, title={Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part 2 of a global assessment}, volume={93}, ISSN={1020-4873}, url={http://www.gesamp.org/site/assets/files/1275/sources-fate-and-effects-of-microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-part-2-of-a-global-assessment-en.pdf}, journal={Reports and studies - IMO/FAO/Unesco-IOC/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection-GESAMP}, publisher={International Maritime Organization}, author={Amaral-Zettler, Linda and Andrady, Anthony L. and Dudas, Sarah}, editor={Kershaw, P.J. and Rochman, C.M.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={A sustainability primer}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={31–53} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={An introduction to plastics}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={55–82} }
 @misc{andrady_torikai_redhwi_pandey_gies_2015, title={Consequences of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the use of materials}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1039/c4pp90038c}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Torikai, A. and Redhwi, H. H. and Pandey, K. K. and Gies, P.}, year={2015}, pages={170–184} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Degradation of plastics in the environment}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={145–184} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Endocrine disruptor chemicals}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={185–225} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Managing plastic waste}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={255–293} }
 @inbook{andrady_2015, title={Persistence of Plastic Litter in the Oceans}, ISBN={9783319165097 9783319165103}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_3}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_3}, abstractNote={The increasing global production and use of plastics has led to an accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic litter in the world’s oceans. Characteristics such as low density, good mechanical properties and low cost allow for successful use of plastics in industries and everyday life but the high durability leads to persistence of the synthetic polymers in the marine environment where they cause harm to a great variety of organisms. In the diverse marine habitats, including beaches, the sea surface, the water column, and the seafloor, plastics are exposed to different environmental conditions that either accelerate or decelerate the physical, chemical and biological degradation of plastics. Degradation of plastics occurs primarily through solar UV-radiation induced photo oxidation reactions and is, thus, most intensive in photic environments such as the sea surface and on beaches. The rate of degradation is temperature-dependent resulting in considerable deceleration of the processes in seawater, which is a good heat sink. Below the photic zone in the water column, plastics degrade very slowly resulting in high persistence of plastic litter especially at the seafloor. Biological decomposition of plastics by microorganisms is negligible in the marine environment because the kinetics of biodegradation at sea is particularly slow and oxygen supply for these processes limited. Degradation of larger plastic items leads to the formation of abundant small microplastics. The transport of small particles to the seafloor and their deposition in the benthic environment is facilitated by the colonization of the material by fouling organisms, which increase the density of the particles and force them to sink.}, booktitle={Marine Anthropogenic Litter}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2015}, pages={57–72} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Plastic products}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={83–119} }
 @article{jambeck_geyer_wilcox_siegler_perryman_andrady_narayan_law_2015, title={Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean}, volume={347}, ISSN={["1095-9203"]}, DOI={10.1126/science.1260352}, abstractNote={Dumping lots of plastics into our oceans}, number={6223}, journal={Science}, author={Jambeck, J.R. and Geyer, R. and Wilcox, C. and Siegler, T.R. and Perryman, M. and Andrady, A. and Narayan, R. and Law, K.L.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={768–771} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Plastics and environmental sustainability preface}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={XIII-} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Plastics and health impacts}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={227–254} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Plastics in the oceans}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={295–318} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={Societal benefits of plastics}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={121–144} }
 @book{anderson_andrady_arthur_baker_bouwman_gall_hidalgo-ruz_köhler_law_leslie_et al._2015, place={London, England}, series={IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection}, title={Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment}, ISSN={1020-4873}, url={https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf}, number={90}, institution={International Maritime Organization}, author={Anderson, Alison and Andrady, Anthony and Arthur, Courtney and Baker, J. and Bouwman, H. and Gall, S. and Hidalgo-Ruz, V. and Köhler, A. and Law, K. and Leslie, H. and et al.}, editor={Kershaw, P.J.Editor}, year={2015}, collection={IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection} }
 @article{andrady_2015, title={The anthropocene}, journal={Plastics and Environmental Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={2015}, pages={1–30} }
 @article{redhwi_siddiqui_andrady_hussain_2014, title={Accelerated Weatherability of the Low-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Silica, Clay, and Zinc Oxide}, volume={2014}, ISSN={["1687-4129"]}, DOI={10.1155/2014/516406}, abstractNote={Nanocomposites based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with MMT clay, nanosilica, and nanoscale zinc oxide (at 5 wt.%) were prepared by melt processing and evaluated for durability using laboratory accelerated weathering. The changes in tensile properties of the nanocomposites with the duration of exposure were compared to data from natural weathering outdoors. The enhancement of degradation rates of the LDPE matrix by the presence of nanofillers in accelerated weathering is reported.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS}, author={Redhwi, Halim Hamid and Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid and Andrady, Anthony L. and Hussain, Syed}, year={2014} }
 @misc{kingston_zepp_andrady_boverhof_fehir_hawkins_roberts_sayre_shelton_sultan_et al._2014, title={Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1873-3891"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.042}, abstractNote={Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are commonly used in polymer formulations to improve strength, conductivity, and other attributes. A developing concern is the potential for carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites to release nanoparticles into the environment as the polymer matrix degrades or is mechanically stressed. Here, we review characteristics related to release potential of five sets of polymer systems: epoxy, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, and polycarbonate. Our review includes consideration of general characteristics and use of the polymer (as related to potential MWCNT release) and its MWCNT composites; general potential for nanomaterial release (particularly MWCNTs) due to degradation and mechanical stresses during use; and potential effects of stabilizers and plasticizers on polymer degradation. We examine UV degradation, temperature extremes, acid–base catalysis, and stresses such as sanding. Based on a high-level summary of the characteristics considered, the potential for release of MWCNT with typical, intended consumer use is expected to be low.}, journal={CARBON}, author={Kingston, Christopher and Zepp, Richard and Andrady, Anthony and Boverhof, Darrell and Fehir, Richard and Hawkins, Douglas and Roberts, Justin and Sayre, Philip and Shelton, Betsy and Sultan, Yasir and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={33–57} }
 @article{han_andrady_ensor_2013, title={Chemical sensing using electrospun polymer/carbon nanotube composite nanofibers with printed-on electrodes}, volume={186}, ISSN={0925-4005}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.069}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.069}, abstractNote={An integrated sensor system was developed using mats formed of electrospun polymer/single-walled carbon nanotube composite nanofibers combined with inter-digitated electrodes directly printed on the surface to detect volatile organic compounds. When the polymer in the fibers swells due to vapor adsorption, the carbon nanotubes separate from each other and increase electrical resistance of the material. The conductivity change of the composite-sensing material was monitored with a multi-meter when exposed to volatile organic compounds. The response to different vapors showed a linear relationship between resistance change and vapor concentration. We obtained both sensitivity and selectivity data on the sensor with several different vapor analytes – methanol is used as an example in this paper.}, journal={Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Han, Li and Andrady, Anthony L. and Ensor, David S.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={52–55} }
 @article{redhwi_siddiqui_andrady_syed_2013, title={Durability of LDPE Nanocomposites With Clay, Silica, and Zinc Oxide II. Weatherability of the Nanocomposites}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1548-0569"]}, DOI={10.1002/pc.22594}, abstractNote={Three LDPE nanocomposites based on the nanoscale fillers, montmorillonite clay, silica, and zinc oxide were studied to determine if the reinforcement they imparted was accompanied by any change in the weatherability of the nanocomposite. Changes in weathering behavior were monitored in samples exposed to natural weathering outdoors over a period of 24 months of exposure. Because of superior light‐shielding afforded by the high specific surface area of nanofillers a stabilization effect might be anticipated. Alternatively chemical effects may enhance weatherability. In all three nanocomposites studied, the weatherability compared to unfilled LDPE did not significantly change due to the presence of 5 wt% of the nanofillers. The efficient reinforcement afforded by the nanofillers is not accompanied by a loss or enhancement in durability of the material. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1878–1883, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers}, number={11}, journal={POLYMER COMPOSITES}, author={Redhwi, Halim Hamid and Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid and Andrady, Anthony L. and Syed, Hussain}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1878–1883} }
 @article{redhwi_siddiqui_andrady_hussain_2013, title={Durability of LDPE Nanocomposites with Clay, Silica, and Zinc Oxide-Part I: Mechanical Properties of the Nanocomposite Materials}, volume={2013}, ISSN={["1687-4129"]}, DOI={10.1155/2013/654716}, abstractNote={Three types of LDPE-based nanocomposites with montmorillonite clay, silica, and zinc oxide were prepared by melt blending the nanofiller with the resin. As a prelude to studying their durability, the extent of reinforcement of the LDPE matrix by the nanofillers was investigated using mechanical, thermal, and microscopic studies of the composites. No significant chemical modification of the polyethylene matrix was observed as a result of the processing of the composite compound. While reinforcement was obtained in all cases, the efficiency of reinforcement appears to be qualitatively influenced by surface functionalization, filler interactions, and the extent of dispersion of the filler in the matrix as well as the specific surface area of the nanoparticle fillers.}, journal={JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS}, author={Redhwi, Halim Hamid and Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid and Andrady, Anthony L. and Hussain, Syed}, year={2013} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_2013, title={Plastics and Sustainability}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, year={2013}, month={Sep} }
