@article{liu_barlaz_johnson_2024, title={Economic and environmental comparison of emerging plastic waste management technologies}, volume={205}, ISSN={["1879-0658"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107531}, DOI={10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107531}, abstractNote={Recovery of plastics may need to move beyond traditional mechanical methods and adopt emerging recycling processes including dissolution/precipitation, solvolysis, and pyrolysis. We investigate the costs and climate impacts of optimal solid waste management (SWM) strategies when deploying emerging recycling processes. Introducing a mix of emerging recycling technologies can reduce SWM system costs, increase plastic recycling rates, and potentially help SWM systems achieve net reductions in life cycle emissions. Recycling programs that rely solely on traditional mechanical recycling incur higher system costs, but can achieve the lowest life cycle emissions, regardless of whether the rejected plastic streams are landfilled or treated in waste-to-energy. In a future with increased recycling, SWM systems that utilize fully commercialized dissolution/precipitation and chemical recycling can further improve the cost advantage and the emission reduction potential. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that enhancing waste collection and refining emerging recycling technologies can considerably increase the economic and environmental performance of SWM.}, journal={RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING}, author={Liu, Lily and Barlaz, Morton A. and Johnson, Jeremiah X.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{wang_lee_barlaz_de los reyes iii_2024, title={Linking microbial population dynamics in anaerobic bioreactors to food waste type and decomposition stage}, volume={186}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.004}, abstractNote={A key question in anaerobic microbial ecology is how microbial communities develop over different stages of waste decomposition and whether these changes are specific to waste types. We destructively sampled over time 26 replicate bioreactors cultivated on fruit/vegetable waste (FVW) and meat waste (MW) based on pre-defined waste components and composition. To characterize community shifts, we examined 16S rRNA genes from both the leachate and solid fractions of the waste. Waste decomposition occurred faster in FVW than MW, as accumulation of ammonia in MW reactors led to inhibition of methanogenesis. We identified population succession during different stages of waste decomposition and linked specific populations to different waste types. Community analyses revealed underrepresentation of methanogens in the leachate fractions, emphasizing the importance of consistent and representative sampling when characterizing microbial communities in solid waste.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Wang, Ling and Lee, Eunyoung and Barlaz, Morton A. and de los Reyes III, Francis L.}, year={2024}, month={Sep}, pages={77–85} }
 @article{narode_hao_pourghaz_ducoste_barlaz_2024, title={Measurement and Temperature Prediction from Ash Disposed in Landfills Using a Quasi-Adiabatic Flow Reactor}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2690-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.4c00023}, DOI={10.1021/acsestengg.4c00023}, journal={ACS ES&T ENGINEERING}, author={Narode, Asmita and Hao, Zisu and Pourghaz, Moe and Ducoste, Joel J. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{wang_levis_barlaz_2024, title={The greenhouse gas performance of selected biodegradable and recalcitrant plastics in US landfills}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/ad50ec}, abstractNote={Abstract Biodegradable plastics are often considered to exhibit superior environmental performance compared to conventional recalcitrant plastics. Here, we assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of selected biodegradable and recalcitrant plastics made from both fossil and biogenic carbon (C) as disposed in a national average U.S. landfill. This average landfill incorporates consideration of size, precipitation, landfill gas management, and gas collection installation schedule. The GHG emissions of an 80% biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL f ) made from fossil C and a 2% biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS b ) made from biogenic C were evaluated to represent the range of anaerobic biodegradabilities. The 2% biodegradable PBS b has lower GHG emissions than the 80% biodegradable PCL f in the national average landfill. In the best case, which includes aggressive gas collection, conversion of gas to energy, and disposal in a large landfill, the PCL f results in 2423 kg CO 2 e/mt, which is well above PBS b (−1956 kg CO 2 e/mt), a hypothetical biogenic and 80% biodegradable PCL b (4739 kg CO 2 e/mt), and recalcitrant fossil plastic (0 kg CO 2 e/mt). From a disposal perspective, a recalcitrant biogenic plastic is optimal given the long-term storage of carbon. This study informs the direction of materials research to develop materials that minimize their overall environmental footprint at end-of-life.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Wang, Yixuan and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{joseph_schwichtenberg_cao_jones_rodowa_barlaz_charbonnet_higgins_field_helbling_2024, title={Correction to “Target and Suspect Screening Integrated with Machine Learning to Discover Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Source Fingerprints”}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10350}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.3c10350}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to "Target and Suspect Screening Integrated with Machine Learning to Discover Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Source Fingerprints"Nayantara T. JosephNayantara T. JosephMore by Nayantara T. Josephhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4022-7675, Trever SchwichtenbergTrever SchwichtenbergMore by Trever Schwichtenberg, Dunping CaoDunping CaoMore by Dunping Caohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8899-0015, Gerrad D. JonesGerrad D. JonesMore by Gerrad D. Joneshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1529-9506, Alix E. RodowaAlix E. RodowaMore by Alix E. Rodowa, Morton A. BarlazMorton A. BarlazMore by Morton A. Barlazhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-3917, Joseph A. CharbonnetJoseph A. CharbonnetMore by Joseph A. Charbonnethttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6072, Christopher P. HigginsChristopher P. HigginsMore by Christopher P. Higginshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6220-8673, Jennifer A. Field*Jennifer A. Field*[email protected], +1 541 737 2265More by Jennifer A. Fieldhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9346-4693, and Damian E. Helbling*Damian E. Helbling*[email protected], +1 607 255 5146More by Damian E. Helblinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-145XCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2024, 58, 1, 970Publication Date (Web):December 26, 2023Publication History Received8 December 2023Published online27 December 2023Published inissue 9 January 2024https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c10350https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10350correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2023 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views773Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (976 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Joseph, Nayantara T. and Schwichtenberg, Trever and Cao, Dunping and Jones, Gerrad D. and Rodowa, Alix E. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Charbonnet, Joseph A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Field, Jennifer A. and Helbling, Damian E.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cruz_setz_barlaz_varsho_2023, title={Landfill Codisposal of On-Site Vegetation and Coal Combustion Residuals: Implications for Gas Management}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2690-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.2c00332}, DOI={10.1021/acsestengg.2c00332}, abstractNote={Historically, ash from coal combustion has been disposed of in ponds that were not designed with engineered containment systems. As a result of regulatory changes, it is estimated that coal combustion residuals (CCRs) from hundreds of unlined ponds will have to be excavated and disposed of in new lined landfills or the existing CCR ponds will have to been closed in-place with an engineered final cover system. The excavated or in-place CCR may contain vegetative matter that has the potential to decompose to CH4 and CO2. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a framework to assess the need for a gas collection system to accommodate the disposal of a mixture of CCR and vegetation in a lined landfill. Methane generation rates and yields for vegetative matter mixed with CCR were measured in biochemical methane potential and specific methane activity tests at 15, 20, and 37 °C. The data were then used to parameterize a methane generation model to estimate the gas flux at the landfill surface for a series of hypothetical disposal scenarios. Results showed that the specific decay rate constant (k) ranged from 0.00037 to 0.00872 yr–1, while the methane yield (L0) ranged from 84 to 120 mL CH4/dry g. Temperature was the most important determinant of the decomposition behavior. Simulations of gas flux for several disposal scenarios showed that the modeled flux from the decomposition of vegetation was below the CH4 and CO2 transmission rates reported for a geomembrane liner final cover system, suggesting that an active gas collection will not be necessary under the modeled disposal conditions.}, journal={ACS ES&T ENGINEERING}, author={Cruz, Florentino and Setz, Melissa and Barlaz, Morton and Varsho, Jesse}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{titaley_cruz_barlaz_field_2023, title={Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in In Situ Landfill Gas by Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2328-8930"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00037}, DOI={10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00037}, abstractNote={Landfills receive over half of the municipal solid waste generated in the U.S. Wastes in landfills include consumer products, some of which are known to contain of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Although the occurrence of nonvolatile (ionic) PFAS in landfill leachate is established and volatile (neutral) PFAS are found in ambient air near landfills, the neutral PFAS composition of landfill gas (LFG) collected in situ from landfills is unknown. A thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) sampling and analysis approach was optimized for the quantification of 25 target neutral PFAS, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and five other PFAS classes, in landfill from a gas well or header pipe. Optimized LFG sampling parameters included the use of an explosion-proof pump, a 100 mL/min flow rate through a sorbent tube, and a LFG volume of 350 mL. The method was applied to LFG samples collected from southeastern U.S. landfills for method demonstration. Fluorotelomer alcohols were found at the highest levels, ranging from 830,000–4,900,000 pg/m3, which is approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than FTOH levels reported in ambient air collected near landfills.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Titaley, Ivan A. and Cruz, Florentino B. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Field, Jennifer A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={214–221} }
 @article{hao_barlaz_ducoste_2023, title={Quasi-Mechanistic 3D Finite Element Model Predicts Temperatures in a U.S. Landfill}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2690-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00289}, DOI={10.1021/acsestengg.3c00289}, abstractNote={There have been reports of North American municipal solid waste landfills exhibiting temperatures in excess of 80 °C. Although mathematical models have been developed to predict heat generation and accumulation in landfills, predictions have not been compared to temperature data from a full-scale landfill that receives heat generating ash. The objectives of this study were to apply a three-dimensional finite element model to a southeastern U.S. landfill and to compare model predictions with field data. The model incorporates gas–liquid–heat reactive transfer with exothermic biological reactions and hydration and carbonation of ash. An 8-step reconstruction approach digitalized the landfill geometry for the incorporation of a site-specific waste disposal strategy and initial and boundary conditions. The model was calibrated to adjust laboratory-measured rates of ash hydration and carbonation to the field rates. Once calibrated, the results showed a total root-mean-square error of 11 °C across 40 measurements in five temperature probes. The model predicted an elevated temperature zone in a region of the landfill between two temperature probes, and the predicted temperatures were consistent with the temperature trends in gas collection wells. The model is sensitive to the CaO content of ash, highlighting the importance of understanding the ash composition prior to disposal.}, journal={ACS ES&T ENGINEERING}, author={Hao, Zisu and Barlaz, Morton A. and Ducoste, Joel J.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{joseph_schwichtenberg_cao_jones_rodowa_barlaz_charbonnet_higgins_field_helbling_2023, title={Target and Suspect Screening Integrated with Machine Learning to Discover Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Source Fingerprints}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03770}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.3c03770}, abstractNote={This study elucidates per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) fingerprints for specific PFAS source types. Ninety-two samples were collected from aqueous film-forming foam impacted groundwater (AFFF-GW), landfill leachate, biosolids leachate, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTP), and wastewater effluent from the pulp and paper and power generation industries. High-resolution mass spectrometry operated with electrospray ionization in negative mode was used to quantify up to 50 target PFASs and screen and semi-quantify up to 2,266 suspect PFASs in each sample. Machine learning classifiers were used to identify PFASs that were diagnostic of each source type. Four C5-C7 perfluoroalkyl acids and one suspect PFAS (trihydrogen-substituted fluoroethernonanoic acid) were diagnostic of AFFF-GW. Two target PFASs (5:3 and 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acids) and two suspect PFASs (4:2 fluorotelomer-thia-acetic acid and N-methylperfluoropropane sulfonamido acetic acid) were diagnostic of landfill leachate. Biosolids leachates were best classified along with landfill leachates and N-methyl and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid assisted in that classification. WWTP, pulp and paper, and power generation samples contained few target PFASs, but fipronil (a fluorinated insecticide) was diagnostic of WWTP samples. Our results provide PFAS fingerprints for known sources and identify target and suspect PFASs that can be used for source allocation.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Joseph, Nayantara T. and Schwichtenberg, Trever and Cao, Dunping and Jones, Gerrad D. and Rodowa, Alix E. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Charbonnet, Joseph A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Field, Jennifer A. and Helbling, Damian E.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ding_barlaz_de los reyes iii_call_2022, title={Influence of Inoculum Type on Volatile Fatty Acid and Methane Production in Short-Term Anaerobic Food Waste Digestion Tests}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04080}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04080}, abstractNote={The anaerobic digestion of food waste can yield valuable volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially when methane (CH4) production is inhibited. Selecting an inoculum with lower methanogenic populations may help reduce CH4 production and improve VFA accumulation. In this study, we investigated VFA and CH4 production in short-term anaerobic batch bioreactors as a function of three inocula compositions derived from a full-scale wastewater treatment facility: (1) anaerobic sludge (AnS), (2) thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS), and (3) TWAS with AnS. The highest VFA concentration (6.62 ± 0.08 g/L) and the lowest total CH4 volume (296 mL) were measured with TWAS only. In contrast, the highest CH4 volume (625 ± 3 mL) was measured in the TWAS + AnS, likely because the AnS was well adapted to digesting TWAS. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that TWAS alone had the lowest relative abundance of methanogens at the start and end of the incubations. The addition of TWAS significantly changed the initial community diversity. These insights suggest that TWAS improves VFA accumulation by providing a microbial community that is more diverse and lower in methanogen abundance relative to AnS. These findings will help guide the selection of inoculation strategies that promote VFA accumulation in anaerobic digesters.}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Ding, Hezhou and Barlaz, Morton A. and de los Reyes III, Francis L. and Call, Douglas F.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{muensterman_cahuas_titaley_schmokel_cruz_barlaz_carignan_peaslee_field_2022, title={Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Facemasks: Potential Source of Human Exposure to PFAS with Implications for Disposal to Landfills}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2328-8930"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00019}, DOI={10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00019}, abstractNote={Facemasks are important tools for fighting against disease spread, including Covid-19 and its variants, and some may be treated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Nine facemasks over a range of prices were analyzed for total fluorine and PFAS. The PFAS compositions of the masks were then used to estimate exposure and the mass of PFAS discharged to landfill leachate. Fluorine from PFAS accounted only for a small fraction of total fluorine. Homologous series of linear perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and the 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol indicated a fluorotelomer origin. Inhalation was estimated to be the dominant exposure route (40%-50%), followed by incidental ingestion (15%-40%) and dermal (11%-20%). Exposure and risk estimates were higher for children than adults, and high physical activity substantially increased inhalation exposure. These preliminary findings indicate that wearing masks treated with high levels of PFAS for extended periods of time can be a notable source of exposure and have the potential to pose a health risk. Despite modeled annual disposal of ~29-91 billion masks, and an assuming 100% leaching of individual PFAS into landfill leachate, mask disposal would contribute only an additional 6% of annual PFAS mass loads and less than 11 kg of PFAS discharged to U.S. wastewater.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Muensterman, Derek J. and Cahuas, Liliana and Titaley, Ivan A. and Schmokel, Christopher and Cruz, Florentino B. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Carignan, Courtney C. and Peaslee, Graham F. and Field, Jennifer A.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={320–326} }
 @misc{stevenson_kleinman_bai_barlaz_abraczinskas_guidry_watson_chow_2021, title={Critical review on PFOA, kidney cancer, and testicular cancer}, volume={71}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, DOI={10.1080/10962247.2021.1975995}, abstractNote={Department of Meteorology and Measurement, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA; Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA; North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, USA; North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Raleigh, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology Section, NC, USA; Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Stevenson, Eric D. and Kleinman, Michael T. and Bai, Xuelien and Barlaz, Morton and Abraczinskas, Michael and Guidry, Virginia and Watson, John and Chow, Judy}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={1265–1276} }
 @article{wang_levis_barlaz_2021, title={Development of Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment for the Solid Waste Management System}, volume={55}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07461}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.0c07461}, abstractNote={Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems are time- and data-intensive. Reducing the data requirements for inventory and impact assessments will facilitate the wider use of LCAs during early system planning and design. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a systematic framework for streamlining LCAs by identifying the most critical impacts, life-cycle inventory emissions, and inputs based on their contributions to the total impacts and their effect on the rankings of 18 alternative MSWM scenarios. The scenarios are composed of six treatment processes: landfills, waste-to-energy combustion, single-stream recycling, mixed waste recycling, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The full LCA uses 1752 flows of resources and emissions, 10 impact categories, 3 normalization references, and 7 weighting schemes, and these were reduced using the streamlined LCA approach proposed in this study. Human health cancer, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and fossil fuel depletion contribute 75-83% to the total impacts across all scenarios. It was found that 3.3% of the inventory flows contribute ≥95% of the overall environmental impact. The highest-ranked strategies are consistent between the streamlined and full LCAs. The results provide guidance on which impacts, flows, and inputs to prioritize during early strategy design.}, number={8}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Wang, Yixuan and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={5475–5484} }
 @article{de la cruz_cheng_call_barlaz_2021, title={Evidence of thermophilic waste decomposition at a landfill exhibiting elevated temperature regions}, volume={124}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.014}, abstractNote={There have been several reports of landfills exhibiting temperatures as high as 80 to 100 °C. This observation has motivated researchers to understand the causes of the elevated temperatures and to develop predictive models of landfill temperature. The objective of this research was to characterize the methanogenic activity of microbial communities that were derived from landfill samples excavated from a section of a landfill exhibiting gas well temperatures above 55 °C. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the upper temperature limit for methane production; (2) evaluate the kinetics of methane generation when landfill-derived microcosms are incubated above and below their excavation temperature and derive a temperature inhibition function; and (3) evaluate microbial community shifts in response to temperature perturbations. Landfill microcosms were derived from 57 excavated landfill samples and incubated within ±2.5 °C of their excavation temperature between 42.5 °C and 87.5 °C. Results showed an optimum temperature for methane generation of ~57 °C and a 95% reduction in methane yield at ~72 °C. When select cultures were perturbed between 5 °C below and 15 °C above their in-situ temperature, both the rate and maximum methane production decreased as incubation temperature increased. Microbial community characterization using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing suggests that thermophilic methanogenic activity can be attributed to methanogens of the genus Methanothermobacter. This study demonstrated that from a microbiological standpoint, landfills may maintain active methanogenic processes while experiencing temperatures in the thermophilic regime (<72 °C).}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={De la Cruz, Florentino B. and Cheng, Qiwen and Call, Douglas F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={26–35} }
 @article{wang_levis_barlaz_2021, title={Life-Cycle Assessment of a Regulatory Compliant US Municipal Solid Waste Landfill}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02526}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.1c02526}, abstractNote={Landfills receive over half of all U.S. municipal solid waste (MSW) and are the third largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) of landfills is complicated by the long duration of waste disposal, gas generation and control, and the time over which the engineered infrastructure must perform. The objective of this study is to develop an LCA model for a representative U.S. MSW landfill that is responsive to landfill size, regulatory thresholds for landfill gas (LFG) collection and control, practices for LFG management (i.e., passive venting, flare, combustion for energy recovery), and four alternative schedules for LFG collection well installation. Material production required for construction and operation contributes 68-75% to toxicity impacts, while LFG emissions contribute 50-99% to global warming, ozone depletion, and smog impacts. The current non-methane organic compound regulatory threshold (34 Mg yr-1) reduces methane emissions by <7% relative to the former threshold (50 Mg yr-1). Requiring landfills to continue collecting LFG until the flow rate is <10 m3 min-1 reduces emissions by 20-52%, depending on the waste decay rate. In general, for landfills already required to collect gas, collecting gas longer is more important than collecting gas earlier to reduce methane emissions.}, number={20}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Wang, Yixuan and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={13583–13592} }
