@article{abad_burgess_bourret_bensch_cacciola_scanu_mathew_kasiborski_srivastava_kageyama_et al._2023, title={<i>Phytophthora</i>: taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the genus}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1872-9797"]}, DOI={10.3114/sim.2023.106.05}, abstractNote={Many members of the Oomycota genus Phytophthora cause economic and environmental impact diseases in nurseries, horticulture, forest, and natural ecosystems and many are of regulatory concern around the world. At present, there are 223 described species, including eight unculturable and three lost species. Twenty-eight species need to be redescribed or validated. A lectotype, epitype or neotype was selected for 20 species, and a redescription based on the morphological/molecular characters and phylogenetic placement is provided. In addition, the names of five species are validated: P. cajani, P. honggalleglyana (Synonym: P. hydropathica), P. megakarya, P. pisi and P. pseudopolonica for which morphology and phylogeny are given. Two species, P. ×multiformis and P. uniformis are presented as new combinations. Phytophthora palmivora is treated with a representative strain as both lecto- and epitypification are pending. This manuscript provides the updated multigene phylogeny and molecular toolbox with seven genes (ITS rDNA, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1) generated from the type specimens of 212 validly published, and culturable species (including nine hybrid taxa). The genome information of 23 types published to date is also included. Several aspects of the taxonomic revision and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the genus including species concepts, concept and position of the phylogenetic clades recognized within Phytophthora are discussed. Some of the contents of this manuscript, including factsheets for the 212 species, are associated with the "IDphy: molecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora based on the types" online resource (https://idtools.org/tools/1056/index.cfm). The first version of the IDphy online resource released to the public in September 2019 contained 161 species. In conjunction with this publication, we are updating the IDphy online resource to version 2 to include the 51 species recently described. The current status of the 223 described species is provided along with information on type specimens with details of the host (substrate), location, year of collection and publications. Additional information is provided regarding the ex-type culture(s) for the 212 valid culturable species and the diagnostic molecular toolbox with seven genes that includes the two metabarcoding genes (ITS and COI) that are important for Sanger sequencing and also very valuable Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTU) for second and third generation metabarcoding High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies. The IDphy online resource will continue to be updated annually to include new descriptions. This manuscript in conjunction with IDphy represents a monographic study and the most updated revision of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Phytophthora, widely considered one of the most important genera of plant pathogens. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Phytophthora cajani K.S. Amin, Baldev & F.J. Williams ex Abad, Phytophthora honggalleglyana Abad, Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & M.J. Griffin ex Abad, Phytophthora pisi Heyman ex Abad, Phytophthora pseudopolonica W.W. Li, W.X. Huai & W.X. Zhao ex Abad & Kasiborski; New combinations: Phytophthora ×multiformis (Brasier & S.A. Kirk) Abad, Phytophthora uniformis (Brasier & S.A. Kirk) Abad; Epitypifications (basionyms): Peronospora cactorum Lebert & Cohn, Pythiacystis citrophthora R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm., Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, Phytophthora hibernalis Carne, Phytophthora ilicis Buddenh. & Roy A. Young, Phytophthora inundata Brasier et al., Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, Phytophthora mexicana Hotson & Hartge, Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt., Phytophthora porri Foister, Phytophthora primulae J.A. Toml., Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., Phytophthora vignae Purss, Pythiomorpha gonapodyides H.E. Petersen; Lectotypifications (basionym): Peronospora cactorum Lebert & Cohn, Pythiacystis citrophthora R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm., Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, Phytophthora hibernalis Carne, Phytophthora ilicis Buddenh. & Roy A. Young, Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, Phytophthora mexicana Hotson & Hartge, Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt., Phytophthora porri Foister, Phytophthora primulae J.A. Toml., Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., Phytophthora vignae Purss, Pythiomorpha gonapodyides H.E. Petersen; Neotypifications (basionym): Phloeophthora syringae Kleb., Phytophthora meadii McRae Citation: Abad ZG, Burgess TI, Bourret T, Bensch K, Cacciola S, Scanu B, Mathew R, Kasiborski B, Srivastava S, Kageyama K, Bienapfl JC, Verkleij G, Broders K, Schena L, Redford AJ (2023). Phytophthora: taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the genus. Studies in Mycology 106: 259-348. doi: 10.3114/sim.2023.106.05.}, journal={STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY}, author={Abad, Z. G. and Burgess, T. I. and Bourret, T. and Bensch, K. and Cacciola, S. O. and Scanu, B. and Mathew, R. and Kasiborski, B. and Srivastava, S. and Kageyama, K. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={259–348} }