 @article{andrady_aucamp_austin_bais_ballaré_björn_bornman_caldwell_cullen_erickson_et al._2012, title={Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2011}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1039/C1PP90033A}, abstractNote={The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published in 2010 ( Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 2011, 10 , 173–300). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter progress reports, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in key areas of importance to the parties. The next full quadrennial report will be published in 2014–2015.}, number={1}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Aucamp, Pieter J. and Austin, Amy T. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Ballaré, Carlos L. and Björn, Lars Olof and Bornman, Janet F. and Caldwell, Martyn and Cullen, Anthony P. and Erickson, David J. and et al.}, year={2012}, pages={13–27} }
 @misc{andrady_hamid_torikai_2011, title={Effects of solar UV and climate change on materials}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1474-9092"]}, DOI={10.1039/c0pp90038a}, abstractNote={Increased solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) reaches the surface of the Earth as a consequence of a depleted stratospheric ozone layer and changes in factors such as cloud cover, land-use patterns and aerosols. Climate change is expected to result in a 1.1–6.4 °C increase in average temperature by the end of this century, depending on location. Increased levels of UV radiation, especially at high ambient temperatures, are well-known to accelerate the degradation of plastics, rubber and wood materials, thereby reducing their useful lifetimes in outdoor applications. Plastics used routinely outdoors are generally light-stabilized using chemical additives to ensure their useful lifetimes. Wood products are coated for resistance to UV radiation, since photodamage results in enhanced water-susceptibility and their consequent biodegradation under outdoor exposure. The increased damage to materials due to an increased UV-B (280–315 nm) component in solar radiation reaching the Earth likely can be countered using light-stabilization technologies, surface coatings or, in most instances, by substituting the materials in question with greater UV radiation-resistant materials. However, even if these options could be used with all common materials affected, they will invariably result in higher costs. Reliable estimates of the incremental costs involved depend on the anticipated damage and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies employed. We summarize and assess recent findings on light-induced damage to plastic materials, including wood-plastics composites and nanocomposites. The combined effect of increased UV-B radiation and ambient temperature is of special interest, since these two factors represent particularly harsh environmental conditions for most materials. Advances in approaches to light stabilization of materials are also assessed.}, number={2}, journal={PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Hamid, H. and Torikai, A.}, year={2011}, pages={292–300} }
 @misc{andrady_2011, title={Microplastics in the marine environment}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1879-3363"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030}, abstractNote={This review discusses the mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment. Weathering degradation of plastics on the beaches results in their surface embrittlement and microcracking, yielding microparticles that are carried into water by wind or wave action. Unlike inorganic fines present in sea water, microplastics concentrate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by partition. The relevant distribution coefficients for common POPs are several orders of magnitude in favour of the plastic medium. Consequently, the microparticles laden with high levels of POPs can be ingested by marine biota. Bioavailability and the efficiency of transfer of the ingested POPs across trophic levels are not known and the potential damage posed by these to the marine ecosystem has yet to be quantified and modelled. Given the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans it is important to better understand the impact of microplastics in the ocean food web.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={1596–1605} }
 @article{andrady_zepp_2010, title={Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2009}, volume={9}, ISSN={1474-905X 1474-9092}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b923342n}, DOI={10.1039/b923342n}, abstractNote={The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with UV radiation and its effects on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality and materials. Since 2000, the analyses and interpretation of these effects have included interactions between UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will likely be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was that for 2006 ( Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 2007, s6 , 201–332). In the years in between, the EEAP produces a less detailed and shorter progress report, as is the case for this present one for 2009. A full quadrennial report will follow for 2010.}, number={3}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. and Zepp, R.G.}, year={2010}, pages={275} }
 @article{andrady_neal_2009, title={Applications and societal benefits of plastics}, volume={364}, ISSN={0962-8436 1471-2970}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304}, DOI={10.1098/rstb.2008.0304}, abstractNote={This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed ‘plastics’. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years.}, number={1526}, journal={Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Neal, Mike A.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={1977–1984} }
 @article{reed_han_andrady_caballero_jack_collins_saba_loboa_cairns_van aalst_2009, title={Composite Tissue Engineering on Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Scaffolds}, volume={62}, ISSN={0148-7043}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e31818e48bf}, DOI={10.1097/sap.0b013e31818e48bf}, abstractNote={Tissue engineering has largely focused on single tissue-type reconstruction (such as bone); however, the basic unit of healing in any clinically relevant scenario is a compound tissue type (such as bone, periosteum, and skin). Nanofibers are submicron fibrils that mimic the extracellular matrix, promoting cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Stem cell manipulation on nanofiber scaffolds holds significant promise for future tissue engineering. This work represents our initial efforts to create the building blocks for composite tissue reflecting the basic unit of healing. Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were electrospun using standard techniques. Human foreskin fibroblasts, murine keratinocytes, and periosteal cells (4-mm punch biopsy) harvested from children undergoing palate repair were grown in appropriate media on PCL nanofibers. Human fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells were osteoinduced on PCL nanofibers. Cell growth was assessed with fluorescent viability staining; cocultured cells were differentiated using antibodies to fibroblast- and keratinocyte-specific surface markers. Osteoinduction was assessed with Alizarin red S. PCL nanofiber scaffolds supported robust growth of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and periosteal cells. Cocultured periosteal cells (with fibroblasts) and keratinocytes showed improved longevity of the keratinocytes, though growth of these cell types was randomly distributed throughout the scaffold. Robust osteoinduction was noted on PCL nanofibers. Composite tissue engineering using PCL nanofiber scaffolds is possible, though the major obstacles to the trilaminar construct are maintaining an appropriate interface between the tissue types and neovascularization of the composite structure.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of Plastic Surgery}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Reed, Courtney R. and Han, Li and Andrady, Anthony and Caballero, Montserrat and Jack, Megan C. and Collins, James B. and Saba, Salim C. and Loboa, Elizabeth G. and Cairns, Bruce A. and van Aalst, John A.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={505–512} }
 @article{andrady_aucamp_bais_ballaré_björn_bornman_caldwell_cullen_erickson_de gruijl_et al._2009, title={Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2008}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1039/B820432M}, abstractNote={After the enthusiastic celebration of the 20^th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 2007, the work for the protection of the ozone layer continues. The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel is one of the three expert panels within the Montreal Protocol. This “EEAP” deals with the increase of the UV irradiance on the Earth’s surface and its effects on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality and materials. For the past few years, interactions of ozone depletion with climate change have also been considered. It has become clear that the environmental problems will be long-lasting. In spite of the fact that the worldwide production of ozone depleting chemicals has already been reduced by 95%, the environmental disturbances are expected to persist for about the next half a century, even if the protective work is actively continued, and completed. The latest full report was published in Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 2007, 6 , 201-332, and the last progress report in Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 2008, 7 , 15-27. The next full report on environmental effects is scheduled for the year 2010. The present progress report 2008 is one of the short interim reports, appearing annually.}, number={1}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Aucamp, Pieter J. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Ballaré, Carlos L. and Björn, Lars Olof and Bornman, Janet F. and Caldwell, Martyn and Cullen, Anthony P. and Erickson, David J. and de Gruijl, Frank R. and et al.}, year={2009}, pages={13–22} }
 @inbook{andrady_sen_ahunbay_2009, place={Oxford, England, United Kingdom; New York, New York}, edition={2nd}, title={Poly(vinylchloride)}, booktitle={Polymer data handbook}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Sen, T.Z. and Ahunbay, M.G.}, editor={Mark, James E.Editor}, year={2009}, pages={1145–1152} }
 @article{van aalst_reed_han_andrady_hromadka_bernacki_kolappa_collins_loboa_2008, title={Cellular Incorporation Into Electrospun Nanofibers}, volume={60}, ISSN={0148-7043}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e318168db3e}, DOI={10.1097/sap.0b013e318168db3e}, abstractNote={Nanofibers are an emerging scaffold for tissue engineering. To date no one has reported cell incorporation into nanofibers. Human foreskin fibroblasts and human adipose-derived adult stem cells (hADAS) were grown to confluence, resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline, and then solubilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Nanofibers were created using an electrospinning technique across an electric potential of 20 kV. Cell interaction with nanofibers was assessed with optical microscopic imaging and scanning electron microscopy. PVA nanofibers with incorporated cells were then solubilized in phosphate-buffered saline; cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Viable cells were allowed to proliferate. Chondrogenesis in fibroblasts was induced with TGF-&bgr;1. Both fibroblasts and hADAS survived the electrospinning process and were incorporated into PVA nanofibers. hADAS cell proliferation was negligible; however, fibroblasts proliferated and showed retained ability to undergo chondrogenesis. Cells can be incorporated into nanofibers, with maintained viability, proliferation, and function.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of Plastic Surgery}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={van Aalst, John A. and Reed, Courtney R. and Han, Li and Andrady, Tony and Hromadka, Michael and Bernacki, Susan and Kolappa, Kamalkumar and Collins, James B. and Loboa, Elizabeth G.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={577–583} }
