@article{franca_dole_carlson_finger_2017, title={Effect of postharvest handling procedures on cut Capsicum stems}, volume={220}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.010}, abstractNote={‘Rio Light Orange’ and ‘Cappa Round Red’ ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are attractive cultivars used as cut stems, but postharvest handling protocols need to be optimized. ‘Rio Light Orange’ stems harvested when most of the fruits were pale orange had the longest vase life, while harvest stage had no effect on vase life of ‘Cappa Round Red’. Stems of both cultivars showed less incidence of wilted foliage during postharvest when stored in water. Cold storage was tolerated for up to 1 week for ‘Rio Light Orange’ and for up to 2 weeks for ‘Cappa Round Red’ for stems kept in water. These cultivars do not appear to be sensitive to ethylene and anti-ethylene agents had a minimal effect on postharvest characteristics of cut stems. Of nine Capsicum cultivars tested, the use of a holding solution had a positive effect on the vase life of ‘Black Pearl’, ‘Rooster’ and ‘Stromboli’ ornamental peppers and increased the number of days foliage remained acceptable for eight of the cultivars. However, use of a commercial hydrator either reduced (one cultivars) or had no effect (eight cultivars) on vase life. Vase life and quality of ‘Rio Light Orange’ and ‘Cappa Round Red’ ornamental peppers stems can be extended by following appropriate postharvest handling procedures and the use of a holding solution can have a beneficial effect on vase life and foliage quality of many additional cultivars of peppers tested in this study.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Franca, Christiane de F. M. and Dole, John M. and Carlson, Alicain S. and Finger, Fernando L.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={310–316} }
 @article{carlson_dole_matthysse_hoffmann_kornegay_2015, title={Bacteria species and solution pH effect postharvest quality of cut Zinnia elegans}, volume={194}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.044}, abstractNote={Bacterial growth in vase solutions can lead to stem vasculature blockage causing petal and leaf wilt, bent neck, or similar symptoms related to water stress that reduce vase life. In these studies we isolated, identified, and evaluated the effects of several bacteria species on the vase life of cut Zinnia elegans L. ‘Benary’s Giant Wine’. Nine bacterial species were isolated during postharvest testing of cut zinnia stems: Pseudomonas fulva, Serratia ficaria, Rhizobium radiobacter, Chryseobacterium sp., Pantoea ananatis, Bacillus pumilus, Chryseobacterium daejeonense, Brevundimonas sp., and Pseudomonas marginalis and pure cultures of each species were added to the vase solution of cut zinnia stems. Escherichia coli K12, a lab adapted strain, was also included. Cut flowers inoculated with P. fulva and E. coli K12 had significantly greater vase lives of 9.5 and 9.4 d, respectively, compared to P. marginalis, P. ananatis, R. radiobacter, or the nutrient broth control (7.0, 6.9, 6.8, or 7.3 d, respectively). The vase lives of the other bacteria treatments were not statistically different from the deionized (DI) water control (8.6 d). There were no significant differences in water uptake or vase water bacteria concentrations at termination among all treatments. In further studies, sterilized and non-sterilized stems of Zinnia were used to investigate the effects of solution pH and the addition of P. marginalis and E. coli K12 on number of days to drought stress (DTDS), stem hydraulic conductivity, and bacteria concentrations inside and outside the stem. The non-sterilized stems in control solution with E. coli K12 and non-sterilized stems in preservative solution with no bacteria had the most DTDS of 8.0 d. The sterilized stems in the control solution (deionized water) with E. coli K12 and sterilized stems in basic solution with no bacteria had the least DTDS of 5.5 d and 5.8 d, respectively. The concentrations of bacteria inside and outside the stems were lowest for stems in the preservative solutions. Of the stems that were sterilized, partial percent loss of conductivity (PPLC) was significantly lower in the acidic solutions (64%) compared to the preservative (87%) and control (83%). This research shows that for Zinnia the bacteria species that has a primary effect on vase life, not necessarily the concentration of bacteria in the vase solution.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M. and Matthysse, Ann G. and Hoffmann, William A. and Kornegay, Julia L.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={71–78} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2015, title={Determining Optimal Bulb Storage and Production Methods for Successful Forcing of Cut Pineapple Lily}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.25.5.608}, abstractNote={Pineapple lily (Eucomis hybrids) has long, striking inflorescences that work well as a cut flower, but information is needed on proper production methods and postharvest handling protocols. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bulb storage temperature and duration, production environment, planting density, and forcing temperatures on cut flower production of ‘Coral’, ‘Cream’, ‘Lavender’, and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily. Stem length was greater in the greenhouse than the field and at the low planting density. Plants in the field at the low planting density had the shortest stem length for ‘Coral’ and ‘Cream’, but still produced marketable lengths of at least 30 cm. Planting density did not affect ‘Lavender’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ stem length or number of marketable stems. The productivity (number of marketable stems per bulb) was affected only by planting density for ‘Coral’ and planting environment for ‘Cream’. Differences in stem quality and productivity differed for each cultivar and planting density over the next two seasons. The productivity of ‘Coral’ increased significantly from year to year, while the productivity of ‘Cream’ only significantly increased between the first and second years. The low planting density resulted in slightly more stems per bulb for ‘Coral’ over the next two seasons. Emergence after bulb storage treatments was highest in treatments where the bulbs were not lifted from the substrate and were subsequently grown at 18 °C. Bulbs grown in the warmest (18 °C) production temperature flowered soonest and had shorter stem lengths. For earliest flowering, bulbs should be stored in substrate in cool temperatures of at least 13 °C and forced at warm temperatures of at least 18 °C.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={608–616} }