 @article{narode_pour-ghaz_ducoste_barlaz_2021, title={Measurement of heat release during hydration and carbonation of ash disposed in landfills using an isothermal calorimeter}, volume={124}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.030}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.030}, abstractNote={Temperatures as high as 100 °C have been reported at a few municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in the U.S. A recently published model describing landfill heat accumulation identified reactions that contribute significant heat to landfills including the hydration and carbonation of Ca-containing wastes such as ash from MSW and coal combustion. The objective of this study was to develop a method to measure heat release from Ca-containing ash by isothermal calorimetry. The method was confirmed by comparing measured heat release from hydration and carbonation of pure CaO and Ca(OH)2 to the theoretical heat. Theoretical heat release was determined by characterizing test materials before and after experiments using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Heat recovery efficiencies with both water and synthetic leachate ranged from 79 to 90% for CaO hydration and between 65 and 74% for Ca(OH)2 carbonation, with no effect attributable to leachate. Additionally, simultaneous hydration and carbonation of CaO/Ca(OH)2 mixtures resulted in efficiencies of 65 to 74%. The developed method was applied to eight samples that were excavated from a landfill and known to contain coal ash, and the ratio of measured to theoretical heat was 0.5 to 4. Thus, calculation of theoretical heat release from XRD data was not a good predictor of the experimentally measured heat release. The developed method can be used by landfill operators to evaluate the heat potential of a waste, thereby facilitating decisions on the quantity of a waste that can be buried in consideration of landfill temperatures.}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Narode, Asmita and Pour-Ghaz, M. and Ducoste, Joel J. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={348–355} }
 @inproceedings{hao_ducoste_barlaz_2020, title={A Finite Element Model Describes Heat Generation, Transport, and Accumulation in Elevated Temperature Landfills}, author={Hao, Z. and Ducoste, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @article{park_castellano_barlaz_pour-ghaz_2020, title={Abrasion Resistance of Concrete Exposed to Organic Acids}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1943-5533"]}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003251}, abstractNote={AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate how exposure of concrete to organic acids affects its resistance to mechanical abrasion and to identify the most important factors contributing...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING}, author={Park, Sungwoo and Castellano, Lisa and Barlaz, Morton A. and Pour-Ghaz, Mohammad}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{christensen_damgaard_levis_zhao_bjorklund_arena_barlaz_starostina_boldrin_astrup_et al._2020, title={Application of LCA modelling in integrated waste management}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.034}, abstractNote={Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used in waste management for the last two decades and hundreds of journal papers have been published. The use of LCA in waste management has provided a much-improved holistic view of waste management including waste flows and potential environmental impacts. Although much knowledge has been obtained from LCA studies, there is still a need to use LCA models in integrated waste management. This paper describes six areas where LCA is expected to play a role in waste management in the future: 1) understanding an existing waste management system; 2) improving existing waste management systems; 3) comparing alternative technologies/ technology performance; 4) technology development/prospective technologies; 5) policy development/strategic development; and 6) reporting. Illustrative examples are provided for each application area.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Christensen, T. H. and Damgaard, A. and Levis, J. and Zhao, Y. and Bjorklund, A. and Arena, U. and Barlaz, M. A. and Starostina, V and Boldrin, A. and Astrup, T. F. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={313–322} }
 @misc{barlaz_de los reyes_2020, title={COVID-19: Are we safe from our own trash?}, url={https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/510717-covid-19-are-we-safe-from-our-own-trash?rnd=1596662526}, journal={The Hill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and De Los Reyes, F.L., III}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{cruz_nelson_barlaz_2020, title={Comparative Study on the Nature and Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Leachate from Two Landfills}, author={Cruz, F.B. and Nelson, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{narode_pour-ghaz_ducoste_barlaz_2020, title={Development of methods to measure heat released from ash hydration and carbonation in landfills}, author={Narode, A. and Pour-Ghaz, M. and Ducoste, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{cruz_barlaz_2020, title={Effect of Food Waste Diversion on Leachate Quality}, author={Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{schupp_barlaz_de la cruz_2020, title={Evaluation of Alternate Inocula for biochemical Methane Potential Testing}, author={Schupp, S.L. and Barlaz, M.A. and De La Cruz, F.B.}, year={2020} }
 @article{schupp_de la cruz_cheng_call_barlaz_2020, title={Evaluation of the Temperature Range for Biological Activity in Landfills Experiencing Elevated Temperatures}, volume={1}, ISSN={2690-0645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.0c00064}, DOI={10.1021/acsestengg.0c00064}, abstractNote={There have been reports of municipal solid waste landfills with waste and gas wellhead temperatures of at least 80–100 °C, which is in excess of temperatures reported at typical landfills. Landfill...}, number={2}, journal={ACS ES&T Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Schupp, Sierra and De la Cruz, Florentino B. and Cheng, Qiwen and Call, Douglas F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={216–227} }
 @inproceedings{hao_ducoste_barlaz_2020, title={Experimental Measurement of Heat Production from Al Corrosion under Landfill-Relevant Conditions}, author={Hao, Z. and Ducoste, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @article{jaunich_levis_decarolis_barlaz_ranjithan_2020, title={Exploring alternative solid waste management strategies for achieving policy goals}, volume={53}, ISSN={0305-215X 1029-0273}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2020.1759578}, DOI={10.1080/0305215X.2020.1759578}, abstractNote={The authors previously analysed a real-world solid waste management (SWM) system using the solid waste optimization life-cycle framework (SWOLF) to identify optimal SWM strategies that meet modelled objectives (e.g. cost, environmental impacts, landfill diversion). While mathematically optimal strategies can support SWM decision making, they may not be readily implementable because of unmodelled objectives (e.g. practical limitations, social preferences, political and management considerations). A mathematical programming technique extending SWOLF is used to systematically identify, for several scenarios, different ‘optimal’ SWM strategies that are maximally different from each other in terms of waste flows, while meeting modelled objectives and constraints. The performance with respect to unmodelled issues was analysed to demonstrate the flexibility in potential strategies. Practitioner feedback highlighted implementation challenges due to existing practices; however, insights gained from this exercise led to more plausible and acceptable strategies by incrementally modifying the initial SWM alternatives generated.}, number={5}, journal={Engineering Optimization}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Jaunich, Megan K. and Levis, James W. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Ranjithan, S. Ranji}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{van brundt_barlaz_castaldi_green_lewis_dottellis_2020, title={Field Testing of Municipal Waste Combustor Ash for Heat Generation Potential}, author={Van Brundt, M.E. and Barlaz, M.A. and Castaldi, M.J. and Green, R. and Lewis, T. and Dottellis, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{hao_barlaz_ducoste_2020, title={Finite-Element Modeling of Landfills to Estimate Heat Generation, Transport, and Accumulation}, volume={146}, ISSN={1090-0241 1943-5606}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002403}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002403}, abstractNote={AbstractIn North America, temperatures nearing 100°C have been reported in several municipal solid waste landfills. However, the temporal and spatial-dependent processes that result in excessive he...}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hao, Zisu and Barlaz, Morton A. and Ducoste, Joel J.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={04020134} }
 @misc{barlaz_desilva_staley_2020, title={PFAS 101: Impacts on Solid Waste Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and DeSilva, V. and Staley, B.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_desilva_staley_2020, title={PFAS Research and Solid Waste Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and DeSilva, V. and Staley, B.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_thelusmond_levis_destafano_2020, title={Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Landfill Leachate and Municipal Wastewater}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Thelusmond, J.R. and Levis, J.W. and DeStafano, N.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2020, title={Reopening Research Labs}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{charania_barlaz_2020, place={Indian Wells, CA}, title={The Contribution of Abiotic Cellulose Hydrolysis to Heat Accumulation in Landfills}, author={Charania, K.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{schupp_de la cruz_barlaz_2020, title={The effect of temperature on methane generation from solid waste excavated from landfills experiencing elevated temperatures}, author={Schupp, S.L. and De la Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2020} }
 @article{tupsakhare_moutushi_castaldi_barlaz_luettich_benson_2020, title={The impact of pressure, moisture and temperature on pyrolysis of municipal solid waste under simulated landfill conditions and relevance to the field data from elevated temperature landfill}, volume={723}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138031}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted with simulated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to understand the impact of pressure, moisture, and temperature on MSW decomposition under simulated landfill conditions. Three experimental phases were completed, where the first two phases provided baseline results and assisted in fine tuning parameters such as pressure, temperature, gas composition, and moisture content for phase three. The manuscript focuses on the results from third phase. In the third phase, the composition of the gases evolved from representative MSW samples was tested over time in two pressure conditions, 101 kilopascals (kPa) (atmospheric pressure) and 483 kPa, with varying moisture contents (38 to 55 wt%) and controlled temperatures (50 to 200 °C) in the presence of biological inhibitors. The headspace in the reactor in phase three was pressurized with gas mixture of 50/50 (vol%) of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) setting the initial CH4/CO2 gas composition ratio to 1.0 at time t = 0 days. The results established moisture ranges that affect hydrogen (H2) production and the CH4/CO2 ratio at different temperature and pressure conditions. Results show that at 85 °C, there was a change in the CH4/CO2 ratio from 1.0 to 0.3. Additionally, moisture contents from 47 to 43.5 wt% caused the CH4/CO2 ratio to increase from 1.0 to 1.2, yet from 43.5 to 38 wt%, the ratio reversed and declined to 0.3, returning to 1.0 for moisture levels below 38 wt%. Thus, moisture levels above 47 wt% and below 38 wt%, for the system tested, allow thermal reactions to proceed without a measured change in CH4/CO2 ratio. H2 generation rates follow a similar trend with moisture, yet definitively increase with increased pressure from 101 kPa to 483 kPa. The observed change in solid MSW and gas composition under controlled pressure, moisture, and temperature suggests the presence of thermal reactions in the absence of oxygen.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Tupsakhare, Swanand and Moutushi, Tasnuva and Castaldi, Marco J. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Luettich, Scott and Benson, Craig H.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{sardarmehni_levis_barlaz_2021, title={What Is the Best End Use for Compost Derived from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste?}, volume={55}, ISBN={1520-5851}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04997}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.0c04997}, abstractNote={There is increasing interest in diverting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste from landfills to biological treatment processes that result in compost. Due to variations in compost quality and available markets, it is not always possible for compost to be beneficially used on soil. In such cases, compost may be used as alternative daily cover (ADC) in landfills. The objective of this study is to compare the environmental impacts of using compost as a soil amendment, accounting for its beneficial substitutions for fertilizer and peat, to its use as ADC. Monte Carlo simulation and parametric sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of uncertainty in input values on the environmental performance. The ADC scenario outperforms the soil amendment scenario in terms of global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication in ∼63, ∼77, and ∼100% of simulations, respectively, while the soil amendment scenario is better in terms of cumulative energy demand and abiotic resource depletion potential ∼94 and ∼96% of the time, respectively. Therefore, we recommend that using compost as ADC be considered, especially when site-specific factors such as feedstock contamination or a lack of markets make it difficult to find appropriate applications for compost as a soil amendment.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Sardarmehni, Mojtaba and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2021}, pages={73–81} }
 @article{wang_levis_barlaz_2020, title={An Assessment of the Dynamic Global Warming Impact Associated with Long-Term Emissions from Landfills}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.9b04066}, abstractNote={Landfills are a major contributor of anthropogenic CH4 emissions. Since the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with landfilling waste can occur over decades to centuries, the standard static approach to estimating global warming impacts may not accurately represent the global warming impacts of landfills. The objective of this study is to assess the implications of using 100-yr and 20-yr static and dynamic global warming potential (GWP) approaches to estimate the global warming impacts from municipal solid waste landfills. A life-cycle model was developed to estimate GHG emissions for three gas treatment cases (passive venting, flare, CH4 conversion to electricity) and four decay rates. For the 100-yr GWP, other model uncertainties (e.g., static GWP values, decay rate, moisture content, or gas collection efficiency) generally had a larger effect on the estimated global warming impact than the choice of static versus dynamic GWP methods. This shows that when comparing single-point GWP values, the choice of static versus dynamic is relatively unimportant for most landfills. While dynamic GWPs consider temporal variance and provide useful estimates for the warming over a set time horizon, for most comparative analyses, static values provide reasonable bounds for the actual 100-yr warming impact.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wang, Yixuan and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={1304–1313} }
 @article{henriksen_levis_barlaz_damgaard_2019, title={Approaches to fill data gaps and evaluate process completeness in LCA—perspectives from solid waste management systems}, volume={24}, ISSN={0948-3349 1614-7502}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01592-z}, DOI={10.1007/s11367-019-01592-z}, abstractNote={Large data amounts are required in an LCA, but often, site-specific data are missing and less representative surrogate data must be used to fill data gaps. No standardized rules exist on how to address data gaps and process completeness. We suggest a systematic evaluation of process completeness, identification of data gaps, and application of surrogate values to fill the gaps. The study focus on foreground process data. A solid waste management (SWM) scenario was used to illustrate the suggested method. The expected input and output flows in a waste incineration model were identified based on legislation and expert judgment, after which process completeness scores were calculated and missing flows identified. To illustrate the use of different types of surrogate data to fill data gaps, data gaps were selected for 16 different parameters in five SWM processes. We compared the global warming potential (GWP) from using surrogate data, and from leaving the gap, to identify the data gaps where representative surrogate data should be used. The completeness score for the material inputs to waste incineration was 78%, and the missing flows were auxiliary fuels and precipitation chemicals. The completeness score for air emissions were between 38 and 50% with and without expert judgment. If only greenhouse gases were considered (CO2, CH4, and N2O), the completeness score would be 67%. Applying weighting factors according to the greenhouse gas contribution in the USA gave a completeness score of 94%. The system-wide data gaps, where representative surrogate data should be applied, were the CH4 release from composting; electricity generation efficiency of incineration; recovery efficiencies at a material recovery facility; and composition of the plastic, metal, and paper fractions in the household waste; in these cases, leaving the gap changed the GWP results by > 5%. Completeness evaluation should take into account the relevance and importance of flows; relevance depends on the considered life cycle impact methods and importance depends on the weighting of the different flows. The set of expected flows and evaluation of relevance and importance must be documented in a transparent manner. The choice of surrogate values to fill data gaps depends on the availability of secondary data and on whether the data gap matters, i.e., significantly affects the LCA results. The suggested method can be used to properly document the identification of missing flows and to select and apply surrogate values to fill the data gaps.}, number={9}, journal={The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Henriksen, Trine and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Damgaard, Anders}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1587–1601} }
 @article{sun_wang_decarolis_barlaz_2019, title={Evaluation of optimal model parameters for prediction of methane generation from selected US landfills}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.004}, abstractNote={In practice, methane generation at U.S. landfills is typically predicted by using the EPA's Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM), which includes two parameters, the methane production potential (L0, m3 CH4 Mg-1 wet waste) and the first-order decay rate constant (k, yr-1). Default parameters in LandGEM (L0 = 100 and k = 0.04) were determined using data that reflect landfill management practices in the 1990s. In this study, methane collection data from 21 U.S. landfills were used to estimate the best fit k by inverse modeling of measured methane collection data in consideration of a time-varying gas collection efficiency. Optimal values of k were identified at a range of L0s between 55 and 160. The best fit k was greater than the U.S. EPA's default parameter of 0.04 yr-1 at 14 of the 21 landfills studied. Surprisingly, the best fit k was often observed at L0 values greater than 100 m3 CH4 Mg-1 wet waste which again is the U.S. EPA default. The results show that there is wide variation in the best estimate of k. While there was a tendency for landfills, or sections of landfills that received more moisture to exhibit higher decay rates, the results were not consistent. Some landfills exhibited high decay rates even though the data suggested that they were relatively dry while some wet landfills exhibited low decay rates. The results suggest that L0 captures many factors and that the data may be most useful for site specific analysis as opposed to general landfill predictions.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Sun, Wenjie and Wang, Xiaoming and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={120–127} }
 @article{ximenes_bjordal_kathuria_barlaz_cowie_2019, title={Improving understanding of carbon storage in wood in landfills: Evidence from reactor studies}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.004}, abstractNote={Approximately 1.5 million tonnes (Mt) of wood waste are disposed of in Australian landfills annually. Recent studies have suggested that anaerobic decay levels of wood in landfills are low, although knowledge of the decay of individual wood species is limited. The objective of this study was to establish the extent of carbon loss for wood species of commercial importance in Australia including radiata pine, blackbutt, spotted gum and mountain ash. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions designed to simulate optimal anaerobic biodegradation in a landfill. Bacterial degradation, identified by both light microscopy and electron microscopy, occurred to a varying degree in mountain ash and spotted gum wood. Fungal decay was not observed in any wood samples. Mountain ash, the species with the highest methane yield (20.9 mL CH4/g) also had the highest holocellulose content and the lowest acid-insoluble lignin and extractive content. As the decay levels for untreated radiata pine were very low, it was not possible to determine whether impregnation of radiata pine with chemical preservatives had any impact on decay. Carbon losses estimated from gas generation were below 5% for all species tested. Carbon losses as estimated by gas generation were lower than those derived by mass balance in most reactors, suggesting that mass loss does not necessarily equate to carbon emissions. There was no statistical difference between decay of blackbutt derived from plantation and older, natural forests. Addition of paper as an easily digestible feedstock did not increase carbon loss for the two wood species tested and the presence of radiata pine had an inhibitory effect on copy paper decay. Although differences between some of the wood types were found to be statistically significant, these differences were detected for wood with carbon losses that did not exceed 5%. The suggested factor for carbon loss for wood in landfills in Australia is 1.4%. This study confirms that disposal of wood in landfills in Australia results in long-term storage of carbon, with only minimal conversion of carbon to gaseous end products.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Ximenes, Fabiano A. and Bjordal, Charlotte and Kathuria, Amrit and Barlaz, Morton A. and Cowie, Annette L.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={341–350} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_reyes_wang_lee_2019, title={Linking Anaerobic Microbial Population Dynamics to Waste Type and Decomposition Stage}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Reyes, F.L. and Wang, L. and Lee, E.}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_thelusmond_2019, title={PFAS in Landfill Leachate and Municipal Wastewater}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Thelusmond, J.-R.}, year={2019} }
 @inproceedings{thelusmond_barlaz_2019, title={Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Landfill Leachate and Municipal Wastewater and Occurrence in Drinking Water Sources}, author={Thelusmond, J.R. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2019} }
 @article{jaunich_levis_decarolis_barlaz_ranjithan_2019, title={Solid Waste Management Policy Implications on Waste Process Choices and Systemwide Cost and Greenhouse Gas Performance}, volume={53}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04589}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.8b04589}, abstractNote={Solid waste management (SWM) is a key function of local government and is critical to protecting human health and the environment. Development of effective SWM strategies should consider comprehensive SWM process choices and policy implications on system-level cost and environmental performance. This analysis evaluated cost and select environmental implications of SWM policies for Wake County, North Carolina using a life-cycle approach. A county-specific data set and scenarios were developed to evaluate alternatives for residential municipal SWM, which included combinations of a mixed waste material recovery facility (MRF), anaerobic digestion, and waste-to-energy combustion in addition to existing SWM infrastructure (composting, landfilling, single stream recycling). Multiple landfill diversion and budget levels were considered for each scenario. At maximum diversion, the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation costs ranged from 30 to 900 $/MTCO2e; the lower values were when a mixed waste MRF was used, and the higher values when anaerobic digestion was used. Utilization of the mixed waste MRF was sensitive to the efficiency of material separation and operating cost. Maintaining the current separate collection scheme limited the potential for cost and GHG reductions. Municipalities seeking to cost-effectively increase landfill diversion while reducing GHGs should consider waste-to-energy, mixed waste separation, and changes to collection.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Jaunich, Megan K. and Levis, James W. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Ranjithan, S. Ranji}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={1766–1775} }
