@article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and larval settlement: Characterizing the stimulus from a larval perspective}, volume={875}, journal={Effects of noise on aquatic life ii}, author={Lillis, A. and Eggleston, D. B. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}, year={2016}, pages={637–645} }
 @article{eggleston_lillis_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and larval settlement: larval bivalve responses to habitat-associated underwater sounds}, volume={875}, journal={Effects of noise on aquatic life ii}, author={Eggleston, D. B. and Lillis, A. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}, year={2016}, pages={255–263} }
 @article{ricci_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_lillis_2016, title={Temporal soundscape patterns and processes in an estuarine reserve}, volume={550}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11724}, DOI={10.3354/meps11724}, abstractNote={: Underwater acoustic recordings can be used to measure the distribution and activity of sound-producing species and investigate variability in the physical and biological characteristics of marine ecosystems. This study characterized the summer soundscape of a coastal estuarine reserve, Middle Marsh, near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, USA. Passive recorders were de ployed at 8 sites, within a mixture of seagrass, saltmarsh, oyster reef and soft-bottom habitats, and sampled for 2 min every 20 min between June and August 2014. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) in a high-frequency band (7−43 kHz) exhibited a periodicity of once per day, being 11 dB higher during the nighttime. This pattern is correlated with snapping shrimp sounds, with an average excess of ~12% more snaps detected at night. The same analysis for SPLs in a low-frequency band (150−1500 Hz) revealed a periodicity of twice per day, with diurnal sound levels varying by up to 29 dB. Temporal variability in the low-frequency soundscape is correlated with fish chorusing, as well as tidal water level, which may influence both the presence and absence of fish and the propagation of sound in the water column. The greatest SPLs are observed in association with periods of high biological activity during nighttime high tides. Sampling marine animals and their activities over ecologically relevant time scales is challenging using conventional techniques (trawls and throw traps) within complex shallow water habitats, particularly at night. Soundscape monitoring provides an additional method to assess spatiotemporal variation in essential fish habitat use within a complex mosaic of habitat types.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Ricci, Shannon W. and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Lillis, Ashlee}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={25–38} }
 @article{bohnenstiehl_lillis_eggleston_2016, title={The Curious Acoustic Behavior of Estuarine Snapping Shrimp: Temporal Patterns of Snapping Shrimp Sound in Sub-Tidal Oyster Reef Habitat}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0143691}, abstractNote={Ocean soundscapes convey important sensory information to marine life. Like many mid-to-low latitude coastal areas worldwide, the high-frequency (>1.5 kHz) soundscape of oyster reef habitat within the West Bay Marine Reserve (36°N, 76°W) is dominated by the impulsive, short-duration signals generated by snapping shrimp. Between June 2011 and July 2012, a single hydrophone deployed within West Bay was programmed to record 60 or 30 seconds of acoustic data every 15 or 30 minutes. Envelope correlation and amplitude information were then used to count shrimp snaps within these recordings. The observed snap rates vary from 1500–2000 snaps per minute during summer to <100 snaps per minute during winter. Sound pressure levels are positively correlated with snap rate (r = 0.71–0.92) and vary seasonally by ~15 decibels in the 1.5–20 kHz range. Snap rates are positively correlated with water temperatures (r = 0.81–0.93), as well as potentially influenced by climate-driven changes in water quality. Light availability modulates snap rate on diurnal time scales, with most days exhibiting a significant preference for either nighttime or daytime snapping, and many showing additional crepuscular increases. During mid-summer, the number of snaps occurring at night is 5–10% more than predicted by a random model; however, this pattern is reversed between August and April, with an excess of up to 25% more snaps recorded during the day in the mid-winter. Diurnal variability in sound pressure levels is largest in the mid-winter, when the overall rate of snapping is at its lowest, and the percentage difference between daytime and nighttime activity is at its highest. This work highlights our lack of knowledge regarding the ecology and acoustic behavior of one of the most dominant soniforous invertebrate species in coastal systems. It also underscores the necessity of long-duration, high-temporal-resolution sampling in efforts to understand the bioacoustics of animal behaviors and associated changes within the marine soundscape.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lillis_bohnenstiehl_eggleston_2015, title={Soundscape manipulation enhances larval recruitment of a reef-building mollusk}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.999}, abstractNote={Marine seafloor ecosystems, and efforts to restore them, depend critically on the influx and settlement of larvae following their pelagic dispersal period. Larval dispersal and settlement patterns are driven by a combination of physical oceanography and behavioral responses of larvae to a suite of sensory cues both in the water column and at settlement sites. There is growing evidence that the biological and physical sounds associated with adult habitats (i.e., the “soundscape”) influence larval settlement and habitat selection; however, the significance of acoustic cues is rarely tested. Here we show in a field experiment that the free-swimming larvae of an estuarine invertebrate, the eastern oyster, respond to the addition of replayed habitat-related sounds. Oyster larval recruitment was significantly higher on larval collectors exposed to oyster reef sounds compared to no-sound controls. These results provide the first field evidence that soundscape cues may attract the larval settlers of a reef-building estuarine invertebrate.