@article{warner_rihn_fulcher_lebude_schexnayder_joshi_2022, title={A Theory of Planned Behavior-Informed Evaluation of Growers' Intent to Use Automated Nursery Technologies}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae8111028}, abstractNote={Labor scarcity and rising production costs due to increasing labor wages and benefits are key concerns among nursery growers. Automated nursery technologies are a means to address labor challenges, but they are not widely adopted. The research objective was to use the Theory of Planned Behavior to evaluate nursery growers’ intention of using automated technologies in their operations to support future educational initiatives. Using a mixed-mode survey, four technology clusters, or a grouping of connected ideas, were examined: Irrigation application, Plant transport, Plant handling, and Agrochemical application. Overall intent to adopt technologies within each cluster was neutral but slightly negative. Attitudes towards adopting automated nursery technologies and perceptions of others’ approval for adoption were positive, and perceived behavioral control and perceptions of others’ adoption were neutral. When used to predict likelihood of adoption through multiple linear regression models, there was variability in characteristics that predicted intent to adopt technologies within each cluster with attitude being the most consistent predictor across the clusters. There were both positive and negative relationships between the social norms variables and behavioral intent. Overall, social norms and attitudes appear to be among the most important characteristics in disseminating automated nursery technology adoption to address labor issues.}, number={11}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Warner, Laura A. and Rihn, Alicia L. and Fulcher, Amy and LeBude, Anthony V and Schexnayder, Susan and Joshi, Arati}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{rihn_velandia_warner_fulcher_schexnayder_lebude_2022, title={Factors correlated with the propensity to use automation and mechanization by the US nursery industry}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1520-6297"]}, DOI={10.1002/agr.21763}, abstractNote={Abstract Labor issues are an increasingly important challenge to agriculture operations across various crops, including agricultural firms in food and specialty crop (e.g., ornamental nursery) sectors. The use of technologies to automate production processes is one means to address labor challenges. This study investigates ornamental nursery industry firms' current use of specific automation technologies, including granular fertilizer applicators, foliage pruners, irrigation scheduling, and trikes. Additionally, this study evaluates the correlation between perceived barriers of adoption, firm characteristics, and the US nursery industry's likelihood of adopting automated technologies. A mixed‐mode survey was used to elicit responses from firms. Overall, barriers to adoption include the costs associated with the initial purchase and installation costs. Several firm characteristics and actions to address labor issues are correlated with the use of the automated technologies evaluated in this study. We observed both positive and negative associations between actions to address labor issues and adoption of specific technologies that suggest that decisions are complicated by the firms' production needs, strategies, perceived benefits, and potential return‐on‐investment of the various automation and mechanization. Perceived improvements in product quality from adopting automation technologies are positively correlated with the likelihood of adopting all of the technologies evaluated. [EconLit Citations: D240, J20, O30, Q13].}, journal={AGRIBUSINESS}, author={Rihn, Alicia L. and Velandia, Margarita and Warner, Laura A. and Fulcher, Amy and Schexnayder, Susan and LeBude, Anthony}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{lebude_owen_holmes_2021, title={High pH, Low Alkalinity Pond Water Used for Overhead Irrigation Does Not Affect Plant Growth of Select Flowering Shrubs}, volume={39}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.1.22}, DOI={10.24266/0738-2898-39.1.22}, abstractNote={Abstract In southeast U.S., pH of source water from ponds used for overhead-irrigating container crops can exceed the range (pH 5.8-7.0) for best management practices. Artificially maintaining this pH range is not common among producers using surface water for irrigation, nor is it known whether this would affect growth. Therefore, the objective was to test whether this source water affects growth of five flowering shrubs in nurseries in eastern North Carolina. Pond water at six nurseries with a pH range of 4.9-8.1 (control) was injected before irrigation with sulfuric acid (lower) or potassium bicarbonate (raise) onsite to maintain a pH of 5.8-6.2 (treatment). Ambient photosynthesis (Aambient) and stomatal conductance (gs) was measured in July, August, and September on leaves of forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia 'Mindor‘ ShowOff®) during irrigation runtime mini-experiments at three nurseries. For mini-experiments, pre- and post-treatment physiology was measured for plants receiving 0 (hand watered), 30, or 60 minutes of treated or nontreated overhead irrigation. Dry weight of all shrubs and gas exchange of forsythia was not affected by high pH, low alkalinity (<100 ppm) irrigation water. Southeastern producers using this source water for overhead irrigation may not need to adopt a system that reduces pH to improve growth. Index words:, Container-grown, plant physiology, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, ornamental. Chemicals used in this study: Potassium bicarbonate, sulfuric acid. Species used in this study: fragrant abelia, Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara 'SMNAMDS‘ Sweet Emotion®; butterfly bush, Buddleia x ‘Miss Molly'; border forsythia, Forsythia x intermedia ‘Mindor‘ Show Off®; panicled hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata Siebold ‘SMHPLQF' Little Quick Fire®; landscape rose, Rosa x ‘ChewPatout' Oso Easy®.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, publisher={Horticultural Research Institute}, author={LeBude, A.V. and Owen, J.S. and Holmes, C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={22–32} }