 @article{carlson_dole_whipker_2015, title={Plant Growth Regulator Drenches Suppress Foliage and Inflorescence Height of 'Leia' Pineapple Lily}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.25.1.105}, abstractNote={Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used to control excessive plant growth in potted crops to improve quality and compactness for shipping and display. Pineapple lily (Eucomis sp.), a recent introduction to the potted crop market, can have excessive foliage growth and inflorescence height making the use of PGRs desirable. Bulbs of ‘Leia’ pineapple lily were forced in the greenhouse and drenched at leaf whorl emergence with three PGRs at five different concentrations: 1) flurprimidol (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg per 6.5-inch pot), 2) uniconazole (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/pot), or 3) paclobutrazol (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/pot) and an untreated control. As concentration increased, days to anthesis increased and foliage height decreased for each PGR. Paclobutrazol (4.0 and 8.0 mg/pot), uniconazole (4.0 mg/pot), and flurprimidol (2.0 and 4.0 mg/pot) treatments resulted in excessive stunting with none of the plants being marketable. Flurprimidol had the greatest influence on plant growth among all the PGRs. Acceptable concentrations for each PGR are paclobutrazol at 0.5 to 2.0 mg/pot, uniconazole at 0.25 to 2.0 mg/pot, and flurprimidol at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/pot based on percentage of marketable plants and foliage and inflorescence height suppression without excessively increasing the number of days to anthesis.}, number={1}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M. and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={105–109} }
 @article{dole_carlson_granitz_mccall_kornegay_2015, title={Vase Life of New Cut Flowers}, volume={1097}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.6}, journal={VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS AND XII INTERNATIONAL PROTEA RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Granitz, H. M. and McCall, I. F. and Kornegay, J. L.}, year={2015}, pages={55–61} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2014, title={Determining Optimal Production Temperature, Transplant Stage, and Postharvest Protocols for Cut 'Esprit' Penstemon}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.1.71}, abstractNote={The effects of production temperature and transplant stage on stem length and caliper of cut stems and postharvest treatments on vase life of ‘Esprit’ penstemon (Penstemon grandiflorus) were examined. Plugs transplanted with eight to nine sets of true leaves had a longer stem length (64.3 cm) at harvest than those transplanted with two to three sets (57.7 cm) or five to six sets (60.8 cm). Time to flowering from transplant shortened as production temperature increased and when transplants had a greater number of true leaves. The addition of 2% or 4% sucrose with 7 ppm isothiazolinone as a vase solution resulted in the longest vase life (9.4 days) of all treatments compared with the control (4.5 days). A holding solution increased vase life to 7.0 days for Floralife holding solution and 5.9 days for Chrysal holding solution from the 4.3 days control, although hydrating solutions and preservative brand had no effect. The use of floral foam or antiethylene agents, ethylene exposure, or sucrose pulses also had no effect on vase life. Extended cold storage lengths either wet or dry for 2 or 3 weeks caused vase life to decrease to 2.0 days when compared with 5.6 days for the unstored control and 7.6 days for 1 week storage. ‘Esprit’ penstemon may be suitable for greenhouse production and has acceptable potential as a locally grown specialty cut flower.}, number={1}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={71–75} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2014, title={Postharvest Handling Recommendations for Cut Pineapple Lily}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.6.731}, abstractNote={The effects of various postharvest treatments on cut stems of ‘Coral’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily (Eucomis sp.) were evaluated to determine best postharvest handling practices. The use of a commercial hydrator, holding solution, or both significantly reduced vase life for ‘Coral’; the deionized (DI) water control had the longest vase life. ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ vase life was significantly reduced to 29.9 days when both a commercial hydrator and holding solution were used as compared with 50.3 days when DI water was the hydrator used with the commercial holding solution. The use of a bulb-specific preservative reduced vase life of ‘Coral’ to 43.8 days, while the DI water control had a vase life of 66.4 days, and commercial holding solution was intermediate at 56.8 days. A 10% sucrose pulse reduced vase life to 46.9 days compared with the 0% sucrose control (58.9 days) and the 20% sucrose concentration (62.5 days), which were not significantly different. The use of floral foam and/or 2% or 4% sucrose concentrations plus isothiazolinone reduced vase life significantly to an average of 11.1 days. The vase life of stems cold stored at 2 °C for 1 week (37.7 days) was not significantly different from the unstored stems (43.0 days), while longer storage times up to 3 weeks significantly reduced vase life. The use of hydrating solution pretreatments before and holding solution treatments during 4 days of cold storage had no significant effect on vase life. ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ stems harvested with 100% of the florets open had the longest vase life of 51.2 days compared with 38.4 days when 1% of the florets were open. Vase life was unaffected by exogenous ethylene exposure up to 1 ppm for 16 hours. For best postharvest quality, ‘Coral’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily should be harvested when at least 50% of the florets are open, held in plain water without preservatives, and stored for no more than 1 week (wet or dry) at 2 °C.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={731–735} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2013, title={Postharvest water quality affects vase life of cut Dendranthema, Dianthus, Helianthus, and Zinnia}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.024}, abstractNote={Water quality can have a significant impact on the vase life of cut flowers. The effects of vase solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) on the vase life and postharvest characteristics of Dendranthema L. ‘Naru Lavender’, Dianthus L. ‘Burgundy Sangria’, Helianthus L. ‘Sunbright’, and Zinnia L. ‘Benary's Giant Scarlet’ were investigated. Vase life of Dendranthema increased to 14.6 d in acidic solutions from 6.1 d for distilled water. Solution uptake of cut Dendranthema was also greater in acidic solutions (94 mL) compared to distilled water (76 mL). There was no significant difference in vase life of Dendranthema when solution EC ranged from 0.50 dS m−1 (21.7 d) to 4.00 dS m−1 (19.3 d) of NaCl; however, all solutions with NaCl resulted in a longer vase life than distilled water. For Dianthus the use of buffers to alter pH reduced vase life from 24.4 d for the non-buffered control to 19.9 d for the citrate buffered solutions, but no effect of actual pH was noted. Additionally, increasing the EC from 0.00 to 4.00 dS m−1 decreased vase life by 10 d. Cut Zinnia stems were not influenced by solution pH, but as EC increased from 0.00 to 4.00 dS m−1 vase life decreased from 10.6 to 6.8 d. Helianthus vase life was not affected by EC, but decreasing pH increased vase life by 1.1 d when stems were held in acidic solutions compared to basic solutions. The use of commercial holding solution reduced the negative effects of high EC on salt-sensitive Dendranthema, Dianthus, and Zinnia and increased solution uptake. For Dendranthema vase life was 24.6 d when held in preservative at an EC of 2.50 dS m−1, while it was reduced to 17.4 d without preservative at the same EC. For Helianthus, solutions with preservative had a solution uptake 10 mL greater than solutions without preservative. In general, stems with longer vase lives also had a high incidence of necrotic leaves and petals, petal wilt and bent neck. In conclusion, each species had unique reactions to the vase solution treatments, but the general effects were consistent: high solution pH or EC or the use of buffers either had no effect or reduced vase life and the use of floral preservatives increased vase life.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={277–286} }
 @inproceedings{dole_carlson_crawford_mccall_2013, title={Vase life of new cut flowers}, volume={1000}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1000.6}, booktitle={Vii international symposium on new floricultural crops}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Crawford, B. D. and McCall, I. F.}, year={2013}, pages={63–70} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_carlson_blazich_2013, title={Water quality effects on postharvest performance of cut calla, hydrangea, and snapdragon}, volume={153}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.015}, abstractNote={Effects of water quality on water uptake, change in fresh weight, vase solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) change, termination symptoms, and longevity of cut ‘Nicole Yellow’ calla (Zantedeschia L.), ‘White Extra’ hydrangea [Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.], and ‘Admiral Pink’ snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) were studied. Calla was tolerant of high water pH (8.1); vase life varied only from 9.2 d for acidic solutions (pH 3.2) to 10.1 d for solutions with intermediate pH (6.3). Calla had the longest vase life at an EC of 0.75 dS m−1, whereas addition of floral preservative (Floralife Professional, Floralife, Walterboro, SC at 10 ml L−1) was ineffective. Low solution pH (2.9–3.3), increasing EC (up to 2.5 dS m−1), and use of floral preservative increased vase life of hydrangea. Increasing EC increased vase life of hydrangea from a low of 7.3 d to a high of 15.4 d at 2.5 dS m−1, when floral preservative was used and from a low of 3.5 d to a high of 5.7 d at 4.0 dS m−1 in distilled water. Vase solution pH of snapdragon had no significant effect on vase life or water uptake. Increasing EC increased vase life to a maximum of 14.8 d at 2.0 dS m−1 with preservative and to 9.7 d at 3.0 dS m−1 without preservative. Each species had differing responses to varying pH and EC levels; however, solution pH should be low, as high pH solutions either had no effect or reduced vase life, such as with hydrangea. EC of vase water for hydrangea and snapdragon should be approximately 2.0–2.5 dS m−1, when preservatives are used and 3.0–4.0 dS m−1 without, which is higher than most recommendations. Addition of preservative to vase solutions extended vase life of hydrangea and snapdragon, but did not affect calla.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Carlson, Alicain S. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={26–33} }
 @article{clark_dole_carlson_moody_mccall_fanelli_fonteno_2010, title={Vase life of new cut flower cultivars}, volume={20}, number={6}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Clark, E. M. R. and Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Moody, E. P. and McCall, I. F. and Fanelli, F. L. and Fonteno, W. C.}, year={2010}, pages={1016–1025} }