@article{oda_wang_hampton_robertson_posner_2022, title={Perianesthetic mortality in English Bulldogs: a retrospective analysis in 2010-2017}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-022-03301-9}, abstractNote={Abstract
                Background
                Many veterinarians consider English Bulldogs to have a greater perianesthetic mortality risk. The aims of this study were to 1) determine total and anesthesia-related, perianesthetic mortality (PAM) rates in English Bulldogs (EB), 2) identify potential risk factors associated with mortality in EB, and 3) determine the difference in the perianesthetic mortality rates between EB, other-brachycephalic breeds (OB), and non-brachycephalic breeds (NB).
                Records from EB that were anesthetized between 2010 and 2017, were investigated. OB and NB were enrolled to match with each EB based on a procedure and age from the study period. Data collected in EB included: age, ASA status, weight, procedure types, anesthetic and analgesic management, anesthetic duration, anesthetic recovery location, and cause of death. Age and cause of death were determined from OB and NB. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare PAM rate and age in EB, OB, and NB. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare EB survivor and EB non-survivor. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors and odds ratio (OR) associated with PAM in EB.
              
                Result
                Two hundred twenty nine EB, 218 OB, and 229 NB were identified. The total and anesthesia-related PAM rates in EB were 6.6 and 3.9%, respectively. EB had a greater total PAM rate compared with OB (p = 0.007). ASA status was different between survivors and non-survivors in EB (p < 0.01). Risk factors identified regardless of the cause of death were premedication with full μ opioids (OR = 0.333, p = 0.114), continuous infusion of ketamine post-operatively (OR = 13.775, p = 0.013), and acepromazine administration post-operatively (OR = 7.274, p = 0.004). The most common cause of death in EB was postoperative respiratory dysfunction (87.5%).
              
                Conclusion
                Total and anesthesia-related mortality in EB is considerable. Most deaths in EB occurred during the postoperative period secondary to respiratory complications.

