@article{bartley_chen_harvey_showalter_zuckerman_stewart_2017, title={Lies, damn lies, and statistics: Why a widely used sustainability metric fails and how to improve it}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1111/jacf.12238}, abstractNote={Most of the world's major corporations now publicly report their sustainability performance for a number of key parameters, such as water use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and waste generated. The metrics most often used to track progress are “total inventory” (for example, the total liters of water used, or the total tons of GHGs emitted) and average intensity (total liters of water used per ton of product or per $1 million revenue). Because average intensity is normalized for the company's level of business activity, it is commonly presented and viewed as a measure of the company's actual year‐to‐year efficiency. But average intensity is often not a reliable measure of a company's true performance in sustainability.An improvement in efficiency requires a company to consume fewer resources or generate less waste in delivering a specified unit measure of goods or services. This article demonstrates that, although efficiency directly contributes to average intensity, the measure is influenced by a number of confounding factors that make the change in average intensity a potentially misleading indicator of improvements in efficiency. The authors present a more reliable measure of changes in efficiency—one that is likely to benefit corporate managements as well as users of sustainability data—that makes use of flexible budgeting techniques. Examples are provided that illustrate Bacardi Limited's application of the sustainability efficiency metric for external sustainability reporting.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Corporate Finance}, author={Bartley, J. and Chen, A. and Harvey, S. and Showalter, S. and Zuckerman, G. and Stewart, L.}, year={2017}, pages={109-} }
 @article{bartley_buckless_al chen_harvey_showalter_zuckerman_2015, title={How Widely Used Sustainability Metrics Distort Actual Performance-And a Solution to This All-Too-Common Problem}, volume={24}, ISSN={1088-1913}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/TQEM.21400}, DOI={10.1002/TQEM.21400}, abstractNote={Environmental Quality ManagementVolume 24, Issue 4 p. 1-9 FEATURE How Widely Used Sustainability Metrics Distort Actual Performance—And a Solution to This All-Too-Common Problem Jon Bartley, Jon Bartley Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorFrank Buckless, Frank Buckless Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorY.S. Al Chen, Y.S. Al Chen Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Harvey, Stephen Harvey Bacardi Limited (retired)Search for more papers by this authorD. Scott Showalter, D. Scott Showalter Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGilroy Zuckerman, Gilroy Zuckerman Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author Jon Bartley, Jon Bartley Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorFrank Buckless, Frank Buckless Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorY.S. Al Chen, Y.S. Al Chen Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Harvey, Stephen Harvey Bacardi Limited (retired)Search for more papers by this authorD. Scott Showalter, D. Scott Showalter Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGilroy Zuckerman, Gilroy Zuckerman Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 31 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21400Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume24, Issue4Summer 2015Pages 1-9 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Quality Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bartley, Jon and Buckless, Frank and Al Chen, Y.S. and Harvey, Stephen and Showalter, D. Scott and Zuckerman, Gilroy}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{bartley_chen_taylor_2011, title={A Comparison of XBRL Filings to Corporate 10-Ks-Evidence from the Voluntary Filing Program}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1558-7975"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-10028}, DOI={10.2308/acch-10028}, abstractNote={SYNOPSISeXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has the potential to improve the transparency of financial reports; however, its complexity creates the risk of introducing errors that are a threat to its usefulness. XBRL is a complex technological change in financial reporting of nearly unprecedented scope. Prior to June 2009, the date of the first mandated XBRL filings, the SEC made available a Voluntary Filing Program (VFP) to assist in addressing the difficulties of creating XBRL documents. This study examines errors in the VFP filings, and investigates whether stakeholders used their experience to improve the XBRL technology and processes. Findings indicate a reduction in errors over time, suggesting that the VFP for XBRL was successful. These results support the use of a VFP to identify and solve unanticipated issues and evaluate the feasibility of implementing large-scale technological changes in financial reporting and perhaps comprehensive changes in accounting standards such as the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards.}, number={2}, journal={ACCOUNTING HORIZONS}, author={Bartley, Jon and Chen, Al Y. S. and Taylor, Eileen Z.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={227–245} }
 @article{chen_zuckerman_zering_2008, title={Applying Target Costing in the Development of Marketable and Environmentally Friendly Products from Swine Waste}, volume={53}, ISSN={0013-791X 1547-2701}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910802071866}, DOI={10.1080/00137910802071866}, abstractNote={Management of swine waste generated in the United States is a challenging problem facing engineers, farmers, scientists, regulators, and policy-makers. Technologies for processing and storing swine waste have not been fully developed and refined in a manner acceptable to the public and environmental regulators. The primary concerns with improperly disposed swine waste are the effects on human and livestock health, surface and groundwater quality, air quality, and conservation of nitrogen fertilizers (Hagenstein 2003). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the concept of target costing by applying it to a very specific example: the production of biomethanol from swine manure. This study summarizes the analyses that outline a design and calculate a preliminary cost estimate for a proposed system for producing biomethanol from swine manure (initial process). In this study the target costing process is demonstrated with calculation of a target cost. This article also demonstrates an application of value engineering as a systematic, interdisciplinary examination of factors affecting the cost of a product so as to find means to fulfill the product's specified purpose at the required standards of quality and reliability and at an acceptable cost. The article is organized as follows. First, the purpose of applying target costing methodology to the development of marketable by-products from swine manure is outlined. Next, target cost is calculated for biomethanol made from swine manure based on current methanol prices and currently available subsidies for biomethanol made from swine manure. A system for producing biomethanol from swine manure is described. The current cost is calculated for producing biomethanol. Concepts of value engineering are employed to reduce a significant cost component of the initial process resulting in Process II. Finally, value engineering is employed the second time to further reduce the cost of Process II yielding Process III.}, number={2}, journal={The Engineering Economist}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Chen, Yuang-Sung Al and Zuckerman, Gilroy J. and Zering, Kelly}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={156–170} }
 @article{chen_clark_2003, title={Equilibrium and kinetic folding of a alpha-helical Greek key protein domain: Caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of RICK}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0006-2960"]}, DOI={10.1021/bi0340752}, abstractNote={We have characterized the equilibrium and kinetic folding of a unique protein domain, caspase recruitment domain (CARD), of the RIP-like interacting CLARP kinase (RICK) (RICK-CARD), which adopts a α-helical Greek key fold. At equilibrium, the folding of RICK-CARD is well described by a two-state mechanism representing the native and unfolded ensembles. The protein is marginally stable, with a ΔGH2O of 3.0 ± 0.15 kcal/mol and an m-value of 1.27 ± 0.06 kcal mol-1 M-1 (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 mM DTT, 25 °C). While the m-value is constant, the protein stability decreases in the presence of moderate salt concentrations (below 200 mM) and then increases at higher salt concentrations. The results suggest that electrostatic interactions are stabilizing in the native protein, and the favorable Coulombic interactions are reduced at low ionic strength. Above 200 mM salt, the results are consistent with Hofmeister effects. The unfolding pathway of RICK-CARD is complex and contains at least three non-native conformati...}, number={20}, journal={BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Chen, YR and Clark, AC}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={6310–6320} }