@article{wong_batchelor_balik_griffis_2011, title={The Effect of Crystallinity on Materials Removal Rate of Polyolefins During Ga+ Focused Ion Beam Nanomachining}, volume={17}, ISSN={1431-9276 1435-8115}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611004272}, DOI={10.1017/S1431927611004272}, abstractNote={Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in  Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.}, number={S2}, journal={Microscopy and Microanalysis}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wong, K and Batchelor, A and Balik, C and Griffis, D}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={680–681} }
 @article{busche_tonelli_balik_2010, title={Morphology of polystyrene/poly(dimethyl siloxane) blends compatibilized with star polymers containing a gamma-cyclodextrin core and polystyrene arms}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.019}, abstractNote={Abstract A star polymer with a γ–CD core and PS arms is used to compatibilize blends of the immiscible polymers PS and PDMS. The mechanism of compatibilization is threading of the CD core by PDMS and subsequent solubilization in the PS matrix facilitated by the star arms. Spun-cast films of this blend are examined with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Blends without CD-star exhibit large-scale phase separation, whereas those containing CD-star exhibit very homogeneous morphologies in the optical microscope and nanometer-sized phase domains in the AFM. The effect of PDMS molecular weight on the blend morphology is insignificant. The morphology of the compatibilized films does not change significantly after annealing at 125 °C for 3 days, indicating that the CD-star polymer effectively stabilizes these blends at temperatures where both polymers are mobile and could otherwise undergo large-scale phase separation. The degree of compatibilization in these blends is correlated with the molar ratio of PDMS repeat units to CD-star molecules.}, number={6}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Busche, Brad J. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={1465–1471} }
 @article{busche_tonelli_balik_2010, title={Properties of polystyrene/poly(dimethyl siloxane) blends partially compatibilized with star polymers containing a gamma-cyclodextrin core and polystyrene arms}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.024}, abstractNote={Abstract A star polymer with a γ-CD core and PS arms (CD-star) is used to partially compatibilize blends of the immiscible polymers polystyrene (PS) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The mechanism of compatibilization is threading of the CD core by PDMS and subsequent solubilization in the PS matrix facilitated by the star arms. Films cast from clear solutions in chloroform exhibit large wispy PDMS domains, indicating that some dethreading of CD-star and agglomeration of PDMS takes place during the slow process of solvent evaporation. However, DSC and DMA data show that partial compatibilization takes place, as evidenced by a shift in the PS and PDMS Tgs toward each other. The shift in PS Tg is greater when CD-star is present compared to samples without CD-star. PDMS also tends to leach out of the solution-cast films during solvent evaporation and post-processing of the films. The amount of retained PDMS is significantly increased when CD-star is present. The DMA data also show that PDMS has a lower molecular mobility when CD-star is present.}, number={25}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Busche, Brad J. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={6013–6020} }
 @article{wong_batchelor_balik_griffis_2010, title={The Sputtering Behavior of Polymeric Materials During Focused Ion Beam Nanomachining}, volume={16}, ISSN={1431-9276 1435-8115}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927610060204}, DOI={10.1017/S1431927610060204}, abstractNote={Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.}, number={S2}, journal={Microscopy and Microanalysis}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Wong, KC and Batchelor, AD and Balik, CM and Griffis, DP}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={206–207} }
 @article{busche_tonelli_balik_2010, title={Compatibilization of polystyrene/poly(dimethyl siloxane) solutions with star polymers containing a gamma-cyclodextrin core and polystyrene arms}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.069}, abstractNote={Solutions of polystyrene and poly(dimethyl siloxane) in chloroform are compatibilized by the addition of a small amount of a star polymer consisting of a γ-cyclodextrin core and polystyrene arms. Compatibilization is visually observed when turbid PDMS/PS emulsions become clear upon addition of the CD-star molecule. The mechanism of compatibilization involves threading of the CD-core by PDMS and solubilization of the resulting "slip-ring graft copolymer" via the PS star arms. This process breaks up the undissolved PDMS domains into smaller, more stable micelles. Evidence for threading of the CD-core by PDMS is found using ROESY 2D-NMR. Intrinsic viscosity measurements for the compatibilized solutions show behavior similar to conventional graft copolymers which form micelles in a selective solvent. Dynamic light scattering measurements suggest that the micelle size is approximately 20 nm. The effects of varying the PDMS molecular weight, PDMS concentration and CD-star concentration are studied.}, number={2}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Busche, Brad J. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={454–462} }
