@article{williams_pickworth_weaver_poole_2024, title={136 Evaluation of internal parasite burden in grazing beef cattle in North Carolina over a production lifecycle}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.079}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite infections can be detrimental to not only cattle health and immunity, but also result in economic loss and poor performance. Cattle grazing in the southeast are challenged even further by the favorable environmental conditions for parasite development, especially those animals who have yet to develop an immunity to combat parasitism. To diminish potential economic and performance-based losses, many beef producers treat animals for GIN parasites with anthelmintics on a regular basis without proper diagnosis. Anthelmintic resistance(AR) develops when deworming products are overused and misused. To minimize the development of AR, selective deworming and sustainable management practices should be implemented. However, the severity of parasite burden over the production cycle needs to be better understood in beef cattle herds before recommendations can be made. Thus, the objective was to investigate the rates of GIN parasite infections through fecal egg counts (FEC) and the impact on body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS). Angus-based cattle (6 mo-13 yr, n = 1,154) on a were utilized from five different research and educational herds across North Carolina. Cattle were categorized based on their age at the start of the project as either calves (n = 446), yearling heifers (n = 205), 2 year old (n = 260), 3-5 year old (n = 501), or 6+ year old (n = 206). Starting in September, FEC, BW, and BCS were collected and analyzed every 90 d at critical production timepoints (calving, breeding, weaning, and 90d post-weaning) to monitor the severity of GIN parasite challenge. Cattle on study were not treated with anthelmintics regardless of parasite load, with the exception of calves at four of the locations at the time of weaning. All data were analyzed using Proc MIXED in SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and a trend at 0.10 > P > 0.05. Age of cattle had an impact on FEC overall (P < 0.05), however, there was no difference between FEC of mature cattle over 3 yr (4.29 ± 4.9 eggs/gm). Calves had the greatest FEC (120.59 ± 4.2 eggs/gm) while cattle 6+ yr had the least (3.68 ± 4.5 eggs/gm). Cattle age at each location affected BCS and BW (P < 0.05). Between age groups across locations, time had an impact on FEC, BW, and BCS (P < 0.05). There was also a tendency (P = 0.6) for location to impact FEC. Calf sex did not affect (P > 0.05) FEC. Further FEC analysis of cattle under 2 yrof age is required to better understand when a natural immune response to GIN parasite infections develops.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Katherine G. and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={67–68} }
 @article{bentley_weaver_wright_greiner_bowdridge_2024, title={64 The effect of postweaning fecal egg count EBV on colostrum IgG concentration and color in Katahdin dams}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.104}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Selection for postweaning fecal egg count (PFEC) EBV has revealed that low-PFEC sheep have greater resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection, greater survivability to weaning, and greater anamnestic response to booster clostridial vaccination. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that selection for PFEC may result in improved generalized immunity. It has also been reported that good-quality colostrum has a thick consistency and yellowish color. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare IgG concentration and color of colostrum in Katahdin ewes divergent in their PFEC EBV. All lactating ewes at the SWAREC were analyzed and were sorted into three groups: low-PFEC (PFEC < -50, n = 39), mid-PFEC (-49 < PFEC < +49, n = 38), and high-PFEC (PFEC > +50, n = 23) and sampled within 6-h post-partition. Upon parturition, a 20 mL colostrum sample was sterile collected by milking 10 mL from each udder half of the ewes; all samples were placed into pre-labeled 50 mL tubes and frozen on-site. Colostrum samples were thawed and diluted in 36% ammonium sulfate and centrifuged at 3,000 x g for 20 min at 4ºC. The removed whey portion was dialyzed using a 3,000 MW membrane cassette in 1 L of PBS (pH 7.4) at 4ºC for 12 h. Total IgG from colostrum was measured using an ovine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and color parameters were measured using a Minolta chromameter. To evaluate IgG and color differences, data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS with Tukey’s HSD test to compare the effects of ewe PFEC genotype on colostrum IgG, Yellowness Index (YI), Whiteness Index (WI), L*, b* and a* values. Main effects of ewe PFEC genotype displayed a stepwise decrease in average colostrum IgG from low-PFEC to high-PFEC groupings (825 ng/mL, 513 ng/mL, and 258 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.0429). Likewise, a stepwise decrease in b* value, indicating relative yellowness, occurs from low-PFEC to high-PFEC groups (18.97, 16.91, and 15.22, respectively; P < 0.0459). These data suggest low-PFEC Katahdin ewes generate greater antibody concentration and yellowness within colostrum. Therefore, lambs born to these ewes would have a significant advantage in passive immunity from their dams, potentially contributing to lamb survivability.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Bentley, Kelsey and Weaver, Andrew R. and Wright, Lee L. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott A.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={92–92} }