 @misc{barlaz_2019, title={Solving the Plastic Waste Problem}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2019} }
 @inbook{weaver_wang_de los reyes_barlaz_2019, title={Systems and Methods for Studying Microbial Processes and Communities in Landfills}, ISBN={9783030107758 9783030107772}, ISSN={2366-3324 2366-3332}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10777-2_5}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-030-10777-2_5}, abstractNote={The objective of this chapter is to review research on the microbiology of landfills. This chapter focuses on anaerobic reactions that dominate waste decomposition in engineered landfills and begins with a brief description of the major components of a sanitary landfill followed by a discussion of MSW (municipal solid waste) composition. The processes by which cellulosic substrates are converted to CH4 and CO2 are described. Systems for studying landfill processes (including testing setups and sampling) are then discussed, followed by traditional and molecular methods that have been used to investigate the microbial ecology of landfills.}, booktitle={Advances in Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Weaver, Joseph E. and Wang, Ling and de los Reyes, Francis L., III and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2019}, pages={129–150} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2019, title={The presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfill leachate}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2019} }
 @misc{barlaz_benson_2018, title={Biological and Chemical Reactions Contributing to Heat Generation in Landfills: Current Research and Model Simulations}, publisher={Research and Edcn. Fndn}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Benson, C.H.}, year={2018} }
 @article{ximenes_kathuria_barlaz_cowie_2018, title={Carbon dynamics of paper, engineered wood products and bamboo in landfills: evidence from reactor studies}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1750-0680"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13021-018-0115-3}, abstractNote={There has been growing interest in the development of waste-specific decay factors for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from landfills in national greenhouse gas inventories. Although engineered wood products (EWPs) and paper represent a substantial component of the solid waste stream, there is limited information available on their carbon dynamics in landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of carbon loss for EWPs and paper products commonly used in Australia. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions designed to simulate optimal anaerobic biodegradation in a landfill.Methane generation rates over incubations of 307-677 days ranged from zero for medium-density fibreboard (MDF) to 326 mL CH4 g-1 for copy paper. Carbon losses for particleboard and MDF ranged from 0.7 to 1.6%, consistent with previous estimates. Carbon loss for the exterior wall panel product (2.8%) was consistent with the expected value for blackbutt, the main wood type used in its manufacture. Carbon loss for bamboo (11.4%) was significantly higher than for EWPs. Carbon losses for the three types of copy paper tested ranged from 72.4 to 82.5%, and were significantly higher than for cardboard (27.3-43.8%). Cardboard that had been buried in landfill for 20 years had a carbon loss of 27.3%-indicating that environmental conditions in the landfill did not support complete decomposition of the available carbon. Thus carbon losses for paper products as measured in bioreactors clearly overestimate those in actual landfills. Carbon losses, as estimated by gas generation, were on average lower than those derived by mass balance. The low carbon loss for particleboard and MDF is consistent with carbon loss for Australian wood types described in previous studies. A factor for carbon loss for combined EWPs and wood in landfills in Australia of 1.3% and for paper of 48% is proposed.The new suggested combined decay factor for wood and EWPs represents a significant reduction from the current factor used in the Australian greenhouse gas inventory; whereas the suggested decay factor for paper is similar to the current decay factor. Our results improve current understanding of the carbon dynamics of harvested wood products, and allow more refined estimates of methane emissions from landfills.}, journal={CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Ximenes, Fabiano A. and Kathuria, Amrit and Barlaz, Morton A. and Cowie, Annette L.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{sean t. o'donnell_caldwell_barlaz_morris_2018, title={Case study comparison of functional vs. organic stability approaches for assessing threat potential at closed landfills in the USA}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.001}, abstractNote={Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in the USA are regulated under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which includes the requirement to protect human health and the environment (HHE) during the post-closure care (PCC) period. Several approaches have been published for assessment of potential threats to HHE. These approaches can be broadly divided into organic stabilization, which establishes an inert waste mass as the ultimate objective, and functional stability, which considers long-term emissions in the context of minimizing threats to HHE in the absence of active controls. The objective of this research was to conduct a case study evaluation of a closed MSW landfill using long-term data on landfill gas (LFG) production, leachate quality, site geology, and solids decomposition. Evaluations based on both functional and organic stability criteria were compared. The results showed that longer periods of LFG and leachate management would be required using organic stability criteria relative to an approach based on functional stability. These findings highlight the somewhat arbitrary and overly stringent nature of assigning universal stability criteria without due consideration of the landfill’s hydrogeologic setting and potential environmental receptors. This supports previous studies that advocated for transition to a passive or inactive control stage based on a performance-based functional stability framework as a defensible mechanism for optimizing and ending regulatory PCC.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Sean T. O'Donnell and Caldwell, Michael D. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Morris, Jeremy W. F.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={415–426} }
 @inproceedings{park_castellano_pour-ghaz_barlaz_2018, title={Design of Waste Transfer Station Concrete Overlays Against Premature Deterioration}, author={Park, S. and Castellano, L. and Pour-Ghaz, M. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @book{sun_sun_barlaz_2018, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Development of Methods to Measure the Hydrogen Sulfide Production Potential of Sulfur-Containing Wastes}, institution={Environmental Research and Education Foundation}, author={Sun, M. and Sun, W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{hao_ducoste_barlaz_2018, title={Heat Generation and Accumulation in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Hao, Z. and Ducoste, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{damgaard_henriksen_levis_barlaz_2018, title={How Do We Address Data Quality in LCA of Waste Technologies}, author={Damgaard, A. and Henriksen, T. and Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @misc{barlaz_jafari_2018, title={Laboratory testing for Heat Generation Potential and Applications to Field Conditions}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Jafari, N.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{levis_jaunich_barlaz_2018, title={Life Cycle Modeling for Future Solid Waste Management Planning}, author={Levis, J.W. and Jaunich, M.K. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_levis_2018, title={Life-Cycle Model Development and Transparency: Challenges and Choices}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Levis, J.W.}, year={2018} }
 @article{lucas_petty_keen_luedeka_schlummer_weber_barlaz_yazdani_riise_rhodes_et al._2018, title={Methods of Responsibly Managing End-of-Life Foams and Plastics Containing Flame Retardants: Part I}, volume={35}, ISSN={1557-9018}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2017.0147}, DOI={10.1089/ees.2017.0147}, abstractNote={Flame retardants (FRs) are added to foams and plastics to comply with flammability standards and test requirements in products for household and industrial uses. When these regulations were implemented, potential health and environmental impacts of FR use were not fully recognized or understood. Extensive research in the past decades reveal that exposure to halogenated FRs, such as those used widely in furniture foam, is associated with and/or causally related to numerous health effects in animals and humans. While many of the toxic FRs have been eliminated and replaced by other FRs, existing products containing toxic or potentially toxic chemical FRs will remain in use for decades, and new products containing these and similar chemicals will permeate the environment. When such products reach the end of their useful life, proper disposal methods are needed to avoid health and ecological risks. To minimize continued human and environmental exposures to hazardous FR chemicals from discarded products, waste management technologies and processes must be improved. This review discusses a wide range of issues associated with all aspects of the use and responsible disposal of wastes containing FRs, and identifies basic and applied research needs in the areas of responsible collection, pretreatment, processing, and management of these wastes.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Engineering Science}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Lucas, Donald and Petty, Sara M. and Keen, Olya and Luedeka, Bob and Schlummer, Martin and Weber, Roland and Barlaz, Morton and Yazdani, Ramin and Riise, Brian and Rhodes, James and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={573–587} }
 @inproceedings{lee._de los reyes_barlaz_2018, title={Microbial Population Development during the Anaerobic decomposition of Food Waste}, author={Lee., E. and de los Reyes, F.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @article{staley_de los reyes_wang_barlaz_2018, title={Microbial ecological succession during municipal solid waste decomposition}, volume={102}, ISSN={0175-7598 1432-0614}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9014-5}, DOI={10.1007/s00253-018-9014-5}, abstractNote={The decomposition of landfilled refuse proceeds through distinct phases, each defined by varying environmental factors such as volatile fatty acid concentration, pH, and substrate quality. The succession of microbial communities in response to these changing conditions was monitored in a laboratory-scale simulated landfill to minimize measurement difficulties experienced at field scale. 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved at separate stages of decomposition showed significant succession in both Bacteria and methanogenic Archaea. A majority of Bacteria sequences in landfilled refuse belong to members of the phylum Firmicutes, while Proteobacteria levels fluctuated and Bacteroidetes levels increased as decomposition proceeded. Roughly 44% of archaeal sequences retrieved under conditions of low pH and high acetate were strictly hydrogenotrophic (Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales). Methanosarcina was present at all stages of decomposition. Correspondence analysis showed bacterial population shifts were attributed to carboxylic acid concentration and solids hydrolysis, while archaeal populations were affected to a higher degree by pH. T-RFLP analysis showed specific taxonomic groups responded differently and exhibited unique responses during decomposition, suggesting that species composition and abundance within Bacteria and Archaea are highly dynamic. This study shows landfill microbial demographics are highly variable across both spatial and temporal transects.}, number={13}, journal={Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and de los Reyes, Francis L. and Wang, Ling and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={5731–5740} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2018, title={Multistage Life-Cycle Optimization for Developing and Evaluating Current and Future Solid Waste Systems}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_arena_damgaard_2018, title={So you want to publish a peer-reviewed journal article on LCA: What are the expectations and what are reviewers looking for?}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Arena, U. and Damgaard, A.}, year={2018} }
 @article{barlaz_benson_castaldi_luettich_2018, title={Spatial and temporal characteristics of elevated temperatures in municipal solid waste landfills, Navid H. Jafari, Timothy D. Stark, and Todd Thalhamer, Waste Management, 2017, Vol. 59, p. 286-301}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.050}, abstractNote={Heat generation in municipal solid waste landfills is reviewed with a focus on extraction heat management strategy. Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a vertical heat extraction system and effects of system configuration on overall performance. The modeling indicated that the influence of the extraction system on landfill temperatures is greatest near central depths of the landfill with less influence at the cover and liner locations. Temperature-depth profiles exhibited concave shapes demonstrating preferential heat extraction from central depths and return of the waste temperatures to reference conditions at great radial distance. For extraction system parameters, fluid velocity affected heat extraction more than pipe diameter; for landfill operational conditions, waste height affected heat extraction more than waste placement rate. For a fluid velocity of 0.3 m/s (threshold for turbulent flow), pipe diameter of 25.4 mm, waste height of 30 m, and waste placement rate of 20 m/year, the heat extraction rate was 59.5 MJ/m3 and the total amount of heat extracted was 561 GJ with 10 m radius of influence of the extraction well. Thermally coupled gas generation analysis indicated that regulating temperatures at 35 °C resulted in significant increases in landfill gas energy (on the order of twofold) and decreasing the time to reach biological stabilization by 70–77%. Due to the transition of operation to a geothermal system at the end of heat production lifetime of landfills, heat extraction systems provide long-term sustainable alternative energy sources with appreciable energy production in comparison to other renewable technologies.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Benson, Craig H. and Castaldi, Marco and Luettich, Scott}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={244–245} }
 @inproceedings{park_pour-ghaz_castellano_barlaz_2018, title={The Effect of Organic Acids on the Abrasion Resistance of Cementitious Materials}, author={Park, S. and Pour-Ghaz, M. and Castellano, L. and Barlaz, M.}, year={2018} }
 @article{ximenes_cowie_barlaz_2018, title={The decay of engineered wood products and paper excavated from landfills in Australia}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.035}, abstractNote={Large volumes of engineered wood products (EWPs) and paper are routinely placed in landfills in Australia, where they are assumed to decay. However, the extent of decay for EWPs is not well-known. This study reports carbon loss from EWPs and paper buried in landfills in Sydney, Brisbane and Cairns in Australia, located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climates, respectively. The influence of pulp type (mechanical and chemical) and landfill type (municipal solid waste - MSW and construction and demolition - C&D) on decay levels were investigated. Carbon loss for EWPs ranged from 0.6 to 9.0%; though there is some uncertainty in these values due to limitations associated with sourcing appropriate controls. Carbon loss for paper products ranged from 0 to 58.9%. Papers produced from predominantly mechanical pulps generally had lower levels of decay than those produced via chemical or partly chemical processes. Typically, decay levels for paper products were highest for the tropical Cairns landfill, suggesting that climate may be a significant factor to be considered when estimating emissions from paper in landfills. For EWPs, regardless of the landfill type and climate, carbon losses were low, confirming results from previous laboratory studies. Lower carbon losses were observed for EWP and paper excavated from the Sydney C&D landfill, compared with the Sydney MSW landfill, confirming the hypothesis that conditions in C&D landfills are less favourable for decay. These results have implications for greenhouse gas inventory estimations, as carbon losses for EWPs were lower than the commonly assumed values of 23% (US EPA) and 50% (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). For paper types, we suggest that separate decay factors should be used for papers dominated by mechanical pulp and those produced from mostly chemical pulps, and also for papers buried in tropical or more temperate climates.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Ximenes, Fabiano A. and Cowie, Annette L. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={312–322} }
 @misc{barlaz_2017, title={A Model to Describe Heat Accumulation at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{hao_sun_ducoste_barlaz_2017, title={A Model to Describe Heat Generation and Accumulation at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, ISBN={9780784480434}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.030}, DOI={10.1061/9780784480434.030}, abstractNote={There have been reports of landfills in North America that are experiencing elevated temperatures that are resulting in challenging issues for landfill management. The objective of this study is to develop a box model to describe the generation, consumption and release of heat in landfills and subsequently to predict temperature profiles. Initially, a box model was developed that treats the landfill as a completely mixed system in which all relevant reactions are described. This model will make it possible to identify processes and reactions that are most significant. The model is based on thermodynamic principles and accounts for all significant heat sources and sinks in landfills. Heat sources include energy from biotic and abiotic reactions and condensation. Heat removal processes include convection of methane and carbon dioxide, infiltration, leachate collection and evaporation. The model was used to evaluate the heat generation performance of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of waste with and without the presence of ash (from coal or municipal solid waste). The model analysis showed that the hydration of ash can increase landfill temperature above that predicted for the disposal of municipal solid waste alone.}, number={276}, booktitle={Geotechnical Frontiers 2017}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Hao, Zisu and Sun, Mei and Ducoste, Joel and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={281–288} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2017, title={A Model to Describe Heat Generation and Accumulation in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017} }
 @article{levis_weisbrod_van hoof_barlaz_2017, title={A Review of the Environmental Releases from Uncontrolled Solid Waste Disposal Sites}, volume={47}, number={12}, journal={Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, author={Levis, J.W. and Weisbrod, A. and Van Hoof, G. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017}, pages={1003–1041} }
 @article{levis_weisbrod_van hoof_barlaz_2017, title={A review of the airborne and waterborne emissions from uncontrolled solid waste disposal sites}, volume={47}, ISSN={1064-3389 1547-6537}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1342513}, DOI={10.1080/10643389.2017.1342513}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The objective of this review is to critically analyze literature, data, and models on the environmental releases from the uncontrolled disposal and burning of solid waste. Major concerns include releases of greenhouse gases, particulate matter, and leachate. Many factors influence these releases including waste composition, site depth, and climate. While the impact of these factors is understood qualitatively, there is little data and considerable uncertainty in model predictions. One limitation is that in general, predicted emissions are not responsive to changes in waste composition. Estimating impacts to human health and the environment from the predicted emissions results in additional uncertainty.}, number={12}, journal={Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Levis, James W. and Weisbrod, Annie and Van Hoof, Gert and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1003–1041} }
 @article{stanisavljevic_levis_barlaz_2017, title={Application of a Life Cycle Model for European Union Policy-Driven Waste Management Decision Making in Emerging Economies}, volume={22}, ISSN={1088-1980}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12564}, DOI={10.1111/jiec.12564}, abstractNote={SummarySolid waste life cycle modeling has predominantly focused on developed countries, but there are significant opportunities to assist developing and transition economies to minimize the environmental impact of solid waste management (SWM). Serbia is representative of a transition country and most (92%) of its waste is landfilled. As a Candidate European Union (EU) country, Serbia is expected to implement SWM strategies that meet EU directives. The Solid Waste Life‐Cycle Optimization Framework (SWOLF) was used to evaluate scenarios that meet EU goals by 2030. Scenarios included combinations of landfills, anaerobic digestion, composting, material recovery facilities (MRFs), waste‐to‐energy (WTE) combustion, and the use of refuse‐derived fuel in cement kilns. Each scenario was evaluated with and without separate collection of recyclables. Modeled impacts included cost, climate change, cumulative fossil energy demand, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, total eco‐toxicity, and total human toxicity. Trade‐offs among the scenarios were evaluated because no scenario performed best in every category. In general, SWM strategies that incorporated processes that recover energy and recyclable materials performed well across categories, whereas scenarios that did not include energy recovery performed poorly. Emissions offsets attributable to energy recovery and reduced energy requirements associated with remanufacturing of recovered recyclables had the strongest influence on the results. The scenarios rankings were robust under parametric sensitivity analysis, except when the marginal electricity fuel source changed from coal to natural gas. Model results showed that the use of existing infrastructure, energy recovery, and efficient recovery of recyclables from mixed waste can reduce environmental emissions at relatively low cost.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stanisavljevic, Nemanja and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={341–355} }
 @article{martinez-sanchez_levis_damgaard_decarolis_barlaz_astrup_2017, title={Evaluation of Externality Costs in Life-Cycle Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems}, volume={51}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06125}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.6b06125}, abstractNote={The development of sustainable solid waste management (SWM) systems requires consideration of both economic and environmental impacts. Societal life-cycle costing (S-LCC) provides a quantitative framework to estimate both economic and environmental impacts, by including "budget costs" and "externality costs". Budget costs include market goods and services (economic impact), whereas externality costs include effects outside the economic system (e.g., environmental impact). This study demonstrates the applicability of S-LCC to SWM life-cycle optimization through a case study based on an average suburban U.S. county of 500 000 people generating 320 000 Mg of waste annually. Estimated externality costs are based on emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2, VOC, CO, NH3, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr (VI), Ni, As, and dioxins. The results indicate that incorporating S-LCC into optimized SWM strategy development encourages the use of a mixed waste material recovery facility with residues going to incineration, and separated organics to anaerobic digestion. Results are sensitive to waste composition, energy mix and recycling rates. Most of the externality costs stem from SO2, NOx, PM2.5, CH4, fossil CO2, and NH3 emissions. S-LCC proved to be a valuable tool for policy analysis, but additional data on key externality costs such as organic compounds emissions to water would improve future analyses.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Martinez-Sanchez, Veronica and Levis, James W. and Damgaard, Anders and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Astrup, Thomas F.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={3119–3127} }