 @article{hromadka_collins_reed_han_kolappa_cairns_andrady_van aalst_2008, title={Nanofiber Applications for Burn Care}, volume={29}, ISSN={1559-047X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bcr.0b013e31818480c9}, DOI={10.1097/bcr.0b013e31818480c9}, abstractNote={Nanotechnology is a growing field of manufactured materials with sizes less than 1 &mgr;m, and it is particularly useful in the field of medicine because these applications replicate components of a cell’s in vivo environment. Nanofibers, which mimic collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM), can be created from a host of natural and synthetic compounds and have multiple properties that may be beneficial to burn wound care. These properties include a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, high porosity, improved cell adherence, proliferation and migration, and controlled in vivo degradation rates. The large surface area of nanofiber mats allows for increased interaction with compounds and provides a mechanism for sustained release of antibiotics, analgesics, or growth factors into burn wounds; high porosity allows diffusion of nutrients and waste. Improved cell function on these scaffolds will promote healing. Controlled degradation rates of these scaffolds will promote scaffold absorption after its function is no longer required. The objective of this article is to review the current literature describing nanofibers and their potential application to burn care.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Burn Care & Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hromadka, Michael and Collins, James B. and Reed, Courtney and Han, Li and Kolappa, Kamal K. and Cairns, Bruce A. and Andrady, Tony and van Aalst, John A.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={695–703} }
 @book{andrady_2008, place={Hoboken, NJ}, title={Science and Technology of Polymer Nanofibers.}, ISBN={9780470229835, 0470229837}, DOI={10.1002/9780470229842}, abstractNote={Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Background. 1.2 Basic Experimental Approach. 1.3 Description of Electrostatic Spinning. 1.4 Nanofiber Applications Areas. 2 Introduction to Polymer Solutions. 2.1 Average Molecular Weight. 2.2 Selecting Solvents: Solubility Parameter. 2.3 Thermodynamic Criterion for Solubility. 2.4 Macromolecular Models. 2.5 Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solutions. 2.6 Concentrated Polymer Solutions. 3 Electrospinning Basics. 3.1 Molecular Weight Effects 56 3.2 Electrical Charge. 3.3 Bead Formation in Electrospinning. 3.4 Introduction to Electrospinning Practice. 4 Factors Affecting Nanofiber Quality. 4.1 The Polymer Solution. 4.2 Environment. 4.3 Collector. 4.4 Applied Potential. 4.5 Feed Rate. 4.6 Capillary Tip. 4.7 Gap Distance. 4.8 Relative Importance of Variables. 4.9 Examples of Reported Data. 5 Characterization of Nanofibers and Mats. 5.1 Mat Porosity and Pore Size Distribution. 5.2 Nanofiber Diameters and Pore Sizes by Microscopy. 5.3 Mechanical Properties of Mats. 5.4 Single-Fiber Characterization. 5.5 Nanofiber Crystallinity. 6 Composite Nanofibers. 6.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Nanofibers. 6.2 Metal-Nanofiber Composites. 6.3 Polymer-Clay Composites. 6.4 Decorated or Exocomposite Nanofibers. 7 Biomedical Applications of Nanofibers. 7.1 Drug Delivery Applications. 7.2 Scaffolding Applications of Nanofibers. 7.2.1 Natural Biopolymers. 7.3 Other Applications. 7.4 Future Directions. 8 Applications of Nanofiber Mats. 8.1 Introduction to Air Filtration. 8.2 Nanofiber Sensors. 8.3 Inorganic Nanofibers. 9 Recent Developments in Electrospinning. 9.1 Nanofibers with Surface Porosity. 9.2 Core-Shell Nanofibers. 9.3 Highly Aligned Nanofiber Mats. 9.4 Mixed Polymer Nanofibers and Nanofiber Mats. 9.5 Crosslinked Nanofibers. Appendix I. Electrospun Polymers Used in Tissues Engineering and biomedical Applications. Appendix II: Summary Table of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers. References. Index.}, publisher={John Wiley and Sons}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{andrady_2007, title={Biodegradability of Polymers}, ISBN={9780387312354 9780387690025}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_56}, DOI={10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_56}, booktitle={Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2007}, pages={951–964} }
 @article{andrady_hamid_torikai_2007, title={Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on materials damage}, volume={6}, ISSN={1474-905X 1474-9092}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b700023e}, DOI={10.1039/b700023e}, abstractNote={Nanoscale inorganic fillers with average particle sizes smaller by an order of magnitude or more compared to those of conventional fillers are becoming commercially available. The efficacy of these fillers used in polymer formulations and particularly their effect as photostabilizers are beginning to be investigated. These may enhance or retard photodegradation depending on the surface coating of the particles or their chemical nature. Some recent data indicate their use as effective photostabilizers in some common polymers. However, the potential deleterious interaction of the nanoscale fillers with other additives in the formulation has also been pointed out. Depending on the efficiency of stabilization and the economics of their use nanofillers may provide a useful route to UV-stabilization of plastics and rubber used outdoors. Insufficient data are available at this time to assess their potential impact on material and coatings stabilization. Organic fillers such as lignocellulose continue to be investigated for outdoor applications. Their cost advantage makes them attractive despite the somewhat reduced engineering properties of their composites. Recent reports, however, suggest the photostability of these composites to depend on the source of fiber as well as the processing techniques employed in fabricating products from them. Identification of the key determinants in terms of species, isolation and processing of polymer-wood composites is critical to developing them for long-term outdoor use. Efforts are continuing on the synthesis of new light stabilizers, particularly those based on a hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), and on identifying synergistic combinations of known stabilizers for common thermoplastics. Variants of HALS-type stabilizers that reduce the loss of stabilizer via leaching or migration were recently reported. Studies on the permanence of the stabilizers themselves when exposed to solar UV wavelengths have also been reported in recent work. Identification of relevant mechanisms is important not only to understand the interactions of climate changes and higher UV solar environments with materials damage, but also to guide future design of light-stabilizers.}, number={3}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Hamid, H. S. and Torikai, A.}, year={2007}, pages={311} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_2007, title={Solar U.V.-Induced Damage Common Polymers.}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2007}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{andrady_2007, title={Ultraviolet Radiation and Polymers}, ISBN={9780387312354 9780387690025}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_51}, DOI={10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_51}, booktitle={Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={2007}, pages={857–866} }
 @article{andrady_aucamp_bais_ballaré_björn_bornman_caldwell_cullen_erickson_de gruijl_et al._2006, title={Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2005}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1039/B515670J}, abstractNote={Since the first assessments in 1989, the complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent. This makes it even clearer than before that we are dealing with long-term developments, which can be complicated by large year-to-year variability.}, number={1}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Aucamp, Pieter J. and Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Ballaré, Carlos L. and Björn, Lars Olof and Bornman, Janet F. and Caldwell, Martyn and Cullen, Anthony P. and Erickson, David J. and de Gruijl, Frank R. and et al.}, year={2006}, pages={13–24} }
 @article{andrady_2005, title={Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2004}, volume={4}, ISSN={1474-905X 1474-9092}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b418650h}, DOI={10.1039/b418650h}, abstractNote={The complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent.}, number={2}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A.}, year={2005}, pages={177} }
 @article{thompson_moore_andrady_gregory_takada_weisberg_2005, title={New Directions in Plastic Debris}, volume={310}, ISSN={0036-8075 1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.310.5751.1117b}, DOI={10.1126/science.310.5751.1117b}, abstractNote={The largest ever meeting focusing on plastic debris in the environment was recently held in Redondo Beach, California ([1][1]). It is evident that plastic waste presents major concerns in aquatic habitats worldwide. However, this meeting differed from previous efforts/gatherings because representatives from industry, government, academia, and nongovernment organizations were united in their desire to identify solutions to reducing waste. There has been a switch in the types of litter recorded, from shipping- and fishing-related debris to landbased sources. This was poignantly underscored by reports of islands of plastic debris swept into the sea by Hurricane Katrina.

Polymer scientist A. Andrady explained that all the plastic introduced into the oceans remains unmineralized as either entire objects or fragments, some of which are less than 20 μm in diameter ([2][2]). Large items of debris cause entanglement, impaired feeding, and mortality to birds, turtles, and mammals. Microscopic fragments are also ingested, but the consequences are unknown. H. Takada and C. Moore presented evidence on the ability of plastic to accumulate PCBs, DDE, and nonylphenol ([3][3]), and the potential for toxic chemicals to transfer to the food chain was identified as a key research direction. It was also recognized that better understanding of effects at an organismal level is required before consequences at population and ecosystem levels can be examined.

In terms of solutions, much could be achieved by reductions in packaging. Keynote speaker W. McDonough made the case for a “cradle to cradle” ([4][4]) strategy to ensure that plastics are retained in a product- specific recycling loop-turning debris from a waste disposal liability into feedstock for production. Although debris can be removed from drains and rivers by physical separators, there is also a key role for education to help reduce littering. The importance of social research to establish the public's willingness to engage with these solutions was also clearly recognized.

![Figure][5] 

Toy cars amid debris in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.CREDIT: DAVID QUINN/AP PHOTO

1. 1.[↵][6]Plastic Debris Rivers to Seas, organized by the California Coastal Commission, 7 to 9 Sept 2005.
 

2. 2.[↵][7]1. R. C. Thompson 2. et al.
 , Science 304, 838 (2004).
 [OpenUrl][8][FREE Full Text][9]

3. 3.[↵][10]1. Y. Mato 2. et al.
 , Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 318 (2001).
 [OpenUrl][11][CrossRef][12][PubMed][13][Web of Science][14]

4. 4.[↵][15]1. W. McDonough, 2. M. Braungart
 , Cradle to Cradle (North Point Press, New York, 2002).

