@article{manzoni_streib_2023, title={Moving Away from One’s Origins: Predictors of Becoming a First-Generation College Graduate and Not Becoming a Continuing-Generation Graduate}, volume={4}, ISSN={0038-0253 1533-8525}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2023.2198583}, DOI={10.1080/00380253.2023.2198583}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Nearly a third of students whose parents do not have bachelor’s degrees become first-generation college graduates and over a third of students with at least one parent with a bachelor’s degree do not become continuing-generation college graduates. We apply insights from social reproduction theory to study educational mobility, examining which factors are associated with becoming a first-generation college graduate and not becoming a continuing-generation college graduate. Drawing on data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that students with low educational origins who become first-generation college graduates have parents who possess and pass down high levels of some resources for their educational level and are well equipped to use the resources they receive. Likewise, students with high educational origins who do not become continuing-generation graduates tend to have parents who possess few resources for their education level, pass down few of some resources, and are less well equipped to use the resources they receive. We discuss the implications of our findings for the openness of the American educational system.}, journal={The Sociological Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Streib, Jessi}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={1–21} }
 @article{manzoni_vidal_2023, title={Parental separation and intergenerational support}, volume={35}, ISSN={2699-2337}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-809}, DOI={10.20377/jfr-809}, abstractNote={Objective: We investigate support between parents and adult children across families exposed and not exposed to parental separation in Germany, by examining multiple types of support (i.e. emotional, material, and instrumental), both directions of provision (i.e. giving and receiving), and exchanges with mothers and fathers.
Background: As parental separation may have implications for parent-child relationships and exchanges, with consequences for individuals' wellbeing, improving our understanding of the association between separation and support exchanges becomes paramount.
Method: Using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam, 2009-2016, N=4,340 respondents and 13,481 observations), we estimate a range of support exchanges between parents and children simultaneously using generalized linear regression models with correlated random terms across equations. Additionally, we assess whether these associations vary by the timing at which parental separation occurred and social background.
Results: Parental separation is negatively associated with support between parents and children, especially for fathers. However, no significant differences emerge between mothers who separated and mothers who did not in receiving material support from their children. The negative associations between parental separation and support between child and fathers are lower if parental separation occurs when the child is an adult. Further, when mothers are highly educated, separation has a less negative association with downward material support.
Conclusion: Overall, lower intergenerational assistance among families experiencing separation suggests increasing disadvantage for those already disadvantaged.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Family Research}, publisher={Universitatsbibliothek Bamberg}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Vidal, Sergi}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={124–144} }
 @article{lee_manzoni_2023, title={Pathways of Intergenerational Support between Parents and Children throughout Adulthood}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1533-8673"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/07311214231193342}, DOI={10.1177/07311214231193342}, abstractNote={ This paper examines varying patterns of exchanges in financial and residential support between parents and children. We apply a life course perspective to explore how patterns of intergenerational support unfold throughout adulthood. Using Waves 3 to 5 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conduct a repeated measure latent class analysis and identify six pathways of intergenerational exchange. About one-third of individuals have minimal intergenerational exchange while the majority share some form of residential and financial assistance with their parents between their late teens and early forties. Upward and downward intergenerational exchanges are most common among Blacks, Hispanics, and families with less formal educational backgrounds, whereas pathways of complete independence are most common among White families. This paper challenges the notion of complete independence as a necessary marker of adulthood and maps out the diverse patterns of intergenerational exchange along multiple dimensions over the life course. }, journal={SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES}, author={Lee, Bo-Hyeong Jane and Manzoni, Anna}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{jane lee_manzoni_2023, title={Women’s Configurations of Family, Work, and Education: Mapping Diverse Pathways Throughout Adulthood}, volume={11}, ISSN={2329-4965 2329-4973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23294965231201373}, DOI={10.1177/23294965231201373}, abstractNote={ We investigate how women’s family, work, and education statuses are configured over the life course, defining different pathways throughout adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, we conduct a repeated measures latent class analysis to explore the various pathways of family, work, and education that women take between their late teens and early forties. Additionally, we investigate the extent to which these pathways vary by race and socioeconomic background. We find seven distinct pathways. In three of the pathways, women are likely to become mothers at an earlier age, but differ in terms of education and work patterns. Three other pathways include women who focus primarily on college in early adulthood, but differ in terms of their work and family patterns. An additional pathway comprises women who remain largely independent while working and continuing education into adulthood. Pathways vary significantly by race, parents’ education, and early family poverty. This study highlights the fluidity of women’s work and educational experiences across adulthood, and articulates significant nuances in the different combinations of women’s family, work, and education across demographic backgrounds. }, number={1}, journal={Social Currents}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Jane Lee, Bo-Hyeong and Manzoni, Anna}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={80–99} }