 @article{hunt_tonelli_balik_2008, title={The effect of water and guest hydrophobicity on the complexation of oligomers with solid alpha-cyclodextrin}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.007}, abstractNote={α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide, can form inclusion complexes (ICs) with polymer molecules in which α-CD molecules stack in the columnar crystal to form a molecular tube. Physical mixtures of α-CD powder and oligomeric liquids such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have been shown to spontaneously form an IC, which is accompanied by a solid-state α-CD phase transformation from the cage to the columnar crystal structure. In this paper, the phase transformation is tracked with wide-angle X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature, atmospheric water vapor content and the type of guest molecule. A first-order kinetic model is used to describe the kinetics of complexation. The time required to completely complex PEG200 (200 g/mol) at low water activities is greater than 300 h, whereas only a few hours are necessary at high water activities. Solid-state complexation of α-CD with a hydrophobic guest molecule (hexatriacontane, HTC), is also reported here for the first time. Slower complexation kinetics are observed for α-CD with HTC compared to PEG600 (600 g/mol).}, number={4}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Hunt, Marcus A. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={985–991} }
 @article{ayres_simendinger_balik_2007, title={Characterization of titanium alkoxide sol-gel systems designed for anti-icing coatings: I. Chemistry}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1935-3804"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11998-007-9054-8}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH}, author={Ayres, Jennifer and Simendinger, W. H. and Balik, C. M.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={463–471} }
 @article{ayres_simendinger_balik_2007, title={Characterization of titanium alkoxide sol-gel systems designed for anti-icing coatings: II. Mass loss kinetics}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1547-0091"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11998-007-9055-7}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH}, author={Ayres, Jennifer and Simendinger, W. H. and Balik, C. M.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={473–481} }
 @article{hunt_tonelli_balik_2007, title={Effect of guest hydrophobicity on water sorption behavior of oligomer/alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp070145t}, abstractNote={Cyclomaltohexaose (alpha-cyclodextrin, alpha-CD) can form inclusion complexes (ICs) with polymer molecules in the columnar crystal structure in which alpha-CD molecules stack to form a molecular tube. Complementary water vapor sorption and wide-angle X-ray diffractomery (WAXD) were performed on oligomer/alpha-CD ICs to determine their structures and stabilities. To discern the effect of guest molecule hydrophobicity on water adsorption isotherms, polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW = 600 g/mol) and hexatriacontane (HTC) guests were used. Sorption isotherms for PEG/alpha-CD IC are similar to those obtained for pure alpha-CD and PEG, suggesting the presence of dethreaded PEG in the sample. WAXD collected before and after water vapor sorption of PEG/alpha-CD IC indicated a partial conversion from columnar to cage crystal structure, the thermodynamically preferred structure for pure alpha-CD, due to dethreading of PEG. This behavior does not occur for HTC/alpha-CD IC. Sorption isotherms collected at 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C allowed the calculation of the isosteric heats of adsorption and the integral entropies of adsorbed water which are characterized by minima that indicate the monolayer concentration of water in the ICs.}, number={15}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Hunt, Marcus A. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={3853–3858} }
 @article{hunt_tonelli_balik_2007, title={Effect of guest hydrophobicity on water sorption behavior of oligomer/alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (vol 111B, pg 3853, 2007)}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp0733926}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionEffect of Guest Hydrophobicity on Water Sorption Behavior of Oligomer/α-Cyclodextrin Inclusion ComplexesMarcus A. Hunt, Alan E. Tonelli, and C. Maurice BalikCite this: J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 22, 6288Publication Date (Web):May 15, 2007Publication History Published online15 May 2007Published inissue 1 June 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp0733926https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0733926correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views260Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (8 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts}, number={22}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Hunt, Marcus A. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={6288–6288} }