 @article{hao_sun_ducoste_benson_luettich_castaldi_barlaz_2017, title={Heat Generation and Accumulation in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, volume={51}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01844}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.7b01844}, abstractNote={There have been reports of North American landfills that are experiencing temperatures in excess of 80-100 °C. However, the processes causing elevated temperatures are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to develop a model to describe the generation, consumption and release of heat from landfills, to predict landfill temperatures, and to understand the relative importance of factors that contribute to heat generation and accumulation. Modeled heat sources include energy from aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, anaerobic metal corrosion, ash hydration and carbonation, and acid-base neutralization. Heat removal processes include landfill gas convection, infiltration, leachate collection, and evaporation. The landfill was treated as a perfectly mixed batch reactor. Model predictions indicate that both anaerobic metal corrosion and ash hydration/carbonation contribute to landfill temperatures above those estimated from biological reactions alone. Exothermic pyrolysis of refuse, which is hypothesized to be initiated due to a local accumulation of heat, was modeled empirically to illustrate its potential impact on heat generation.}, number={21}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Hao, Zisu and Sun, Mei and Ducoste, Joel J. and Benson, Craig H. and Luettich, Scott and Castaldi, Marco J. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={12434–12442} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_levis_roberson_2017, title={Life Cycle Modeling to Support Waste Management Planning}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Levis, J.W. and Roberson, J.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2017, title={Life-cycle modeling of municipal solid waste landfills}, DOI={10.1061/9780784480434.038}, abstractNote={Landfills that receive municipal solid waste represent a critical component of solid waste infrastructure in the U.S. and are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, it is critical to understand the factors that control the environmental performance of landfills. Life-cycle modeling of landfills is complex, as landfills constantly change over time. The objective of this research was to develop a life-cycle model of an average ton of municipal solid waste disposed in a “national average” landfill. The framework considers critical factors relating to the temporal changes in landfill gas generation, collection, beneficial use, and oxidation. The model calculates temporally averaged landfill gas collection efficiencies for individual waste components in consideration of the aforementioned factors. The results indicate that for mixed waste, 12 to 41% of the generated methane becomes fugitive emissions. The results also show the significant potential benefits of earlier landfill gas collection.}, number={276}, booktitle={Geotechnical frontiers 2017: waste containment, barriers, remediation, and sustainable geoengineering}, author={Levis, J. W. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2017}, pages={355–368} }
 @inproceedings{lee_reyes_barlaz_2017, title={Microbial Population Development during the Anaerobic Decomposition of Food Waste}, author={Lee, E. and Reyes, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017} }
 @article{lang_allred_field_levis_barlaz_2017, title={National Estimate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Release to U.S. Municipal Landfill Leachate}, volume={51}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05005}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.6b05005}, abstractNote={Landfills are the final stage in the life cycle of many products containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their presence has been reported in landfill leachate. The concentrations of 70 PFASs in 95 samples of leachate were measured in a survey of U.S. landfills of varying climates and waste ages. National release of PFASs was estimated by coupling measured concentrations for the 19 PFASs where more than 50% of samples had quantifiable concentrations, with climate-specific estimates of annual leachate volumes. For 2013, the total volume of leachate generated in the U.S. was estimated to be 61.1 million m3, with 79% of this volume coming from landfills in wet climates (>75 cm/yr precipitation) that contain 47% of U.S. solid waste. The mass of measured PFASs from U.S. landfill leachate to wastewater treatment plants was estimated to be between 563 and 638 kg for 2013. In the majority of landfill leachate samples, 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA) was dominant and variations in concentrations with waste age affected total estimated mass. There were six PFASs that demonstrated significantly higher concentrations in leachate from younger waste compared to older waste and six PFAS demonstrated significant variation with climate.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Lang, Johnsie R. and Allred, B. McKay and Field, Jennifer A. and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={2197–2205} }
 @article{lang_allred_field_levis_barlaz_2017, title={National Inventory of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Municipal Landfill Leachate}, volume={51}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Lang, J.R. and Allred, B.M. and Field, J.A. and Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017}, pages={2197–2205} }
 @article{bareither_barlaz_doran_benson_2017, title={Retrospective Analysis of Wisconsin's Landfill Organic Stability Rule}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1943-7870"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001192}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources introduced an organic stability rule (OSR) in 2007 to encourage effective management of organic waste in landfills and ultimately reduce the du...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Bareither, Christopher A. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Doran, Michael and Benson, Craig H.}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @misc{barlaz_2017, title={The Use of Landfills for the Long-Term Storage of Biogenic Organic Carbon}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{wang_huang_wei_barlaz_2017, title={What are the Best Values for Carbon Dissimilation Factors for Landfilled Harvested Wood Products?}, author={Wang, X. and Huang, K. and Wei, X. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2017} }
 @inproceedings{park_pour-ghaz_castellano_barlaz_2017, title={Why Do Waste Transfer Station Concrete Floors Deteriorate Prematurely?}, author={Park, S. and Pour-Ghaz, M. and Castellano, L. and Barlaz, M.}, year={2017} }
 @article{sun_sun_barlaz_2016, title={A batch assay to measure microbial hydrogen sulfide production from sulfur-containing solid wastes}, volume={551-552}, ISSN={0048-9697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.01.161}, DOI={10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.01.161}, abstractNote={Large volumes of sulfur-containing wastes enter municipal solid waste landfills each year. Under the anaerobic conditions that prevail in landfills, oxidized forms of sulfur, primarily sulfate, are converted to sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is corrosive to landfill gas collection and treatment systems, and its presence in landfill gas often necessitates the installation of expensive removal systems. For landfill operators to understand the cost of managing sulfur-containing wastes, an estimate of the H2S production potential is needed. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a biochemical sulfide potential (BSP) test to measure the amount of H2S produced by different types of sulfur-containing wastes in a relatively fast (30days) and inexpensive (125mL serum bottles) batch assay. This study confirmed the toxic effect of H2S on both sulfate reduction and methane production in batch systems, and demonstrated that removing accumulated H2S by base adsorption was effective for mitigating inhibition. H2S production potentials of coal combustion fly ash, flue gas desulfurization residual, municipal solid waste combustion ash, and construction and demolition waste were determined in BSP assays. After 30days of incubation, most of the sulfate in the wastes was converted to gaseous or aqueous phase sulfide, with BSPs ranging from 0.8 to 58.8mLH2S/g waste, depending on the chemical composition of the samples. Selected samples contained solid phase sulfide which contributed to the measured H2S yield. A 60day incubation in selected samples resulted in 39-86% additional sulfide production. H2S production measured in BSP assays was compared with that measured in simulated landfill reactors and that calculated from chemical analyses. H2S production in BSP assays and in reactors was lower than the stoichiometric values calculated from chemical composition for all wastes tested, demonstrating the importance of assays to estimate the microbial sulfide production potential of sulfur-containing wastes.}, journal={Science of The Total Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Mei and Sun, Wenjie and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={23–31} }
 @article{sun_sun_barlaz_2016, title={A batch assay to measure microbial hydrogen sulfide production from sulfur-containing solid wastes}, volume={551}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Sun, M. and Sun, W. J. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={2016}, pages={23–31} }
 @article{jaunich_levis_decarolis_gaston_barlaz_bartelt-hunt_jones_hauser_jaikumar_2016, title={Characterization of municipal solid waste collection operations}, volume={114}, ISSN={0921-3449}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.012}, abstractNote={Solid waste collection contributes to the cost, emissions, and fossil fuel required to manage municipal solid waste. Mechanistic models to estimate these parameters are necessary to perform integrated assessments of solid waste management alternatives using a life-cycle approach; however, models are only as good as their parameterization. This study presents operational waste collection data that can be used in life-cycle models for areas with similar collection systems, and provides illustrative results from a collection process model using operational data. Fuel use and times associated with various aspects of waste collection were obtained for vehicles collecting mixed residential (residual) waste, recyclables, and yard waste from single-family residences in selected municipalities. The total average fuel economy for similarly-sized diesel collection vehicles was 0.6-1.4 km/L (1.4–3.3 mpg (miles per gallon)) for residual waste and 0.8–1 km/L (1.9–2.4 mpg) for recyclables. For residual waste and recyclables collection stops, the average time to collect at each residence using automated collection was 11–12 s and 13–17 s, respectively. The average time between stops was 11–12 s and 10–13 for residuals and recyclables, respectively. A single yard waste route was observed, and all collection times were longer than those measured for either recycling or residual waste. Unload or tip times were obtained or measured at a landfill, transfer station, and material recovery facility (MRF). Average time to unload was 7–9 min at a MRF, 14–22 min at a landfill, and 11 min at a transfer station. Commercial and multi-family collection vehicles tend to have longer stops and spend more time between stops than single-family collection, and a larger portion of fuel is used while driving relative to single-family collection. Roll-off vehicles, which collect more waste per stop, spend longer at each stop and drive longer distances between stops than front-loader vehicles. Diesel roll-offs averaged 2.4 km/L (5.7 mpg) and front-loaders averaged 1.4 km/L (3.3 mpg).}, journal={Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jaunich, Megan K. and Levis, James W. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Gaston, Eliana V. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Jones, Elizabeth G. and Hauser, Lauren and Jaikumar, Rohit}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={92–102} }
 @article{sun_sun_barlaz_2016, title={Characterizing the biotransformation of sulfur-containing wastes in simulated landfill reactors}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.028}, abstractNote={Landfills that accept municipal solid waste (MSW) in the U.S. may also accept a number of sulfur-containing wastes including residues from coal or MSW combustion, and construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Under anaerobic conditions that dominate landfills, microbially mediated processes can convert sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The presence of H2S in landfill gas is problematic for several reasons including its low odor threshold, human toxicity, and corrosive nature. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a laboratory-scale reactor method to measure the H2S production potential of a range of sulfur-containing wastes. The H2S production potential was measured in 8-L reactors that were filled with a mixture of the target waste, newsprint as a source of organic carbon required for microbial sulfate reduction, and leachate from decomposed residential MSW as an inoculum. Reactors were operated with and without N2 sparging through the reactors, which was designed to reduce H2S accumulation and toxicity. Both H2S and CH4 yields were consistently higher in reactors that were sparged with N2 although the magnitude of the effect varied. The laboratory-measured first order decay rate constants for H2S and CH4 production were used to estimate constants that were applicable in landfills. The estimated constants ranged from 0.11 yr−1 for C&D fines to 0.38 yr−1 for a mixed fly ash and bottom ash from MSW combustion.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Sun, Wenjie and Sun, Mei and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={82–91} }
 @article{lopez_de la cruz_barlaz_2016, title={Chemical composition and methane potential of commercial food wastes}, volume={56}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.024}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.024}, abstractNote={There is increasing interest in anaerobic digestion in the U.S. However, there is little information on the characterization of commercial food waste sources as well as the effect of waste particle size on methane yield. The objective of this research was to characterize four commercial food waste sources: (1) university dining hall waste, (2) waste resulting from prepared foods and leftover produce at a grocery store, (3) food waste from a hotel and convention center, and (4) food preparation waste from a restaurant. Each sample was tested in triplicate 8 L batch anaerobic digesters after shredding and after shredding plus grinding. Average methane yields for the university dining, grocery store, hotel, and restaurant wastes were 363, 427, 492, and 403 mL/dry g, respectively. Starch exhibited the most complete consumption and particle size did not significantly affect methane yields for any of the tested substrates. Lipids represented 59–70% of the methane potential of the fresh substrates.}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lopez, Victoria M. and De la Cruz, Florentino B. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={477–490} }
 @article{cruz_green_hater_chanton_thoma_harvey_barlaz_2016, title={Comparison of Field Measurements to Methane Emissions Models at a New Landfill}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.6b00415}, abstractNote={Estimates of methane emissions from landfills rely primarily on models due to both technical and economic limitations. While models are easy to implement, there is uncertainty due to the use of parameters that are difficult to validate. The objective of this research was to compare modeled emissions using several greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reporting protocols including: (1) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); (2) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (EPA GHGRP); (3) California Air Resources Board (CARB); and (4) Solid Waste Industry for Climate Solutions (SWICS), with measured emissions data collected over three calendar years from a young landfill with no gas collection system. By working with whole landfill measurements of fugitive methane emissions and methane oxidation, the collection efficiency could be set to zero, thus eliminating one source of parameter uncertainty. The models consistently overestimated annual methane emissions by a factor ranging from 4-31. Varying input parameters over reasonable ranges reduced this range to 1.3-8. Waste age at the studied landfill was less than four years and the results suggest the need for measurements at additional landfills to evaluate the accuracy of the tested models to young landfills.}, number={17}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Cruz, Florentino B. and Green, Roger B. and Hater, Gary R. and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Thoma, Eben D. and Harvey, Tierney A. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={9432–9441} }
 @article{wang_barlaz_2016, title={Decomposition and carbon storage of hardwood and softwood branches in laboratory-scale landfills}, volume={557-558}, ISSN={0048-9697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.03.091}, DOI={10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.03.091}, abstractNote={Tree branches are an important component of yard waste disposed in U.S. municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The objective of this study was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradability of hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW) branches under simulated but optimized landfill conditions by measuring methane (CH4) yields, decay rates, the decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and organic carbon, as well as carbon storage factors (CSFs). Carbon conversions to CH4 and CO2 ranged from zero to 9.5% for SWs and 17.1 to 28.5% for HWs. When lipophilic or hydrophilic compounds present in some of the HW and SW samples were extracted, some samples showed increased biochemical methane potentials (BMPs). The average CH4 yield, carbon conversion, and CSF measured here, 59.4 mL CH4 g− 1 dry material, 13.9%, and 0.39 g carbon stored g− 1 dry material, respectively, represent reasonable values for use in greenhouse gas inventories in the absence of detailed wood type/species data for landfilled yard waste.}, journal={Science of The Total Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wang, Xiaoming and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={355–362} }
 @article{de la cruz_osborne_barlaz_2016, title={Determination of Sources of Organic Matter in Solid Waste by Analysis of Phenolic Copper Oxide Oxidation Products of Lignin}, volume={142}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001038}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001038}, abstractNote={AbstractThe decomposition behavior of lignocellulosic materials is related to the taxonomic classes of the parent plant tissues. Thus, methods to characterize the composition of mixtures of lignocellulosic materials such as municipal solid waste (MSW) according to different taxonomic classes of plants are useful. The copper oxide (CuO) oxidation products of lignin provide molecular markers that allow for characterization of the initial plants. The objective of this study was to determine if the chemical composition of the monomers present after CuO oxidation can be used to infer information on the content of woody angiosperms (hardwood—HW), non-woody angiosperms (leaves and grasses—LG), woody gymnosperms (softwood—SW), and non-woody gymnosperms (needles—GN). Results showed that the composition of HW and SW in synthetic mixtures can be estimated from CuO oxidation products of lignin within an error of ±60% of the expected values. The high uncertainty in the estimate of composition in synthetic mixtures can...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={De la Cruz, Florentino B. and Osborne, Jason and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={04015076} }
 @article{cruz_osborne_barlaz_2016, title={Determination of sources of organic matter in solid waste by analysis of phenolic copper oxide oxidation products of lignin}, volume={142}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Cruz, F. B. and Osborne, J. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_green_hater_chanton_thoma_harvey_barlaz_2016, title={How Much Methane is Emitted from Landfills? A Comparison of Field Measurements to Gas Production Models}, author={De la Cruz, F.B. and Green, R.B. and Hater, G.R. and Chanton, J.P. and Thoma, E.D. and Harvey, T.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @book{levis_decarolis_ranjithan_barlaz_2016, title={Integrated Solid Waste Management and Its Environmental Sustainability in a Carbon Constrained Environment}, url={https://erefdn.org/integrated-solid-waste-management-and-its-environmental-sustainability-in-a-carbon-constrained-environment/}, institution={Environmental Research and Education Foundation}, author={Levis, J.W. and DeCArolis, J.D. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @article{jaunich_levis_barlaz_decarolis_2016, title={Lifecycle Process Model for Municipal Solid Waste Collection}, volume={142}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001065}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001065}, abstractNote={AbstractA process model was developed using a lifecycle approach to estimate the cost and energy use associated with municipal solid waste collection, which is the most fuel-intensive and often the most costly aspect of solid waste management. The model divides collection service areas into single-family residential, multi-family residential, and commercial sectors with sector-specific, user-defined characteristics, including population, waste generation, and waste composition. Waste is collected by a set of processes (e.g., residual waste, recyclables collection) defined by costs, collection activity parameters, and energy use. The model overpredicted fuel use by ~25% compared with data obtained from actual single-family residential collection routes and their average fuel efficiencies, but was within 10% when modal fuel efficiencies (e.g., driving, idling) were considered. Adding recyclables or yard waste collection to a mixed waste collection program increased fuel consumption by approximately 75% per ...}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Jaunich, Megan K. and Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A. and DeCarolis, Joseph F.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={04016037} }
 @inproceedings{yazdani_barlaz_2016, title={Methane Enhancement by Anaerobic Composting of Food Waste and FOG}, author={Yazdani, R. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{sun_wang_decarolis_barlaz_2016, title={Modernizing Methane Generation Models and Characterizing the Uncertainty from Select U.S. Landfills}, author={Sun, W. and Wang, X. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{levis_decarolis_barlaz_2016, title={Proactive Development/Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Strategies in Response to Future Electricity, Fuel & Transportation}, author={Levis, J.W. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @article{lang_allred_peaslee_field_barlaz_2016, title={Release of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Carpet and Clothing in Model Anaerobic Landfill Reactors}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b06237}, abstractNote={Discarded carpet and clothing are potential sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfill leachate, but little is known about their release when disposed in landfills. The concentrations of 70 PFASs in the aqueous phase of anaerobic model landfill reactors filled with carpet or clothing were monitored under biologically active and abiotic conditions. For carpet, total PFAS release was greater in live than abiotic reactors, with an average of 8.5 nmol/L and 0.62 nmol/L after 552 days, respectively. Release in live carpet reactors was primarily due to 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA - 3.9 nmol/L) and perfluorohexanoic carboxylic acid (PFHxA - 2.9 nmol/L). For clothing, release was more dependent on sample heterogeneity than the presence of biological activity, with 0.63, 21.7, 2.6, and 6.3 nmol/L for two live and two abiotic reactors after 519 days, respectively. Release in the clothing reactors was largely due to perfluorooctatonic carboxylic acid (PFOA), with low relative concentrations of measured biotransformation precursors (FTCAs). For carpet and clothing reactors, the majority of PFAS release was not measured until after day 100. Results demonstrate that carpet and clothing are likely sources of PFASs in landfill leachate.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lang, Johnsie R. and Allred, B. McKay and Peaslee, Graham F. and Field, Jennifer A. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={5024–5032} }