 @article{manzoni_gebel_2023, title={Young adults' labour market transitions and intergenerational support in Germany}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1468-2672"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcad006}, DOI={10.1093/esr/jcad006}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Gebel, Michael}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @inbook{bluth_manzoni_2022, place={London}, title={Family support and young adult labor market attainment}, ISBN={9781003124849}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003124849-7}, DOI={10.4324/9781003124849-7}, abstractNote={This chapter explores how the lack of material, emotional, or social support from their family shapes young adults’ transitions into the labor market. Extant interdisciplinary research and the life course perspective suggest that family resources as well as positive family interactions provide important scaffolding and buffer young people from the scarring effects of negative early employment experiences. Young adults without family support may face additional challenges in the labor market due to racial and economic disadvantage, early childhood neglect, abuse, and trauma. Rigorous longitudinal studies and qualitative research are needed to illuminate the complex processes involved in family support and young adults’ labor market experiences and to understand how they contribute to broader processes of inequality. Such studies would strengthen policies and programs designed to support young adults who lack family support.}, booktitle={Youth Without Family to Lean On}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bluth, Stacy and Manzoni, Anna}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={75–89} }
 @article{manzoni_2021, title={Equalizing or Stratifying? Intergenerational Persistence across College Degrees}, volume={92}, ISSN={0022-1546 1538-4640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2021.1897966}, DOI={10.1080/00221546.2021.1897966}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The literature has shown inconsistent support for the equalization thesis, that is, the idea that a college degree erases the effect of social origin on socioeconomic destination, and suggested higher intergenerational persistence among advanced degree holders compared to those with bachelor’s degrees. The present study sheds light on the origin-destination link by investigating the intergenerational association between parents’ education and offspring’s earnings, paying attention to parents’ education relative to their children’s. Drawing on large samples and multiple waves of data from the National Survey of College Graduates, this study also makes an empirical contribution by analyzing intergenerational persistence across degree types. For women, I find highest intergenerational persistence at the bachelor level, but little evidence of intergenerational association for any advanced degrees. For men, results show intergenerational persistence across educational groups. Differences across respondents holding different types of degree support a theory of intergenerational relative education advantage, in which the effect of parents’ education on offspring’s attainment varies depending on offspring’s education relative to their parents. Educational and labor market-related factors do not change the overall picture.}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Higher Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={1028–1058} }
 @article{manzoni_mooi-reci_2020, title={The cumulative disadvantage of unemployment: Longitudinal evidence across gender and age at first unemployment in Germany}, volume={15}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234786}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0234786}, abstractNote={Unemployment is an important predictor of one’s future employment success. Yet, much about the endurance of unemployment effects on workers’ careers remains poorly understood. Our study complements this knowledge gap by examining the rate of recovery in the quality of careers following an unemployment spell among a representative sample of previously unemployed workers with different socio-demographic characteristics in Germany. We apply a new dynamic measure that quantifies the quality of binary sequences, distinguishing between “good” (i.e., employment) from “bad” labor force status activities (i.e., unemployment and inactivity). We use longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) before the Great Financial Recession over the period 1984–2005 and deploy a series of hybrid models that control for unobserved heterogeneity. We find a non-linear recovery process after unemployment across gender and age groups. That is, after a period of recovery, career quality worsens. Least impacted are men experiencing unemployment when aged between 25–34 years, while men 55–66 have rather stable, though stronger, penalties. Furthermore, we find that recovery processes are contingent upon when respondents experience unemployment.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Mooi-Reci, Irma}, editor={Tumen, SemihEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={e0234786} }