 @article{martinez_gomez_villar-rodil_garrido_tonelli_balik_2007, title={Formation of crystalline inclusion compounds of poly (vinyl chloride) of different stereoregularity with gamma-cyclodextrin}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.22014}, abstractNote={AbstractThis work reports the formation and detailed characterization of the γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) inclusion compounds (ICs) formed with two poly (vinyl chloride) samples with different isotactic content. The ICs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, solid state 13C‐NMR, solution 1H‐NMR, FT‐infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Experimental evidence of the inclusion of the guest polymer chains into the narrow channels created by the γ‐CD crystalline host lattice has been obtained. Examination of coalesced poly (vinyl chlorides) (PVCs) obtained after the host γ‐CD is removed reveals different characteristics specifically for the coalesced PVC sample with higher isotactic content. An increase in Tg was observed by DSC for this PVC. To the contrary, the Tg of the coalesced PVC sample with lower isotactic content is almost the same as that of the as‐synthesized sample. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that coalesced PVC with higher isotactic content acquires a degree of stabilization after modification by threading into and being extracted from its γ‐CD IC. The results suggest that an irreversible conformational change takes place when PVC forms ICs with a solid host lattice like γ‐CD. The PVC molecules extend and reorganize into a more stable conformation in the IC, consequently improving the properties of the coalesced sample. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2503–2513, 2007}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Martinez, Gerardo and Gomez, Marian A. and Villar-Rodil, Silvia and Garrido, Leoncio and Tonelli, Alan E. and Balik, C. Maurice}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={2503–2513} }
 @article{tonelli_hunt_balik_2007, title={The effect of water on the solid-state complexation of oligomers with a?cyclodextrin}, volume={40}, journal={Macromolecules}, author={Tonelli, A. E. and Hunt, M. A. and Balik, C. M.}, year={2007} }
 @article{rusa_rusa_peet_uyar_fox_hunt_wang_balik_tonelli_2006, title={The nano-threading of polymers}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1573-1111"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10847-005-9038-1}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Rusa, C. C. and Rusa, M. and Peet, J. and Uyar, T. and Fox, J. and Hunt, M. A. and Wang, X. and Balik, C. M. and Tonelli, A. E.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={185–192} }
 @article{mcneish_jung_balik_conrad_2005, title={Effects of preparation procedure and electric field frequency on the dielectric constants and electrorheology of a zeolite/silicone oil suspension}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1793-6578"]}, DOI={10.1142/s0217979205030050}, abstractNote={ Determined were the effects of preparation procedure and electric field frequency f = dc to 105 Hz on the dielectric constants and ER response (shear rate [Formula: see text]) of a suspension in silicone oil of 23 wt.% zeolite particles originally containing 19 wt.% H 2 O . Heating the oil and the zeolite particles at 110°C both prior to, and following, mixing decreased the conductivity of the suspension more than simply heating the suspension following mixing. The double heating procedure reduced the complex dielectric constant [Formula: see text] of the particles and the complex mismatch parameter β*. The ER shear stress τ E  was proportional to [Formula: see text] for the single heating and [Formula: see text] for the double heating, where [Formula: see text] is the complex dielectric constant of the silicone oil. The lower exponent corresponds to a higher water content and in turn higher conductivity of the suspension. Erratic ER response occurred for f =10 Hz in tests with [Formula: see text], but not in tests with [Formula: see text]. }, number={7-9}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B}, author={McNeish, D and Jung, K and Balik, CM and Conrad, H}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={1191–1197} }
 @article{hunt_rusa_tonelli_balik_2005, title={Structure and stability of columnar cyclomaltooctaose (gamma-cyclodextrin) hydrate}, volume={340}, ISSN={["1873-426X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carres.2005.03.021}, abstractNote={Rapid recrystallization of cyclomaltooctaose (gamma-cyclodextrin, gamma-CD) from aqueous solution resulted in formation of a columnar structure with only water as the guest molecule. Upon vacuum drying at 90 degrees C for 15 h, gamma-CD, which was initially in the columnar structure, became amorphous. Complementary water vapor sorption and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry experiments were performed on columnar gamma-CD in its vacuum dried and as-precipitated states to elucidate its stability in humid environments and the crystal structure present at varying sorption levels. These experiments show that both types of gamma-CD transform to the cage crystal structure upon exposure to water vapor at 40 degrees C and with an activity of 1.0. Sorption equilibrium is reached long before the crystal structure transformation is complete, indicating that a significant amount of molecular mobility exists in the various hydrated gamma-CD crystal structures.}, number={9}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH}, author={Hunt, MA and Rusa, CC and Tonelli, AE and Balik, CM}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1631–1637} }