 @inproceedings{levis_hodge_decarolis_barlaz_2016, title={Systematic Evaluation of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Food Waste Management Strategies in the U.S}, author={Levis, J.W. and Hodge, K.L. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @article{hodge_levis_decarolis_barlaz_2016, title={Systematic Evaluation of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Food Waste Management Strategies in the United States}, volume={50}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00893}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.6b00893}, abstractNote={New regulations and targets limiting the disposal of food waste have been recently enacted in numerous jurisdictions. This analysis evaluated selected environmental implications of food waste management policies using life-cycle assessment. Scenarios were developed to evaluate management alternatives applicable to the waste discarded at facilities where food waste is a large component of the waste (e.g., restaurants, grocery stores, and food processors). Options considered include anaerobic digestion (AD), aerobic composting, waste-to-energy combustion (WTE), and landfilling, and multiple performance levels were considered for each option. The global warming impact ranged from approximately -350 to -45 kg CO2e Mg(-1) of waste for scenarios using AD, -190 to 62 kg CO2e Mg(-1) for those using composting, -350 to -28 kg CO2e Mg(-1) when all waste was managed by WTE, and -260 to 260 kg CO2e Mg(-1) when all waste was landfilled. Landfill diversion was found to reduce emissions, and diverting food waste from WTE generally increased emissions. The analysis further found that when a 20 year GWP was used instead of a 100 year GWP, every scenario including WTE was preferable to every scenario including landfill. Jurisdictions seeking to enact food waste disposal regulations should consider regional factors and material properties before duplicating existing statutes.}, number={16}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Hodge, Keith L. and Levis, James W. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={8444–8452} }
 @misc{levis_barlaz_2016, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Solid Waste Management: Applications, Challenges and Modeling Techniques}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{hao_sun_ducoste_luettich_castaldi_benson_barlaz_2016, title={Understanding and Predicting Temperatures in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Hao, Z. and Sun, M. and Ducoste, J. and Luettich, S. and Castaldi, M. and Benson, C.H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{barlaz_2016, title={Workshop on The Responsible Disposal of Flame Retarded Foams and Plastics}, author={Barlaz, M}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_decarolis_ranjithan_2015, title={A systematic evaluation of the costs and environmental impacts associated with future municipal solid waste management}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M. and DeCarolis, J. and Ranjithan, R.}, year={2015} }
 @article{pressley_levis_damgaard_barlaz_decarolis_2015, title={Analysis of material recovery facilities for use in life-cycle assessment}, volume={35}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.012}, abstractNote={Insights derived from life-cycle assessment of solid waste management strategies depend critically on assumptions, data, and modeling at the unit process level. Based on new primary data, a process model was developed to estimate the cost and energy use associated with material recovery facilities (MRFs), which are responsible for sorting recyclables into saleable streams and as such represent a key piece of recycling infrastructure. The model includes four modules, each with a different process flow, for separation of single-stream, dual-stream, pre-sorted recyclables, and mixed-waste. Each MRF type has a distinct combination of equipment and default input waste composition. Model results for total amortized costs from each MRF type ranged from $19.8 to $24.9 per Mg (1 Mg = 1 metric ton) of waste input. Electricity use ranged from 4.7 to 7.8 kW h per Mg of waste input. In a single-stream MRF, equipment required for glass separation consumes 28% of total facility electricity consumption, while all other pieces of material recovery equipment consume less than 10% of total electricity. The dual-stream and mixed-waste MRFs have similar electricity consumption to a single-stream MRF. Glass separation contributes a much larger fraction of electricity consumption in a pre-sorted MRF, due to lower overall facility electricity consumption. Parametric analysis revealed that reducing separation efficiency for each piece of equipment by 25% altered total facility electricity consumption by less than 4% in each case. When model results were compared with actual data for an existing single-stream MRF, the model estimated the facility’s electricity consumption within 2%. The results from this study can be integrated into LCAs of solid waste management with system boundaries that extend from the curb through final disposal.}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pressley, Phillip N. and Levis, James W. and Damgaard, Anders and Barlaz, Morton A. and DeCarolis, Joseph F.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={307–317} }
 @article{wang_nagpure_decarolis_barlaz_2015, title={Characterization of Uncertainty in Estimation of Methane Collection from Select US Landfills}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es505268x}, abstractNote={Methane is a potent greenhouse gas generated from the anaerobic decomposition of waste in landfills. If captured, methane can be beneficially used to generate electricity. To inventory emissions and assist the landfill industry with energy recovery projects, the U.S. EPA developed the Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) that includes two key parameters: the first-order decay rate (k) and methane production potential (L0). By using data from 11 U.S. landfills, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to quantify the effect of uncertainty in gas collection efficiency and municipal solid waste fraction on optimal k values and collectable methane. A dual-phase model and associated parameters were also developed to evaluate its performance relative to a single-phase model (SPM) similar to LandGEM. The SPM is shown to give lower error in estimating methane collection, with site-specific best-fit k values. Most of the optimal k values are notably greater than the U.S. EPA's default of 0.04 yr(-1), which implies that the gas generation decreases more rapidly than predicted at the current default. We translated the uncertainty in collectable methane into uncertainty in engine requirements and potential economic losses to demonstrate the practical significance to landfill operators. The results indicate that landfill operators could overpay for engine capacity by $30,000-780,000 based on overestimates of collectable methane.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wang, Xiaoming and Nagpure, Ajay S. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1545–1551} }
 @article{wang_cruz_ximenes_barlaz_2015, title={Decomposition and carbon storage of selected paper products in laboratory-scale landfills}, volume={532}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.132}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to measure the anaerobic biodegradation of different types of paper products in laboratory-scale landfill reactors. The study included (a) measurement of the loss of cellulose, hemicellulose, organic carbon, and (b) measurement of the methane yields for each paper product. The test materials included two samples each of newsprint (NP), copy paper (CP), and magazine paper (MG), and one sample of diaper (DP). The methane yields, carbon storage factors and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition all consistently show that papers made from mechanical pulps (e.g., NPs) are less degradable than those made from chemical pulps where essentially all lignin was chemically removed (e.g., CPs). The diaper, which is not only made from chemical pulp but also contains some gel and plastic, exhibited limited biodegradability. The extent of biogenic carbon conversion varied from 21 to 96% among papers, which contrasts with the uniform assumption of 50% by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for all degradable materials discarded in landfills. Biochemical methane potential tests also showed that the solids to liquid ratio used in the test can influence the results.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wang, Xiaoming and Cruz, Florentino B. and Ximenes, Fabiano and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={70–79} }
 @inproceedings{renz_evans_barlaz_levis_kollar_boland_2015, title={Developing Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Anaerobic Digestion in U.S. EPA's Waste Reduction Model}, author={Renz, B. and Evans, C. and Barlaz, M.A. and Levis, J.W. and Kollar, T. and Boland, C.}, year={2015} }
 @article{de la cruz_dittmar_niggemann_osburn_barlaz_2015, title={Evaluation of Copper Oxide Oxidation for Quantification of Lignin in Municipal Solid Waste}, volume={32}, ISSN={1092-8758 1557-9018}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0402}, DOI={10.1089/ees.2014.0402}, abstractNote={Abstract The ability to quantify lignin is an important tool for characterizing the extent of decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW). Traditionally, acid insoluble Klason lignin (KL) has been used to measure lignin. However, synthetic organic materials such as plastics and rubber present in MSW interfere with the traditional KL method, resulting in artificially high measurements. Another method for lignin analysis is CuO oxidation, in which lignin is oxidatively hydrolyzed into phenolic monomers that are quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography–mass spectrography. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of CuO oxidation to measure the lignin content of MSW. The study demonstrated that analysis of lignin monomers can be simplified by skipping the ethyl acetate extraction step and that ball milling is not necessary to optimize CuO oxidation. Neither the MSW components (e.g., plastics and metals) nor extractives affected CuO oxidation. The ratio o...}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Engineering Science}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={De la Cruz, Florentino Banaag and Dittmar, Thorsten and Niggemann, Jutta and Osburn, Christopher L. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={486–496} }
 @article{clarke_anumol_barlaz_snyder_2015, title={Investigating landfill leachate as a source of trace organic pollutants}, volume={127}, ISSN={["1879-1298"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.030}, abstractNote={Landfill leachate samples (n=11) were collected from five USA municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and analyzed for ten trace organic pollutants that are commonly detected in surface and municipal wastewater effluents (viz., carbamazepine, DEET, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, PFOA, PFOS, primidone, sucralose, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim). Carbamazepine, DEET, PFOA and primidone were detected in all leachate samples analyzed and gemfibrozil was detected in samples from four of the five-landfill sites. The contaminants found in the highest concentrations were DEET (6900-143000 ng L(-1)) and sucralose (<10-621000 ng L(-1)). Several compounds were not detected (fluoxetine) or detected infrequently (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and PFOS). Using the average mass of DEET in leachate amongst the five landfills and scaling the mass release from the five test landfills to the USA population of landfills, an order of magnitude estimate is that over 10000 kg DEET yr(-1) may be released in leachate. Some pharmaceuticals have similar annual mean discharges to one another, with the estimated annual discharge of carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, primidone equating to 53, 151 and 128 kg year(-1). To the authors knowledge, this is the first time that primidone has been included in a landfill leachate study. While the estimates developed in this study are order of magnitude, the values do suggest the need for further research to better quantify the amount of chemicals sent to wastewater treatment facilities with landfill leachate, potential impacts on treatment processes and the significance of landfill leachate as a source of surface water contamination.}, journal={CHEMOSPHERE}, author={Clarke, Bradley O. and Anumol, Tarun and Barlaz, Morton and Snyder, Shane A.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={269–275} }
 @article{abichou_barlaz_goldsmith_green_hater_2015, title={Leachate Quality Monitoring from Conventional, Retrofit, and Bio-Reactor Landfill Cells}, volume={19}, ISSN={2153-5493 2153-5515}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000288}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000288}, abstractNote={AbstractThe recirculation of leachate is a common strategy to accelerate the decomposition of municipal solid waste in landfills. In this study, leachates from a conventional landfill cell without supplemental liquid addition (Control cell), a new landfill area that had a piping network installed as waste was being placed (As-Built cell), and a conventional landfill that was modified to allow for the recirculation of liquids (Retrofit cell) were monitored at the outer loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) in Louisville, Kentucky. In general, leachates from the Retrofit cells were statistically different from leachates from the As-Built and Control cells. This is likely because the waste in Retrofit cells was about 6 years old when liquids were first introduced and the waste had already reached a more mature state prior to supplemental liquids addition. Based on time series data, the Retrofit cells, which received nitrified leachate, did not show signs of accelerated waste decomposition based on the leachate che...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Abichou, Tarek and Barlaz, Morton A. and Goldsmith, Doug and Green, Roger and Hater, Gary}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={04015009} }
 @article{sun_barlaz_2015, title={Measurement of chemical leaching potential of sulfate from landfill disposed sulfate containing wastes}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.014}, abstractNote={A number of sulfate-containing wastes are disposed in municipal solid wastes (MSW) landfills including residues from coal, wood, and MSW combustion, and construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Under anaerobic conditions that dominate landfills, the sulfate can be reduced to hydrogen sulfide which is problematic for several reasons including its low odor threshold, toxicity, and corrosive nature. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate existing protocols for the quantification of total leachable sulfate from solid samples and to compare their effectiveness and efficiency with a new protocol described in this study. Methods compared include two existing acid extraction protocols commonly used in the U.S., a pH neutral protocol that requires multiple changes of the leaching solution, and a new acid extraction method. The new acid extraction method was shown to be simple and effective to measure the leaching potential of sulfate from a range of landfill disposed sulfate-containing wastes. However, the acid extraction methods do not distinguish between sulfate and other forms of sulfur and are thus most useful when sulfate is the only form of sulfur present.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Sun, Wenjie and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={191–196} }
 @inproceedings{sun_sun_barlaz_2015, title={Methods to measure the hydrogen sulfide production potential of sulfate-containing wastes disposed in landfills}, author={Sun, W.J. and Sun, M. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2015} }
 @article{allred_lang_barlaz_field_2015, title={Physical and Biological Release of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Municipal Solid Waste in Anaerobic Model Landfill Reactors}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b01040}, abstractNote={A wide variety of consumer products that are treated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and related formulations are disposed of in landfills. Landfill leachate has significant concentrations of PFASs and acts as secondary point sources to surface water. This study models how PFASs enter leachate using four laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactors filled with municipal solid waste (MSW) and operated over 273 days. Duplicate reactors were monitored under live and abiotic conditions to evaluate influences attributable to biological activity. The biologically active reactors simulated the methanogenic conditions that develop in all landfills, producing ∼140 mL CH4/dry g refuse. The average total PFAS leaching measured in live reactors (16.7 nmol/kg dry refuse) was greater than the average for abiotic reactors (2.83 nmol/kg dry refuse), indicating biological processes were primarily responsible for leaching. The low-level leaching in the abiotic reactors was primarily due to PFCAs ≤C8 (2.48 nmol/kg dry refuse). Concentrations of known biodegradation intermediates, including methylperfluorobutane sulfonamide acetic acid and the n:2 and n:3 fluorotelomer carboxylates, increased steadily after the onset of methanogenesis, with the 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylate becoming the single most concentrated PFAS observed in live reactors (9.53 nmol/kg dry refuse).}, number={13}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Allred, B. McKay and Lang, Johnsie R. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Field, Jennifer A.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={7648–7656} }
 @article{ximenes_bjordal_cowie_barlaz_2015, title={The decay of wood in landfills in contrasting climates in Australia}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.032}, abstractNote={Wood products in landfill are commonly assumed to decay within several decades, returning the carbon contained therein to the atmosphere, with about half the carbon released as methane. However, the rate and extent of decay is not well known, as very few studies have examined the decay of wood products in landfills. This study reports on the findings from landfill excavations conducted in the Australian cities of Sydney and Cairns located in temperate and tropical environments, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine whether burial of the wood in warmer, more tropical conditions in Cairns would result in greater levels of decay than occurs in the temperate environment of Sydney. Wood samples recovered after 16–44 years in landfill were examined through physical, chemical and microscopic analyses, and compared with control samples to determine the carbon loss. There was typically little or no decay in the wood samples analysed from the landfill in Sydney. Although there was significant decay in rainforest wood species excavated from Cairns, decay levels for wood types that were common to both Cairns and Sydney landfills were similar. The current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006) default decay factor for organic materials in landfills is 50%. In contrast, the carbon loss determined for Pinus radiata recovered from Sydney and Cairns landfills was 7.9% and 4.4%, respectively, and 0% for Agathis sp. This suggests that climate did not influence decay, and that the more extensive levels of decay observed for some wood samples from Cairns indicates that those wood types were more susceptible to biodegradation. Microscopic analyses revealed that most decay patterns observed in samples analysed from Sydney were consistent with aerobic fungal decay. Only a minor portion of the microbial decay was due to erosion bacteria active in anaerobic/near anaerobic environments. The findings of this study strongly suggest that models that adopt current accepted default factors for the decay of wood in landfills greatly overestimate methane emissions.}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Ximenes, Fabiano and Bjordal, Charlotte and Cowie, Annette and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={101–110} }
 @inproceedings{pressley_barlaz_levis_decarolis_2014, title={A Life-Cycle Examination of the Global Warming Potential and Cumulative Energy Demand of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment via a Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch Process}, author={Pressley, P. and Barlaz, M.A. and Levis, J. and DeCarolis, J.}, year={2014} }
 @misc{barlaz_2014, title={A New Life-Cycle Methodology to Estimate the U.S. National Average Landfill Gas Collection Efficiency for Various Landfill Types}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2014, title={A New Life-Cycle Methodology to Estimate the U.S. National Average Landfill Gas Collection Efficiency for Various landfill Types}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{saquing_chanton_yazdani_barlaz_scheutz_blake_imhoff_2014, title={Assessing Methods to Estimate Emissions of Non-Methane Organic Compounds from Landfills}, author={Saquing, J. and Chanton, J.P. and Yazdani, R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Scheutz, C. and Blake, D.R. and Imhoff, P.T.}, year={2014} }
 @article{saquing_chanton_yazdani_barlaz_scheutz_blake_imhoff_2014, title={Assessing methods to estimate emissions of non-methane organic compounds from landfills}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.007}, abstractNote={The non-methane organic compound (NMOC) emission rate is used to assess compliance with landfill gas emission regulations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). A recent USEPA Report (EPA/600/R-11/033) employed a ratio method to estimate speciated NMOC emissions (i.e., individual NMOC emissions): speciated NMOC emissions=measured methane (CH4) emission multiplied by the ratio of individual NMOCs concentration relative to CH4 concentration (C(NMOCs)/C(CH4)) in the landfill header gas. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the efficacy of the ratio method in estimating speciated NMOC flux from landfills; (2) determine for what types of landfills the ratio method may be in error and why, using recent field data to quantify the spatial variation of (C(NMOCs)/C(CH4)) in landfills; and (3) formulate alternative models for estimating NMOC emissions from landfills for cases in which the ratio method results in biased estimates. This study focuses on emissions through landfill covers measured with flux chambers and evaluates the utility of the ratio method for estimating NMOC emission through this pathway. Evaluation of the ratio method was performed using CH4 and speciated NMOC concentration and flux data from 2012/2013 field sampling of four landfills, an unpublished landfill study, and literature data from three landfills. The ratio method worked well for landfills with thin covers (<40 cm), predicting composite NMOC flux (as hexane-C) to within a factor of 10× for 13 out of 15 measurements. However, for thick covers (⩾40 cm) the ratio method overestimated NMOC emissions by ⩾10× for 8 out of 10 measurements. Alternative models were explored incorporating other chemical properties into the ratio method. A molecular weight squared (MW)(2)-modified ratio equation was shown to best address the tendency of the current ratio method to overestimate NMOC fluxes for thick covers. While these analyses were only performed using NMOC fluxes through landfill covers measured with flux chambers, results indicate the current USEPA approach for estimating NMOC emissions may overestimate speciated NMOC emission ⩾10× for many compounds.}, number={11}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Saquing, Jovita M. and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Yazdani, Ramin and Barlaz, Morton A. and Scheutz, Charlotte and Blake, Don R. and Imhoff, Paul T.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={2260–2270} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2014, title={Characterization of Biological Activity in Refuse Samples Excavated from the Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_sadri_luettich_2014, title={Characterization of Biological Activity in Refuse Samples Excavated from the Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Sadri, A. and Luettich, S.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{wang_barlaz_decarolis_2014, title={Characterization of Uncertainty in Modeling of Methane Generation from Select U.S. Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Barlaz, M.A. and DeCarolis, J.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{wang_nagpure_decarolis_barlaz_2014, title={Characterization of Uncertainty in Modeling of Methane Generation from Select U.S. Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Nagpure, A.S. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @article{huang_el badawy_arambewela_ford_barlaz_tolaymat_2014, title={Characterization of salt cake from secondary aluminum production}, volume={273}, ISSN={["1873-3336"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.035}, abstractNote={Salt cake is a major waste component generated from the recycling of secondary aluminum processing (SAP) waste. Worldwide, the aluminum industry produces nearly 5 million tons of waste annually and the end-of-life management of these wastes is becoming a challenge in the U.S. and elsewhere. In this study, the mineral phases, metal content and metal leachability of 39 SAP waste salt cake samples collected from 10 different facilities across the U.S. were determined. The results showed that aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and its oxides, spinel and elpasolite are the dominant aluminum mineral phases in salt cake. The average total Al content was 14% (w/w). The overall percentage of the total leachable Al in salt cake was 0.6% with approximately 80% of the samples leaching at a level less than 1% of the total aluminum content. The extracted trace metal concentrations in deionized water were relatively low (μg L−1 level). The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was employed to further evaluate leachability and the results indicated that the leached concentrations of toxic metals from salt cake were much lower than the EPA toxicity limit set by USEPA.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS}, author={Huang, Xiao-Lan and El Badawy, Amro and Arambewela, Mahendranath and Ford, Robert and Barlaz, Morton and Tolaymat, Thabet}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={192–199} }