 @misc{manzoni_mooi-reci_2018, title={Measuring Sequence Quality}, ISBN={9783319954196 9783319954202}, ISSN={2211-7776 2211-7784}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95420-2_15}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-95420-2_15}, abstractNote={We propose a new measure to quantify the quality of binary sequences that can be meaningfully interpreted as series of successes and failures. We operationalize the concept of positive and negative sequences by formulating general properties that a quality measure must adhere to, construct a measure that fulfills these requirements, and show that such measure can be modeled in a theoretically meaningful way. We apply such measure of sequence quality to data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey over the period 2001 to 2013, and model the evolution of employment career quality after the occurrence of an initial spell of unemployment, providing a direct test of unemployment “scarring” theories. We define states of unemployment and inactivity as failures and those of employment as successes to predict whether prior unemployment leads to descending spirals into inactivity and joblessness or whether patterns of full career recovery exist. Our findings lend support to scarring theories by demonstrating that, despite recovery trends, career disparities among previously unemployed workers persist long after their first unemployment experience. We conclude discussing implications of the findings and proposing directions for future extensions of the measure.}, journal={Life Course Research and Social Policies}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Mooi-Reci, Irma}, year={2018}, pages={261–278} }
 @article{manzoni_2018, title={Parental Support and Youth Occupational Attainment: Help or Hindrance?}, volume={47}, ISSN={0047-2891 1573-6601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10964-018-0856-Z}, DOI={10.1007/S10964-018-0856-Z}, abstractNote={Although several concerns surround the transition to adulthood and youth increasingly rely on parental support, our knowledge about the implications of parental support for youth development and transition to adulthood is limited. This study fills this gap by conceptualizing development within a life course perspective that links social inequality and early life course transitions. It draws on a subsample of youth observed between age 18 and 28 from the Transition to Adulthood supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2005-2015 (N = 7,542; 53% female, 51.3% white). Mixed-effects models reveal that the more direct financial transfers youth receive, the higher their occupational status. Yet, indirect financial support parents offer through co-residence shows the opposite pattern. Among youth receiving monetary transfers, college graduates have particularly high occupational status; however, among youth living with their parents, college graduates have the lowest occupational status. Although different types of parental support may equally act as safety nets, their divergent implications for youths' occupational attainment raise concerns about the reproduction and possible intensification of inequality during this developmental stage.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Youth and Adolescence}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={1580–1594} }
 @article{wyant_manzoni_mcdonald_2018, title={Social Skill Dimensions and Career Dynamics}, volume={4}, ISSN={2378-0231 2378-0231}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118768007}, DOI={10.1177/2378023118768007}, abstractNote={All work is social, yet little is known about social skill dimensions or how social skill experiences accumulate across careers. Using occupational data (O*NET) on social tasks, the authors identify social skills’ latent dimensions. They find four main types: emotion, communication, coordination, and sales. O*NET provides skill importance scores for each occupation, which the authors link to individual careers (Panel Study of Income Dynamics). The authors then analyze cumulative skill exposure among three cohorts of workers using multitrajectory modeling. They find substantial variability in social skill experience across early-, middle-, and late-career workers. White, female, and highly educated workers are the most likely to accumulate social skill experience, net of total years of experience. Group differences in cumulative exposure to social skill are rooted in early-career experiences. This study enhances the understanding of social skill exposure across careers and has important implications for future research on social stratification and economic inequality.}, journal={Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Wyant, Amanda and Manzoni, Anna and McDonald, Steve}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={237802311876800} }
 @article{manzoni_streib_2018, title={The Equalizing Power of a College Degree for First-Generation College Students: Disparities Across Institutions, Majors, and Achievement Levels}, volume={60}, ISSN={0361-0365 1573-188X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11162-018-9523-1}, DOI={10.1007/s11162-018-9523-1}, number={5}, journal={Research in Higher Education}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Streib, Jessi}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={577–605} }
 @article{manzoni_2016, title={Conceptualizing and measuring youth independence multidimensionally in the United States}, volume={59}, ISSN={0001-6993 1502-3869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699316653797}, DOI={10.1177/0001699316653797}, abstractNote={In this paper I borrow from both the transition and cultural perspectives in the sociology of youth to define a new conceptual and empirical framework to analyze independence among young people, accounting for its multifaceted character within the current context of the transition to adulthood in the United States. Applying latent class analysis to data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, I investigate how objective and subjective indicators of independence relate to one another, and do so differently for different youth. In this way, I empirically extend the understanding of transitions to independence and offer a more nuanced picture than a one-dimensional perspective could do. Accounting for respondents’ age and role transitions marking relevant developmental stages, I identify four groups of youth with different forms of independence. While one group exhibits independence in all the domains considered, most inhabit states of partial independence, with mismatches across indicators. Future research may use this framework to investigate independence, both as an outcome or as an explanatory variable, and to explore differences across subgroups.}, number={4}, journal={Acta Sociologica}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={362–377} }