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 [8]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DThompson%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D304%26rft.issue%253D5672%26rft.spage%253D838%26rft.epage%253D838%26rft.atitle%253DLost%2Bat%2BSea%253A%2BWhere%2BIs%2BAll%2Bthe%2BPlastic%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1094559%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15131299%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
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 @article{andrady_merkel_toy_2004, title={Effect of Particle Size on Gas Permeability of Filled Superglassy Polymers}, volume={37}, ISSN={0024-9297 1520-5835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma049510u}, DOI={10.1021/ma049510u}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTEffect of Particle Size on Gas Permeability of Filled Superglassy PolymersAnthony L. Andrady, Timothy C. Merkel, and Lora G. ToyView Author Information Centers for Aerosol Technology and Energy Technology, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194 Cite this: Macromolecules 2004, 37, 11, 4329–4331Publication Date (Web):April 28, 2004Publication History Received11 March 2004Revised19 March 2004Published online28 April 2004Published inissue 1 June 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma049510uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma049510ubrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views692Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Nanoparticles,Permeability,Polymer particles,Polymers,Silica Get e-Alerts}, number={11}, journal={Macromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Merkel, Timothy C. and Toy, Lora G.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={4329–4331} }
 @article{andrady_hamid_torikai_2003, title={Effects of climate change and UV-B on materials}, volume={2}, ISSN={1474-905X 1474-9092}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b211085g}, DOI={10.1039/b211085g}, abstractNote={The outdoor service life of common plastic materials is limited by their susceptibility to solar ultraviolet radiation. Of the solar wavelengths the UV-B component is particularly efficient in bringing about photodamage in synthetic and naturally occurring materials. This is particularly true of plastics, rubber and wood used in the building and agricultural industries. Any depletion in the stratospheric ozone layer and resulting increase in the UV-B component of terrestrial sunlight will therefore tend to decrease the service life of these materials. The extent to which the service life is reduced is, however, difficult to estimate as it depends on several factors. These include the chemical nature of the material, the additives it contains, the type and the amount of light-stabilizers (or protective coatings) used, and the amount of solar exposure it receives. Concomitant climate change is likely to increase the ambient temperature and humidity in some of the same regions likely to receive increased UV-B radiation. These factors, particularly higher temperatures, are also well known to accelerate the rate of photodegradation of materials, and may therefore further limit the service life of materials in these regions. To reliably assess the damage to materials as a consequence of ozone layer depletion, the wavelength sensitivity of the degradation process, dose-response relationships for the material and the effectiveness of available stabilizers need to be quantified. The data needed for the purpose are not readily available at this time for most of the commonly used plastics or wood materials. Wavelength sensitivity of a number of common plastic materials and natural biopolymers are available and generally show the damage (per photon) to decrease exponentially with the wavelength. Despite the relatively higher fraction of UV-A in sunlight, the UV-B content is responsible for a significant part of light-induced damage of materials. The primary approach to mitigation relies on the effectiveness of the existing light stabilizers (such as hindered amine light stabilizers, HALS) used in plastics exposed to harsh solar UV conditions coupled with climate change factors. In developing advanced light-stabilizer technologies, more light-resistant grades of common plastics, or surface protection technologies for wood, the harsh weathering environment created by the simultaneous action of increased UV-B levels due to ozone depletion as well as the relevant climate change factors need to be taken into consideration. Recent literature includes several studies on synergism of HALS-based stabilizers, stabilizer effectiveness in the new m-polyolefins and elucidation of the mechanism of stabilization afforded by titania pigment in vinyl plastics.}, number={1}, journal={Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Hamid, Halim S. and Torikai, Ayako}, year={2003}, pages={68–72} }
 @book{andrady_2003, place={Hoboken, New Jersey}, title={Plastics and the Environment}, ISBN={9780471721550 9780471095200}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471721557}, DOI={10.1002/0471721557}, abstractNote={Preface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART 1. An Environmental Primer (A. Andrady). Common Plastics Materials (A. Andrady). Polymers and Energy (I. Boustead) PART 2. Plastics in Packaging (S. Selke) Plastics in Agriculture (I. Hussain & H. Hamid). Coatings (L. Hill). Wastes From Textiles Processing (B. Smith). PART 3. Environmental Effects on Polymeric Materials (N. Searle). Biodegradable Polymers (S. McCarthy). Plastics in the Marine Environment (M. Gregory and A. Andrady). Flammability of Polymers (A. Tewarson). Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers (G. Swift). PART 4. Polymers, Polymer Recycling, and Sustainability (J. Brandrup). Plastics Recycling (M. Fisher). Thermal Destruction of Wastes and Plastics (A. Gupta & D. Lilley). Recycling of Carpet and Textile Fibers (Y. Wang, et al.). Polymers in Automobile Applications (W. Lange). Index.}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, year={2003}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{oommen_andrady_2002, place={New York}, title={Graft polymerization and other methods to reduce the hygroscopic nature of cellulose insulation}, volume={2}, ISBN={0780335317}, ISSN={1089-084X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elinsl.1996.549401}, DOI={10.1109/elinsl.1996.549401}, abstractNote={Cellulosic insulation materials are widely used in power transformers and other high voltage devices, but require intensive drying out to remove all moisture. This paper describes three methods used to modify cellulose to reduce its hygroscopicity, of which graft polymerization was the most successful method. The modified paper sheets, however, lost some mechanical strength properties, and showed a tendency to be thicker than the starting material.}, booktitle={Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Oommen, T.V. and Andrady, T.L.}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={538–541} }
 @article{merkel_toy_andrady_gracz_stejskal_2002, title={Investigation of Enhanced Free Volume in Nanosilica-Filled Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) by 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy}, volume={36}, ISSN={0024-9297 1520-5835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0256690}, DOI={10.1021/ma0256690}, abstractNote={The gas permeability of poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) containing nanoparticulate fumed silica increases with increasing filler content. This unusual phenomenon is explored using 129Xe NMR spectroscopy to examine the effect of filler on the free volume of the PTMSP host matrix. The 129Xe NMR chemical shift decreases regularly with increasing fumed silica concentration, consistent with an increase in the average size of free volume elements or cavities through which molecular transport can occur. A relationship between the chemical shift and gas permeability in the filled polymer is reported.}, number={2}, journal={Macromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Merkel, T. C. and Toy, L. G. and Andrady, A. L. and Gracz, H. and Stejskal, E. O.}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={353–358} }
 @article{andrady_nunez_chiou_khan_2002, title={Rheology of concentrated solutions of hyperbranched polyesters}, volume={42}, ISSN={0032-3888 1548-2634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11097}, DOI={10.1002/pen.11097}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Polymer Engineering & Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Nunez, Carlos M. and Chiou, Bor-Sen and Khan, Saad A.}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={2065–2071} }
 @article{nunez_chiou_andrady_khan_2000, title={Solution Rheology of Hyperbranched Polyesters and Their Blends with Linear Polymers}, volume={33}, ISSN={0024-9297 1520-5835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma991044z}, DOI={10.1021/ma991044z}, abstractNote={The rheological properties of different generations of hyperbranched polyesters in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvent and their blends with a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) are examined in this study. All the hyperbranched polyester solutions exhibit Newtonian behavior, with steady shear viscosities independent of shear rate. This indicates the absence of physical entanglements in these systems. In addition, solution viscosities are found to be only slightly affected by the different generations of the hyperbranched polymer. The polyesters have very small intrinsic viscosities, and their hydrodynamic radius scales as Rh ∼ M0.39, suggesting a less packed structure than dendrimers. All generations of the hyperbranched polyesters also show comparable apparent activation energies of flow over the temperature range studied. Replacing linear polymers with hyperbranched polymers causes large reductions in the blend viscosities. This behavior can be attributed to the decrease in both the number of physical entan...}, number={5}, journal={Macromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Nunez, Carlos M. and Chiou, Bor-Sen and Andrady, Anthony L. and Khan, Saad A.}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={1720–1726} }
 @article{morgan_stejskal_andrady_1999, title={129Xe NMR Investigation of the Free Volume in Dendritic and Cross-Linked Polymers}, volume={32}, ISSN={0024-9297 1520-5835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9813643}, DOI={10.1021/ma9813643}, abstractNote={129Xe NMR spectroscopy was used to study the free-volume changes associated with cross-linking of linear polymers and extensive chain branching in dendritic tree molecules. Qualitative changes in the free volume in model networks of poly(oxypropylene) and in starburst dendrimers of poly(amidoamine) were studied as a function of the cross-link density and the generation, respectively. Consistent with the present understanding of these end-linked networks, the change in chemical shift of the xenon was found to correlate well with the reciprocal of the average molecular weight between cross-links of the end-linked networks. With dendrimers, the chemical shift of xenon varied linearly with the generation number. A modified form of the chain-end free volume theory applicable to dendritic molecules was used to interpret the data.}, number={6}, journal={Macromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Morgan, D. R. and Stejskal, E. O. and Andrady, A. L.}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={1897–1903} }
 @article{andrady_song_1999, title={Aerobic mineralization of paperboard materials used in packaging applications}, volume={74}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991114)74:7<1773::aid-app20>3.0.co;2-x}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991114)74:7<1773::aid-app20>3.0.co;2-x}, abstractNote={Aerobic mineralization of several different paperboard materials under laboratory-exposure conditions was studied. A novel respirometer was used to titrimetrically determine the kinetics of gas evolution and the rate of biodegradation was quantified by an empirical rate coefficient k. Various bleached paperboard materials studied showed about the same rate (k = 0.14–0.16 days−1) and a 50–58 weight percent conversion of substrate carbon into carbon dioxide under the conditions used in the study. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1773–1779, 1999}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Song, Ye}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={1773–1779} }
 @article{andrady_torikai_1999, title={Photoyellowing of mechanical pulps III. Intensity effects and dose–response relationships}, volume={66}, ISSN={0141-3910}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00074-9}, DOI={10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00074-9}, abstractNote={The increase in yellowness index of mechanical pulp (newsprint) paper on exposure to monochromatic radiation at several discrete wavelengths in the region of 260 to 600 nm was studied. As already reported the effectiveness of yellowing was shown to decrease logarithmically with increasing wavelength. The effectiveness of yellowing at constant dose was found to be intensity dependent with slightly higher effectiveness at the longer wavelengths. Effects of the order (or sequence) of exposure to three specific wavelengths indicated total yellowing obtained to be dependent on the order of exposure.}, number={3}, journal={Polymer Degradation and Stability}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andrady, Anthony L and Torikai, Ayako}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={317–322} }
 @inbook{andrady_sen_ahunbay_1999, place={New York}, edition={1st}, title={Poly(vinylchloride)}, ISBN={0195107896}, booktitle={Polymer Data Handbook}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Sen, T.Z. and Ahunbay, M.G.}, editor={Mark, James E.Editor}, year={1999}, pages={928–934} }