 @misc{rusa_wei_bullions_rusa_gomez_porbeni_wang_shin_balik_white_et al._2004, title={Controlling the polymorphic behaviors of semicrystalline polymers with cyclodextrins}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1528-7505"]}, DOI={10.1021/cg049821w}, abstractNote={We present a review of our initial studies concerning the control of polymorphism in semicrystalline polymers with cyclodextrins (CDs). CDs are cyclic starch oligomers with six (α-CD), seven (β-CD), and eight (γ-CD) α-1,4-linked glucose units possessing bracelet structures with hydrophobic and hydrophilic interiors and exteriors, respectively. They are able to act as hosts to form noncovalent inclusion compounds (ICs) with a large variety of guest molecules, including a wide range of high molecular weight guest polymers. In polymer-CD-ICs, the CD host crystalline lattice consists of hexagonally packed CD stacks with guest polymers occupying the narrow channels (∼0.5−1.0 nm) extending down the interiors of the stacked CDs. As a consequence, the included guest polymers must adopt highly extended conformations and are segregated from neighboring guest polymer chains. When the host CDs are appropriately removed from polymer-CD-ICs, the included guest polymers are forced to coalesce into a pure polymer solid, ...}, number={6}, journal={CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN}, author={Rusa, CC and Wei, M and Bullions, TA and Rusa, M and Gomez, MA and Porbeni, FE and Wang, XG and Shin, ID and Balik, CM and White, JL and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={1431–1441} }
 @article{peet_rusa_hunt_tonelli_balik_2005, title={Solid-state complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) with alpha-cyclodextrin}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma048103f}, abstractNote={Low-molecular-weight liquid poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spontaneously forms an inclusion compound (IC) when combined with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) powder at room temperature. This process can be followed with wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The WAXD data shows that the α-CD crystals undergo a solid-state crystal−crystal transformation from the cage to the channel crystal structure upon IC formation over a period of about 8 h. The time dependence of the 2θ = 20° α-CD channel structure X-ray peak can be described by a simple first-order kinetic model. The effects of changing the temperature, PEG:α-CD molar ratio, PEG molecular weight, and vacuum-drying the CD have been studied. The barrier opposing the PEG inclusion-induced solid-state transformation of α-CD from the cage to the channel crystal structure appears to be dominated by changes in the packing/interactions of α-CDs, rather than the loss in the conformational entropy experienced by the PEG chains during the inclusion process.}, number={2}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Peet, J and Rusa, CC and Hunt, MA and Tonelli, AE and Balik, CM}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={537–541} }
 @article{hunt_rusa_tonelli_balik_2004, title={Structure and stability of columnar cyclomaltohexaose (alpha-cyclodextrin) hydrate}, volume={339}, ISSN={["1873-426X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.012}, abstractNote={Rapid recrystallization of cyclomaltohexaose (α-cyclodextrin, α-CD) from aqueous solution resulted in formation of the columnar crystal structure of α-CD containing only water as the guest molecule. Complementary water vapor sorption and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD) experiments were performed on the α-CD columnar structure to elucidate the crystal structure present at varying sorption levels. Equilibrium isothermal water vapor sorption experiments at 40 °C revealed that the α-CD columnar structure is unstable above a water activity of approximately 0.67. This was confirmed by WAXD diffractograms collected over time, which further revealed that α-CD columnar structure undergoes a phase transformation to the cage structure after approximately 0.25 h at 40 °C and a water activity of 1.0.}, number={17}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH}, author={Hunt, MA and Rusa, CC and Tonelli, AE and Balik, CM}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={2805–2810} }
 @article{thongruang_spontak_balik_2002, title={Bridged double percolation in conductive polymer composites: an electrical conductivity, morphology and mechanical property study}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00180-5}, abstractNote={Conductive polymer composites are ubiquitous in technological applications and constitute an ongoing topic of tremendous commercial interest. Strategies developed to improve the level of electrical conductivity achieved at a given filler concentration have relied on double-percolated networks induced by immiscible polymer blends, as well as mixtures of fillers in a single polymer matrix, to enhance interparticle connectivity. In this work, we combine these two strategies by examining quaternary composites consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), graphite (G) and carbon fiber (CF). On the basis of our previous findings, we examine the electrical conductivity, morphology, thermal signature and mechanical properties of HDPE/UHMWPE/G systems that show evidence of double percolation. Upon addition of CF, tremendous increases in conductivity are realized. The mechanism by which this increase occurs is termed bridged double percolation to reflect the role of CF in spanning non-conductive regions and enhancing the continuity of conductive pathways. At CF concentrations above the percolation threshold concentration, addition of G promotes increases in conductivity and dynamic storage modulus in which the conductivity increases exponentially with increasing modulus.}, number={13}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Thongruang, W and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={3717–3725} }