 @article{rogers_poore_shaeffer_weaver_siciliano_harmon_2024, title={Amazing Grazing webinar and workshop series improves producers understanding of pasture ecology}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.010}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Grassland stewards are seeking a better understanding of the complex interactions occurring in their pastures. Information is readily available to assist producers but each farm provides its own unique challenges and opportunities. A diverse scope of knowledge and skills are required to build resilient grazing systems. To address this need Amazing Grazing conducted a webinar series (April 2023) followed by on-farm workshops in July/August 2023. Webinars were held on consecutive Wednesday evenings with 237 average number of registered attendees and 78 average number of actual participants. Topics covered during the first webinar were pasture ecology basics, plant growth principles, livestock forage demand and grazing management principles. The following week covered pasture layout and design, pasture renovation techniques and pasture soil health concepts. The final evening featured topics on electric fence basics, grazing systems for horses and small ruminants and a synopsis. NC Extension Livestock Agents assisted in the sight selection and execution of workshops (n = 8) that were held on working farms. These events provide the opportunity for hands-on instruction to demonstrate the concepts covered in the webinar series. Total workshop registration was 196, with 148 evaluations completed. Participants were 72% farmers, 1% extension agents, 10% Soil and Water Conservation District Employee, 7% NRCS employee and 10% other. The total number of pasture hectares grazed by participants was 3,217 with 1,257 ha as hay. Livestock inventories for attendees were 4,323 beef cattle, 1,366 sheep, 455 goats and 51 horses. Attendees were asked about their pre- and post- workshop knowledge (1 = Very Low; 5 = Very High) of topics presented. Participants indicated a knowledge gain (average pre = 2.78 and post = 3.91) in Concepts of Pastureland Ecology, Adaptive Management, Managing Nutrient Distribution, Pasture Renovation, Temporary Electric Fence, Troubleshooting Electric Fence and Pasture Plant Identification. Workshop impact was determined by asking attendees their post workshop intentions regarding management practices (1 = No, 2 = Maybe, 3 = Yes, 4 = Already Doing). Attendees plan to spending more time walking pasture to determine plant condition, learn more about soil, plant, animal and human interactions, increase use of temporary electric fence and adopt an adaptive management style (average score = 3.91). Continued workshop participation indicates the demand for hands-on education in these areas and that the on-farm format is an effective teaching environment.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rogers, Johnny R. and Poore, Matt H. and Shaeffer, April D. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Siciliano, Paul and Harmon, Deidre D.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={7–8} }
 @article{geniac_wright_greiner_bowdridge_weaver_2024, title={Effect of copper oxide wire particles on parasitism and growth in Katahdin lambs divergently selected for fecal egg count estimated breeding value}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.101}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Internal parasites are one of the greatest threats to small ruminant production across the United States and parasitic resistance to anthelmintics continues to increase. Genetic selection and copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are two tools that could help reduce effects of parasites in small ruminants. The objective of this project was to determine the effects and interactions of COWP and genetic selection based on fecal egg count (FEC) estimated breeding value (EBV) on gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection and performance in naturally infected Katahdin lambs. Spring-born Katahdin ram lambs (n = 52) selected for extremely high FEC EBV (HighFEC, PFEC EBV = +100%) or low FEC EBV (LowFEC, PFEC EBV = -81%) were managed on a fescue-based pasture at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center (Glade Spring, VA). At weaning (June 29), lambs were dewormed with a three-combination treatment and rested for 21 d. At the start of the project (July 18), a random subset of lambs (HighFEC, n = 11; LowFEC, n = 15) were given a 2 g copper oxide wire particle bolus, while an equal number of remaining lambs were managed as controls without a copper bolus. All lambs were managed as one contemporary group. Fecal egg counts, FAMACHA scores, body weights, and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured bi-weekly for 10 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC Mixed Procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and FEC data were log transformed for normality. There were no effects of COWP treatment on FEC (P = 0.18). However, LowFEC-selected lambs had less FEC than HighFEC-selected lambs (230 vs. 565 eggs/g, respectively; P < 0.01). There was no interaction of COWP treatment and FEC genotype (P = 0.37). Copper oxide wire particle treatment had no effect on lamb body weight (P = 0.21), PCV (P = 0.69), FAMACHA score (P = 0.41), or overall ADG (P = 0.12). Lamb FEC genotype did not affect FAMACHA score or overall ADG (P = 0.10 and P = 0.22, respectively). LowFEC-selected lambs had lighter body weights (27.7 vs. 30.6 kg, respectively) and PCV (29.2% vs. 30.4%, respectively) than the HighFEC-selected lambs (P < 0.05). None of the 52 lambs met the requirement for deworming (FAMACHA ≥ 3) during the study. These results indicate that lamb FEC genotype may have a greater effect on parasitism than COWP treatment when given once during the post-weaning period. Even so, multiple tools should be considered, in addition to selection, for an integrated parasite management plan.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Geniac, Victoria and Wright, Lee L. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott and Weaver, Andrew R.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={89–90} }
 @article{weaver_holcomb_smith_brown_holcomb_rogers_2024, title={Effect of grazing native warm season grasses on parasitism and growth in weaned Katahdin lambs}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.108}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Parasitism in lambs during the post-weaning period has effects on growth, survival, and sheep enterprise profitability. Opportunities to minimize exposure to infective larvae during this period may reduce clinical effects and improve lamb performance. Native warm season grasses (NWSG) offer increased growth during summer months and taller plants that allow grazing at greater heights. The objective here was to evaluate NWSG as a forage for post-weaning development of lambs in spring lambing, forage-based systems. Over 2 yr, Katahdin lambs (Yr 1, n = 30; Yr 2, n = 31) were managed at a producer farm in the piedmont region of North Carolina. Beginning 2 wk post-weaning, lambs were randomly assigned to graze on either NWSG (Big Bluestem and