 @article{cruz_yelle_gracz_barlaz_2014, title={Chemical Changes during Anaerobic Decomposition of Hardwood, Softwood, and Old Newsprint under Mesophilic and Thermophilic Conditions}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf501653h}, abstractNote={The anaerobic decomposition of plant biomass is an important aspect of global organic carbon cycling. While the anaerobic metabolism of cellulose and hemicelluloses to methane and carbon dioxide are well-understood, evidence for the initial stages of lignin decomposition is fragmentary. The objective of this study was to look for evidence of chemical transformations of lignin in woody tissues [hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), and old newsprint (ONP)] after anaerobic decomposition using Klason and acid-soluble lignin, CuO oxidation, and 2D NMR. Tests were conducted under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, and lignin associations with structural carbohydrates are retained. For HW and ONP, the carbon losses could be attributed to cellulose and hemicelluloses, while carbon loss in SW was attributable to an uncharacterized fraction (e.g., extractives etc.). The 2D NMR and chemical degradation methods revealed slight reductions in β-O-4 linkages for HW and ONP, with no depolymerization of lignin in any substrate.}, number={27}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Cruz, Florentino B. and Yelle, Daniel J. and Gracz, Hanna S. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={6362–6374} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2014, title={Chemical Changes during Anaerobic Decomposition of Lignocellulose under Mesophilic and Thermophilic Conditions}, author={de la Cruz, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_green_chanton_thoma_foster-wittig_barlaz_2014, title={Comparison of Methane Emissions Using Different Greenhouse Gas Reporting Protocols and Measured Methane Emissions from a Landfill without Gas Collection System}, author={de la Cruz, F.B. and Green, R.B. and Chanton, J.P. and Thoma, E.D. and Foster-Wittig, T.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2014, title={Comparison of the Life-Cycle Emissions from Commercial Source-Separated Organic Waste Management Alternatives}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{jaunich_levis_barlaz_2014, place={Orlando, FL}, title={Environmental Implications of Empirical Solid Waste Collection Data from U.S. Municipalities}, author={Jaunich, M. and Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.}, year={2014} }
 @article{brogaard_damgaard_jensen_barlaz_christensen_2014, title={Evaluation of life cycle inventory data for recycling systems}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1879-0658"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.03.011}, abstractNote={This paper reviews databases on material recycling (primary as well as secondary production) used in life cycle assessments (LCA) of waste management systems. A total of 366 datasets, from 1980 to 2010 and covering 14 materials, were collected from databases and reports. Totals for CO2-equivalent emissions were compared to illustrate variations in the data. It was hypothesised that emissions from material production and the recycling industry had decreased over time due to increasing regulation, energy costs and process optimisation, but the reported datasets did not reveal such a general trend. Data representing the same processes varied considerably between databases, and proper background information was hard to obtain, which in turn made it difficult to explain the large differences observed. Those differences between the highest and lowest estimated CO2 emissions (equivalents) from the primary production of newsprint, HDPE and glass were 238%, 443% and 452%, respectively. For steel and aluminium the differences were 1761% and 235%, respectively. There is a severe lack of data for some recycled materials; for example, only one dataset existed for secondary cardboard. The study shows that the choice of dataset used to represent the environmental load of a material recycling process and credited emissions from the avoided production of virgin materials is crucial for the outcome of an LCA on waste management. Great care and a high degree of transparency are mandatory, but advice on which datasets to use could not be determined from the study. However, from the gathered data, recycling in general showed lower emission of CO2 per kg material than primary production, so the recycling of materials (considered in this study) is thus beneficial in most cases.}, journal={RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING}, author={Brogaard, Line K. and Damgaard, Anders and Jensen, Morten B. and Barlaz, Morton and Christensen, Thomas H.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={30–45} }
 @inproceedings{lang_barlaz_allred_field_2014, title={Fluorochemical Compounds in Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Leachate}, author={Lang, J.R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Allred, B.M. and Field, J.}, year={2014} }
 @book{levis_barlaz_2014, title={Landfill Gas Monte Carlo Model Documentation and Results. Report to ICF for the U.S}, url={https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/lanfl_gas_mont_carlo_modl.pdf}, journal={EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM)}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{sun_barlaz_2014, title={Measurement of Chemical Leaching Potential of Sulfate from Landfill Disposed Sulfate-Containing Wastes}, author={Sun, W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{sun_barlaz_2014, title={Methods to Measure the Hydrogen Sulfide Production Potential of Sulfate-Containing Wastes in Landfills-Laboratory Scale Bioreactor}, author={Sun, W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{sun_barlaz_sun_2014, title={Methods to Measure the Hydrogen Sulfide Production Potential or Sulfate-Containing Wastes - Laboratory Scale Bioreactor and Batch Study}, author={Sun, W. and Barlaz, M.A. and Sun, M.}, year={2014} }
 @article{pressley_aziz_decarolis_barlaz_he_li_damgaard_2014, title={Municipal solid waste conversion to transportation fuels: a life-cycle estimation of global warming potential and energy consumption}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1879-1786"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898919815&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.041}, abstractNote={This paper utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the conversion of U.S. municipal solid waste (MSW) to liquid transportation fuels via gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (FT). The model estimates the cumulative energy demand and global warming potential (GWP) associated with the conversion of 1 Mg (1 Mg = 1000 kg) of MSW delivered to the front gate of a refuse-derived fuel (RDF) facility into liquid transportation fuels. In addition, net energy production is reported to quantify system performance. The system is expanded to include substituted electricity and fuel. Under a set of default assumptions, the model estimates that 1 Mg of MSW entering the RDF facility yields 123 L of gasoline, 57 L of diesel, 79 kg of other FT products, and 193 kWh of gross electricity production. For each Mg of MSW, the conversion process consumes 4.4 GJ of primary energy while creating fuels and electricity with a cumulative energy content of 10.8 GJ. Across a range of waste compositions, the liquid fuels produced by gasification and FT processing resulted in a net GWP ranging from −267 to −144 kg CO2e per Mg MSW, including offsets for conventional electricity and fuel production. The energy requirement associated with syngas compression for FT processing was significant and resulted in high levels of process-related GWP. The model demonstrates that an increased biogenic MSW fraction, assumed to be carbon neutral, reduced the GWP. However, a greater GWP reduction could be obtained through reduced FT pressure requirements, increased gas reaction rates, or a less carbon intensive power mix.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION}, author={Pressley, Phillip N. and Aziz, Tarek N. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A. and He, Feng and Li, Fanxing and Damgaard, Anders}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={145–153} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_decarolis_ranjithan_2014, title={Optimal Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Consideration of Changes to Population, Waste Generation and Composition, and the Energy System}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Ranjithan, R.}, year={2014} }
 @article{allred_lang_barlaz_field_2014, title={Orthogonal zirconium diol/C18 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate}, volume={1359}, ISSN={["1873-3778"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.056}, abstractNote={Leachates coming from landfills contain a myriad of compounds of potential environmental and human health concern, including per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). Micro liquid-liquid extraction was combined with a 900 μl large volume injection (LVI) for the analysis of 70 PFASs in landfill leachate by orthogonal LC-MS/MS. The LVI approach introduced 7 times more extract than conventional injection approaches. Two zirconium-modified diol guard columns effectively retained PFASs from the organic leachate extract and an analytical C18 column was used for separation. Method accuracy and precision for PFASs with analytical grade reference materials ranged from 81–120% and 5.5–33%, respectively. Estimated method detection limits in the low to sub-ng/L. Seven landfill leachates were analyzed by the optimized analytical method for the purposes of method demonstration. Leachates were characterized by a wide variety of PFASs, reporting on 36 previously-unanalyzed PFASs in leachate. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates were the most abundant class detected while phosphorous-containing PFASs, present in all leachates, were at low concentrations. The 3-perfluoropentyl propanoate (5:3 FTCA) was the most concentrated analyte in most samples and constitutes a previously unreported but significant component of landfill leachate.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A}, author={Allred, B. McKay and Lang, Johnsie R. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Field, Jennifer A.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={202–211} }
 @inproceedings{lang_barlaz_allred_field_2014, title={Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Municipal Waste and Landfill Leachate}, author={Lang, J.R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Allred, B.M. and Field, J.}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{morris_espinoza_barlaz_2014, title={Sustainable Post-Closure Care Paradigm for Municipal Landfills}, author={Morris, J.W.F. and Espinoza, R.D. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2014} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_decarolis_ranji ranjithan_2014, title={Systematic Exploration of Efficient Strategies to Manage Solid Waste in U.S. Municipalities: Perspectives from the Solid Waste Optimization Life-Cycle Framework (SWOLF)}, volume={48}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500052h}, DOI={10.1021/es500052h}, abstractNote={Solid waste management (SWM) systems must proactively adapt to changing policy requirements, waste composition, and an evolving energy system to sustainably manage future solid waste. This study represents the first application of an optimizable dynamic life-cycle assessment framework capable of considering these future changes. The framework was used to draw insights by analyzing the SWM system of a hypothetical suburban U.S. city of 100 000 people over 30 years while considering changes to population, waste generation, and energy mix and costs. The SWM system included 3 waste generation sectors, 30 types of waste materials, and 9 processes for waste separation, treatment, and disposal. A business-as-usual scenario (BAU) was compared to three optimization scenarios that (1) minimized cost (Min Cost), (2) maximized diversion (Max Diversion), and (3) minimized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Min GHG) from the system. The Min Cost scenario saved $7.2 million (12%) and reduced GHG emissions (3%) relative to the BAU scenario. Compared to the Max Diversion scenario, the Min GHG scenario cost approximately 27% less and more than doubled the net reduction in GHG emissions. The results illustrate how the timed-deployment of technologies in response to changes in waste composition and the energy system results in more efficient SWM system performance compared to what is possible from static analyses.}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Science and Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Ranji Ranjithan, S.}, year={2014}, pages={3625–3631} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_decarolis_ranjithan_2014, title={What is the optimal way for a suburban U.S. city to sustainably manage future solid waste? Perspectives from the Solid Waste Optimization Life-cycle Framework (SWOLF)}, volume={48}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Ranjithan, S.Ranji}, year={2014}, pages={3625–3631} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_decarolis_ranjithan_2013, title={A generalized multistage optimization modeling framework for life cycle assessment-based integrated solid waste management}, volume={50}, ISSN={1364-8152}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.08.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.08.007}, abstractNote={Solid waste management (SWM) is an integral component of civil infrastructure and the global economy, and is a growing concern due to increases in population, urbanization, and economic development. In 2011, 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) were generated, and this is expected to grow to 2.2 billion metric tons by 2025. In the U.S., MSW systems processed approximately 250 million tons of waste and produced 118 Tg of CO2e emissions, which represents over 8% of non-energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and 2% of total net GHG emissions. While previous research has applied environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to SWM using formal search techniques, existing models are either not readily generalizable and scalable, or optimize only a single time period and do not consider changes likely to affect SWM over time, such as new policy and technology innovation. This paper presents the first life cycle-based framework to optimize—over multiple time stages—the collection and treatment of all waste materials from curb to final disposal by minimizing cost or environmental impacts while considering user-defined emissions and waste diversion constraints. In addition, the framework is designed to be responsive to future changes in energy and GHG prices. This framework considers the use of existing SWM infrastructure as well as the deployment and utilization of new infrastructure. Several scenarios, considering cost, diversion, and GHG emissions, are analyzed in a 3-stage test system. The results show the utility of the multi-stage framework and the insights that can be gained from using such a framework. The framework was also used to solve a larger SWM system; the results show that the framework solves in reasonable time using typical hardware and readily available mathematical programming solvers. The framework is intended to inform SWM by considering costs, environmental impacts, and policy constraints.}, journal={Environmental Modelling & Software}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A. and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Ranjithan, S. Ranji}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={51–65} }
 @article{wang_padgett_powell_barlaz_2013, title={Decomposition of forest products buried in landfills}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.009}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to investigate the decomposition of selected wood and paper products in landfills. The decomposition of these products under anaerobic landfill conditions results in the generation of biogenic carbon dioxide and methane, while the un-decomposed portion represents a biogenic carbon sink. Information on the decomposition of these municipal waste components is used to estimate national methane emissions inventories, for attribution of carbon storage credits, and to assess the life-cycle greenhouse gas impacts of wood and paper products. Hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), plywood (PW), oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard (PB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), newsprint (NP), corrugated container (CC) and copy paper (CP) were buried in landfills operated with leachate recirculation, and were excavated after approximately 1.5 and 2.5 yr. Samples were analyzed for cellulose (C), hemicellulose (H), lignin (L), volatile solids (VS), and organic carbon (OC). A holocellulose decomposition index (HOD) and carbon storage factor (CSF) were calculated to evaluate the extent of solids decomposition and carbon storage. Samples of OSB made from HW exhibited cellulose plus hemicellulose (C + H) loss of up to 38%, while loss for the other wood types was 0–10% in most samples. The C + H loss was up to 81%, 95% and 96% for NP, CP and CC, respectively. The CSFs for wood and paper samples ranged from 0.34 to 0.47 and 0.02 to 0.27 g OC g−1 dry material, respectively. These results, in general, correlated well with an earlier laboratory-scale study, though NP and CC decomposition measured in this study were higher than previously reported.}, number={11}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Wang, Xiaoming and Padgett, Jennifer M. and Powell, John S. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={2267–2276} }
 @article{abichou_barlaz_green_hater_2013, title={Liquid balance monitoring inside conventional, Retrofit, and bio-reactor landfill cells}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.023}, abstractNote={The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) in Louisville, KY, USA has been the site of a study to evaluate long-term bioreactor performance at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a conventional landfill (Control cell), a new landfill area that had an air addition and recirculation piping network installed as waste was being placed (As-Built cell), and a conventional landfill that was modified to allow for liquids recirculation (Retrofit cell). During the monitoring period, the Retrofit, Control, and As-Built cells received 48, 14, and 213 L Mg−1 (liters of liquids per metric ton of waste), respectively. The leachate collection system yielded 60, 57 and 198 L Mg−1 from the Retrofit, Control, and As-Built cells, respectively. The head on liner in all cells was below regulatory limits. In the Control and As-Built cells, leachate head on liner decreased once waste placement stopped. The measured moisture content of the waste samples was consistent with that calculated from the estimate of accumulated liquid by the liquid balance. Additionally, measurements on excavated solid waste samples revealed large spatial variability in waste moisture content. The degree of saturation in the Control cells decreased from 85% to 75%. The degree of saturation increased from 82% to 83% due to liquids addition in the Retrofit cells and decreased back to 80% once liquid addition stopped. In the As-Built cells, the degree of saturation increased from 87% to 97% during filling activities and then started to decrease soon after filling activities stopped to reach 92% at the end of the monitoring period. The measured leachate generation rates were used to estimate an in-place saturated hydraulic conductivity of the MSW in the range of 10−8 to 10−7 m s−1 which is lower than previous reports. In the Control and Retrofit cells, the net loss in liquids, 43 and 12 L Mg−1, respectively, was similar to the measured settlement of 15% and 5–8% strain, respectively (Abichou et al., 2013). The increase in net liquid volume in the As-Built cells indicates that the 37% (average) measured settlement strain in these cells cannot be due to consolidation as the waste mass did not lose any moisture but rather suggests that settlement was attributable to lubrication of waste particle contacts, softening of flexible porous materials, and additional biological degradation.}, number={10}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Abichou, Tarek and Barlaz, Morton A. and Green, Roger and Hater, Gary}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={2006–2014} }
 @article{cruz_chanton_barlaz_2013, title={Measurement of carbon storage in landfills from the biogenic carbon content of excavated waste samples}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.012}, abstractNote={Landfills are an anaerobic ecosystem and represent the major disposal alternative for municipal solid waste (MSW) in the U.S. While some fraction of the biogenic carbon, primarily cellulose (Cel) and hemicellulose (H), is converted to carbon dioxide and methane, lignin (L) is essentially recalcitrant. The biogenic carbon that is not mineralized is stored within the landfill. This carbon storage represents a significant component of a landfill carbon balance. The fraction of biogenic carbon that is not reactive in the landfill environment and therefore stored was derived for samples of excavated waste by measurement of the total organic carbon, its biogenic fraction, and the remaining methane potential. The average biogenic carbon content of the excavated samples was 64.6 ± 18.0% (average ± standard deviation), while the average carbon storage factor was 0.09 ± 0.06 g biogenic-C stored per g dry sample or 0.66 ± 0.16 g biogenic-C stored per g biogenic C.}, number={10}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cruz, Florentino B. and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={2001–2005} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2013, title={Modernizing Models and Data on Methane Production from U.S. Municipal Solid Waste}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2013} }
 @misc{barlaz_2013, title={Solid Waste Engineering: Test Tubes, Landfills and Models}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2013} }
 @article{abichou_barlaz_green_hater_2013, title={The Outer Loop bioreactor: A case study of settlement monitoring and solids decomposition}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.005}, abstractNote={The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) located in Louisville, KY, USA has been in operation since 2000 and represents an opportunity to evaluate long-term bioreactor monitoring data at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a Control cell, a new landfill area that had a piping network installed as waste was being placed to support leachate recirculation (As-Built cell), and a conventional landfill that was modified to allow for liquid recirculation (Retrofit cell). The objective of this study is to summarize the results of settlement data and assess how these data relate to solids decomposition monitoring at the OLLB. The Retrofit cells started to settle as soon as liquids were introduced. The cumulative settlement during the 8 years of monitoring varied from 60 to 100 cm. These results suggest that liquid recirculation in the Retrofit cells caused a 5–8% reduction in the thickness of the waste column. The average long-term settlement in the As-Built and Control Cells was about 37% and 19%, respectively. The modified compression index (Cα′) was 0.17 for the Control cells and 0.2–0.48 for the As-Built cells. While the As-Built cells exhibited greater settlement than the Control cells, the data do not support biodegradation as the only explanation. The increased settlement in the As-Built bioreactor cell appeared to be associated with liquid movement and not with biodegradation because both chemical (biochemical methane potential) and physical (moisture content) indicators of decomposition were similar in the Control and As-Built cells. The solids data are consistent with the concept that bioreactor operations accelerate the rate of decomposition, but not necessarily the cumulative loss of anaerobically degradable solids.}, number={10}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Abichou, Tarek and Barlaz, Morton A. and Green, Roger and Hater, Gary}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={2035–2047} }