 @article{s. cockell_andrady_1999, title={The Martian and extraterrestrial UV radiation environment—1. Biological and closed-loop ecosystem considerations}, volume={44}, ISSN={0094-5765}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00186-6}, DOI={10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00186-6}, abstractNote={The Martian surface is exposed to both UVC radiation (<280 nm) and higher doses of UVB (280–315 nm) compared to the surface of the Earth. Terrestrial organisms have not evolved to cope with such high levels of UVC and UVB and thus any attempts to introduce organisms to Mars, particularly in closed-loop life support systems that use ambient sunlight, must address this problem. Here we examine the UV radiation environment of Mars with respect to biological systems. Action spectra and UV surface fluxes are used to estimate the UV stress that both DNA and chloroplasts would experience. From this vantage point it is possible to consider appropriate measures to address the problem of the Martian UV environment for future long term human exploration and settlement strategies. Some prospects for improving the UV tolerance of organisms are also discussed. Existing artificial ecosystems such as Biosphere 2 can provide some insights into design strategies pertient to high UV environments. Some prospects for improving the UV tolerance of organisms are also discussed. The data also have implications for the establishment of closed-loop ecosystems using natural sunlight on the lunar surface and elsewhere in the Solar System.}, number={1}, journal={Acta Astronautica}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={S. cockell, Charles and Andrady, Anthony L}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={53–62} }
 @inbook{andrady_1998, place={London, England}, title={Biodegradation of plastics}, booktitle={Plastics Additives: an A-Z reference}, publisher={Chapman Hall}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, editor={Pritchard, GeoffreyEditor}, year={1998}, pages={32–40} }
 @inbook{alley_andrady_bayley_beach_björn_blanchet_bond_booth_bromwich_callaghan_et al._1998, place={Oslo, Norway}, title={Climate change, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation}, url={https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/924/AAR-Ch11.pdf.pdf?sequence=17&isAllowed=y}, booktitle={Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) Assesment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues}, publisher={Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)}, author={Alley, R.B. and Andrady, A.L. and Bayley, S.E. and Beach, H. and Björn, L.O. and Blanchet, J-P and Bond, N. and Booth, R. and Bromwich, D. and Callaghan, T. and et al.}, editor={Weatherhead, E.C. and Morseth, C.M.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={717–774} }
 @article{andrady_hamid_hu_torikai_1998, title={Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials}, volume={46}, ISSN={1011-1344}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00188-2}, DOI={10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00188-2}, abstractNote={Synthetic polymers such as plastics, as well as naturally occurring polymer materials such as wood, are extensively used in building construction and other outdoor applications where they are routinely exposed to sunlight. The UV-B content in sunlight is well known to affect adversely the mechanical properties of these materials, limiting their useful life. Presently their outdoor lifetimes depend on the use of photostabilizers in the case of plastics and on protective surface coatings in the case of wood. Any increase in the solar UV-B content due to a partial ozone depletion would therefore tend to decrease the outdoor service life of these materials. It is the synergistic effect of increased UV radiation with other factors such as the temperature that would determine the extent of such reduction in service life. The increased cost associated with such a change would be felt unevenly across the globe. Those developing countries that depend on plastics as a prime material of construction and experience high ambient temperatures are likely to be particularly affected in spite of the relatively small fractional decrease in ozone at those locations. Assessment of the damage to materials, associated with ozone depletion, requires a knowledge of the wavelength dependence as well as the dose-response characteristics of the polymer degradation processes of interest. While the recent literature includes some reliable spectral sensitivity data, little dose-response information has been reported, so it is difficult to make such assessments reliably at the present time. This is particularly true for the naturally occurring materials popularly used in construction applications. To maintain polymers at the same useful lifetime in spite of increased solar UV-B content, the amount of photostabilizers used in the formulations might be increased. This strategy assumes that conventional stabilizers will continue to be effective with the spectrally altered UV-B-enhanced solar radiation. While the present understanding of the degradation chemistry suggests the strategy to have merit, its effectiveness, in an altered solar radiation environment, has not been demonstrated for common polymers. The availability of these data is crucial for reliably estimating the cost of mitigating the increased damage to materials as a result of a possible partial depletion of the ozone layer using this approach.}, number={1-3}, journal={Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Hamid, S.H. and Hu, X. and Torikai, A.}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={96–103} }
 @article{nunez_andrady_guo_baskir_morgan_1998, title={Mechanical properties of blends of PAMAM dendrimers with poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate)}, volume={36}, ISSN={0887-624X 1099-0518}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19980915)36:12<2111::aid-pola17>3.0.co;2-9}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19980915)36:12<2111::aid-pola17>3.0.co;2-9}, abstractNote={Hybrid blends of poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers with two linear high polymers, poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, are reported. The interaction between the blend components was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, xenon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. The data suggest a much higher degree of interaction between components of PVAc-containing blends compared to those containing PVC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2111–2117, 1998}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nunez, Carlos M. and Andrady, Anthony L. and Guo, Rong K. and Baskir, Jesse N. and Morgan, David R.}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={2111–2117} }
 @article{andrady_song_1997, title={Accelerated aerobic biodegradability of paperboard}, volume={76}, journal={Proceedings of the American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Song, Y.}, year={1997}, pages={470–471} }
 @article{andrady_xu_1997, title={Elastic behavior of chitosan films}, volume={35}, ISSN={0887-6266 1099-0488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199702)35:3<517::aid-polb10>3.0.co;2-k}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199702)35:3<517::aid-polb10>3.0.co;2-k}, abstractNote={The thermoelastic behavior and equilibrium stress–strain properties of chitosan films lightly crosslinked with gluteraldehyde and swollen with water were studied. Precautions were taken to preclude changes in the swelling ratio of swollen sample films during the experiment. The results indicate that at relatively low extensions the elastic behavior of the biopolymer is entropic in origin. The equilibrium stress–strain isotherms of chitosan did not obey Mooney–Rivlin equation because of sharp increases in stress with extension ratio at high extensions. This is attributed mainly to interchain hydrogen-bonded interactions, but a possible contribution due to strain–induced crystallization cannot be ruled out. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Xu, P.}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={517–521} }
 @book{andrady_1997, place={Washington, D.C.}, title={Pavement Marking Materials: Assessing Environment-Friendly Performance}, ISBN={0-309-06064-8}, url={http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_392.pdf}, number={393}, institution={National Academy Press: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1997} }
 @book{andrady_narasimhan_pascault_pasch_peppas_rozenberg_williams_1997, place={Berlin Heidelberg}, series={Advances in Polymer Science}, title={Polymer Analysis Polymer Physics}, ISBN={9783540612186 9783540683742}, ISSN={0065-3195 1436-5030}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61218-1}, DOI={10.1007/3-540-61218-1}, publisher={Springer}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Narasimhan, B. and Pascault, J.-P. and Pasch, H. and Peppas, N.A. and Rozenberg, B.A. and Williams, R.J.J.}, year={1997}, collection={Advances in Polymer Science} }
 @inbook{andrady_1997, place={Berlin, Heidelberg, New York}, series={Advances in polymer science}, title={Wavelength sensitivity in polymer photodegradation}, ISBN={3540612181 0387612181 9783540612186 9780387612188}, booktitle={Polymer Analysis Polymer Physics}, publisher={Springer - Verlag}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, editor={Andrady, A.L.Editor}, year={1997}, pages={47–94}, collection={Advances in polymer science} }
 @inbook{andrady_1996, place={Woodbury, NY}, series={AIP series in polymers and complex materials}, title={Biodegradation of Polymers}, ISBN={9781563962950 9781563965982 9781563965999}, booktitle={Physical properties of polymers handbook}, publisher={American Institute of Physics Press}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, editor={Mark, James E.Editor}, year={1996}, pages={625–636}, collection={AIP series in polymers and complex materials} }
 @article{tonelli_andrady_1996, title={Molecular Estimates of the Moduli of Tough, Elastic Networks Formed Through End-linking of Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane Oligomers}, volume={6}, journal={Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science}, author={Tonelli, A.E. and Andrady, A.L.}, year={1996}, pages={103–108} }
 @article{andrady_torikai_kobatake_1996, title={Spectral sensitivity of chitosan photodegradation}, volume={62}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19961128)62:9<1465::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-y}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19961128)62:9<1465::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-y}, abstractNote={The wavelength sensitivity of photodegradation of solvent-cast chitosan films exposed to monochromatic UV-visible radiation is reported. Measurements were made of changes in absorption spectra, both in the UV-visible region and in the infrared region, as well as changes in dilute solution viscosity of samples, on irradiation at selected wavelengths. Action spectra are reported for these processes. A mechanism of photodegradation based on changes in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of irradiated chitosan is presented. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Torikai, Ayako and Kobatake, Takahiro}, year={1996}, month={Nov}, pages={1465–1471} }
 @inbook{andrady_1996, place={New  York, NY}, title={Ultraviolet Radiation and Polymers}, ISBN={9781563962950 9781563965982 9781563965999}, booktitle={Physical properties of polymers handbook}, publisher={American Institute of Physics Press}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, editor={Mark, J.Editor}, year={1996}, pages={547–557} }
 @article{andrady_pegram_searle_1996, title={Wavelength sensitivity of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes, ECO, and LDPE/MX}, volume={62}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19961128)62:9<1457::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-w}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19961128)62:9<1457::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-w}, abstractNote={The wavelength sensitivity for decrease in percent elongation at break of ethylene carbon monoxide copolymer (ECO) and a low density polyethylene containing a metal compound prooxidant (LDPE/MX) on exposure to a borosilicate-filtered xenon-arc source was determined using a set of sharp cut-on filters. The spectral region primarily responsible for the degradation at 60°C is 323-328 nm for ECO and 323-338 nm for LDPE/MX. At 77°C, the sensitivity shifts about 10 nm to longer wavelengths. Based on the wavelength sensitivity of these materials to solar simulated radiation and the transmission properties of window glass, these materials can be expected to lose desirable mechanical properties when exposed to window-glass-filtered sunlight.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Pegram, J. E. and Searle, N. D.}, year={1996}, month={Nov}, pages={1457–1463} }
 @article{andrady_amin_hamid_hu_torikai_1995, title={Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Materials}, volume={24}, number={3}, journal={Ambio}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Amin, M.B. and Hamid, S.H. and Hu, X. and Torikai, A.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={191–196} }
 @article{andrady_searle_1995, title={Photoyellowing of mechanical pulps, Part 2: Activation spectra for light-induced yellowing of newsprint paper by polychromatic radiation}, volume={78}, number={5}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Searle, N.D.}, year={1995}, pages={131–138} }
 @article{andrady_1994, title={Assessment of Environmental Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers}, volume={34}, ISSN={1532-1797 1520-5746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15321799408009632}, DOI={10.1080/15321799408009632}, abstractNote={The large-scale commercial use of synthetic polymers and their disposal in the environment is a phenomenon less than half a century old, a duration which is minuscule in the evolutionary time scale...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1994}, month={Feb}, pages={25–76} }