 @inbook{manzoni_grether_2016, place={New Jersey}, title={Divorce Divide in the United States}, DOI={10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs074}, abstractNote={Abstract}, booktitle={The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, author={Manzoni, A. and Grether, S.}, editor={Shehan, Constance L.Editor}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @article{härkönen_manzoni_bihagen_2016, title={Gender inequalities in occupational prestige across the working life: An analysis of the careers of West Germans and Swedes born from the 1920s to the 1970s}, volume={29}, ISSN={1040-2608}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2016.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.alcr.2016.01.001}, abstractNote={Using retrospective occupational biography data from West Germany and Sweden we analyze gender inequalities in occupational careers in three birth cohorts (1920s to early 1940s, mid-1940s to early-1960s, and mid-1960s to late 1970s). We ask whether gender inequalities are generated at labour market entry, whether career progression and parenthood weaken or strengthen such gender inequalities, and how they differ across cohorts in the two countries. With data from the German Life History Study and the Swedish Level of Living Surveys, we used growth curve analysis to model career developments in occupational prestige. We find less change in occupational prestige across careers in Germany than in Sweden. In both countries a clear female disadvantage in occupational prestige in the oldest cohort has turned into a female advantage in the youngest cohort. This is only partially explained by changes in educational attainment levels. We also find a substantial motherhood penalty in careers in both countries, which has shifted to a fatherhood premium in Sweden over time.}, journal={Advances in Life Course Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Härkönen, Juho and Manzoni, Anna and Bihagen, Erik}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={41–51} }
 @article{manzoni_2016, title={Intergenerational Financial Transfers and Young Adults’ Transitions In and Out of the Parental Home}, volume={3}, ISSN={2329-4965 2329-4973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496515616822}, DOI={10.1177/2329496515616822}, abstractNote={Over the last few decades, youth have been delaying leaving the parental home and increasingly returning to it, often making these transitions for reasons other than marrying, such as to pursue education or employment. Concurrently, parental financial support to their young adult children has risen, partly redefining the meaning of residential independence, a major marker of the transition to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and Markov models, I examine transitions into and out of the parental home and their association with intergenerational financial transfers. Results show high prevalence of partial independence—that is, not living with parents but receiving financial assistance from them—with significant differences depending on college attendance and socioeconomic status (SES). Attending a four-year college increases the likelihood that youth subsequently live independently without parental financial support, although monetary transfers throughout college weaken the effect. Youth from high SES are more likely to leave the parental home, but typically with financial assistance from their parents; their higher likelihood of continued financial dependence raises concerns of prolonged dependence. Results also suggest that full or partial independence may lead youth from lower socioeconomic backgrounds into renewed dependence on their parents, later.}, number={4}, journal={Social Currents}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={349–366} }
 @article{manzoni_harkonen_mayer_2014, title={Moving On? A Growth-Curve Analysis of Occupational Attainment and Career Progression Patterns in West Germany}, volume={92}, ISSN={0037-7732 1534-7605}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou002}, DOI={10.1093/sf/sou002}, abstractNote={In this paper, we use multilevel growth-curve analysis to model occupational stratification across West German careers for cohorts born between 1919 and 1971. We argue that a life-course approach gives a more appropriate perspective into social stratification by focusing on the permanence of inequalities across human lives. With data from the German Life History Study (GLHS), our primary interest is in the amount and timing of career progression and the ways in which educational attainment, class background, and cohort context shape them. We confirm previous findings of limited career progression and permanence in occupational inequality. Thus, career mobility can correct for initial disadvantages only to a limited degree. We also confirm the strong role played by the standardized and stratified German educational system, which channels workers into specific occupations with strict boundaries. We find a substantial gross effect of class background, which is strongly mediated by educational attainment for women but not for men. We do not find any general indications of a trend in change across cohorts, although there are some weak indications that men who entered the labor market in the problematic 1970s had weaker career growth. We conclude by discussing the advantages of a life-course approach to occupational stratification and the possibilities of growth-curve analysis to answer pertinent questions in research on careers and occupational mobility.}, number={4}, journal={Social Forces}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Manzoni, A. and Harkonen, J. and Mayer, K. U.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={1285–1312} }