 @article{groves_lueloff_hudelson_kasiborski_stulberg_bates_chaky_mueller_smith_2020, title={First Report of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn Caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum in Wisconsin}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0700-PDN}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 104, No. 11First Report of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn Caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum in Wisconsin PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn Caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum in WisconsinC. L. Groves, S. Lueloff, B. Hudelson, B. Kasiborski, M. J. Stulberg, R. Bates, J. Chaky, B. Mueller, and D. L. SmithC. L. GrovesDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706Search for more papers by this author, S. LueloffDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706Search for more papers by this author, B. HudelsonDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706Search for more papers by this author, B. KasiborskiScience and Technology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Search for more papers by this author, M. J. Stulberghttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8640-1291Science and Technology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705Search for more papers by this author, R. BatesCorteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131Search for more papers by this author, J. ChakyCorteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131Search for more papers by this author, B. MuellerDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706Search for more papers by this author, and D. L. Smith†Corresponding author: D. L. Smith; E-mail Address: damon.smith@wisc.eduhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3436-3718Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706Search for more papers by this author AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations C. L. Groves1 S. Lueloff1 B. Hudelson1 B. Kasiborski2 3 M. J. Stulberg2 R. Bates4 J. Chaky4 B. Mueller1 D. L. Smith1 † 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 2Science and Technology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 3Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 4Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131 Published Online:1 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0700-PDNAboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In July 2018, corn (Zea mays L.) plants displaying symptoms of bacterial leaf streak were collected from a field in Pierce County, Wisconsin. The field was not irrigated, and the severity of bacterial leaf streak within the field was low. Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak consisted of long, linear, mostly necrotic lesions confined to the interveinal spaces of the leaf. Some lesions had yellow-colored margins. A symptomatic leaf sample was submitted to the University of Wisconsin–Madison Plant Disease Diagnostics Clinic (PDDC) for identification. The PDDC identified Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (Xvv) directly from the sample tissue using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic assays Xvv3, which amplifies a putative membrane protein, and Xvv5, which targets a putative exported protein (Lang et al. 2017a, 2017b). Resulting PCR products of the expected sizes (207 bp for Xvv3 and 200 bp for Xvv5) were identified, purified, and sequenced. A BLASTn search revealed that the Xvv3 and the Xvv5 sequences shared 100% sequence identity with strains of Xvv (accession nos. CP025272 and CP028127). The Wisconsin Xvv sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession nos. MT005285 and MT005286). Bacterial identity was confirmed by the USDA APHIS Beltsville Lab using the qPCR 4909 assay (Stulberg et al. 2020) and partial gene sequencing of dnaK (Ah-You et al. 2009). A pure culture of the pathogen was obtained by surface disinfesting symptomatic leaf pieces in 70% ethanol, blotting dry, and placing a small, freshly excised leaf piece into a tube containing 200 µl of sterile water. Veins were oriented vertically with the lower end of the leaf piece submerged in the water. After 20 min, a loop of the water was streaked onto nutrient agar and incubated at 30°C. After 2 days, round, yellow colonies were selected and tested using the qPCR 4909 assay to confirm Xvv. A pure isolate from this process, designated Xvv2018-988, was used to test pathogenicity by inoculating four Burpee’s Golden Bantam sweet corn plants. At approximately the V7 growth stage, a solution of 1.0 × 108 CFU/ml suspended in sterile water was sprayed onto the leaves. Inoculated plants were covered with plastic bags and placed in the shade for 24 h to maintain humidity. The bags were removed after 24 h and the plants maintained in direct light. Two control plants were mock inoculated by spraying with sterile water. By 6 days postinoculation, three of the four inoculated plants developed symptoms consistent with bacterial leaf streak, whereas neither of the water-inoculated control plants developed symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic tissues as described above and tested using the Xvv-specific qPCR 4909 assay. All reisolated bacterial colonies were identified as Xvv. This is the first report of bacterial leaf streak of corn caused by Xvv in Wisconsin. This pathogen has caused significant epidemics in other U.S. corn-producing states. Thus, this disease should be monitored in Wisconsin to identify other potentially yield-limiting outbreaks.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Ah-You, N., et al. 2009. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:306. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65453-0 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarLang, J. M., et al. 2017a. Detection of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum from corn leaves. Protocol for isolation of Xvv, Option 2, lab communication. USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Beltsville, MD. Google ScholarLang, J. M., et al. 2017b. Phytopathology 107:1312. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-17-0168-R Link, ISI, Google ScholarStulberg, M. J., et al. 2020. Phytopathology 110:1174. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0453-R Link, ISI, Google ScholarThe findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or U.S. Government determination or policy.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Funding: This work was supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and the National Plant Diagnostic Network.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 104, No. 11 November 2020SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionPlants of Echinacea purpurea affected by Verticillium dahliae (A. Garibaldi et al.). Photo credit: M. L. Gullino. Spinach plant infected with Stemphylium leaf spot (K. A. Spawton et al.). Photo credit: M. T. McGrath. Metrics Downloaded 637 times Article History Issue Date: 30 Oct 2020Published: 1 Sep 2020First Look: 26 May 2020Accepted: 22 May 2020 Pages: 3055-3055 Information© 2020 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsfield cropscereals and grainspathogen detectionThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download}, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Groves, C. L. and Lueloff, S. and Hudelson, B. and Kasiborski, B. and Stulberg, M. J. and Bates, R. and Chaky, J. and Mueller, B. and Smith, D. L.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={3055–3055} }