 @book{andrady_amin_hamid_hu_torikai_1994, place={Nairobi, Kenya}, series={UNEP Environmental Effects Panel Report: 1991}, title={Effects of Solar UV Radiation on Materials}, journal={Environmenal Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1994 Update}, institution={United Nations Environmental Programme}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Amin, M.B. and Hamid, S.H. and Hu, X. and Torikai, A.}, year={1994}, collection={UNEP Environmental Effects Panel Report: 1991} }
 @article{nakatsuka_andrady_1994, title={Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. III. The effect of weathering of polyethylene and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymers on moisture and carbon dioxide permeability}, volume={2}, ISSN={1064-7564 1572-8900}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02074784}, DOI={10.1007/bf02074784}, abstractNote={Two enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes were studied to determine the effect of photooxidative degradation upon transport properties. Water vapor permeability of LDPE films containing metal compound prooxidants, weathered to different extents under outdoor exposure was studied. A film made of LDPE blended with 20 wt% of polycaprolactone was also examined to determine if biodegradation over a 40-day period resulted in a measurable change in its water vapor transport characteristics. A gravimetric technique was used to study the effects of outdoor and weather-ometer exposures on the permeability of carbon dioxide of both the LDPE film and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymer films. Generally, photooxidative degradation was seen to be accompanied by a change in transport characteristics of the polymer films.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Nakatsuka, Shuji and Andrady, Anthony}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={161–167} }
 @article{andrady_pegram_tropsha_1993, title={Changes in carbonyl index and average molecular weight on embrittlement of enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes}, volume={1}, ISSN={1064-7564 1572-8900}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01458025}, DOI={10.1007/bf01458025}, abstractNote={Weathering behavior of two types of enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes was studied using FTIR spectroscopy, tensile property changes, and gel-permeation chromatography to monitor structural changes accompanying photodegradation. Changes in elongation at break and carbonyl index during degradation showed a strong correlation with the average molecular weight of the polymers. At the point of embrittlement, the highest extent of degradation measured using tensile properties, the number-average molecular weights for both polymers were in the 104 g/mol range. Facile biodegradation is not expected of polyethylenes of this degree of polymerization.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Pegram, J. E. and Tropsha, Y.}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={171–179} }
 @inproceedings{jahan_daffron_andrady_1993, title={Effect of Molecular Weight on Sonoluminescence in Polypropylene Glycol}, author={Jahan, M.S. and Daffron, J.A. and Andrady, A.L.}, year={1993}, month={Aug} }
 @inbook{andrady_1993, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Polymer Materials}, ISBN={9780873719117}, booktitle={UV-B radiation and ozone depletion : effects on humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, and materials}, publisher={Lewis Publishers}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, editor={Tevini, M.Editor}, year={1993}, pages={193–240} }
 @article{andrady_pegram_song_1993, title={Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. II. Weathering of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes under marine and freshwater floating exposure}, volume={1}, ISSN={1064-7564 1572-8900}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01418205}, DOI={10.1007/bf01418205}, abstractNote={The weatherability of three types of enhanced photodegradable polyethylene films and corresponding control films were studied under outdoor and marine floating conditions at two exposure sites. Progress of weathering was monitored using tensile elongation at break. In general, both the enhanced-degradable plastics and the corresponding controls degraded slower in marine exposure than in outdoor exposure. This is attributed to the lower sample temperatures (compared to samples exposed outdoors) and to shielding from light afforded by surface fouling in samples exposed floating in sea water. Enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes disintegrated faster than the control samples in the case of both outdoor and marine exposures. The improvement obtained in marine exposures was greater than that for outdoor exposure of corresponding sample types. This is due to the extremely slow rates of disintegration of control films under marine floating conditions.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Pegram, J. E. and Song, Y.}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={117–126} }
 @article{andrady_pegram_nakatsuka_1993, title={Studies on enhanced degradable plastics: 1. The geographic variability in outdoor lifetimes of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes}, volume={1}, ISSN={1064-7564 1572-8900}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01457651}, DOI={10.1007/bf01457651}, abstractNote={Studies on three types of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes showed tensile elongation at break to be a suitable parameter for assessing disintegration due to outdoor weathering. Disintegration rates varied greatly with exposure location, with Arizona the harshest environment and Washington and New Jersey the mildest. The rate of breakdown of the enhanced degradable polyethylenes relative to unmodified plastic was termed an enhancement factor. For the materials studied, average enhancement factors generally ranged from five to fifteen. The location-dependent variability in rate parameters can be mostly explained in terms of different average radiation levels and temperatures at these locations. A duplicate exposure protocol was developed to determine if the test data were complicated by short-term fluctuations in sunlight or temperature during exposure.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Pegram, Jan E. and Nakatsuka, Shuji}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={31–43} }
 @article{andrady_parthasarathy_song_1992, title={Biodegradation of Paperboard: Loss in strength and weight of paperboard packaging materials under aerobic soil-exposure conditions}, volume={75}, number={4}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Parthasarathy, V.R. and Song, Ye}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={203–215} }
 @article{wilson_andrady_1992, title={Burst testing of condoms. I. Basic features of the force-deformation curve of latex-rubber condoms}, volume={3}, ISSN={1045-4861 1549-9316}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030207}, DOI={10.1002/jab.770030207}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Biomaterials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Wilson, T. W. and Andrady, A. L.}, year={1992}, pages={117–122} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_mark_1992, title={Effects of dangling chains on some dynamic mechanical properties of model poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks}, volume={28}, ISSN={0170-0839 1436-2449}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01045645}, DOI={10.1007/bf01045645}, number={1}, journal={Polymer Bulletin}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Llorente, M. A. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={103–108} }
 @article{periasamy_newsome_andrady_ensor_1992, title={Gas Permeability Measurements on Asphalt Usiho the Electrodtnamic Balance}, volume={10}, ISSN={0884-3759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843759208916032}, DOI={10.1080/08843759208916032}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A novel experimental method developed for the measurement of the transport properties such as the diffusion coefficient, D, solubility, S, and permeability, P, for oxygen Into asphalt materials using an electrodynamic balance Is described. Both imaged and aged rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) asphalt particle samples In the 12 to 62 pm size range were suspended contactless and weighed In the balance to measure D, S, and P In the temperature range 17°C to 66°C. Volatilization rate data were obtained from the particle mass measurements made prior to the start of the sorption experiments. Sorption curves obtained in this study for unweathered asphalt samples showed a non-Pickian, two-stage type sorption behavior indicating the possibility of an additional mechanism other than diffusion. Analogous behavior in sorption was observed for weathered samples}, number={4-6}, journal={Fuel Science and Technology International}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Periasamy, Ravindran and Newsome, J. R. and Andrady, A. L. and Ensor, D. S.}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={1033–1057} }
 @inbook{andrady_pegram_1992, place={New  York, NY}, title={Outdoor Weathering of Polystyrene Foam}, booktitle={Polymer and Fiber Science: Recent Advances}, publisher={VCH Publishers}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Pegram, Jan E.}, editor={Fornes, R. and Gilbert, R. and Mark, H.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={287–298} }
 @article{nakatsuka_andrady_1992, title={Permeability of vitamin B-12 in chitosan membranes. Effect of crosslinking and blending with poly(vinyl alcohol) on permeability}, volume={44}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440103}, DOI={10.1002/app.1992.070440103}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nakatsuka, Shuji and Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={17–28} }
 @inbook{andrady_hamid_1992, place={New  York, NY}, series={Environmental science and pollution control series}, title={Possible Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Weatherability of Plastics,}, ISBN={0824786718}, booktitle={Handbook of Polymer Degradation}, publisher={Marcel Dekker, Inc}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Hamid, S.Halim}, editor={Hamid, S. Halim and Maadhah, Ali G. and Amin, Mohamed B.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={29–53}, collection={Environmental science and pollution control series} }
 @book{andrady_pegram_olson_1992, place={Durham, NC}, title={Research and development of two marine-degradable biopolymers}, institution={Research Triangle Institute}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Pegram, J.E. and Olson, T.M.}, year={1992}, month={Mar} }
 @article{nakatsuka_andrady_1992, title={Thermogravimetric determination of starch content in starch–polyethylene blend films}, volume={45}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070451102}, DOI={10.1002/app.1992.070451102}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nakatsuka, S. and Andrady, A. L.}, year={1992}, month={Aug}, pages={1881–1887} }
 @article{andrady_searle_crewdson_1992, title={Wavelength sensitivity of unstabilized and UV stabilized polycarbonate to solar simulated radiation}, volume={35}, ISSN={0141-3910}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(92)90031-y}, DOI={10.1016/0141-3910(92)90031-y}, abstractNote={Activation spectra of bisphenol A polycarbonate based on yellowing and increase in ultraviolet (UV) absorption were obtained by the sharp cut filter technique which was shown to provide the same information as the spectrographic technique. The optical changes are caused by two distinctly separate actinic regions of borosilicate filtered xenon arc radiation, wavelengths below 300 nm and between 310 and 340 or 350 nm. They have significantly different quantum efficiencies and differ in the amount of yellowing relative to the increase in ultraviolet absorption promoted. This supports previous studies which identify different degradation mechanisms by short versus long wavelength UV radiation. The shorter wavelength region causes both more severe yellowing and greater increase in UV absorption. Inhibition of degradation by the UV absorber in the stabilized polycarbonate was shown to be more effective against the long wavelength actinic radiation. Yellowing by solar radiation is due only to the longer wavelength region, indicating that the photo-Fries pathway is insignificant during outdoor exposure, based on previous work showing that it is primarily promoted by the short wavelength UV radiation.}, number={3}, journal={Polymer Degradation and Stability}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Searle, Norma D. and Crewdson, Lesley F.E.}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={235–247} }
 @article{andrady_mark_1991, title={Dynamic mechanical relaxations in swollen elastin networks}, volume={27}, ISSN={0170-0839 1436-2449}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00296035}, DOI={10.1007/bf00296035}, number={2}, journal={Polymer Bulletin}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={227–234} }
 @article{ye_andrady_1991, title={Fouling of floating plastic debris under Biscayne Bay exposure conditions}, volume={22}, ISSN={0025-326X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(91)90249-r}, DOI={10.1016/0025-326x(91)90249-r}, abstractNote={Six plastic/rubber materials commonly encountered in marine debris and beach litter were studied under Biscayne Bay (Florida, USA) exposure conditions to determine the effect of fouling on buoyancy. Studies under restricted floating, and restricted submerged exposure conditions suggest that most plastic samples undergo fouling to an extent to cause the sample to be negatively buoyant in sea water. Rapid defouling of the submerged fouled samples was observed. The findings suggest that free-floating plastics at sea may, under certain conditions, undergo fouling-induced sinking followed by resurfacing as floating debris.}, number={12}, journal={Marine Pollution Bulletin}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ye, Song and Andrady, Anthony L}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={608–613} }