Indiangrass) or cool season grass (CSG, Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue base) pasture. Lambs were continuously grazed for 70 d in Yr 1 and 55 d in Yr 2. Fecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA score, and body weight (BW) were measured every two weeks. Lambs were dewormed at FAMACHA ≥ 3. Forage analysis was conducted at the start and end of the grazing period. Statistical analysis were performance using the PROC Mixed procedure of SAS. Lambs in each group were raised in similar litter sizes and sire and sex were evenly distributed between groups. Fecal egg count and growth estimated breeding values (EBV) were similar between NWSG and CSG groups. In Yr 1 and 2, no differences were observed in FEC between grazing groups (P > 0.05). However, FEC did increase in both groups throughout the grazing period (P < 0.05). In Yr 1, no differences were observed in total BW gain (P = 0.74). However, in Yr 2, lambs grazing CSG had greater total BW gain than the NWSG group (P < 0.05). In both years, there were no differences in the percentage of lambs requiring deworming (Yr 1, P = 0.36; Yr 2, P = 0.47) but lambs requiring treatment had greater FEC EBVs (P < 0.05). Nutrient quality of NWSG pasture was reduced compared with CSG pastures. Total digestible nutrients and crude protein were less in NWSG compared with CSG pastures (Yr 2: 61.5% vs. 63.9% and 8.9% vs. 13.6%, respectively) and neutral detergent fiber was greater (Yr 2: 74.1% vs. 65.2%, respectively) resulting in decreased nutrient availability for NWSG group. While NWSG may provide additional biomass for summer grazing, rapid maturity rates may limit nutrient availability for lambs resulting in decreased growth performance despite similar levels of parasitism. Lamb FEC EBV may have a role in parasite resistance and deworming requirements regardless of forage type. Thus, genetics must be considered along with grazing management as part of an integrated parasite management plan.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Weaver, Andrew R. and Holcomb, Lee and Smith, Jason and Brown, Allison and Holcomb, Der and Rogers, Johnny R.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={95–96} }
 @article{valliere_wright_weaver_bowdridge_greiner_2024, title={Evaluation of feed efficiency and feeding behavior in Katahdin lambs housed in a Vytelle Sense system}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.098}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Genetic selection focused on feed efficiency may prove to be valuable in reducing feed consumption costs and animal maintenance requirements without compromising growth. The Vytelle Sense system allows measurement of individual lamb DMI and varying feeding behaviors to identify feed efficient lambs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sire selection based on fecal egg count estimated breeding value (FEC EBV) on residual feed intake (RFI), gain:feed (G:F), and daily DMI. Katahdin ewes at the Virginia Tech Southwest Virginia Agricultural and Research Center (SWAREC) were mated to Katahdin rams (LowFEC: n = 4; HighFEC: n = 4) to divergently select for FEC EBV in their offspring (LowFEC: n = 36; HighFEC: n = 32). Post-weaning, lambs were fed a complete pellet (14% CP, 76% TDN) ad libitum in the Vytelle Sense system for 58 days. RFI was calculated as the difference between actual and expected DMI. DMI was predicted based on ADG and metabolic body size. Feeding duration per meal and DMI per meal were analyzed to determine feeding behavior. Statistical analyses were performed using PROC Mixed SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Sire FEC EBV type tended to have an effect on RFI (P = 0.06). Individual sire had a significant effect on RFI, G:F, and daily DMI (P < 0.05). Sex did not impact RFI (P > 0.10). Ram lambs had greater G:F values compared with ewes (0.32 vs. 0.26 kg; P < 0.05). Rams had greater daily DMI compared with ewes (2.37 vs. 1.89 kg/d; P < 0.05). Significance was detected between sires for meal duration (P < 0.05). Ewe lambs exhibited greater meal duration compared with rams (237.3 vs. 203.4 s/meal; P < 0.05). However, ewes had reduced DMI per meal compared with rams (0.29 vs. 0.34 kg/meal; P < 0.05). Individual sire did not have an effect on meal DMI (P > 0.10). To evaluate sire impact on RFI across multiple locations, LowFEC Katahdin rams (n = 2), mentioned previously, were bred to Katahdin ewes at the NC State University Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) and the SWAREC. Genetic connectedness between locations allowed for comparisons of progeny performance. Post-weaning, UPRS lambs were fed a complete pellet (16% CP, 75% TDN) ad libitum in the Vytelle sense system for 45 d. Location did not impact RFI prediction for either sire (P > 0.10). Variation between sires indicates potential sire impact on progeny feed efficiency and feeding behavior. Further studies are needed to evaluate sire RFI trends across multiple locations.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Valliere, Nicole K. and Wright, Lee L. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Bowdridge, Scott A. and Greiner, Scott P.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={87–88} }
 @article{rajo-gomez_giurgis_pickworth_weaver_foster_khanal_poole_2024, title={Exploring the impacts of fescue toxicosis on the pulmonary arterial pressure of angus cows}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae279}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae279}, abstractNote={Abstract Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels is one of the hallmark symptoms of fescue toxicosis in cattle. Thus, it was hypothesized that exposure to ergot alkaloids would increase the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between PAP and different physiological parameters of cows grazing either endophyte-infected (EI) or novel-endophyte (EN) fescue, then evaluate changes in PAP and other physiological measurements in cows exposed to EI pastures and deemed as susceptible or tolerant based on animal performance. Pregnant Angus cows at two different locations grazed either EI or EN fescue pastures for 14 consecutive weeks starting in early April of 2022. Forage measurements were collected to assess ergot alkaloid exposure throughout the study. In addition to measuring PAP, weekly measurements and blood samples were collected to evaluate physiological responses to ergot alkaloid consumption. The Fescue Toxicosis Selection Method (FTSM) was used for a post hoc analysis to identify cattle as either tolerant (EI-TOL) or susceptible (EI-SUS) when challenged with ergot alkaloid exposure. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures. Cows grazing on EN pastures had greater mean PAP values than EI cows, (P < 0.01), whereas a location effect was identified when comparing both EI-TOL and EI-SUS groups (P < 0.01). Cows exposed to EN pastures had greater ADG (P = 0.04) and progesterone (P4) concentrations (P < 0.01), and lower hair shedding scores (HSS; P < 0.01) than EI cows. The EI-TOL cows tended to have greater final BW, ADG, and had lower HSS (P < 0.01) than EI-SUS cows. While cattle consuming EI tall fescue exhibited classical physiological changes, the decrease in PAP of cattle consuming EI fescue was unexpected and contradicts the initial hypothesis. Furthermore, the FTSM provides a means to identify animals with superior performance in spite of the chronic exposure to ergot alkaloids. Continued investigations examining the interaction between ergot alkaloid exposure on cardiovascular parameters will lead to a fuller understanding of the disease, and are pivotal for developing innovative strategies that enhance best management practices to help guarantee the sustainability of the U.S. beef industry.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rajo-Gomez, E. Benjamin and Giurgis, Mariam and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Foster, Derek M. and Khanal, Piush and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2024}, month={Oct} }
 @article{rajo_weaver_pickworth_foster_poole_2024, title={Exposure to ergot alkaloids and heat stress alter pulmonary arterial pressure and nutritional intake in beef heifers}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae234.312}, abstractNote={Abstract Ergot alkaloid consumption is detrimental to cattle as it negatively impacts several physiological and performance parameters. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in nutritional intake and different physiological and performance parameters of heifers consuming an ergot alkaloid-infected ration. Purebred Angus heifers (216.3 ± 6.1 kg; 9 to 11 mo of age; n = 36) were randomly separated and fed either an endophyte-infected (EI) or endophyte-free (EF) total mixed ration (TMR) for 49 d. On d 1, iButton temperature data loggers were inserted intravaginally to record temperature on a 20-min frequency throughout the entire study. Individual feed and water intake was measured utilizing the Vytelle Sense system. Hourly environmental temperature and relative humidity measurements were utilized to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI) and define exposure to heat stress as Thermoneutral (NO-HS), Mild (MILD-HS) and Moderate (MOD-HS). Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured every 20 d to assess its response to ergot alkaloid and heat stress exposure. Additionally, weekly measurements were collected to monitor growth and physiological responses to EI-TMR intake. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures. The effects of treatment, day, THI and its interactions were evaluated for body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), hair shedding score (HSS), vaginal temperature (VT), feed intake (FI), water intake (WI) and PAP. EF heifers had significantly less HSS and greater BW, ADG, and BCS than EI heifers over time (P < 0.0001). EF heifers also had lower VT than EI heifers (39.5 ± 0.1 vs 40.1 ± 0.1° C; P < 0.0001) and had reduced daily WI (8.3 ± 0.4 vs 9.4 ± 0.4 L; P < 0.0001). Moreover, WI was also found to be positively correlated to THI, as both EF and EI groups significantly increased (P < 0.0001) their WI as THI increased from NO-HS (5.9 ± 0.6 vs 7.4 ± 0.6 L) to MILD-HS (9.4 ± 0.6 vs 10.8 ± 0.6 L) and MOD-HS (12.8 ± 0.6 vs 13.4 ± 0.6 L). EF heifers also had greater daily FI than EI heifers (18.8 ± 0.6 vs 12.9 ± 0.6 kg; P < 0.0001), and FI was also affected by THI as intake in both EF and EI groups decreased when transitioning from NO-HS (21.3 ± 0.6 vs 14.6 ± 0.6 kg) to MILD-HS (16.4 ± 0.6 vs 11.1 ± 0.6 kg; P < 0.0001). PAP results tended to differ between groups (29.6 ± 0.6 vs 31.1 ± 0.6 mm Hg; P = 0.0954) and increased in both EF and EI groups when transitioning from MILD-HS (27.2 ± 0.9 vs 26.2 ± 0.9 mm Hg) to NO-HS (34.8 ± 0.9 vs 36.4 ± 0.9 mm Hg; P = 0.0147). Based on these data, exposure to ergot alkaloids negatively affects animal performance as it decreases ADG, BCS and increases HSS and VT, and it also increases daily WI and reduces daily FI. Furthermore, PAP, WI and FI were also negatively impacted by changes in THI and exposure to heat stress. Additional research is necessary to understand the interactions between these variables to identify efficiency parameters.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rajo, Edwin Benjamin and Weaver, Andrew R. and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Foster, Derek and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2024}, month={Sep}, pages={271–272} }
 @article{poore_shaeffer_rogers_weaver_siciliano_harmon_2024, title={Pastureland Ecology 1 provides hands-on training in grazing management for USDA-NRCS professionals}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.007}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Pastureland Ecology 1 is a 2-wk continuing education course taught by cooperating faculty at NC State University for USDA-NRCS Staff. The course was founded in the early 1990s and has been taught 23 times to over 500 participants from all 50 states. Participants primarily include grazing specialists, soil conservationists, and district conservationists. Instruction is split between classroom lectures and hands-on experience with grazing management. Lecture topics include; introduction to pasture ecology, principles of plant growth, determining animal forage needs, pasture design, principles of soil health, principles of grazing management, and grazing management systems for small ruminants, horses and cattle. Small groups of students work with groups of goats, sheep, horses, and beef cattle throughout the course, learning concepts of forage allocation, temporary electric fence, and adaptive management. Popular demonstrations developed over the years include; the reel race, dung beetle buckets, burying underwear to demonstrate soil health, exploring root diversity, and troubleshooting electric fence. Farm tours are conducted to show how concepts being taught are applied on