 @article{benton_mcdonald_manzoni_warner_2014, title={The Recruitment Paradox: Network Recruitment, Structural Position, and East German Market Transition}, volume={93}, ISSN={0037-7732 1534-7605}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou100}, DOI={10.1093/sf/sou100}, abstractNote={Economic institutions structure links between labor-market informality and social stratification. The present study explores how periods of institutional change and post-socialist market transition alter network-based job finding, in particular informal recruitment. We highlight how market transitions affect both the prevalence and distribution of network-based recruitment channels: open-market environments reduce informal recruitment’s prevalence but increase its association with high wages. We test these propositions using the case of the former East Germany’s market transition and a comparison with West Germany’s more stable institutional environment. Following transition, workers in lower tiers increasingly turned toward formal intermediaries, active employee search, and socially “disembedded” matches. Meanwhile, employers actively recruited workers into higher-wage positions. Implications for market transition theory and post-socialist stratification are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Social Forces}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Benton, R. A. and McDonald, S. and Manzoni, A. and Warner, D. F.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={905–932} }
 @inbook{lambert_manzoni_2013, place={London}, title={Home Schooling}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452276199.n140}, DOI={10.4135/9781452276199.n140}, booktitle={Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia}, publisher={SAGE Publications, Inc.}, author={Lambert, Joshua and Manzoni, Anna}, year={2013} }
 @article{lillard,_manzoni,_2013, title={International Migration as Occupational Mobility: The Case of Germany}, volume={133}, ISSN={1439-121X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.133.2.263}, DOI={10.3790/schm.133.2.263}, abstractNote={We investigate whether Germans immigrants to the US work in higher-status occupations than they would have had they remained in Germany. We account for potential bias from selective migration. The probability of migration is identified using life-cycle and cohort variation in economic conditions in the US. We also explore whether occupational choices vary for Germans who migrated as children or as adults. Our results allow us to decompose observed differences in occupational status of migrants and non migrants into the part explained by selection effects and the part that is causal, extending the literature on international migration}, number={2}, journal={Schmollers Jahrbuch}, publisher={Duncker & Humblot GmbH}, author={Lillard,, Dean R. and Manzoni,, Anna}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={263–273} }
 @article{manzoni_2012, title={In and out of employment: Effects in panel and life-history data}, volume={17}, ISSN={1040-2608}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ALCR.2011.11.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.alcr.2011.11.001}, abstractNote={Longitudinal data collected through panel studies or life-history surveys represent a rich source for analysing movements in the labour market over the life-course. However, concerns arise over the proper design to collect these data reliably. This paper addresses the substantive issue related to the determinants of movements in the labour market tackling the methodological concerns referring the reliability of different survey designs (prospective versus retrospective) for that purpose. The focus, in particular, is on the extent to which the survey design can affect the results of the analysis of mechanisms underlying labour markets dynamics. Using discrete-time event history models, the effects of factors possibly affecting labour market transitions using prospective and retrospective surveys are estimated and compared (the German Socio-Economic Panel and the German Life-History Study). Overall, few differences are found across surveys. Such differences are mainly in effect sizes and rarely in their directions. The most significant differences are found in the effects of human capital investments. In some cases, familial responsibilities connected with marriage and children also show different effects. However, results confirm that career investments and disinvestments protect from exiting and hinder re-entry, respectively. Familial responsibilities hamper employment participation for women, while increasing it for men. No clear evidence of temporal connections in recalling between work and family spheres are found. The paper contributes to raising the awareness of the pros and cons of different types of surveys collecting longitudinal data.}, number={1}, journal={Advances in Life Course Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={11–24} }
 @article{manzoni,_mooi-reci_2011, title={Early Unemployment and Subsequent Career Complexity: A Sequence-Based Perspective}, volume={131}, ISSN={1439-121X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.131.2.339}, DOI={10.3790/schm.131.2.339}, abstractNote={We aim to examine how previous unemployment affects future unemployment and career complexity over the life course. Theory suggests that unemployment triggers negative chains of ‘low-pay-no-pay’ circles. Using longitudinal data on men aged 18-64 from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we employ sequence-based methods to quantify career complexity and dynamic panel models to test our hypotheses about the process of cumulative disadvantage on employment careers for the previously unemployed workers over time. We find that unemployment ‘breeds’ unemployment and increases career complexity over the life course. However, unemployment at older ages leads to much higher career complexity than at younger ages.}, number={2}, journal={Schmollers Jahrbuch}, publisher={Duncker & Humblot GmbH}, author={Manzoni,, Anna and Mooi-Reci, Irma}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={339–348} }