 @article{thongruang_spontak_balik_2002, title={Correlated electrical conductivity and mechanical property analysis of high-density polyethylene filled with graphite and carbon fiber}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00043-5}, abstractNote={The development of conductive polymer composites remains an important endeavor in light of growing energy concerns. In the present work, graphite (G), carbon fiber (CF) and G/CF mixtures are added to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to discern if mixed fillers afford appreciable advantages over single fillers. The effects of filler type and composition on electrical conductivity, composite morphology and mechanical properties have been examined and correlated to establish structure–property relationships. The threshold loading levels required for G and CF to achieve measurable conductivity in HDPE have been identified. Addition of CF to HDPE/G composites is found to increase the conductivity relative to that of HDPE/G composites at the same filler concentration. This observed increase depends on CF length and becomes more pronounced at and beyond the threshold loading of the HDPE/G composite. Scanning electron microscopy is employed to elucidate the morphology of these multicomponent composites, whereas dynamic mechanical analysis reveals that filler concentration, composition and CF length impact both the magnitude and temperature dependence of the dynamic storage modulus.}, number={8}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Thongruang, W and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={2279–2286} }
 @article{wei_davis_urban_song_porbeni_wang_white_balik_rusa_fox_et al._2002, title={Manipulation of nylon-6 crystal structures with its alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion complex}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0024-9297"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma020765m}, abstractNote={We successfully formed an inclusion complex between nylon-6 and α-cyclodextrin and attempted to use the formation and subsequent disassociation of the nylon-6/α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to manipulate the polymorphic crystal structures, crystallinity, and orientation of nylon-6. Formation of the inclusion complex was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and CP/MAS 13C NMR. After obtaining the inclusion complex of nylon-6 and α-cyclodextrin, the sample was treated in an acid environment to remove the host α-cyclodextrin and coalesce the nylon-6 guest polymer. Examination of as-received and IC coalesced nylon-6 samples showed that the α-form crystalline phase of nylon-6 is the dominant component in the coalesced sample. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate that the γ-form is significantly suppressed in the coalesced sample. Along with the change in crystal form, an increase in crystallinity of ∼80% wa...}, number={21}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Wei, M and Davis, W and Urban, B and Song, YQ and Porbeni, FE and Wang, XW and White, JL and Balik, CM and Rusa, CC and Fox, J and et al.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={8039–8044} }
 @article{bullions_wei_porbeni_gerber_peet_balik_white_tonelli_2002, title={Reorganization of the structures, morphologies, and conformations of bulk polymers via coalescence from polymer-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.10152}, abstractNote={AbstractBulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) samples have been produced by the coalescence of their segregated, extended chains from the narrow channels of the crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) formed between the γ‐cyclodextrin (CD) host and PET and PC guests, which are reported for the first time. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray observations of PET and PC samples coalesced from their crystalline γ‐CD‐ICs suggest structures and morphologies that are different from those of samples obtained by ordinary solution and melt processing techniques. For example, as‐received PC is generally amorphous with a glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of about 150 °C; when cast from tetrahydrofuran solutions, PC is semicrystalline with a melting temperature (Tm) of about 230 °C; and after PC/γ‐CD‐IC is washed with hot water for the removal of the host γ‐CD and for the coalescence of the guest PC chains, it is semicrystalline but has an elevated Tm value of about 245 °C. PC crystals formed upon the coalescence of highly extended and segregated PC chains from the narrow channels in the γ‐CD host lattice are possibly more chain‐extended and certainly more stable than chain‐folded PC crystals grown from solution. Melting the PC crystals formed by coalescence from PC/γ‐CD‐IC produces a normal amorphous PC melt that, upon cooling, results in typical glassy PC. PET coalesced from its γ‐CD‐IC crystals, although also semicrystalline, displays a Tm value only marginally elevated from that of typical bulk or solution‐crystallized PET samples. However, after the melting of γ‐CD‐IC‐coalesced PET crystals, it is difficult to quench the resultant PET melt into the usual amorphous PET glass, characterized by a Tg value of about 80 °C. Instead, the coalesced PET melt rapidly recrystallizes during the attempted quench, and so upon reheating, it displays neither a Tg nor a crystallization exotherm but simply remelts at the as‐coalesced Tm. This behavior is unaffected by the coalesced PET sample being held above Tm for 2 h, indicating that the extended, unentangled nature of the chains in the noncrystalline regions of the coalesced PET are not easily converted into the completely disordered, randomly coiled, entangled melt. Apparently, the highly extended, unentangled characters of the PC and PET chains in their γ‐CD‐ICs are at least partially retained after they are coalesced. Initial differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray observations are described here. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 992–1012, 2002}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Bullions, TA and Wei, M and Porbeni, FE and Gerber, MJ and Peet, J and Balik, M and White, JL and Tonelli, AE}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={992–1012} }