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2014, title={Estuarine soundscapes: distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs compared to soft-bottom habitats}, volume={505}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps10805}, abstractNote={Different types of benthic habitats likely produce distinct soundscapes due to differences in the physical and biological contributors to ambient sound. Despite their potential importance to ecologi- cal processes such as larval settlement, the sound- scapes of most coastal and estuarine habitats have not been characterized. We investigated whether an es- tuarine soundscape is a reliable indicator of habitat type by measuring the sounds of oyster reefs and nearby off-reef soft-bottom areas in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Acoustic sampling in 3 areas across the estuary revealed distinct acoustic patterns in oyster reef habitats compared to surrounding off- reef areas, with reef soundscapes dominated by snap- ping shrimp sounds and the vocalizations of reef- dwelling fish species. Compared to soft-bottom habitat, oyster reefs had significantly higher sound pressure levels in the 2−23 kHz frequency band and higher acoustic diversity index values at each concurrent sampling event. Spectral differences between adja- cent reef/off-reef habitats were present throughout the summer and fall sampling season and across 2 sampling years, but the acoustic signal strength dif- fered between reef sites. Passive sound propagation surveys found that the distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs within the 2−23 kHz frequency band were highly localized, with effective source levels of 108.8 to 120.0 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m and transmission loss approximating a cylindrical geometric spreading model. This soundscape characterization study sug- gests that spatial heterogeneity in ambient sound could serve as a reliable indicator of habitat type and potentially convey habitat quality information to dis- persing organisms.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2014}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2014, title={Soundscape variation from a larval perspective: the case for habitat-associated sound as a settlement cue for weakly swimming estuarine larvae}, volume={509}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps10917}, abstractNote={Settlement is a critical phase in the life history of most benthic marine organisms and has important implications for their survival and reproductive success, and ultimately for pop - ulation and community dynamics. Larval encounter with settlement habitats is likely facilitated through the use of habitat-specific physical and chemical cues, but the scales over which particular habitat-related environmental cues may operate are rarely measured. In Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA we used passively drifting acoustic recorders to measure the varia- tion in habitat-related underwater sound, a potential broad-scale settlement cue, at spatio - temporal scales relevant to dispersing bivalve larvae in the estuary. Sound levels increased by up to 30 dB during passage over oyster reefs compared to off-reef soft bottom areas, and sound level fluctuations in the 2000 to 23 000 Hz frequency range closely corresponded to the presence of oyster reef patches below drifters, indicating that sound characteristics could reliably provide a signal of benthic habitat type to planktonic larvae. Using these soundscape measurements and the known descent capabilities of oyster larvae, we demonstrate with a conceptual model that response to habitat-related sound cues is a feasible mechanism for enhanced larval encounter with settlement substrate.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2014}, pages={57–70} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2013, title={Oyster Larvae Settle in Response to Habitat-Associated Underwater Sounds}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0079337}, abstractNote={Following a planktonic dispersal period of days to months, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate suitable seafloor habitat in which to settle and metamorphose. For animals that are sessile or sedentary as adults, settlement onto substrates that are adequate for survival and reproduction is particularly critical, yet represents a challenge since patchily distributed settlement sites may be difficult to find along a coast or within an estuary. Recent studies have demonstrated that the underwater soundscape, the distinct sounds that emanate from habitats and contain information about their biological and physical characteristics, may serve as broad-scale environmental cue for marine larvae to find satisfactory settlement sites. Here, we contrast the acoustic characteristics of oyster reef and off-reef soft bottoms, and investigate the effect of habitat-associated estuarine sound on the settlement patterns of an economically and ecologically important reef-building bivalve, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Subtidal oyster reefs in coastal North Carolina, USA show distinct acoustic signatures compared to adjacent off-reef soft bottom habitats, characterized by consistently higher levels of sound in the 1.5–20 kHz range. Manipulative laboratory playback experiments found increased settlement in larval oyster cultures exposed to oyster reef sound compared to unstructured soft bottom sound or no sound treatments. In field experiments, ambient reef sound produced higher levels of oyster settlement in larval cultures than did off-reef sound treatments. The results suggest that oyster larvae have the ability to respond to sounds indicative of optimal settlement sites, and this is the first evidence that habitat-related differences in estuarine sounds influence the settlement of a mollusk. Habitat-specific sound characteristics may represent an important settlement and habitat selection cue for estuarine invertebrates and could play a role in driving settlement and recruitment patterns in marine communities.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2013}, month={Oct} }
 @article{lillis_snelgrove_2010, title={Near-bottom hydrodynamic effects on postlarval settlement in the American lobster Homarus americanus}, volume={401}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, author={Lillis, A. and Snelgrove, P. V. R.}, year={2010}, pages={161–172} }