 @article{chen_knappe_barlaz_2013, title={The effect of aging on the bioavailability of toluene sorbed to municipal solid waste components}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1879-1298"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869886366&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.062}, abstractNote={Past practice of co-disposing priority pollutants with municipal solid waste (MSW) has led to the placement of more than 150 MSW landfills in the US on the National Priorities List of Superfund. Interactions between organic contaminants and MSW constituents and the effects of these interactions on contaminant fate are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorbate–sorbent aging time and sorbent decomposition on toluene bioavailability and fate. The bioavailability of 14C-toluene sorbed to individual MSW constituents [office paper, newsprint, model food and yard waste, high density polyethylene (HDPE), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] was evaluated after aging times of 1, 30, and 180 d. Biodegradable sorbents were tested in both fresh and anaerobically degraded forms to evaluate the effect of sorbent decomposition. At the termination of bioavailability tests, the distribution of 14C that was not converted to 14CO2 was measured by sequential lipophilic solvent and base extractions of sorbents followed by combustion of extracted sorbents. Increasing the toluene-sorbent aging time reduced the rate of toluene biodegradation for all MSW components except for HDPE. 14C remaining in sorbents at the completion of bioavailability tests was physically sequestered within and/or covalently bound to sorbent organic matter, and this fraction increased with increasing aging time. Up to 18.6% of 14C was associated with humic matter (humic and fulvic acids, humin) at the completion of bioavailability tests.}, number={2}, journal={CHEMOSPHERE}, author={Chen, Ye and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={251–259} }
 @article{wang_nagpure_decarolis_barlaz_2013, title={Using observed data to improve estimated methane collection from select US landfills}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1021/es304565m}, abstractNote={The anaerobic decomposition of solid waste in a landfill produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and if recovered, a valuable energy commodity. Methane generation from U.S. landfills is usually estimated using the U.S. EPA's Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM). Default values for the two key parameters within LandGEM, the first-order decay rate (k) and the methane production potential (L0) are based on data collected in the 1990s. In this study, observed methane collection data from 11 U.S. landfills and estimates of gas collection efficiencies developed from site-specific gas well installation data were included in a reformulated LandGEM equation. Formal search techniques were employed to optimize k for each landfill to find the minimum sum of squared errors (SSE) between the LandGEM prediction and the observed collection data. Across nearly all landfills, the optimal k was found to be higher than the default AP-42 of 0.04 yr(-1) and the weighted average decay for the 11 landfills was 0.09 - 0.12 yr(-1). The results suggest that the default k value assumed in LandGEM is likely too low, which implies that more methane is produced in the early years following waste burial when gas collection efficiencies tend to be lower.}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Wang, X. M. and Nagpure, A. S. and DeCarolis, J. F. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2013}, pages={3251–3257} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_levis_decarolis_ranjithan_2013, title={What is the Optimal Way for a Suburban U.S. City to Sustainably Manage Future Solid Waste? Perspectives from a Solid Waste Optimization Life-cycle Framework (SWOLF)}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Levis, J. and DeCarolis, J. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2013} }
 @article{abichou_clark_chanton_hater_green_goldsmith_barlaz_swan_2012, title={A new approach to characterize emission contributions from area sources during optical remote sensing technique testing}, volume={62}, ISSN={1096-2247 2162-2906}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.716384}, DOI={10.1080/10962247.2012.716384}, abstractNote={In the method termed “Other Test Method-10,” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a method to quantify emissions from nonpoint sources by the use of vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) technique. The surface area of the emitting source and the degree to which the different zones of the emitting source are contributing to the VRPM computed emissions are often unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate and present an approach to quantify the unknown emitting surface area that is contributing to VRPM measured emissions. Currently a preexisting model known as the “multiple linear regression model,” which is described in Thoma et al. (2009), is used for quantifying the unknown surface area. The method investigated and presented in this paper utilized tracer tests to collect data and develop a model much like that described in Thoma et al. (2009). However, unlike the study used for development of the multiple linear regression model, this study is considered a very limited study due to the low number of pollutant releases performed (seven total releases). It was found through this limited study that the location of an emitting source impacts VRPM computed emissions exponentially, rather than linearly (i.e., the impact that an emitting source has on VRPM measurements decreases exponentially with increasing distances between the emitting source and the VRPM plane). The data from the field tracer tests were used to suggest a multiple exponential regression model. The findings of this study, however, are based on a very small number of tracer tests. More tracer tests performed during all types of climatic conditions, terrain conditions, and different emissions geometries are still needed to better understand the variation of capture efficiency with emitting source location. This study provides a step toward such an objective. Implications The findings of this study will aid in the advancement of the VRPM technique. In particular, the contribution of this study is to propose a slight improvement in how the area contributing to flux is determined during VRPM campaigns. This will reduce some of the technique's inherent uncertainties when it is employed to estimate emissions from an area source under nonideal conditions.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Abichou, Tarek and Clark, Jeremy and Chanton, Jeffery and Hater, Gary and Green, Roger and Goldsmith, Doug and Barlaz, Morton and Swan, Nathan}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={1403–1410} }
 @article{laner_crest_scharff_morris_barlaz_2012, title={A review of approaches for the long-term management of municipal solid waste landfills}, volume={32}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2011.11.010}, abstractNote={After closure, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills must be managed and controlled to avoid adverse effects on human health and the environment (HHE). Aftercare (or post-closure care) can be brought to an end when the authorities consider the landfill to no longer pose a threat to HHE. Different approaches have been suggested for long-term landfill management and evaluation of aftercare completion. In this paper, research on aftercare and its completion is analyzed and regulatory approaches for the completion of landfill aftercare are reviewed. Approaches to aftercare could be categorized as (i) target values, (ii) impact/risk assessment, and (iii) performance based. Comparison of these approaches illustrates that each has limitations and strengths. While target values are typically used as screening indicators to be complemented with site-specific assessments, impact/risk assessment approaches address the core issue about aftercare completion, but face large uncertainties and require a high level of expertise. A performance-based approach allows for the combination of target values and impact/risk assessments in a consistent evaluation framework with the aim of sequentially reducing aftercare intensity and, ultimately, leading to the completion of aftercare. At a regulatory level, simple qualitative criteria are typically used as the primary basis for defining completion of aftercare, most likely due to the complexity of developing rigorous evaluation methodologies. This paper argues that development of transparent and consistent regulatory procedures represents the basis for defining the desired state of a landfill at the end of aftercare and for reducing uncertainty about the intensity and duration of aftercare. In this context, recently presented technical guidelines and the ongoing debate with respect to their regulatory acceptance are a valuable step towards developing strategies for the cost-effective protection of HHE at closed MSW landfills. To assess the practicality of evaluation methodologies for aftercare, well-documented case studies including regulatory review and acceptance are needed.}, number={3}, journal={Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Laner, D. and Crest, M. and Scharff, H. and Morris, J. W. F. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2012}, pages={498–512} }
 @article{bareither_benson_edil_barlaz_2012, title={Abiotic and Biotic Compression of Municipal Solid Waste}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1943-5606"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000660}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study focused on quantifying relative contributions of abiotic and biotic compression of municipal solid waste (MSW). Abiotic mechanisms include immediate compression, mechanical creep, and moisture-induced waste softening. The biotic mechanism is decomposition of the MSW organic fraction, which when coupled with mechanical creep, yields biocompression. Three 610-mm-diameter laboratory compression experiments were conducted for 1,150 days under the following conditions: (1) waste with no liquid addition (dry), (2) liquid addition spiked with biocide (abiotic), and (3) leachate recirculation (biotic). Immediate compression strain was similar in all three tests (24–27%). Mechanical creep, moisture-induced softening, and biocompression were compared via time-dependent compression ratios (Cα′). Moisture-induced softening occurred in both the abiotic and biotic cells in response to liquid addition and leachate recirculation. Moisture-induced softening accelerated the accumulation of mechanical cre...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Bareither, Christopher A. and Benson, Craig H. and Edil, Tuncer B. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={877–888} }
 @inproceedings{weaver_barlaz_2012, title={Anaerobic Biodegradability of Plastics in Laboratory-Scale Landfill Reactors}, author={Weaver, J.E. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{milke_barlaz_2012, title={Anaerobic Biodegradability of Wood and Wood Products: Reassessment and New Insights}, author={Milke, M. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{levis_barlaz_2012, title={Analysis of Landfill Times to Begin Collection, Begin Energy Recovery, Terminate Collection Under NSPS}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{ranjithan_levis_barlaz_decarolis_2012, title={Application of a multi-stage life-cycle optimization model to minimize cost and greenhouse emissions from solid waste management}, author={Ranjithan, S. and Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and DeCarolis, J.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{wang_padgett_de la cruz_barlaz_2012, title={Biodegradability of Forest Products in Laboratory- and Field-Scale Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Padgett, J.M. and de la Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2012, title={Biodegradation in Landfills: Why It Happens and Implications for Packaging Design}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{barlaz_2012, title={Collection Efficiency: Critical Analysis of Published Literature}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{barlaz_2012, title={Collection Timeframe: Summary of Landfill Operator Survey Results}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @article{bareither_breitmeyer_benson_barlaz_edil_2012, title={Deer Track Bioreactor Experiment: Field-Scale Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Bioreactor Performance}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1943-5606"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000636}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Deer Track Bioreactor Experiment (DTBE) was a field-scale experiment conducted in a drainage lysimeter (8.2-m height, 2.4-m diameter) to assess the physical, chemical, and biological response of municipal solid waste with leachate addition. The experiment was operated for 1,067 days, with leachate dosing initiated on Day 399. Fresh leachate collected from a full-scale landfill was used for each dose. The ratio of cumulative leachate effluent to influent volume increased during dosing and leveled off at approximately 80%, indicating field capacity was achieved. Peak Darcy flux ranged from 2×10-7  m/s to 4×10-5  m/s, with larger flux computed for the last four doses when waste saturation was higher. During the experiment, the average dry unit weight of the waste increased 28% and the dry-weight water content (wd) increased 18%; field capacity of the waste was 44 to 48% on a dry-weight basis. Biochemical methane potential decreased from 51.4 to 3.4  mL-CH4/g-dry, indicating that 93% of the potent...}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Bareither, Christopher A. and Breitmeyer, Ronald J. and Benson, Craig H. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Edil, Tuncer B.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={658–670} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2012, title={Determination of Sources of Organic Matter in Landfills by Analysis of CuO Oxidation Products of Lignin}, author={De La Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{lang_barlaz_2012, title={Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Properties and Sulfate Release from Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Fines}, author={Lang, J.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @article{saquing_knappe_barlaz_2012, title={Fate and transport of phenol in a packed bed reactor containing simulated solid waste}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82655173775&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.017}, abstractNote={An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls.}, number={2}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Saquing, Jovita M. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={327–334} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2012, title={Feasibility of Waste Sampling and Analysis for Post-Closure Care}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{lang_field_allred_barlaz_2012, title={Fluorochemical Signatures in Municipal Waste and Landfill Leachate}, author={Lang, J.R. and Field, J. and Allred, B.M. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2012, title={Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Costs Associated with Solid Waste Management Policies}, author={Levis, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2012, title={Hydrogen Sulfide Production from Different Sulfur-Containing Materials under Anaerobic Landfill Conditions}, author={de la Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @article{morris_crest_barlaz_spokas_akerman_yuan_2012, title={Improved methodology to assess modification and completion of landfill gas management in the aftercare period}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.017}, abstractNote={Municipal solid waste landfills represent the dominant option for waste disposal in many parts of the world. While some countries have greatly reduced their reliance on landfills, there remain thousands of landfills that require aftercare. The development of cost-effective strategies for landfill aftercare is in society's interest to protect human health and the environment and to prevent the emergence of landfills with exhausted aftercare funding. The Evaluation of Post-Closure Care (EPCC) methodology is a performance-based approach in which landfill performance is assessed in four modules including leachate, gas, groundwater, and final cover. In the methodology, the objective is to evaluate landfill performance to determine when aftercare monitoring and maintenance can be reduced or possibly eliminated. This study presents an improved gas module for the methodology. While the original version of the module focused narrowly on regulatory requirements for control of methane migration, the improved gas module also considers best available control technology for landfill gas in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, and emissions of odoriferous compounds. The improved module emphasizes the reduction or elimination of fugitive methane by considering the methane oxidation capacity of the cover system. The module also allows for the installation of biologically active covers or other features designed to enhance methane oxidation. A methane emissions model, CALMIM, was used to assist with an assessment of the methane oxidation capacity of landfill covers.}, number={12}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Morris, Jeremy W. F. and Crest, Marion and Barlaz, Morton A. and Spokas, Kurt A. and Akerman, Anna and Yuan, Lei}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={2364–2373} }
 @inbook{kaplan_decarolis_barlaz_2012, title={Life Cycle Comparison of Waste-to-Energy to Sanitary Landfill}, ISBN={9780387894690 9781441908513}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_409}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_409}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Kaplan, P. Ozge and DeCarolis, Joseph F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2012}, pages={5909–5934} }
 @inproceedings{wang_barlaz_2012, title={Modernizing Methane Generation Models and Data from U.S. Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{wang_nagpure_decarolis_barlaz_2012, title={Modernizing Models and Data on Methane Production from U.S. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Nagpure, A.S. and DeCarolis, J.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @article{yazdani_barlaz_augenstein_kayhanian_tchobanoglous_2012, title={Performance evaluation of an anaerobic/aerobic landfill-based digester using yard waste for energy and compost production}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.003}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate a new alternative for yard waste management by constructing, operating and monitoring a landfill-based two-stage batch digester (anaerobic/aerobic) with the recovery of energy and compost. The system was initially operated under anaerobic conditions for 366 days, after which the yard waste was aerated for an additional 191 days. Off gas generated from the aerobic stage was treated by biofilters. Net energy recovery was 84.3 MWh, or 46 kWh per million metric tons of wet waste (as received), and the biochemical methane potential of the treated waste decreased by 83% during the two-stage operation. The average removal efficiencies of volatile organic compounds and non-methane organic compounds in the biofilters were 96–99% and 68–99%, respectively.}, number={5}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Yazdani, Ramin and Barlaz, Morton A. and Augenstein, Don and Kayhanian, Masoud and Tchobanoglous, George}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={912–919} }
 @inproceedings{crest_morris_akerman_barlaz_hayward-higham_2012, title={Step-Down Performance-Based Approach to Landfill Aftercare Completion and Reuse}, author={Crest, M. and Morris, J.W.F. and Akerman, A. and Barlaz, M.A. and Hayward-Higham, S.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2012, title={Updated k values based on using more detailed landfill gas collection and header pipe data}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @inproceedings{wang_padgett_de la cruz_barlaz_2012, title={Wood Biodegradation in Laboratory- and Field-Scale Landfills}, author={Wang, X. and Padgett, J.M. and de la Cruz, F.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{barlaz_2011, place={The Netherlands}, title={A New Concept for the Environmental Management of Landfills: A Performance Based Approach for Aftercare}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{morris_barlaz_2011, title={A performance-based system for the long-term management of municipal waste landfills}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.018}, abstractNote={Landfills have been the dominant alternative for disposal of solid waste and there are tens of thousands of closed landfills throughout the world that require a long-term management strategy. In contrast to approaches based on time or target values, this paper describes a performance-based methodology for evaluation of post-closure care (PCC). Using the methodology, critical components of PCC at a landfill, including leachate and gas management, groundwater monitoring and cover integrity, are considered to determine whether a landfill meets defined conditions for functional stability and can transition from regulated PCC to a post-regulatory custodial care program representing de minimus care activities only. The methodology is predicated on understanding the biological, chemical, and physical behavior of a landfill and the presence of sufficient data to verify expected trends in landfill behavior. If an evaluation suggests that a change can be made to PCC, the landfill owner must perform confirmation monitoring and then surveillance monitoring at a decreasing frequency to verify that the change is protective of human health and the environment. A hypothetical case study showed that using the methodology to evaluate site-specific PCC requirements could result in increased environmental protection at comparable cost by spending available funds where they are most needed.}, number={4}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Morris, Jeremy W. F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={649–662} }
 @book{barlaz_2011, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Background Information Document for Life-Cycle Inventory Landfill Process Model}, number={EP-C-07-015}, institution={NC State and Eastern Research Group}, author={Barlaz, M}, year={2011}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{barlaz_2011, title={Biodegradation in Landfills: Why It Happens and What It Means}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{staley_reyes_barlaz_2012, title={Comparison of Bacteria and Archaea communities in municipal solid waste, individual refuse components, and leachate}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1574-6941"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855293496&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01239.x}, abstractNote={Refuse decomposition in landfills is a microbially mediated process that occurs primarily under anaerobic conditions. Because of limited moisture conditions, hydraulic transport as a means of cellular translocation within the landfill appears limited, especially during the initial stages of decomposition. Thus, microbial communities within the incoming refuse serve as a primary source of facultative and obligate anaerobic microorganisms that initiate refuse decomposition. Fresh residential refuse was collected five times over 26 months, and microbial communities in these samples were compared with those in individual refuse components and decomposed refuse. Bacterial and archaeal community structures were determined using T-RFLP. The Bacterial microbial community richness was correlated (r(2) = 0.91) with seasonal differences in ambient air temperature. Analysis of the results shows that fresh refuse is most likely not the source of methanogens in landfills. Microbial communities in the solid and leachate phases were different, indicating that both matrices must be considered when characterizing microbial diversity within a landfill.}, number={2}, journal={FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and Reyes, Francis L., III and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={465–473} }
 @article{staley_reyes_barlaz_2011, title={Effect of Spatial Differences in Microbial Activity, pH, and Substrate Levels on Methanogenesis Initiation in Refuse}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79953275555&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1128/aem.02349-10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            The initiation of methanogenesis in refuse occurs under high volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and low pH (5.5 to 6.25), which generally are reported to inhibit methanogenic
            Archaea
            . One hypothesized mechanism for the initiation of methanogenesis in refuse decomposition is the presence of pH-neutral niches within the refuse that act as methanogenesis initiation centers. To provide experimental support for this mechanism, laboratory-scale landfill reactors were operated and destructively sampled when methanogenesis initiation was observed. The active bacterial and archaeal populations were evaluated using RNA clone libraries, RNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Measurements from 81 core samples from vertical and horizontal sections of each reactor showed large spatial differences in refuse pH, moisture content, and VFA concentrations. No pH-neutral niches were observed prior to methanogenesis. RNA clone library results showed that active bacterial populations belonged mostly to
            Clostridiales
            , and that methanogenic
            Archaea
            activity at low pH was attributable to
            Methanosarcina barkeri
            . After methanogenesis began, pH-neutral conditions developed in high-moisture-content areas containing substantial populations of
            M. barkeri
            . These areas expanded with increasing methane production, forming a reaction front that advanced to low-pH areas. Despite low-pH conditions in >50% of the samples within the reactors, the leachate pH was neutral, indicating that it is not an accurate indicator of landfill microbial conditions. In the absence of pH-neutral niches, this study suggests that methanogens tolerant to low pH, such as
            M. barkeri
            , are required to overcome the low-pH, high-VFA conditions present during the anaerobic acid phase of refuse decomposition.