 @article{thongruang_balik_spontak_2002, title={Volume-exclusion effects in polyethylene blends filled with carbon black, graphite, or carbon fiber}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.10157}, abstractNote={AbstractConductive polymer composites possessing a low percolation‐threshold concentration as a result of double percolation of a conductive filler and its host phase in an immiscible polymer blend afford a desirable alternative to conventional composites. In this work, blends of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were used to produce ternary composites containing either carbon black (CB), graphite (G), or carbon fiber (CF). Blend composition had a synergistic effect on electrical conductivity, with pronounced conductivity maxima observed at about 70–80 wt % UHMWPE in the CB and G composites. A much broader maximum occurred at about 25 wt % UHMWPE in composites prepared with CF. Optical and electron microscopies were used to ascertain the extent to which the polymers, and hence filler particles, are segregated. Differential scanning calorimetry of the composites confirmed that the constituent polymers are indistinguishable in terms of their thermal signatures and virtually unaffected by the presence of any of the fillers examined here. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that CF imparts the greatest stiffness and thermal stability to the composites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1013–1023, 2002}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Thongruang, W and Balik, CM and Spontak, RJ}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={1013–1025} }
 @article{smith_ade_balik_koch_smith_spontak_2000, title={Cryogenic mechanical alloying of poly(methyl methacrylate) with polyisoprene and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma991453v}, abstractNote={Mechanical alloying is performed at cryogenic temperatures to incorporate polyisoprene (PI) or its hydrogenated analogue poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP) into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as an example of high-energy solid-state blending. Morphological characterization of the blends by X-ray and electron microscopies confirms that the degree of dispersion of the constituent polymers improves with increasing milling time. Such dispersion in the PEP/PMMA blends is, however, ultimately compromised by phase coarsening when the materials are postprocessed above the PMMA glass transition temperature in the melt. Milling-induced PI cross-linking serves to suppress phase coarsening in PI/ PMMA blends, which remain relatively well-dispersed even after postprocessing. These blends are generally less fracture-resistant than the as-received PMMA due mainly to the accompanying reduction in PMMA molecular weight. Their optical transparency is observed to decrease dramatically with increasing PEP or PI concentration until they appear opaque. An overall improvement in blend properties by mechanical alloying is, however, anticipated upon judicious selection of more degradation-resistant polymers.}, number={7}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Smith, AP and Ade, H and Balik, CM and Koch, CC and Smith, SD and Spontak, RJ}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={2595–2604} }
 @article{shay_english_spontak_balik_khan_2000, title={Dispersion polymerization of polystyrene latex stabilized with novel grafted poly(ethylene glycol) macromers in 1-propanol/water}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0024-9297"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma992152o}, abstractNote={A novel hydrophilic macromer adapted for chemical grafting has been synthesized. It consists of methyl-end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized with a urethane terminus. Dispersion polymerization of styrene in an alcohol/water medium in the presence of the macromer allows chemical grafting of the macromer to the surfaces of the developing polystyrene (PS) latex particles. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies confirm the formation of spherical, submicron polystyrene particles. Transmission electron microscopy of films prepared from the latex particles also permits direct visualization of the stabilizing macromer layer grafted on the PS particle surfaces. Data acquired from proton nuclear magnetic resonance reveal a direct correlation between the concentration of macromer in the reaction mixture and the amount grafted to the latex particles. Rheological techniques are employed to (i) discern the stabilization efficacy of the macromer and (ii) identify correlations between latex and flow ch...}, number={18}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Shay, JS and English, RJ and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM and Khan, SA}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={6664–6671} }