commercial farms. In 2023 there were 29 students from 13 states including VA (4), MD (4), PA (3), OK (4), MI (1), UT (2), TN (3), WV (1), MA (1), OH (1), NM (1), WA (3), and RI (1). Participants had 8.4 ± 1.39 (AVG ± SEM) years of experience with NRCS with a range of 1 to 27 yr. Students self-assessed their understanding of major concepts before and after the course. On a 1 to 5 scale students increased their understanding by an average of 1.05 ± 0.129, averaged over all topics. Topics more familiar to participants had less increase including; Soil Health (0.38), Pasture Condition Evaluation (0.51), and Grazing Management for Beef Cattle (0.79). Less familiar topics had greater increases including Grazing Management for Horses (1.27) and Small Ruminants (1.27), and Temporary Electric Fence (1.43). Pastureland Ecology 1 remains a critical part of the Amazing Grazing Program at NC State University, impacting pasture-based livestock producers across the country. This educational model has proven to be an effective way of teaching the principles of pastureland ecology.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Poore, Matt H. and Shaeffer, April D. and Rogers, Johnny R. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Siciliano, Paul and Harmon, Deidre}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={5–5} }
 @article{maierle_weaver_greiner_felton_bowdridge_2023, title={Evaluation of Feeding Behavior of Katahdin Lambs During <i>Haemonchus Contortous</i> Infection}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.131}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Internal parasites, specifically Haemonchus contortus (Hc), are detrimental to flock profitability. Loss of production efficiency and death in severe cases, contribute to the economic burden documented worldwide. Understanding the extensive impact gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) have on nutritional loss and feeding behavior may prove valuable. The aim of this study was to evaluate infected Katahdin lambs for feeding behavior in a Growsafe system. Katahdin ewes from the Virginia Tech Southwest Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Glade Spring, Virginia were mated to rams (n = 8) of varying PWEC EBV genotype. A subset of lambs was selected for evaluation in a feedlot environment and transported to West Virginia University’s Animal Science Farm. Lambs were fed a complete pellet (16% CP) ad libitum while individual intake was measured with a GrowSafe system. One half of the lambs from each sire PWEC EBV group were infected with 5,000 Hc L3 larvae and observed for 5 weeks in year (Y1) and 6 weeks in year 2 (Y2) alongside uninfected contemporaries. Artificial Hc infection resulted in lambs becoming moderately infected with FEC ranging from (0 –208 eggs/g). Daily feeding behavior was collected on all lambs, directly related to feed consumption/removal. Number of visits, duration of visits and duration spent feeding/day were analyzed to evaluate feeding behavior. Visit duration, daily duration, and visit intake was not statistically different for infected vs uninfected lambs. However, significance was detected in both years for feeding behavior between sex. Ram lambs exhibited greater duration per visit than ewe lambs in Y1 and Y2 (89.7 vs. 78.6 seconds/visit, 122.8 vs. 82.4 seconds/visit respectively; P < 0.05). Increased feeding durations for ram lambs resulted in rams exhibiting reduced frequency of feeding events compared with ewe lambs in Y1 and Y2 (36.3 vs. 43.9 visits, 25.8 vs. 40.8 visits/day respectively; P < 0.01). Increased duration of feeding/visit in ram lambs also resulted in greater feed intake/visit compared with ewe lambs in Y1 (58.7 vs. 42.7 g/visit; P < 0.0001). Feed intake and total daily feeding duration was not significantly different between sex. Further analysis is needed with greater levels of parasite infection to detect parasite interaction on feeding behavior. However, feeding behavior differences between sex of lambs is a significant factor nutritional consumption of feedlot environments.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Maierle, Camren and Weaver, Andrew R. and Greiner, Scott P. and Felton, Eugene and Bowdridge, Scott L.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{valliere_wright_greiner_bowdridge_weaver_2023, title={Evaluation of Supplemental Feeding Behavior and Growth Performance in Katahdin Lambs Divergently Selected for Fecal Egg Count Estimated Breeding Value}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.128}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Nutritional supplementation and genetic selection are potential methods to mitigate the impact of parasitism in sheep. Understanding feeding behavior of growing lambs divergently selected for parasite resistance using the fecal egg count (FEC) estimated breeding value (EBV) may help quantify the impact of supplementation and genetic selection on parasitism. The C-Lock, Inc Super SmartFeed system (feeder) allows measurement of individual lamb feed intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of FEC EBV selection on daily supplemental intake, average daily gain (ADG), supplemental feed:gain (S:G), frequency of feeder visits, and FEC. Over two years (Y1, Y2), Katahdin lambs divergently selected for FEC EBV (Y1: LowFEC, n = 27; HighFEC, n = 24. Y2: LowFEC, n = 37; HighFEC, n = 40) were fed for 8 weeks in Y1 and 5 weeks in Y2 at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Pasture-raised lambs were supplemented with a concentrate pellet (16% CP) ad libitum using the feeder with free choice hay in a dry lot post-weaning. Data analyses were performed by sampling period which was approximately every two weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using PROC Mixed SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). In Y1, LowFEC lambs had less average FEC than HighFEC lambs (405.25 vs. 771.23 epg; P < 0.05). LowFEC lambs in Y2 tended to have less average FEC compared with HighFEC lambs (1,191.75 vs. 2,028.30 epg; P = 0.1). In Y1, LowFEC lambs had greater intake compared with HighFEC lambs (1.45 vs. 1.27 kg; P < 0.05). LowFEC lambs tended to have greater intake in Y2 (1.64 vs. 1.16 kg; P = 0.1). While ADG was not affected by FEC EBV type in Y1 (P > 0.70), LowFEC lambs in Y2 had increased ADG compared with HighFEC lambs (0.27 kg vs. 0.21 kg; P = 0.05). In both years, LowFEC lambs had numerically greater S:G compared with HighFEC lambs, but these differences were not significant (P > 0.1) due to greater variation around these means. Over both years, the number of feeder visits did not differ between LowFEC and HighFEC lambs (P > 0.1). Selection of sires for LowFEC EBV resulted in progeny with less FEC that had increased supplemental intake, but no difference in S:G compared with HighFEC progeny. In addition to improvements in parasite resistance, selection for FEC EBV may impact lamb feeding behavior in the post-weaning period.