 @article{manzoni_luijkx_muffels_2011, title={Explaining differences in labour market transitions between panel and life-course data in West-Germany}, volume={45}, ISSN={0033-5177 1573-7845}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11135-009-9292-1}, DOI={10.1007/S11135-009-9292-1}, number={2}, journal={Quality & Quantity}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Luijkx, Ruud and Muffels, Ruud}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={241–261} }
 @misc{manzoni_2011, title={Review of Women In and Out of Paid Work. Changes across Generations in Italy and Britain, by Cristina Solera. Bristol Policy Press}, number={3}, journal={Polis}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2011}, pages={466–467} }
 @article{manzoni_2011, title={Review of Women In and Out of Paid Work. Changes across Generations in Italy and Britain, by Cristina Solera. Bristol Policy Press}, number={3}, journal={Polis}, author={Manzoni, Anna}, year={2011}, pages={466–467} }
 @article{fouarge_manzoni_muffels_luijkx_2010, title={Childbirth and cohort effects on mothers' labour supply: a comparative study using life history data for Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain}, volume={24}, ISSN={0950-0170 1469-8722}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017010371651}, DOI={10.1177/0950017010371651}, abstractNote={The negative effect of childbirth on mothers’ labour supply is well documented, though most studies examine only the short-term effects. This study uses retrospective life history data for Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain to investigate the long-term effects of childbirth on mothers’ labour supply for successive birth cohorts. Probit estimates with correction for selection into motherhood and the number of births show strong drops in participation before first childbirths and strong recovery after the birth of the last child, especially in Great Britain. Younger cohorts display a less sharp decline in participation around childbirth and a faster increase in participation in the 20 years after childbirth, especially in the Netherlands. However, mothers’ participation rates do not return to pre-birth levels in any of the countries studied here. Labour market conditions and institutional public support seem to contribute to explaining the cross-country variation in participation after childbirth.}, number={3}, journal={Work, Employment and Society}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Fouarge, Didier and Manzoni, Anna and Muffels, Ruud and Luijkx, Ruud}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={487–507} }
 @article{manzoni_vermunt_luijkx_muffels_2010, title={Memory Bias in Retrospectively Collected Employment Careers: A Model-Based Approach to Correct for Measurement Error}, volume={40}, ISSN={0081-1750 1467-9531}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01230.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01230.x}, abstractNote={ Event history data constitute a valuable source to analyze life courses, although the reliance of such data on autobiographical memory raises many concerns over their reliability. In this paper, we use Swedish survey data to investigate bias in retrospective reports of employment biographies, applying a novel model-based latent Markov method. A descriptive comparison of the biographies as reconstructed by the same respondents at two interviews carried out about 10 years apart reveals that careers appear simpler and less heterogeneous and have fewer elements and episodes when reported at a point long after their occurrence, with a particularly high underreport of unemployment. Using matching techniques, the dissimilarity between the two reconstructions turns out to be unaffected by respondents' sociodemographic characteristics but particularly affected by the occurrence of unemployment spells and career complexity. Using latent Markov models, we assume correlated errors across occasions to determine the measurement error and to obtain a more reliable estimate of the (true) latent state occupied at a particular time point. The results confirm that (correlated) measurement errors lead to simplification and conventionalism. Career complexity makes recall particularly problematic at longer recall distances, whereas unemployment underreporting also happens very close to the interview. However, only a small fraction of respondents make consistent errors over time, while the great majority makes no errors at all. }, number={1}, journal={Sociological Methodology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Manzoni, Anna and Vermunt, Jeroen K. and Luijkx, Ruud and Muffels, Ruud}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={39–73} }
 @book{muffels_chung_fouarge_klammer_luijkx_manzoni_thiel_wilthagen_2008, place={Luxembourg}, title={Flexibility and security over the life course}, institution={European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities}, author={Muffels, Ruud and Chung, Heejung and Fouarge, Didier and Klammer, Ute and Luijkx, Ruud and Manzoni, Anna and Thiel, Anke and Wilthagen, Tom}, year={2008} }
 @book{muffels_chung_fouarge_klammer_luijkx_manzoni_thiel_wilthagen_2008, title={Flexibility and security over the life course}, publisher={European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities}, author={Muffels, Ruud and Chung, Heejung and Fouarge, Didier and Klammer, Ute and Luijkx, Ruud and Manzoni, Anna and Thiel, Anke and Wilthagen, Tom}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{benassi_facchini_manzoni_2006, place={Milano}, title={I pensionati lombardi: biografie lavorative e linee di tendenza [Lombard Retirees: work biographies and trends]}, ISBN={9788846477323}, booktitle={Dal lavoro al pensionamento : vissuti, progetti : riflessioni e ricerche}, publisher={FrancoAngeli}, author={Benassi, David and Facchini, Carla and Manzoni, Anna}, editor={Albanese, A. and Facchini, C. and Vitrotti, G.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={17–48} }