 @article{dove_rogers_leppanen_simberloff_fordyce_brown_lebude_ranney_cregger_2020, title={Microbiome Variation Across Two Hemlock Species With Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestation}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-302X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2020.01528}, abstractNote={The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae, HWA), an invasive insect, is devastating native hemlock populations in eastern North America, and management outcomes have so far had limited success. While many plant microbiomes influence and even support plant immune responses to insect herbivory, relatively little is known about the hemlock microbiome and its interactions with pathogens or herbivores such as HWA. Using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA and ITS gene regions, we characterized the needle, branch, root, and rhizosphere microbiome of two hemlock species, Tsuga canadensis and T. sieboldii, supporting low and high levels of HWA populations. We found that both archaeal/bacterial and fungal needle communities, as well as the archaeal/bacterial branch and root communities, varied in composition in both species relative to HWA population levels. Specifically, high HWA populations were associated with enrichment of 27 fungal pathogen sequence variants across the four plant-associated habitats (e.g., needle, branch, root, rhizosphere) compared to trees with low HWA populations. Host species and plant-associated habitat, however, explained a greater proportion of the variance in the microbiome than did HWA population level. Nevertheless, this work contributes to a growing body of literature linking plant pathogens and pests with the plant microbiome and host health and demonstrates the need to investigate plant microbiome effects across multiple plant tissues.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Dove, Nicholas C. and Rogers, Timothy J. and Leppanen, Christy and Simberloff, Daniel and Fordyce, James A. and Brown, Veronica A. and LeBude, Anthony V and Ranney, Thomas G. and Cregger, Melissa A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{klingeman_chong_harmon_ames_lebude_chandran_2020, title={Scale Insect Records from Ornamental Plants Help to Prioritize Plant Health Resource Development}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-05-20-0045-S}, abstractNote={Estimates about which scale insect species are most frequently encountered in U.S. landscapes and commercial production systems are largely anecdotal. This survey of records maintained across about 15 years within the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) National Data Repository (NDR) returned information from 10,671 records of 192 scale insect species and 23 suspected species that were associated with ornamental plants. This broad species diversity challenges our ability to effectively train diagnosticians, can confound species identification accuracy, and impedes outreach efforts and resource development. To help focus future efforts in the development of outreach resources and diagnostic training guides, lists were assembled that identified the 60 top-ranked soft, armored, mealybug, and other scale insect taxa most frequently diagnosed within NDR records. Diagnostic service records from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee provided more extensive information regarding sites or client types from which submitted samples originated. Results are being used to develop web-based, image-rich guides to key scale insect taxa in the southeastern United States that will explain life cycles, behaviors, and biology for pest species. These web-based guides can be exploited to optimize pest management actions.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Klingeman, William E. and Chong, Juang-Horng and Harmon, Carrie and Ames, Lisa and LeBude, Anthony V and Chandran, Predeesh}, year={2020}, pages={278–287} }
 @article{leppanen_fordyce_lebude_ranney_simberloff_2019, title={Variable colonization by the hemlock woolly adelgid suggests infestation is associated with hemlock host species}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1573-1464"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-019-02020-x}, number={9}, journal={BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}, author={Leppanen, Christy and Fordyce, James A. and LeBude, Anthony V. and Ranney, Thomas G. and Simberloff, Daniel}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2891–2906} }
 @article{rogers_leppanen_brown_fordyce_lebude_ranney_simberloff_cregger_2018, title={Exploring variation in phyllosphere microbial communities across four hemlock species}, volume={9}, ISSN={2150-8925 2150-8925}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ECS2.2524}, DOI={10.1002/ECS2.2524}, abstractNote={Abstract The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an insect native to Asia and likely western North America. First reported in eastern North America in 1951, it has devastated eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) populations. Loss of hemlock will greatly affect the structure and function of eastern forests. Susceptibility to adelgid infestation varies within eastern hemlocks and across other hemlock species. Our study was conducted to determine whether eastern hemlocks share a similar stem (phyllosphere) microbial community with other co‐occurring hemlocks and whether community‐level