 @inbook{andrady_amin_hamid_hu_fueki_torikai_1991, place={Nairobi, Kenya}, title={Materials Damage}, ISBN={92 807 1309 4}, url={https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/29222}, booktitle={Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1991 Update}, publisher={United Nations Environment Programme}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Amin, M.B. and Hamid, S.H. and Hu, X. and Fueki, K. and Torikai, A.}, editor={van der Leun, J.C. and Tevini, M. and Worrest, R.C.Editors}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={45–50} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_1991, title={Outdoor and Laboratory Weathering of Plastics Formulated for Enhanced Degradability}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1991}, month={Feb} }
 @article{andrady_song_parthasarathy_fueki_torikai_1991, title={Photoyellowing of mechanical pulp. Part 1: Examining the wavelength sensitivity of light-induced yellowing using monochromatic radiation}, volume={74}, url={https://imisrise.tappi.org//download.aspx?key=91AUG162}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Song, Y. and Parthasarathy, V.R. and Fueki, K. and Torikai, A.}, year={1991}, pages={162–168} }
 @article{andrady_fueki_torikai_1991, title={Spectral sensitivity of polycarbonate to light-induced yellowing}, volume={42}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420739}, DOI={10.1002/app.1991.070420739}, abstractNote={The study was undertaken to determine the wavelength sensitivity of commercial polycarbonate sheets, containing a UV absorber, to light-induced yellowing. Particular emphasis was placed on the wawelength interval typical of terrestrial sunlight at unit air mass}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Fueki, Kenji and Torikai, Ayako}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={2105–2107} }
 @article{andrady_parthasarathy_song_1991, title={Weathering of Paperboard Used in Consumer Packaging Applications. A litter simulation study}, volume={74}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={https://imisrise.tappi.org//download.aspx?key=91JUL185}, number={7}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Parthasarathy, V.R. and Song, Ye}, year={1991}, pages={185–194} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_1991, place={Cincinnati, OH}, title={Weathering of Selected Degradable Plastic Materials Under Outdoor and Laboratory Exposure Conditions}, number={EPA/600/9-91/002}, booktitle={Remedial Action, Treatment, and Disposal of Hazardous Waste}, publisher={Environmental Protection Agency}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, editor={Richards, M.K. and Evans, G.M. and Warner, H.P.Editors}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={225–237} }
 @article{andrady_pegram_1991, title={Weathering of polystyrene foam on exposure in air and in seawater}, volume={42}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420612}, DOI={10.1002/app.1991.070420612}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Pegram, Jan E.}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={1589–1596} }
 @inproceedings{newsome_andrady_ensor_periasamy_1990, place={Washington, DC}, title={Gas Permeability Measurements on Asphalts Using the Electrodynamic Balance}, publisher={National American Chemical Society Meeting}, author={Newsome, J.R. and Andrady, A.L. and Ensor, D.S. and Periasamy, Ravindran}, year={1990}, month={Aug} }
 @article{andrady_fueki_torikai_1990, title={Photodegradation of rigid PVC formulations. III. Wavelength sensitivity of the photo-yellowing reaction in processed PVC formulations}, volume={39}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390325}, DOI={10.1002/app.1990.070390325}, abstractNote={Etude de formulations moulees par extrusion soumises a des rayonnements monochromatiques de 280, 300, 320, 340, 400 et 500 nm a des intensites et pendant des durees variables. Les resultats donnent des indices de jaunissement par photon recu par unite de surface}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Fueki, Kenji and Torikai, Ayako}, year={1990}, month={Feb}, pages={763–766} }
 @article{andrady_1990, title={Weathering of polyethylene (LDPE) and enhanced photodegradable polyethylene in the marine environment}, volume={39}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390213}, DOI={10.1002/app.1990.070390213}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={363–370} }
 @article{andrady_mark_1989, volume={190}, ISSN={0025-116X 0025-116X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1989.021900524}, DOI={10.1002/macp.1989.021900524}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Die Makromolekulare Chemie}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Mark, James E.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={1187–1193} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_pegram_1989, title={Degradable Plastics in the Marine Environment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Developments in Petrochemical and Polymer Technologies}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Pegram, Jan E.}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={5–28} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_1989, title={Environmental Degradation of Plastics Under Land and Marine Exposure Conditions}, volume={2}, url={https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/6012}, number={NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris}, publisher={U.S. Department of Commerce}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, editor={Shomura, R.S. and Godfrey, M.Editors}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={848–869} }
 @book{andrady_amin_maadhah_hamid_fueki_torikai_1989, place={Nairobi, Kenya}, title={Materials Damage}, ISBN={92-807-1245-4}, url={https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/29884/Montreal_EEPR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}, journal={Environmental Effects Panel Report}, institution={United Nations Environmental Programme}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Amin, M.B. and Maadhah, A.G. and Hamid, S.H. and Fueki, K. and Torikai, A.}, year={1989}, month={Nov}, pages={55–60} }
 @article{pegram_andrady_1989, title={Outdoor weathering of selected polymeric materials under marine exposure conditions}, volume={26}, ISSN={0141-3910}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(89)90112-2}, DOI={10.1016/0141-3910(89)90112-2}, abstractNote={Several types of thermoplastic and latex rubber materials commonly encountered in marine plastic debris were weathered in air and while floating in sea water, under North Carolina climatic conditions. The degradation of the different samples was monitored by tensile property determination. In general, the various materials tested tended to weather at a slower rate when exposed in sea water compared to that in air. This retardation of weathering is probably a result of lack of heat build-up in samples exposed at sea.}, number={4}, journal={Polymer Degradation and Stability}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pegram, Jan E. and Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={333–345} }
 @article{andrady_torikai_fueki_1989, title={Photodegradation of rigid PVC formulations. I. Wavelength sensitivity to light-induced yellowing by monochromatic light}, volume={37}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370408}, DOI={10.1002/app.1989.070370408}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Torikai, Ayako and Fueki, Kenji}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={935–946} }
 @article{andrady_searle_1989, title={Photodegradation of rigid PVC formulations. II. Spectral sensitivity to light-induced yellowing by polychromatic light}, volume={37}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070371001}, DOI={10.1002/app.1989.070371001}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Searle, Norma D.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={2789–2802} }
 @book{andrady_1988, place={North Carolina}, title={Experimental demonstration of controlled photodegradation of relevant plastic compositions under marine environmental conditions}, number={RTI/3745/00-01F}, institution={Dept. Commerce, Research Triangle Institute}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, year={1988} }
 @article{andrady_1988, title={Plastics That Degrade Faster}, volume={46}, journal={ASTM Standardization News}, author={Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1988}, month={Oct} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_1987, title={Elasticity of model poly(oxypropylene) networks}, volume={25}, ISSN={0887-6266 1099-0488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250115}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1987.090250115}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Llorente, Miguel A.}, year={1987}, month={Jan}, pages={195–204} }
 @inbook{pitt_andrady_bao_samuel_1987, title={Estimation of Rates of Drug Diffusion in Polymers}, ISBN={9780841214132 9780841211919}, ISSN={0097-6156 1947-5918}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0348.ch004}, DOI={10.1021/bk-1987-0348.ch004}, abstractNote={A method of estimating the solubility of drugs in rubbery polymers, based on the octanol-water partition coefficient of the drug, is described. This method, when combined knowledge of the drug diffusion coefficient D, permits calculation of diffusion controlled release rates. Studies of the relationship between the solute structure and D are reviewed, to support the conclusion that D can be estimated from the solute molecular size or molecular weight; alternatively, D may be treated as a constant for a given polymer provided the molecular weight of the drug falls in the range of 250 - 350 au. Earlier methods of calculating the drug solubility in a polymer using drug melting points and solubility parameters are described. The present method is based on the correlation: log P(polymer) = a log P(octanol) + b, which is shown to apply for poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), and poly(ε-caprolactam-co-ε-caprolactone), using a series of nine basic and steroidal drugs. When combined with the known or estimated drug water solubility, the correlation provides a simple method of estimating drug-polymer solubility and diffusion rates. Examples of the method are provided.}, booktitle={ACS Symposium Series}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, author={Pitt, C. G. and Andrady, A. L. and Bao, Y. T. and Samuel, N. K. P.}, year={1987}, month={Jul}, pages={49–70} }
 @article{andrady_shultz_1987, title={Light stabilization of polymers using opaque pigments}, volume={33}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330426}, DOI={10.1002/app.1987.070330426}, abstractNote={The ultraviolet light screening characteristics of monodisperse and polydisperse opaque spherical pigment particles are examined in the nonreflection limit. The screening capability for polydisperse particle size distributions is most uniquely described in terms of the area-average radius. The light screening is related to the pigment's area-average radius and volume fraction loading. Light intensity as a function of depth is stated for systems containing an opaque pigment and a soluble UV light absorber.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Shultz, Allan R.}, year={1987}, month={Mar}, pages={1389–1395} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_1987, place={Washington, DC}, title={Plastics in the Marine Environment}, booktitle={Proceedings of Symposium on Degradable Plastics (SPI)}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, year={1987}, month={Jun}, pages={22–25} }
 @article{shultz_andrady_1987, title={Protection of polymers from degradation by ultraviolet light: Compensation for increased UV light intensity by increased UV absorber concentration}, volume={33}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330632}, DOI={10.1002/app.1987.070330632}, abstractNote={Discussion de «regle du pouce»: il faut doubler la concentration en absorbant UV pour avoir la meme duree de vie d'un plastique lorsque l'intensite des UV augmente de 50%}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Shultz, Allan R. and Andrady, Anthony L.}, year={1987}, month={May}, pages={2249–2252} }
 @book{andrady_1987, title={Research on the use of degradable fishing gear and packaging materials}, url={https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/Publications/ProcRpt/PR1987-03.pdf}, number={87-03}, institution={Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, year={1987} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_saiz_1987, title={Stress-optical properties of poly(oxypropylene) networks}, volume={25}, ISSN={0887-6266 1099-0488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250913}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1987.090250913}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, Anthony L. and Llorente, Miguel A. and Saiz, Enrique}, year={1987}, month={Sep}, pages={1935–1948} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_1987, title={The Use of Enhanced Degradable Plastics for Control of Plastics Debris in the Marine Environment}, booktitle={Proceedings of North Pacific Rim Fisheries Conference on Marine Debris}, author={Andrady, A.L.}, year={1987}, month={Oct} }