              }, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Oda, Ayako and Wang, Wen Hui and Hampton, Amanda K. and Robertson, James B. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{oda_messenger_carbajal_posner_gardner_hammer_cerreta_lewbart_bailey_2018, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.005}, abstractNote={Objective To test the hypothesis that plasma propofol concentration (PPC) is associated with anesthetic effect in koi carp administered propofol by immersion. Study design Prospective study. Animals Twenty mature koi carp (mean ± standard deviation, 409.4 ± 83.7 g). Methods Fish were immersed in propofol (5 mg L–1). Physiological variables and induction and recovery times were recorded. In phase I, blood was sampled for PPC immediately following induction and at recovery. In phase II, following induction, fish were maintained with propofol (4 mg L–1) via a recirculating system for 20 minutes. Following established induction, blood was sampled at 1, 10 and 20 minutes. In phase III (n = 19), fish were anesthetized as in phase II with blood sampled nine times in a sparse sampling strategy. Simultaneously, a pharmacodynamics rubric was used to evaluate anesthetic depth. PPC was determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Following evaluation of normality, data were analyzed using paired t test or Spearman correlation test (significance was set at p < 0.05). Results In phase I, mean PPCs at induction (20.12 μg mL–1) and recovery (11.62 μg mL–1) were different (p < 0.001). In phase II, only mean PPCs at induction (17.92 μg mL–1) and 10 minutes (21.50 μg mL–1) were different (p = 0.013). In phase III, a correlation between PPCs and the pharmacodynamic rubric scores was found (p < 0.001, r = –0.93). There was no correlation between PPCs and recovery time (p = 0.057, r = 0.433). A two-compartment open model was chosen for the pharmacokinetic model. Absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant and intercompartmental rate constant were 0.48, 0.006 and 0.02 minute–1, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Measurable PPCs were achieved in koi carp anesthetized with propofol by immersion. Anesthetic depth of fish was negatively correlated with PPCs, but recovery time was not.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Oda, Ayako and Messenger, Kristen M. and Carbajal, Liliana and Posner, Lysa P. and Gardner, Brett R. and Hammer, Scott H. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={529–538} }
 @article{balko_oda_posner_2018, title={Use of tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, volume={252}, DOI={10.2460/javma.252.12.1555}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To substantiate current AVMA guidelines for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus) with tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS), determine whether immersion in propofol at 5 times its immersion anesthesia concentration for 30 minutes is sufficient for euthanasia of goldfish, and quantify the duration of myocardial contraction following immersion of goldfish in TMS and decapitation.
DESIGN Prospective clinical trial.
ANIMALS 36 healthy, adult goldfish.
PROCEDURES Goldfish were randomly assigned to be immersed in 1 of 6 test solution treatments (n = 6/treatment): TMS (500 mg/L) for 15 minutes followed by placement in anesthetic agent–free water (T15W), placement out of water (T15A), or decapitation (T15D); TMS (1,000 mg/L) for 15 minutes followed by placement in anesthetic agent–free water (T15XW); TMS (500 mg/L) for 30 minutes followed by placement in anesthetic agent–free water (T30W); or propofol (25 mg/L) for 30 minutes followed by placement in anesthetic agent–free water (P30W). Any fish that resumed operculation in group T15A was returned to anesthetic agent–free water. Times from onset of immersion to induction of anesthesia, cessation and resumption of operculation, and recovery (T15W, T15A, T15XW, T30W, P30W) or cessation of Doppler ultrasounds (T15D) were recorded.
RESULTS Overall, 5 of 6, 6 of 6, 6 of 6, 6 of 6, and 5 of 6 fish survived in the T15W, T15A, T15XW, T30W, and P30W groups, respectively. Median time to cessation of Doppler ultrasounds in group T15D was 77.5 minutes (range, 30 to 240 minutes).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Timed immersion in test solutions (TMS at 500 mg/L or 1,000 mg/L or propofol at 25 mg/L) resulted in death in only 7% (2/30) of immersed goldfish. Myocardial contractions continued for up to 4 hours in decapitated goldfish.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Balko, J. A. and Oda, A. and Posner, L. P.}, year={2018}, pages={1555–1561} }
 @article{oda_bailey_lewbart_griffith_posner_2014, title={Physiologic and biochemical assessments of koi (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.11.1286}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine efficacy of propofol as an immersion agent to induce general anesthesia in koi (Cyprinus carpio).
Design—Prospective, crossover study.
Animals—10 adult koi (mean ± SD weight, 325 ± 81 g).
Procedures—Koi were exposed to each of 4 concentrations of propofol (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) with a 1-week washout period between trials. In a subsequent trial, koi were anesthetized with propofol (5 mg/L) and anesthesia was maintained with propofol (3 mg/L) for 20 minutes. Response to a noxious stimulus was assessed by means of needle insertion into an epaxial muscle.
Results—At a propofol concentration of 1 mg/L, koi were sedated but never anesthetized. At propofol concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L, mean ± SD anesthetic induction times were 13.4 ± 3.3, 3.8 ± 1.1, and 2.3 ± 0.9 minutes, respectively; mean recovery times were 12.9 ± 8.3, 11.0 ± 6.3, and 18.1 ± 13.0 minutes; mean heart rates were 57 ± 25, 30 ± 14, and 22 ± 14 beats/min; mean opercular rates were 58 ± 18, 68 ± 15, and 48 ± 22 beats/min; and 1 of 10, 2 of 10, and 0 of 10 fish responded to needle insertion. All fish recovered satisfactorily. Following 20 minutes of anesthesia, 2 fish had recovery times > 4 hours and 1 fish died.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Immersion in propofol at concentrations ≥ 2.5 mg/L induced general anesthesia in koi. Maintenance of anesthesia with propofol for 20 minutes was associated with prolonged recovery times in 2 of 9 and death in 1 of 9 koi.}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Oda, Ayako and Bailey, Kate M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Griffith, Emily H. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1286–1291} }