shifts are associated within trees of the same species based on HWA infestation. Surprisingly, we found no difference in microbial community composition or diversity between trees of the same species based on the level of HWA infestation. However, microbial communities varied significantly across the four hemlock trees sampled, native T. canadensis and three non‐natives: Tsuga chinensis , Tsuga dumosa , and Tsuga sieboldii . Within these tree hosts, microbial communities from T. dumosa and T. chinensis clustered together, and microbial communities from T. canadensis and T. sieboldii clustered separately from all other tree species. Additionally, specific indicator taxa were identified for all the tree species sampled. These results indicate that Asian hemlocks might not fill the same niche in eastern forests as the native eastern hemlock. Further work should be conducted to determine how differences in hemlock species and associated microbial communities might scale up to alter organismal interactions involving hemlocks.}, number={12}, journal={Ecosphere}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rogers, Timothy J. and Leppanen, Christy and Brown, Veronica and Fordyce, James A. and LeBude, Anthony and Ranney, Thomas and Simberloff, Daniel and Cregger, Melissa A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={e02524} }
 @article{lebude_white_fulcher_frank_klingeman iii_chong_chappell_windham_braman_hale_et al._2012, title={Assessing the integrated pest management practices of southeastern US ornamental nursery operations}, volume={68}, ISSN={1526-498X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3295}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3295}, abstractNote={The Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management (SNIPM) working group surveyed ornamental nursery crop growers in the southeastern United States to determine their pest management practices. Respondents answered questions about monitoring practices for insects, diseases and weeds, prevention techniques, intervention decisions, concerns about IPM and educational opportunities. Survey respondents were categorized into three groups based on IPM knowledge and pest management practices adopted.The three groups differed in the use of standardized sampling plans for scouting pests, in monitoring techniques, e.g. sticky cards, phenology and growing degree days, in record-keeping, in the use of spot-spraying and in the number of samples sent to a diagnostic clinic for identification and management recommendation.Stronger emphasis is needed on deliberate scouting techniques and tools to monitor pest populations to provide earlier pest detection and greater flexibility of management options. Most respondents thought that IPM was effective and beneficial for both the environment and employees, but had concerns about the ability of natural enemies to control insect pests, and about the availability and effectiveness of alternatives to chemical controls. Research and field demonstration is needed for selecting appropriate natural enemies for augmentative biological control. Two groups utilized cooperative extension almost exclusively, which would be an avenue for educating those respondents.}, number={9}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={LeBude, Anthony V and White, Sarah A and Fulcher, Amy F and Frank, Steve and Klingeman III, William E and Chong, Juang-Horng and Chappell, Matthew R and Windham, Alan and Braman, Kris and Hale, Frank and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={1278–1288} }
 @article{frank_lebude_2011, title={SEASON-LONG INSECTICIDE EFFICACY FOR HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID, ADELGES TSUGAE (HEMIPTERA: ADELGIDAE), MANAGEMENT IN NURSERIES}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.094.0223}, abstractNote={Nursery growers and extension personnel have to rely on efficacy data from forest and landscape systems to manage hemlock woolly adelgid in nurseries. Considerable differences in tree size and culture and application logistics could make such data unsuitable. We evaluated 12 different insecticide formulations for short and long-term control of hemlock woolly adelgid in container grown Eastern hemlocks, Tsuga canadensis. All products provided control of first generation hemlock woolly adelgids, though efficacy of foliar applications of neonicotinoids dinotefuran, imidacloprid (Marathon® II), and acetamiprid and foliar or drench applications of spirotetramat acted the most quickly. Foliar and soil applications of neonicotinoids and spirotetramat also prevented reinfestation of second generation crawlers. In contrast, second generation hemlock woolly adelgids successfully colonized trees treated with the contact insecticides, horticultural oil and bifenthrin. Systemic insecticides provided season-long control of hemlock woolly adelgid when applied to foliage, which is the preferred method of application of nursery growers.}, number={2}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Frank, Steven D. and Lebude, Anthony}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={290–295} }
 @article{hebert_touchell_ranney_lebude_2010, title={In vitro shoot regeneration and polyploid induction of rhododendron 'Fragrantissimum Improved'}, volume={45}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hebert, C. J. and Touchell, D. H. and Ranney, T. G. and LeBude, A. V.}, year={2010}, pages={801–804} }
 @article{lebude_lindsay_spafford_bradley_wallace_ruth_2009, title={Improving the landscape design skills of North Carolina citizens}, volume={47}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={LeBude, A and Lindsay, P. and Spafford, A. and Bradley, L. K. and Wallace, M. and Ruth, C.}, year={2009} }