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Valliere, Nicole K. and Wright, Donald L. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott A. and Weaver, Andrew R.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{williams_rajo_weaver_poole_pickworth_2023, title={Impact of Fescue Variety on Fecal Egg Counts in Mature Beef Cattle}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.093}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Fescue toxicosis decreases beef cattle performance in a multitude of ways, including decreased health and immunity. Cattle challenged by fescue toxicosis are often grazing in an environment favorable for development of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Interactions of fescue toxicosis and parasite challenge may result in further performance and economic losses. Many beef producers treat animals regularly for GIN parasites with little insight on necessity or effectiveness of anthelmintic products. Overuse of anthelmintics can result in development of anthelmintic resistance in GIN populations. To minimize the development of anthelmintic resistance, implementation of selective deworming practices should be considered. However, level of parasite burden and effects of fescue toxicosis on parasite burden need to be better understood in beef cattle herds before recommendations can be offered. Therefore, the objective was to investigate the impact of fescue toxicosis on GIN parasite infection rates through fecal egg counts (FEC), body weight (BW), hematocrit (HCT), and body condition score (BCS). Starting in April, for 14 consecutive weeks post-weaning, pregnant Angus-based cows (2 to 4 years old, n = 65) were rotationally grazed on either novel endophyte (EN) fescue or endophyte-infected (EI) fescue pastures. Hematocrit, BCS, and BW were assessed weekly, while FEC were measured bi-weekly to monitor the physiological changes as a result of consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue. All data were analyzed using Proc MIXED in SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and a trend at 0.10 > P > 0.05. Overall, FEC were low (4.2 ± 0.9 eggs/gm) in these mature cattle and grazing EI or EN fescue did not have any overall effect (P > 0.05) on the FEC. However, FEC decreased (P < 0.05) over the course of the study from week 1 to week 13. Body weight, HCT, and BCS were not affected (P > 0.05) by the type of fescue grazed. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for 2-3 and 4-6 year old cattle to have lower BW when grazing EI compared with EN fescue while cattle >7 were not affected. Cattle gained BW (P < 0.05) over the 14-week study (471.4 and 527.7 ± 0.6 kg, 0 and4 week respectively). For cattle grazing EI fescue, HCT linearly decreased (P < 0.05) from week 1 to week 14 whereas cattle grazing EN fescue had a linear increase (P < 0.05) in HCT from week 1 to week 14. More research is warranted to investigate beef cattle FEC and the potential impact of fescue type on FEC in younger beef cattle.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Katherine and Rajo, Edwin Benjamin and Weaver, Andrew R. and Poole, Daniel H. and Pickworth, Carrie L.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{rogers_weaver_cope_2023, title={North Carolina Small Ruminant Improvement Program Workshops Build Producer Knowledge of Important Management Techniques}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.012}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Growing interest in small ruminant production, strong market demand, and producers’ minimal use of data-driven management practices led to the development of the North Carolina Small Ruminant Improvement Program (NCSRIP) in 2021. This program seeks to improve the number and quality of small ruminants produced in North Carolina as well as improve producer profitability. Three workshops were held to increase producer awareness of new small ruminant production practices and opportunities. All workshops included classroom and breakout sessions featuring hands-on activities. In February 2022, the Lambing and Kidding Workshop was held in cooperation with NC Sheep Producers Association at the North Carolina State Small Ruminant Educational Unit (Raleigh, NC). Topics included pre-lambing/kidding management, lambing and kidding diseases, the birthing process, dystocia management and lamb/kid processing. The Flock Management Workshop was held in May on a working sheep farm near Dobson, NC. Attendees learned about hay sampling and analysis, ration balancing, flock health management and cost share resources for small ruminant operations. In June, the NCSRIP joined with the Eastern Alliance for Production Katahdins to host a grazing school in Roxboro, NC. The agenda featured predator regulatory considerations, herding dog use, parasite management, genetic selection, soil health and pasture management. Workshop pre-registrations were 162 with 65 attending the events with 63 evaluations completed. Fifty-six percent of participants owned 1-50 breeding females. Twenty-seven percent of participants had no livestock but were gathering information for future endeavors. Fifty-seven percent of operations owned sheep, 13.0% raised goats, 7.4% produced cattle and 22.4% grazed combinations of all species. Fifty-seven percent of producers lived in the North Carolina Piedmont region while 14.3% resided in the Coastal region, 2.9% from the Mountain region and 25.7% from out of state. Post-workshop evaluations asked attendees to rank their increased understanding of each major agenda topic. On a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = no improvement to 5 = significant improvement), participants indicated they had improvement in all topics (mean = 4.18). When asked about participating in future NCSRIP events, producers suggested they would attend (mean = 4.62; 1 = will not participate to 5 = will attend if possible). When asked about what they like most about these workshops, attendees mentioned the hands-on approach and practical knowledge gained. Producer feedback indicates a growing interest in small ruminant production and a need for continued practical education programs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rogers, Johnny R. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Cope, Emily}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{bentley_weaver_wright_greiner_bowdridge_2023, title={Post-weaning fecal egg count estimated breeding value is associated with greater antibody production after clostridial vaccination in Katahdin lambs}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107128}, abstractNote={Previous work demonstrated that, Katahdin lamb survivability to weaning was affected by post-weaning fecal egg count (PFEC) estimated breeding values (EBV) and favored Low-PFEC lambs. Therefore, selection for PFEC is hypothesized to improve generalized immunity beyond resistance to parasitic infection. This study aimed to compare the effect of PFEC EBV on antibody production of Katahdin lambs in response to Clostridium perfringens type C&D and tetanus toxoid (CD&T) and C. perfringens type A vaccination. Lambs were grouped by their PFEC value into Low-PFEC (PFEC less than −50), Mid-PFEC (PFEC between −50 and +50), and High-PFEC (PFEC greater than +50). Prior to weaning and continuing 5 weeks after weaning, lambs were exposed to natural helminth infection on pasture and fecal samples were collected bi-weekly. Lamb FEC corresponded to genotype (950 epg High-PFEC vs. 452 epg Low-PFEC; P = <0.0001) over the course of the experiment. Three weeks prior to weaning lambs were vaccinated for CD&T and C. perfringens type A and again four weeks later. Serum samples were taken weekly for 8 weeks. Averaged across time, there was a stepwise decrease in immunoglobin (IgG) from Low-PFEC to High-PFEC groups (905 µg/mL, 739 µg/mL, and 644 µg/mL respectively; P < 0.0001). Upon booster vaccination IgG response was higher in Low-PFEC and Mid-PFEC groups than the High-PFEC group (2246 µg/mL, 2103 µg/mL vs. 1431 µg/mL, P < 0.0001). A moderate negative correlation was found between average serum IgG and lamb PFEC EBV (r = −0.55, P < 0.0001). Interestingly when PFEC values are less than − 50 or greater than + 50 lambs produce high or low IgG respectively. Collectively these data indicate that parasite resistant Katahdin lambs generate greater antibody response to clostridial vaccination.}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Bentley, Kelsey L. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Wright, Donald L. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott A.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{weaver_wright_greiner_2023, title={Rams Enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program have Improved Performance and Value in Ram Test Program.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.122}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Genetic evaluation programs can provide valuable selection tools for sheep breeders. However, industry acceptance and utilization of these tools is still limited. The objective here was to evaluate the performance and value of rams enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) compared with those not enrolled during a ram test program. Rams (Katahdin = 16, Texel = 3) were delivered to the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center Ram Test on May 31. Rams were dewormed and rested for two weeks. On June 21, rams were given Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae adjusted for body weight (average = 5000 L3). FAMACHA scores and fecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored every two weeks until August 30. Rams were dewormed based on FAMACHA ≥ 3. The top 50% of rams, excluding any dewormed rams, based on the sale index [Sale Index = 0.50*(0.33*average daily gain ratio + 0.67*weight per day of age ratio) + 0.50*logFEC ratio] were sold at auction as breeding stock. Rams were classified as NSIP if enrolled. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Of the19 rams on test, 52% were NSIP. Thirteen rams required deworming during the test (38% of these were NSIP rams). Average sale index of NSIP rams tended to be greater than that of non-NSIP rams (101.4 vs. 98.3, P = 0.06). Of rams with sale index ≥ 100 (top 50%), a greater percentage of these rams were NSIP vs. non-NSIP (61% vs. 39%, respectively; P < 0.05). When NSIP status was evaluated for the top 20% of rams (sale index ≥07), a greater percentage of these rams were also NSIP vs. non-NSIP (78% vs. 22%, respectively; P < 0.01). Rams (n = 57) were sold on September 23 with an average sale price of $1,482. Rams enrolled in NSIP commanded greater prices than those not enrolled ($1,659 vs. $1,222, P < 0.05). When sale price was regressed on sale index for NSIP and non-NSIP rams, R2 for NSIP rams was 0.19 compared with the R2 for non-NSIP rams of 0.76. Given the weaker relationship between price and sale index for NSIP rams, estimated breeding values (EBVs) were evaluated. NSIP rams with EBVs reported for post-weaning weight, post-weaning FEC, and Maternal Hair Index sold for greater prices than those rams missing one or all of these EBVs ($1,837 vs. $971, respectively; P < 0.05). In summary, NSIP rams had greater performance (as indicated by sale index) and value compared with non-NSIP rams. For rams enrolled in NSIP, sale index was a poor predictor of value indicating buyers may be considering other factors besides sale index, such as EBVs, when purchasing NSIP rams.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Weaver, Andrew R. and Wright, Donald L. and Greiner, Scott P.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{bentley_weaver_wright_greiner_bowdridge_2023, title={The Effect of Postweaning Fecal Egg Count EBV on Colostrum IgG Concentration in Katahdin Dams}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.130}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Selection for post weaning worm egg count (PWEC) EBV has revealed that lowPWEC sheep have greater resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection, greater survivability to weaning and generate greater anamnestic response to booster clostridial vaccination. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that selection for PWEC may result in improved generalized immunity. The aim of this study was to compare IgG and IgA antibody concentration in colostrum and milk of Katahdin ewes divergent in their PWEC EBV. Katahdin ewes from the Virginia Tech SWAREC selected for this study had to meet the following criteria: age (3-6 years), have a Katahdin Hair Index EBV (>104, pre-genomic EBV), and be twin bearing. Ewes fitting those criteria were sorted by their PWEC EBV into two groups: lowPWEC (n = 20) with an average EBV of -81 and hiPWEC (n = 18) with an average PWEC EBV of +213. Upon parturition and within 24 hours of lambing, a 20 mL colostrum sample was sterile collected by milking 10 mL from each half of the udder of the ewes, representing the early sample. Milk samples were taken from each ewe at two distinct time points, mid (30-days post-parturition) and late (60-dayd post-parturition) lactation. All samples were placed into pre-labeled 50 mL tubes and frozen on-site. Colostrum and milk samples were thawed and diluted in 36% ammonium sulfate and centrifuged at 3,000 x g for 20 minutes at 4ºC. The removed whey portion was then dialyzed using a 3,000 MW membrane cassette in 1L of PBS (pH 7.4) at 4ºC for 12 hours. Total IgG and IgA from colostrum was measured used an ovine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate IgG and IgA differences, data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS with fixed effects of genotype, time, and genotype X time interactions. Means comparisons were performed on LS means of fixed affects or interactions, using Bonferroni adjustment. Main effects of ewe genotype revealed that lowPWEC ewes had greater concentration of both IgG (0.482 vs 0.236 µg/mL; P < 0.001) and IgA (10.5 vs 8.1 µg/mL; P = 0.002) within colostrum. The 2-fold increase of IgG (P < 0.001) within lowPFEC ewe colostrum loses magnitude overtime, nonetheless lowPFEC ewes continue to have greater IgG in milk at mid (0.291 vs 0.183 µg/mL; P = 0.048) and late lactations (0.322 vs 0.183 µg/mL; P = 0.032). These data indicate that lowPWEC Katahdin ewes generate greater colostrum quality as measured by antibody concentration. Therefore, lambs born to these ewes would have a significant advantage in passive immunity from their dams potentially contributing to lamb survivability.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Bentley, Kelsey and Weaver, Andrew R. and Wright, Donald L. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott A.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{weaver_wright_notter_zajac_bowdridge_greiner_2022, title={Evaluation of terminal sire breeds for hair sheep production systems: Forage environment}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106739}, abstractNote={Terminal sire crossbreeding systems which improve growth performance while maintaining parasite resistance have the potential to enhance the profitability of hair sheep enterprises. Katahdin (KT, n = 5), Suffolk (SU, n = 4), and Texel (TX, n = 5) rams were randomly mated to KT ewes over three years (Y1, Y2, Y3) at the Virginia Tech Southwest Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Post-lambing until weaning (80 d), pairs were managed on fescue pasture. At weaning, lambs (n = 242) were moved to an ungrazed pasture and provided a concentrate pellet daily for a 90 d grazing trial. During this time, body weight (BW), strongylid egg count (FEC), FAMACHA score and packed cell volume (PCV) were collected every 14 d. FAMACHA score ≥ 3 was utilized as the basis for anthelmintic treatment. Post-grazing, lambs were fed to approximately 50 kg BW. Lambs were harvested at the Virginia Tech Meat Center and carcass evaluation performed 1 d post-harvest. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS with fixed effects of sire breed. No differences existed between sire breeds for adjusted number of lambs born or number of lambs weaned. At weaning, KT-sired lambs had lower BW than terminal sired lambs (P < 0.05). During the grazing trials, lnFEC, FAMACHA and PCV varied over time (P < 0.001) with lower FAMACHA scores for KT-sired lambs than SU- and TX-sired lambs (P < 0.05). Of the terminal sire breeds, TX-sired lambs had a greater FEC at deworming and required a greater number of days before treatment in Y2 (P < 0.05). At harvest, terminal-sired lambs were heavier than KT-sired lambs (P < 0.05) in Y1 while SU-sired lambs had greater BW than TX-sired lambs (P < 0.05) in Y2. Terminal-sired lambs had greater LM area and leg scores than KT-sired lambs (P = 0.05). These results indicate the potential of terminal sires (SU- and TX-sires) to improve lamb growth and carcass merit. Texel-sired lambs had more similar parasite resistance characteristics to KT-sired lambs and may have potential as terminal sires in forage based hair sheep production systems.}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Weaver, Andrew R. and Wright, Donald L. and Notter, David R. and Zajac, Anne M. and Bowdridge, Scott A. and Greiner, Scott P.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{weaver_garza_greiner_bowdridge_2021, title={Immune mechanisms of Texel sheep to adult and egg stages of Haemonchus contortus}, ISSN={["1365-3024"]}, DOI={10.1111/pim.12876}, abstractNote={AbstractExperimental Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infections revealed that Texel sheep have faecal egg counts (FEC) comparable to parasite‐resistant St. Croix but adult worm burden comparable to parasite‐susceptible Suffolk sheep. The aim of these studies was to further investigate the mechanism causing this disparity. Cellular and humoral immune responses to adult‐ and egg stage Hc were compared amongst St. Croix, Texel and Suffolk sheep. Adult worms and eggs were exposed to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum from the three breeds in vitro. There was a greater IgA binding to eggs when treated with St. Croix and Texel serum (p < .05), and these eggs exhibited a lower hatch rate (p < .05) when exposed to serum and PBMC. Adult worms exposed to St. Croix and Texel‐derived PBMC, and serum had greater binding around the head and reproductive structures than worms exposed to Suffolk‐derived cells and serum. Consequently, egg release tended to be affected by breed (p = .09). To further examine differences, Suffolk and Texel lambs (n = 5/breed) were infected with 10,000 Hc L3 for 30 days. Suffolk sheep had greater egg release per worm than Texel (3.8 vs. 2.1 eggs/worm). Taken together, these data would indicate one of the mechanisms in Texel's targeting adult‐stage Hc reducing worm fecundity.}, journal={PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Weaver, Andrew R. and Garza, Javier J. and Greiner, Scott P. and Bowdridge, Scott A.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }