@article{fraik_facka_powell_2023, title={Food and cover resources for small mammals on an industrially logged landscape in the Sierra Nevada of California}, ISSN={["1480-3283"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2022-0154}, abstractNote={ The presence and abundance of organisms within an ecosystem often correlate with habitat variables that may have few, or unknown, functional values. Understanding the functional role of these variables is especially important for organisms occupying landscapes managed for timber production and containing diverse habitat patches of different quantities and structures of vegetation. We investigated the strength of associations reported in the literature between small mammal generalists and vegetation. On an industrially logged landscape in northern CA, we used occupancy and mark-recapture analyses across three years to estimate the presence and total numbers for woodrats ( Neotoma fuscipes Baird, 1858) and deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) related to vegetative attributes on coniferous and non-coniferous sites. Abundances of the small mammals correlated positively with shrub cover and hardwoods for woodrats and with shrubs and masting species for deer mice. Indices describing the value of vegetation features for both food and cover, but not these resources independently, described both species’ presence and abundances best. We demonstrated that shrubs and non-coniferous trees are particularly important for small mammals and should be of particular focus to forest managers in the Sierras and mountains with similar forest structures. }, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY}, author={Fraik, Alexandra K. and Facka, Aaron N. and Powell, Roger A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{fraik_facka_powell_2023, title={Food and cover resources for small mammals on an industrially logged landscape in the Sierra Nevada of California}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1480-3283"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2022-0154473}, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY}, author={Fraik, Alexandra K. and Facka, Aaron N. and Powell, Roger A.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={473–485} }
 @article{facka_powell_2021, title={Intraspecific Competition, Habitat Quality, Niche Partitioning, and Causes of Intrasexual Territoriality for a Reintroduced Carnivoran}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2296-701X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fevo.2021.734155}, abstractNote={Animals exploring a new environment develop cognitive maps using diverse sensory input and, thereby, gain information needed to establish home ranges. Experiencing, and learning information about, resources should be advantageous to the resident of a home range while lack of such information should put invaders into the home range at a disadvantage. Conspecifics, especially, should avoid the home ranges of one another to ensure that they do not experience reduced resource availability caused by resource depression or depletion. Yet, encountering conspecific competitors of different sexes may elicit responses that can lead to spacing on a landscape that has different costs and benefits on males and females. We tested the hypothesis that female fishers (Pekania pennanti) avoid competition from both males and female conspecifics whereas male fishers avoid competition only from other males. We reintroduced fishers onto our study site in the presence or absence of competitors’ home ranges during late 2009 through 2011. Using satellite transmitters (Argos) and land-based (VHF) telemetry, we monitored fishers and estimated their locations, movements and use of the surrounding landscape during their first 500 days after release. All fishers settled in relatively high-quality habitat but females that encountered the home ranges of conspecifics moved farther, explored larger areas, and settled farther from their release locations than did females that did not encounter a conspecific’s home range. Male fishers exhibited diverse responses upon encountering the home ranges of conspecifics. Thus, female fishers avoid conspecific competition from all fishers, but males tolerate, or impose, competition with females, apparently to increase mating opportunities. These observations are consistent with the movements and strategies of other solitary carnivores.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Facka, Aaron N. and Powell, Roger A.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{smith_facka_powell_2020, title={Using reintroduction to elucidate breeding system, breeding phenology, and infanticide for a solitary carnivore (fisher, Pekania pennanti)}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1480-3283"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2019-0234}, abstractNote={ Breeding systems affect the timing of reproduction, spacing patterns and social organization, individual fitnesses, and population sizes. For many species, information on breeding systems and mating is limited or untested in wild populations, resulting in management actions that are incompletely informed. We used photographic data collected on a reintroduced fisher (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) population in northern California, USA, to test hypotheses about the breeding system, the timing of breeding, and the potential for male infanticide. We documented fishers of both sexes breeding with multiple partners in the same year, demonstrating polygynandry. We use logistic and linear regression to evaluate the timing and frequency of male visitation at 262 reproductive dens used by 50 individual females. Of 46 documented copulations and 577 male visits, 100% and 95%, respectively, occurred while females had kits in their natal dens. Seventy-five percent of documented male visits occurred before 31 March and 95% occurred before 17 April. Observed breeding occurred within 3.1 ± 1.6 days (mean ± SD) of locating females’ natal dens. We found no evidence for male-directed infanticide. Our results add precision to the timing of the reproductive cycle and provide the first descriptions of male–female interactions for wild fishers. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY}, author={Smith, K. P. and Facka, A. N. and Powell, R. A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={433–447} }
 @article{facka_lewis_happe_jenkins_callas_powell_2016, title={Timing of translocation influences birth rate and population dynamics in a forest carnivore}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.1223}, abstractNote={AbstractTiming can be critical for many life history events of organisms. Consequently, the timing of management activities may affect individuals and populations in numerous and unforeseen ways. Translocations of organisms are used to restore or expand populations but the timing of translocations is largely unexplored as a factor influencing population success. We hypothesized that the process of translocation negatively influences reproductive rates of individuals that are moved just before their birthing season and, therefore, the timing of releases could influence translocation success. Prior to reintroducing fishers (Pekania pennanti) into northern California and onto the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, we predicted that female fishers released in November and December (early) would have a higher probability of giving birth to kits the following March or April than females released in January, February, and March (late), just prior to or during the period of blastocyst implantation and gestation. Over four winters (2008–2011), we translocated 56 adult female fishers that could have given birth in the spring immediately after release. Denning rates, an index of birth rate, for females released early were 92% in California and 38% in Washington. In contrast, denning rates for females released late were 40% and 11%, in California and Washington, a net reduction in denning rate of 66% across both sites. To understand how releasing females nearer to parturition could influence population establishment and persistence, we used stochastic population simulations using three‐stage Lefkovitch matrices. These simulations showed that translocating female fishers early had long‐term positive influences on the mean population size and on quasi‐extinction thresholds compared to populations where females were released late. The results from both empirical data and simulations show that the timing of translocation, with respect to life history events, should be considered during planning of translocations and implemented before the capture, movement, and release of organisms for translocation.}, number={1}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Facka, Aaron N. and Lewis, Jeffrey C. and Happe, Patricia and Jenkins, Kurt and Callas, Richard and Powell, Roger A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{facka_roemer_mathis_kam_geffen_2010, title={Drought leads to collapse of black-tailed prairie dog populations reintroduced to the Chihuahuan Desert}, volume={74}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Facka, A. N. and Roemer, G. W. and Mathis, V. L. and Kam, M. and Geffen, E.}, year={2010}, pages={1752–1762} }