 @article{smith_shay_spontak_balik_ade_smith_koch_2000, title={High-energy mechanical milling of poly(methyl methacrylate), polyisoprene and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00830-7}, abstractNote={High-energy mechanical milling has been performed on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at ambient and cryogenic temperatures, as well as on polyisoprene (PI) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP) at cryogenic conditions only. Milling conducted at ambient temperature has a substantially greater impact on the molecular characteristics of PMMA than milling at cryogenic temperatures. An increase in the milling time is accompanied by substantial reductions in PMMA molecular weight and, hence, glass transition temperature and impact strength under both sets of experimental conditions. An unexpected trend identified here is that the PMMA molecular weight distribution initially broadens and subsequently narrows with increasing milling time. Solid-state mechanical milling promotes comparable decreases in molecular weight and glass transition temperature in PEP (at a slower rate relative to PMMA), but induces chemical crosslinking in PI, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Charlesby–Pinner analysis yields not only the degree of PI crosslinking, but also the relative crosslinking and scission rates of PI, during cryogenic milling.}, number={16}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Smith, AP and Shay, JS and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM and Ade, H and Smith, SD and Koch, CC}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={6271–6283} }
 @article{song_srinivasarao_tonelli_balik_mcgregor_2000, title={Laser scanning confocal microscopy study of dye diffusion in fibers}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma991584w}, abstractNote={The diffusion of fluorescein into nylon-66 fibers has been studied for the first time by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). LSCM makes it possible to noninvasively obtain high-resolution three-dimensional images of the spatial distribution of dyes (fluorescein) in fibers dyed for various length of times. Integration over the dye distribution yields the total amount of dye in the fiber, which is found to be in close agreement with that determined by UV−vis spectrophotometry after dissolving the fibers. Thus, the diffusion coefficients determined noninvasively by LSCM ((6.9 ± 1.0) × 10-11 cm2/s) and the destructive traditional means ((7.8 ± 1.9) × 10-11 cm2/s) also agree. The LSCM method has several significant advantages. Among these are its speed, nondestructive nature, and the ability not only to determine the total dye content of the fiber but also to image the dye distribution profile across the fiber diameter. This latter ability is demonstrated to be important to understanding the visual appe...}, number={12}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Song, Y and Srinivasarao, M and Tonelli, A and Balik, CM and McGregor, R}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={4478–4485} }
 @inproceedings{koch_smith_bai_spontak_balik_2000, title={Nonequilibrium processing of polymeric materials by mechanical attrition}, volume={343/346}, number={pts.1&2}, booktitle={International Symposium on Metastable, Mechanically Alloyed and Nanocrystalline Materials (1999: Dresden, Germany)}, publisher={Utikon-Zurich, Switz.; Enfield, NH: Trans Tech Publications}, author={Koch, C. C. and Smith, A. P. and Bai, C. and Spontak, R. J. and Balik, C. M.}, editor={J. Eckert, H. Schlorb and Schultz, L.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={49–561} }
 @article{bai_spontak_koch_saw_balik_2000, title={Structural changes in poly(ethylene terephthalate) induced by mechanical milling}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00048-3}, abstractNote={Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been subjected to high-energy ball milling (mechanical milling, MM) at three different temperatures. The resulting milled powder is characterized by molecular weight measurements, differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Regardless of the initial degree of crystallinity or milling temperature employed, MM apparently yields an "oriented amorphous" PET morphology in which the PET chains are locally aligned but rotationally disordered. This conclusion is based on the persistence of the (100) peak in otherwise amorphous x-ray patterns from milled PET. Thermograms of milled PET exhibit a small, broad crystallization exotherm and a large melting endotherm. The unusually small crystallization enthalpy is attributed to the local orientation of PET molecules present in the oriented amorphous morphology. Only minor rotations and translations of oriented PET molecules are needed to put the chains into register and, hence, the crystalline state. Evidence is also presented to suggest that extended-chain crystals of PET are produced upon crystallization of mechanically milled PET.}, number={19}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Bai, C and Spontak, RJ and Koch, CC and Saw, CK and Balik, CM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={7147–7157} }
 @article{busick_spontak_balik_1999, title={Effects of graphite content on the morphology and barrier properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00826-X}, abstractNote={We have performed a series of morphology and CO2-probe diffusion analyses to ascertain the existence and composition dependence of voids in graphite/poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites both above and below the graphite percolation threshold, as determined from electrical conductivity measurements. Sorption data indicate that, with increasing graphite loading: (i) the diffusivity of CO2 in the composite material decreases; and (ii) the volume fraction of voids in the material increases. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals that polymer crystals nucleate heterogeneously on graphite particles and that samples containing graphite have higher degrees of crystallinity than the neat polymer. Crystallinity effects appear to dominate barrier properties at low graphite loadings, while porosity effects dominate at high graphite loadings. Our results strongly suggest that, although voids in these composites are probably associated with relatively poor adhesion along graphite/polymer interfaces, the voids are also discrete (i.e. they do not form a continuous network, even if the graphite particles do).}, number={22}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Busick, DN and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={6023–6029} }