 @article{lebude_goldfarb_blazich_wright_cazell_wise_frampton_2006, title={Container type and volume influences adventitious rooting and subsequent field growth of stem cuttings of loblolly pine}, volume={30}, number={3}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={LeBude, A. V. and Goldfarb, B. and Blazich, F. A. and Wright, J. A. and Cazell, B. and Wise, F. C. and Frampton, J.}, year={2006}, pages={123–131} }
 @article{lebude_goldfarb_blazich_frampton_wise_2005, title={Mist level influences vapor pressure deficit and gas exchange during rooting of juvenile stem cuttings of loblolly pine}, volume={40}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={LeBude, A. V. and Goldfarb, B. and Blazich, F. A. and Frampton, J. and Wise, F. C.}, year={2005}, pages={1448–1456} }
 @article{isik_goldfarb_lebude_li_mckeand_2005, title={Predicted genetic gains and testing efficiency from two loblolly pine clonal trials}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X05-064}, abstractNote={Clonal field trials were established at two sites using rooted cuttings from 450 clones of eight full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height, survival, fusiform rust infection (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme), bole straightness, and diameter were measured after four growing seasons. There were significant differences among full-sib families and among clones within families for all traits studied. Moderately high within-family repeatabilities of clone means (0.50 to 0.75) for growth traits and a very high within-family repeatability of clone means (0.94) for fusiform rust infection were estimated. When the best eight clones were selected regardless of family structure, the volume yield was 52% greater than that of the unimproved seedlings at two sites. Selection of the best two clones from each of four families produced only slightly lower estimated genetic gains than the above scenario. The probability of fusiform rust infection ranged from 0.08 to 0.93 among clones at the South Carolina site. Predicted genetic gain for rust resistance was relatively insensitive to selection intensity, as there were numerous clones with high apparent resistance. The number of ramets per clone necessary to reliably characterize performance on one site was estimated to be between four and six. These results contribute to estimates of the gains available from clonal forestry and will help guide clonal testing and selection programs. Implementation of clonal forestry and cost issues are discussed.}, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Isik, F and Goldfarb, B and LeBude, A and Li, BL and McKeand, S}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1754–1766} }
 @inproceedings{goldfarb_lebude_isik_mckeand_li_2004, title={Advance and Challenges in Clonal Forestry with Rooted Cuttings of Loblolly Pine}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Goldfarb, B. and LeBude, A. and Isik, F. and McKeand, S. and Li, B.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={41} }
 @inproceedings{goldfarb_mckeand_lebude_cumbie_isik_li_2004, title={Deployment issues: what kinds of research, development
and demonstration activities are needed to address critical topics, such as public concerns, performance monitoring, and technologies for merchandising harvested clones?}, booktitle={Conference Proceedings}, author={Goldfarb, B. and McKeand, S. E. and LeBude, A. V. and Cumbie, W. P. and Isik, F. and Li, B.}, year={2004} }
 @article{goldfarb_mckeand_lebude_cumbie_isik_li_2004, title={Deployment issues: what kinds of research, development and demonstration activities are needed to address critical topics, such as public concerns, performance monitoring, and technologies for merchandising harvested clones?}, journal={Agenda 2020 Technology Summit II: Meeting the Challenge of Deployment}, author={Goldfarb, B. and McKeand, S. E. and LeBude, A. V. and Cumbie, W. P. and Isik, F. and Li, B.}, year={2004} }
 @article{lebude_goldfarb_blazich_wise_frampton_2004, title={Mist, substrate water potential and cutting water potential influence rooting of stem cuttings of loblolly pine}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/24.7.823}, abstractNote={We investigated the influence of cutting water potential (Psicut) on rooting of juvenile hardwood (dormant) and softwood (succulent) stem cuttings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) propagated under varying substrate water potentials (Psisub) and volumes of mist application. Mist treatment and Psisub contributed to the Psicut of unrooted stem cuttings. When Psisub was held constant across mist treatments, mist treatment contributed strongly to Psicut. Substrate water potential affected rooting percentage when mist treatment was sub-optimal or excessive, otherwise mist treatment had a stronger effect than Psisub on rooting percentage. Cuttings rooted best when subjected to moderate cutting water potentials (-0.5 to -1.2 MPa) during the initial 4 or 5 weeks of the rooting period. Cuttings experiencing either severe water deficit or no water deficit rooted poorly. We conclude that the rooting environment should impose a moderate water stress on loblolly pine stem cuttings to achieve optimum rooting.}, number={7}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lebude, AV and Goldfarb, B and Blazich, FA and Wise, FC and Frampton, J}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={823–831} }
 @article{goldfarb_lebude_gocke_li_isik_mckeand_2004, title={Producing rooted cutting reforestation stock of Loblolly pine: progress and challenges}, journal={IEG-40 Meeting}, author={Goldfarb, B. and LeBude, A. and Gocke, M. and Li, B. and Isik, F. and McKeand, S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{goldfarb_isik_lebude_mckeand_li_2003, title={Four-year results from a clonal test of loblolly pine}, volume={27}, journal={Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Goldfarb, B. and Isik, F. and LeBude, A. and McKeand, S. and Li, B.}, year={2003}, pages={42} }