 @article{andrady_suraweera_1986, title={A DB search algorithm application in injection molding process control}, volume={7}, ISSN={0166-3615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(86)90089-8}, DOI={10.1016/0166-3615(86)90089-8}, abstractNote={The current trend in the injection molding industry is towards the development of fully automated, multi-station molding facilities for thermoplastics. Close control over various process variables and ready accessibility of operational parameters for a variety of thermoplastics, is critical for success in achieving such a system. This invariably involves the setting up of a voluminous database. Efficiency of the database search algorithm is a particularly important consideration due to the relatively fast cycle times of the molding process. The organization of the database as a Doubly Chained Tree structure and the assignment of weights to terminal nodes, allows an efficient search algorithm to be developed for this purpose.}, number={5}, journal={Computers in Industry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Suraweera, A.F.}, year={1986}, month={Oct}, pages={411–415} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_horst_1986, title={An Assessment of UV-B Radiation Effects on Polymer Materials}, volume={II: Stratospheric Ozone}, url={https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9101N5RS.txt}, booktitle={Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Horst, R.L.}, editor={Titus, James G.Editor}, year={1986}, pages={279–293} }
 @article{andrady_sefcik_1984, title={Mechanical and gas transport properties of poly-ε-caprolactone model networks}, volume={29}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291129}, DOI={10.1002/app.1984.070291129}, abstractNote={The glass transition temperature increases with increasing crosslink densities in model networks formed by endlinking poly-ϵ-caprolactone with a triisocyanate crosslinking agent. In the noncrystalline networks, the gas permeability decreases with increasing crosslink density. These results are consistent with an interpretation that the crosslinks reduce the main-chain molecular motions which are important to these processes. At the lowest crosslink density, where poly-ϵ-caprolactone networks are crystalline, the gas permeability is lower than would be expected based on the volume fraction of amorphous polymer. The excess reduction in permeability is attributed to crystallization-induced enrichment of crosslink junction points in the amorphous fraction of the network. This reduces the permeability by creating an artificially high crosslink density in those regions of the network responsible for gas transport. Since crosslinking increases the stiffness and reduces the flexibility of the network polymer chains, it affects large penetrants more strongly than small ones. Therefore, increasing the crosslink density proves to be a useful method for increasing gas separation factors.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Sefcik, M. D.}, year={1984}, month={Nov}, pages={3561–3568} }
 @article{andrady_sefcik_1984, title={Transport of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in highly crosslinked poly(propylene glycol) networks}, volume={22}, ISSN={0098-1273 1542-9385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.180220208}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1984.180220208}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Sefcik, M. D.}, year={1984}, month={Feb}, pages={237–243} }
 @article{andrady_sefcik_1983, title={Glass transition in poly(propylene glycol) networks}, volume={21}, ISSN={0098-1273 1542-9385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.180211203}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1983.180211203}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Sefcik, M. D.}, year={1983}, month={Dec}, pages={2453–2463} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_llorente_mark_1982, title={Model Networks of End-Linked Polydimethylsiloxane Chains. XIV. : Some Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Unimodal and Bimodal Networks}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Llorente, M.A. and Mark, J.E.}, year={1982}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{andrady_mark_1981, title={Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Elastin Swollen with a Series of Glycols}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Mark, J.E.}, year={1981}, month={Mar} }
 @article{mark_andrady_1981, title={Model Networks of End-Linked Polydimethylsiloxane Chains. X. Bimodal Networks Prepared in Two-Stage Reactions Designed to Give High Spatial Heterogeneity}, volume={54}, ISSN={1943-4804 0035-9475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3535811}, DOI={10.5254/1.3535811}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Rubber Chemistry and Technology}, publisher={Rubber Division, ACS}, author={Mark, J. E. and Andrady, A. L.}, year={1981}, month={May}, pages={366–373} }
 @article{llorente_andrady_mark_1981, title={Model networks of end-linked polydimethylsiloxane chains}, volume={259}, ISSN={0303-402X 1435-1536}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01524890}, DOI={10.1007/bf01524890}, number={11}, journal={Colloid and Polymer Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Llorente, M. A. and Andrady, A. L. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1981}, month={Nov}, pages={1056–1061} }
 @article{llorente_andrady_mark_1981, title={Model networks of end-linked polydimethylsiloxane chains. XI. Use of very short network chains to improve ultimate properties}, volume={19}, ISSN={0098-1273 1542-9385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190406}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1981.180190406}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Llorente, M. A. and Andrady, A. L. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1981}, month={Apr}, pages={621–630} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_sharaf_rahalkar_mark_sullivan_yu_falender_1981, title={Model networks of end-linked polydimethylsiloxane chains. XII. Dependence of ultimate properties on dangling-chain irregularities}, volume={26}, ISSN={0021-8995 1097-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260608}, DOI={10.1002/app.1981.070260608}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Llorente, M. A. and Sharaf, M. A. and Rahalkar, R. R. and Mark, J. E. and Sullivan, J. L. and Yu, C. U. and Falender, J. R.}, year={1981}, month={Jun}, pages={1829–1836} }
 @article{andrady_mark_1981, title={Unperturbed dimensions of some aryloxy polyphosphazenes}, volume={17}, ISSN={0014-3057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(81)90131-2}, DOI={10.1016/0014-3057(81)90131-2}, abstractNote={Abstract Three aryloxyphosphazene copolymers, [P(OR)(OR′)-N-] with R = phenyl, and R′ = p -ethylphenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl or 2-naphthyl, were each separated into four fractions using fractional precipitations from tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions, with n -pentane as non-solvent. Two fractions from each were characterized using osmometry and viscometry, in THF at 25°, thereby providing values of the number-average molecular weight, second virial coefficient, and intrinsic viscosity. This information was used to obtain values of the characteristic ratio r 2 > 0 / nl 2 of the unperturbed dimensions relative to the number of skeletal bonds and the square of their length. The values of this ratio show a remarkably large dependence on the nature of side-groups, in agreement with the results of two previous investigations. The observed large variations could be due to experimental difficulties associated with solution properties of this class of polymers. If real, however, the differences could be due to the fact that, when the two bond angles of the repeat unit of these chains are significantly different, then the most likely regular conformations of these chains correspond to extremely different spatial extensions. Markedly different values of the unperturbed dimensions could thus conceivably result from changes in conformational population arising from relatively small changes in intramolecular interactions, stereochemical composition, chemical composition, or chemical sequence distribution.}, number={4}, journal={European Polymer Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andrady, A.L. and Mark, J.E.}, year={1981}, month={Jan}, pages={323–326} }
 @article{llorente_andrady_mark_1980, title={Chemical analysis of vinyl-crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane) model networks and use of the resulting structural information in the interpretation of their elastomeric properties}, volume={18}, ISSN={0098-1273 1542-9385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180181110}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1980.180181110}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Llorente, M. A. and Andrady, A. L. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1980}, month={Nov}, pages={2263–2270} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_mark_1980, title={Model networks of end‐linked polydimethylsiloxane chains. IX. Gaussian, non‐Gaussian, and ultimate properties of the trifunctional networks}, volume={73}, ISSN={0021-9606 1089-7690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.440205}, DOI={10.1063/1.440205}, abstractNote={Model elastomeric networks were prepared by end-linking hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane chains with a trialkoxy silane. Mixtures of various proportions of relatively long and very short chains were employed, since the resulting ’’bimodal’’ networks are of unique importance in characterizing non-Gaussian effects related to limited chain extensibility. Stress–strain isotherms of these trifunctional networks gave values of the elongation at which the modulus begins to increase anomalously, and values of the elongation and modulus at the point of rupture. These results were interpreted in terms of calculated values of the maximum extensibilities of the chains, and were compared with previously reported results on the corresponding tetrafunctional networks in order to characterize the effects of crosslink functionality on these properties. In addition, the elasticity constants characterizing the Gaussian regions of the isotherms, and values of the degree of equilibrium swelling were used to evaluate the most recent molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity, particularly with regard to how the elastic effectiveness of the network chains depends on chain length and extent of deformation.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Chemical Physics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Llorente, M. A. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1980}, month={Aug}, pages={1439–1445} }
 @article{andrady_llorente_mark_1980, title={Model networks of end‐linked polydimethylsiloxane chains. VII. Networks designed to demonstrate non‐Gaussian effects related to limited chain extensibility}, volume={72}, ISSN={0021-9606 1089-7690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.439472}, DOI={10.1063/1.439472}, abstractNote={End-linking polymer chains by means of a multifunctional cross-linking agent provides an ideal way for obtaining elastomeric networks of any desired distribution of chain lengths. In the present investigation, this technique was employed to give polydimethylsiloxane networks consisting of various proportions of relatively long and very short network chains. The stress–strain isotherms of these networks generally showed an anomalous increase in the modulus at high elongation, and the increase persisted at high temperatures and high degrees of swelling. This non-Gaussian effect was quantitatively correlated with the limited extensibility of the network chains; specifcally, the increase in modulus was found to begin at approximately 60%–70% of the maximum extensibility of the network chains, and network rupture at 80%–90%. The elongation at which the increase becomes evident increases with decrease in the proportion of the very short chains, thus verifying the nonaffine nature of the deformation at high elongation. In addition, the elasticity constants characterizing the Gaussian regions of the isotherms, and the values of the degree of equilibrium swelling were used to evaluate the most recent molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity, particularly with regard to the structure factor relating the modulus of an elastomer to the average length or molecular weight of the network chains.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Chemical Physics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Llorente, M. A. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1980}, month={Feb}, pages={2282–2290} }
 @article{andrady_1980, title={Significance of Network Chain-Length Distribution in Chemical Stress Relaxation Studies}, volume={14}, ISSN={0022-233X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338008056739}, DOI={10.1080/00222338008056739}, abstractNote={Abstract The theoretically expected network chain-length distribution for networks where the cross-link points are randomly distributed in the bulk of the material would contain a significant fraction of network chains which are much shorter than the average chain length. The contribution of these very short chains to the stress born by a network is an important consideration in chemical stress relaxation studies. It is proposed that by use of a gamma distribution function as a “functional” network chain-length distribution, the effect of such short network chains might be taken into account in deriving stress-time expressions for chemical stress relaxation studies. While this procedure yields a simple expression for the fractional residual stress at a given extent of scission, the error involved in neglecting the effect of the chain-length distribution appears to be small.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Andrady, A. L.}, year={1980}, month={Oct}, pages={1197–1207} }
 @article{andrady_mark_1980, title={Thermoelasticity of swollen elastin networks at constant composition}, volume={19}, ISSN={0006-3525 1097-0282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190410}, DOI={10.1002/bip.1980.360190410}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Biopolymers}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andrady, A. L. and Mark, J. E.}, year={1980}, month={Apr}, pages={849–855} }
 @article{higham_tang_landry_pridgeon_lee_andrady_khan, title={Foam electrospinning: A multiple jet, needle-less process for nanofiber production}, volume={60}, number={4}, journal={AIChE Journal}, author={Higham, A. K. and Tang, C. and Landry, A. M. and Pridgeon, M. C. and Lee, E. M. and Andrady, A. L. and Khan, S. A.}, pages={1355–1364} }