 @article{balik_simendinger_1998, title={An attenuated total reflectance cell for analysis of small molecule diffusion in polymer thin films with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10309-3}, abstractNote={A cell is described for characterizing the diffusion of small molecules through thin polymer films using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The cell is designed to be used with precast (commercially extruded) polymer films, removing the need to cast the film directly onto the ATR crystal and allowing the as-processed transport properties of the film to be assessed. Pressurized gas is used to maintain contact between the polymer film and the ATR crystal during the diffusion experiment. Data are presented to demonstrate the use of this cell for measuring the diffusion of a gas (CO2), two liquids (amyl acetate and limonene), and simultaneous diffusion of individual components from a liquid mixture (5050 amyl acetate/limonene) through thin polymer films. In the last case, it was found that pure penetrant transport rates do not necessarily apply to diffusion of the same penetrants from a mixture. Diffusion coefficients obtained from the ATR cell compare favourably with values obtained gravimetrically for the same polymers and penetrants.}, number={20}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Balik, CM and Simendinger, WH}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={4723–4728} }
 @article{ratway_balik_1998, title={Surface modification of nitrile rubber by plasma polymerization}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1023/b:papo.0000005943.19927.a8}, number={2}, journal={Plasmas and Polymers}, author={Ratway, R. J. and Balik, C. M.}, year={1998}, pages={129} }
 @article{smith_bai_ade_spontak_balik_koch_1998, title={X-ray microscopy characterization of a thermoplastic / liquid crystalline polymer blend produced by mechanical alloying}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1002/marc.1998.030191104}, abstractNote={Incorporation of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) into commodity polymers remains a challenge in the design of high-performance, low-cost polymeric blends. Blends of a thermoplastic polymer and a nematic LCP are produced here by mechanical alloying. Functionality sensitive X-ray microscopy reveals LCP dispersions as small as 100 nm in diameter. Intimate mixing remains upon subsequent melt processing, indicating that mechanical alloying is suited for applications such as recycling.}, number={1998}, journal={Macromolecular Rapid Communications}, author={Smith, Andy and Bai, C. and Ade, H. and Spontak, Richard and Balik, C. M. and Koch, C. C.}, year={1998}, pages={557} }
 @article{balik_spontak_weitzel_1997, title={Evolution of VIMS at North Carolina State University}, volume={19}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Materials Education}, author={Balik, C. M. and Spontak, Robert J. and Weitzel, J.}, year={1997}, pages={59} }
 @inproceedings{balik_bai_koch_spontak_saw_1997, title={Mechanical alloying of PET and PET/Vectra blends}, volume={461}, booktitle={Morphological control in multiphase polymer mixtures: Symposium held December 2-5, 1996, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 1997 (Materials Research Society symposium proceedings)}, publisher={Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society}, author={Balik, C. M. and Bai, C. and Koch, C. C. and Spontak, R. J. and Saw, C. K.}, editor={R. M. Briber, C. C. Han and Peiffer, D. G.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={39} }
 @article{ratway_balik_1997, title={Surface modification of chlorobutyl and nitrile rubber via plasma polymerization of vinylidene fluoride}, volume={38}, number={1}, journal={Polymer Preprints}, author={Ratway, R. J. and Balik, C. M.}, year={1997}, pages={1071–1072} }
 @article{ratway_balik_1997, title={Surface modification of chlorobutyl rubber by plasma polymerization}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199708)35:11<1651::AID-POLB1>3.0.CO;2-W}, abstractNote={Radio frequency (r.f.) plasma polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (CH 2 =CF 2 ) has been used to modify the surface properties of chlorobutyl rubber. FTIR-ATR spectra of the treated rubbers and transmission spectra of plasma polymer films on NaCl windows indicated that as power increased the F/H ratio decreased. SIMS tests supported the FTIR results, and showed that the decrease in the F/H ratio was due to a decrease in the amount of F and an increase in the amount of H in the plasma polymer. Sliding friction measurements showed a reduction in the coefficient of friction (μ) from 3.7 for the untreated rubber to values ranging between 0.4 and 1.9 for the plasma-treated rubbers. There did not appear to be any correlation between the coefficient of friction and plasma power or monomer flow rate, and the average coefficient of friction for the plasma-treated samples was 0.9, which was lower than a commercially used silicone oil treatment (μ = 1.1-1.3 ). Repetitive sliding friction tests showed that the plasma- and silicone oil treated-chlorobutyl rubbers had the similar lubricating lifetimes.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Ratway, RJ and Balik, CM}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1651–1660} }