          }, number={7}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and Reyes, Francis L., III and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={2381–2391} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2011, title={Estimation of Landfill Gas Generation Using Waste Components Specific Landfill Decay Rates}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @misc{barlaz_2011, title={Fate and Transport of Chemical and Biological Agents in Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @misc{barlaz_2011, title={Greenhouse Gases and Waste Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{morris_akerman_crest_barlaz_2011, title={Improved Methodology to Assess Modification and Completion of Landfill Gas Management in the Aftercare Period}, author={Morris, J.W.F. and Akerman, A. and Crest, M. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_2011, title={Is Biodegradability a Desirable Attribute for Discarded Solid Waste? Perspectives from a National Landfill Greenhouse Gas Inventory Model}, volume={45}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200721s}, DOI={10.1021/es200721s}, abstractNote={There is increasing interest in the use of biodegradable materials because they are believed to be "greener". In a landfill, these materials degrade anaerobically to form methane and carbon dioxide. The fraction of the methane that is collected can be utilized as an energy source and the fraction of the biogenic carbon that does not decompose is stored in the landfill. A landfill life-cycle model was developed to represent the behavior of MSW components and new materials disposed in a landfill representative of the U.S. average with respect to gas collection and utilization over a range of environmental conditions (i.e., arid, moderate wet, and bioreactor). The behavior of materials that biodegrade at relatively fast (food waste), medium (biodegradable polymer) and slow (newsprint and office paper) rates was studied. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate) (PHBO) was selected as illustrative for an emerging biodegradable polymer. Global warming potentials (GWP) of 26, 720, -1000, 990, and 1300 kg CO(2)e wet Mg(-1) were estimated for MSW, food waste, newsprint, office paper, and PHBO, respectively in a national average landfill. In a state-of-the-art landfill with gas collection and electricity generation, GWP's of -250, 330, -1400, -96, and -420 kg CO(2)e wet Mg(-1) were estimated for MSW, food waste, newsprint, office paper and PHBO, respectively. Additional simulations showed that for a hypothetical material, a slower biodegradation rate and a lower extent of biodegradation improve the environmental performance of a material in a landfill representative of national average conditions.}, number={13}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={5470–5476} }
 @misc{barlaz_2011, place={Austria}, title={Is Biodegradability a Desirable Attribute for a Material: Implications for Packaging Design}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2011, title={Landfill Gas Modeling and Carbon Balance Analysis}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{chanton_abichou_langford_spokas_hater_green_goldsmith_barlaz_2011, title={Observations on the methane oxidation capacity of landfill soils}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.028}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the role of CH(4) loading to a landfill cover in the control of CH(4) oxidation rate (gCH(4)m(-2)d(-1)) and CH(4) oxidation efficiency (% CH(4) oxidation) in a field setting. Specifically, we wanted to assess how much CH(4) a cover soil could handle. To achieve this objective we conducted synoptic measurements of landfill CH(4) emission and CH(4) oxidation in a single season at two Southeastern USA landfills. We hypothesized that percent oxidation would be greatest at sites of low CH(4) emission and would decrease as CH(4) emission rates increased. The trends in the experimental results were then compared to the predictions of two differing numerical models designed to simulate gas transport in landfill covers, one by modeling transport by diffusion only and the second allowing both advection and diffusion. In both field measurements and in modeling, we found that percent oxidation is a decreasing exponential function of the total CH(4) flux rate (CH(4) loading) into the cover. When CH(4) is supplied, a cover's rate of CH(4) uptake (gCH(4)m(-2)d(-2)) is linear to a point, after which the system becomes saturated. Both field data and modeling results indicate that percent oxidation should not be considered as a constant value. Percent oxidation is a changing quantity and is a function of cover type, climatic conditions and CH(4) loading to the bottom of the cover. The data indicate that an effective way to increase the % oxidation of a landfill cover is to limit the amount of CH(4) delivered to it.}, number={5}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Chanton, Jeffrey and Abichou, Tarek and Langford, Claire and Spokas, Kurt and Hater, Gary and Green, Roger and Goldsmith, Doug and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={914–925} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_tayebali_ranjithan_2011, title={Quantifying the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions Associated with Recycling Hot Mix Asphalt}, volume={12}, ISSN={1468-0629 2164-7402}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2011.9690352}, DOI={10.1080/14680629.2011.9690352}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Market based policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have become increasingly popular in the last decade. These policies provide economic incentives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A life-cycle inventory model was developed to evaluate three alternatives for the management of waste hot mix asphalt (HMA) including, (1) recycling as new aggregate, (2) recycling as new HMA, and (3) disposal in a landfill. Global warming potential, environmental emissions, and total energy use were quantified for each management alternative. The recycling of used asphalt into new HMA results in a reduction of 16 kg CO2e compared to landfilling. Recycling used HMA as aggregate reduced GHG emissions by 9 kg CO2e A Monte Carlo analysis on the alternatives showed that the range of reduction for recycling as HMA was 12 to 26 kg CO2e and for recycling as aggregate 6 to 11 kg CO2e.}, number={1}, journal={Road Materials and Pavement Design}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Tayebali, Akhtar and Ranjithan, S. Ranji}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={57–77} }
 @article{huset_barlaz_barofsky_field_2011, title={Quantitative determination of fluorochemicals in municipal landfill leachates}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1879-1298"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.072}, abstractNote={Twenty-four fluorochemicals were quantified in landfill leachates recovered from municipal refuse using an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction, dispersive-carbon sorbent cleanup, and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The method was applied to six landfill leachates from four locations in the US as well as to a leachate generated by a laboratory bioreactor containing residential refuse. All seven leachates had the common characteristic that short-chain (C4–C7) carboxylates or sulfonates were greater in abundance than their respective longer-chain homologs (⩾C8). Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates were the most abundant (67 ± 4% on a nanomolar (nM) basis) fluorochemicals measured in leachates; concentrations of individual carboxylates reaching levels up to 2800 ng L−1. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates were the next most abundant class (22 ± 2%) on a nM basis; their abundances in each of the seven leachates derived from municipal refuse were greater for the shorter-chain homologs (C4 and C6) compared to longer-chain homologs (C8 and C10). Perfluorobutane sulfonate concentrations were as high as 2300 ng L−1. Sulfonamide derivatives composed 8 ± 2.1% (nM basis) of the fluorochemicals in landfill leachates with methyl (C4 and C8) and ethyl (C8) sulfonamide acetic acids being the most abundant. Fluorotelomer sulfonates (6:2 and 8:2) composed 2.4 ± 1.3% (nM basis) of the fluorochemicals detected and were present in all leachates.}, number={10}, journal={CHEMOSPHERE}, author={Huset, Carin A. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Barofsky, Douglas F. and Field, Jennifer A.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={1380–1386} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2011, title={Solid Waste Management and Engineering: the Role of Research in Improving Performance}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{bareither_barlaz_2011, title={The State-of-the Practice of Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Bareither, C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2011} }
 @article{ela_sedlak_barlaz_henry_muir_swackhamer_weber_arnold_ferguson_field_et al._2011, title={Toward identifying the next generation of superfund and hazardous waste site contaminants}, volume={119}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Ela, W. P. and Sedlak, D. L. and Barlaz, M. A. and Henry, H. F. and Muir, D. C. G. and Swackhamer, D. L. and Weber, E. J. and Arnold, R. G. and Ferguson, P. L. and Field, J. A. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={6–10} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_2011, title={What Is the Most Environmentally Beneficial Way to Treat Commercial Food Waste?}, volume={45}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103556m}, DOI={10.1021/es103556m}, abstractNote={Commercial food waste represents a relatively available high-quality feedstock for landfill diversion to biological treatment. A life-cycle assessment was performed for commercial food waste processed through aerobic composting systems of varying complexity, anaerobic digestion, and landfills with and without gas collection and energy recovery, as well as a bioreactor landfill. The functional unit was 1000 kg of food waste plus 550 kg of branches that are used as a bulking agent. For each alternative, global warming potential, NO(x) and SO(2) emissions, and total net energy use were determined. Anaerobic digestion was the most environmentally beneficial treatment option, leading to -395 kg net CO(2)e per functional unit. This result was driven by avoided electricity generation and soil carbon storage from use of the resulting soil amendment. The composting alternatives led to between -148 and -64 kg net CO(2)e, whereas the landfill alternatives led to the emission of -240 to 1100 kg CO(2)e. A traditional landfill with energy recovery was predicted to have lower emissions than any of the composting alternatives when a fertilizer offset was used. There is variation in the results based on uncertainty in the inputs, and the relative rankings of the alternatives are dependent on the soil amendment offset that is used. The use of compost to offset peat has greater emission offsets than the value of compost as a fertilizer.}, number={17}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Levis, James W. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={7438–7444} }
 @article{wang_padgett_cruz_barlaz_2011, title={Wood Biodegradation in Laboratory-Scale Landfills}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es201241g}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradability of major wood products in municipal waste by measuring methane yields, decay rates, the extent of carbohydrate decomposition, carbon storage, and leachate toxicity. Tests were conducted in triplicate 8 L reactors operated to obtain maximum yields. Measured methane yields for red oak, eucalyptus, spruce, radiata pine, plywood (PW), oriented strand board (OSB) from hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW), particleboard (PB) and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were 32.5, 0, 7.5, 0.5, 6.3, 84.5, 0, 5.6, and 4.6 mL CH(4) dry g(-1), respectively. The red oak, a HW, exhibited greater decomposition than either SW (spruce and radiata), a trend that was also measured for the OSB-HW relative to OSB-SW. However, the eucalyptus (HW) exhibited toxicity. Thus, wood species have unique methane yields that should be considered in the development of national inventories of methane production and carbon storage. The current assumption of uniform biodegradability is not appropriate. The ammonia release from urea formaldehyde as present in PB and MDF could contribute to ammonia in landfill leachate. Using the extent of carbon conversion measured in this research, 0-19.9%, predicted methane production from a wood mixture using the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change waste model is only 7.9% of that predicted using the 50% carbon conversion default.}, number={16}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Wang, Xiaoming and Padgett, Jennifer M. and Cruz, Florentino B. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={6864–6871} }
 @article{levis_barlaz_themelis_ulloa_2010, title={Assessment of the state of food waste treatment in the United States and Canada}, volume={30}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.031}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.031}, abstractNote={Currently in the US, over 97% of food waste is estimated to be buried in landfills. There is nonetheless interest in strategies to divert this waste from landfills as evidenced by a number of programs and policies at the local and state levels, including collection programs for source separated organic wastes (SSO). The objective of this study was to characterize the state-of-the-practice of food waste treatment alternatives in the US and Canada. Site visits were conducted to aerobic composting and two anaerobic digestion facilities, in addition to meetings with officials that are responsible for program implementation and financing. The technology to produce useful products from either aerobic or anaerobic treatment of SSO is in place. However, there are a number of implementation issues that must be addressed, principally project economics and feedstock purity. Project economics varied by region based on landfill disposal fees. Feedstock purity can be obtained by enforcement of contaminant standards and/or manual or mechanical sorting of the feedstock prior to and after treatment. Future SSO diversion will be governed by economics and policy incentives, including landfill organics bans and climate change mitigation policies.}, number={8-9}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A. and Themelis, N.J. and Ulloa, P.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1486–1494} }
 @inproceedings{padgett_barlaz_2010, title={Biodegradability of Forest Products under Simulated Landfill Conditions}, author={Padgett, J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_2010, title={Cost Effective Solid Waste Management Decision Making in Consideration of Climate Change Policy}, publisher={Penton Media}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{staley_saikaly_reyes_barlaz_2011, title={Critical evaluation of solid waste sample processing for DNA-based microbial community analysis}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1572-9729"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650523052&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10532-010-9387-3}, abstractNote={Landfills represent a unique microbial ecosystem and play a significant role in global biogeochemical processes. The study of complex ecosystems such as landfills using DNA-based techniques can be advantageous since they allow for analysis of uncultured organisms and offer higher resolution in measuring demographic and metabolic (functional) diversity. However, sample acquisition and processing from refuse is challenging due to material heterogeneity. Decomposed refuse was used to evaluate the effect of seven sample processing methods on Bacteria and Archaea community structure using T-RFLP. Bias was assessed using measured richness and by comparing community structure using multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Generally, direct methods were found to be most biased while indirect methods (i.e., removal of cellular material from the refuse matrix before DNA extraction) were least biased. An indirect method using PO₄ buffer gave consistently high bacterial and archaeal richness and also resulted in 28 and 34% recovery of R. albus and M. formicicum spiked into refuse, respectively. However, the highest recovery of less abundant T-RFs was achieved using multiple processing methods. Results indicate differences in measured T-RF diversity from studies of landfill ecosystems could be caused by methodological (i.e., processing method) variation rather than refuse heterogeneity or true divergence in community structure.}, number={1}, journal={BIODEGRADATION}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and Saikaly, Pascal E. and Reyes, Francis L., III and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={189–204} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2010, title={Determination of Sources of Organic Matter in Landfill by Analysis of CuO Oxidation Products of Lignin}, author={De La Cruz, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_de la cruz_2010, title={Development of a Carbon Footprint Model for Landfill Disposal of Solid Waste}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and de la Cruz, F.B.}, year={2010} }
 @misc{barlaz_2010, title={Development of a Carbon Footprint Model for Landfill Disposal of Solid WasteThe Use of Life-Cycle Analysis for the Study of Alternatives for End of Life Materials Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2010, title={Development of a Model to Assess the Relative Sensitivity of Variables Controlling the Carbon Footprint of a Landfill}, author={De La Cruz, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{sadri_staley_barlaz_xu_hater_2010, title={Effect of an acidic and readily-biodegradable non-hazardous industrial process waste on refuse decomposition}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.026}, abstractNote={Non-hazardous industrial process wastes are receiving increased interest from landfill owners, especially with respect to bioreactor operation. These wastes could benefit bioreactors as they represent sources of liquid, nutrients, and/or substrate as well as revenue. However, landfill operators should exercise caution in accepting these wastes, as some could have detrimental effects on refuse decomposition. In this research, the use of laboratory-scale tests to evaluate the effect of one such waste on refuse decomposition is demonstrated. The waste evaluated, referred to as burnt sugar, is an acidic byproduct of corn-based polylactic acid production and represents a source of readily-biodegradable carbon. Lactic acid was the primary constituent of the BS at 0.73 g/g and the COD was measured at 1230 mg COD/g. Testing protocols were adapted to address the specific concerns surrounding the material. Abiotic dissolution tests conducted at mesophilic temperatures indicated that the majority of the waste dissolved into leachate recirculated over a layer of the waste within several days. Abiotic mixing tests suggested that the waste would acidify refuse to pH 6.41 at a loading of 21.9 g/dry kg refuse. However, in biologically active tests, the refuse was able to convert loadings as high as 196.7 g/dry kg refuse to methane. As the loadings increased toward and beyond this level, pronounced detrimental effects to the refuse ecosystem were observed, including a decrease in pH, accumulation of volatile fatty acids and COD, and lag in methane production. The results suggested that actively decomposing refuse has the potential to attenuate relatively high loading of a rapidly degradable but acidic substrate. Nonetheless, caution in the implementation of a field program to accept rapidly biodegradable acidic wastes is critical.}, number={3}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Sadri, Ahmad and Staley, Bryan F. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Xu, Fang and Hater, Gary R.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={389–395} }
 @article{sadri_barlaz_hater_2010, title={Effect of biosolids on refuse decomposition and phosphorus cycling}, volume={28}, number={10}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, author={Sadri, A. and Barlaz, M. A. and Hater, G. R.}, year={2010}, pages={888–900} }
 @article{cruz_barlaz_2010, title={Estimation of Waste Component-Specific Landfill Decay Rates Using Laboratory-Scale Decomposition Data}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es100240r}, abstractNote={The current methane generation model used by the U.S. EPA (Landfill Gas Emissions Model) treats municipal solid waste (MSW) as a homogeneous waste with one decay rate. However, component-specific decay rates are required to evaluate the effects of changes in waste composition on methane generation. Laboratory-scale rate constants, k(lab), for the major biodegradable MSW components were used to derive field-scale decay rates (k(field)) for each waste component using the assumption that the average of the field-scale decay rates for each waste component, weighted by its composition, is equal to the bulk MSW decay rate. For an assumed bulk MSW decay rate of 0.04 yr(-1), k(field) was estimated to be 0.298, 0.171, 0.015, 0.144, 0.033, 0.02, 0.122, and 0.029 yr(-1), for grass, leaves, branches, food waste, newsprint, corrugated containers, coated paper, and office paper, respectively. The effect of landfill waste diversion programs on methane production was explored to illustrate the use of component-specific decay rates. One hundred percent diversion of yard waste and food waste reduced the year 20 methane production rate by 45%. When a landfill gas collection schedule was introduced, collectable methane was most influenced by food waste diversion at years 10 and 20 and paper diversion at year 40.}, number={12}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Cruz, Florentino B. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={4722–4728} }
 @article{tolaymat_green_hater_barlaz_black_bronson_powell_2010, title={Evaluation of Landfill Gas Decay Constant for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Operated as Bioreactors}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1047-3289"]}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.60.1.91}, abstractNote={Abstract Prediction of the rate of gas production from bioreactor landfills is important for the optimization of energy recovery and for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. To improve the predictability of gas production, landfill gas (LFG) composition and flow rates were monitored for 4 yr from one conventional and two bioreactor landfill cells at the Outer Loop Landfill in Louisville, KY. The ultimate methane yield (L 0) was estimated from the biochemical methane (CH4) potential of freshly buried refuse and the decay rate constant (k) was estimated from measured CH4 collection. The site-specific L 0 was estimated to be 48.4 m3-CH4 wet Mg−1. The estimated decay rate in the conventional cell (0.06 yr−1) was comparable to the AP-42 default value of 0.04 yr−1, whereas estimates for the two bioreactor cells were substantially higher (˜0.11 yr−1). The data document the ability of the bioreactor operation to enhance landfill CH4 generation, although the estimated decay rate is sensitive to the selected L0. The more rapid decomposition in the bioreactor cells reduces the length of time over which gas will be produced and emphasizes the importance of having a LFG collection system operational once the waste receives added moisture.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Tolaymat, Thabet M. and Green, Roger B. and Hater, Gary R. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Black, Paul and Bronson, Doug and Powell, Jon}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={91–97} }
 @article{saquing_saquing_knappe_barlaz_2010, title={Impact of Plastics on Fate and Transport of Organic Contaminants in Landfills}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956547698&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es101251p}, abstractNote={Factors controlling organic contaminant sorption to common plastics in municipal solid waste were identified. Consumer plastics [drinking water container, prescription drug bottle, soda bottle, disposable cold cup, computer casing, furniture foam, carpet, vinyl flooring, formica sheet] and model polymers [high-density polyethylene (HDPE), medium-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. The material characterization was used to interpret batch isotherm and kinetic data. K(p) values describing toluene sorption to rubbery or "soft" polymers could be normalized by the amorphous polymer fraction (f(amorphous)) but not by the organic carbon fraction (f(oc)). Diffusion coefficients (D) describing the uptake rate of toluene by rubbery plastics (HDPE, drinking water container, prescription drug bottle) were similar (D approximately 10(-10) cm(2)/s), indicating that pure HDPE can be used as a model for rubbery plastics. Toluene diffusivity was similar among glassy or "hard" plastics (PVC, soda bottle, computer casing, disposable cold cup; D approximately 10(-12) cm(2)/s) but lower than for rubbery plastics. Plastics in landfills are potential sinks of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) because of their higher affinity for HOCs compared to lignocellulosic materials and the slow desorption of HOCs from glassy plastics.}, number={16}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Saquing, Jovita M. and Saquing, Carl D. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={6396–6402} }
 @inproceedings{levis_barlaz_ranjithan_2010, title={Is Banning Yard Waste from Landfills an Economically Efficient Greenhouse gas Mitigation Policy?}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ASCE/EWRI World Water & Environmental Resources Congress}, author={Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2010, title={Is Biodegradability a Desirable Attribute in Material Design?}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{haaren_themelis_barlaz_2010, title={LCA comparison of windrow composting of yard wastes with use as alternative daily cover (ADC)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.007}, abstractNote={This study compared the environmental impacts of composting yard wastes in windrows with using them in place of soil as alternative daily cover (ADC) in landfills. The Life Cycle Assessment was made using the SimaPro LCA software and showed that the ADC scenario is more beneficial for the environment than windrow composting. ADC use is also a less costly means of disposal of yard wastes. This finding applies only in cases where there are sanitary landfills in the area that are equipped with gas collection systems and can use yard wastes as alternative daily cover. Otherwise, the environmentally preferable method for disposal of source-separated yard wastes is composting rather than landfilling.}, number={12}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Haaren, Rob and Themelis, Nickolas J. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={2649–2656} }
 @inbook{hauschild_barlaz_2010, title={LCA in Waste Management: Introduction to Principle and Method}, ISBN={9780470666883 9781405175173}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666883.ch10}, DOI={10.1002/9780470666883.ch10}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Evolution and Harmonization of LCA Methodology Goal and Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation References}, booktitle={Solid Waste Technology & Management}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Hauschild, Michael and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={111–136} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_de la cruz_2010, title={Landfill Gas Modelling: Estimation of Landfill Gas Decay Rate Constants and Yields for Individual Waste Components}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and de la Cruz, F.B.}, year={2010} }
 @inbook{willumsen_barlaz_2010, title={Landfilling: Gas Production, Extraction and Utilization}, ISBN={9780470666883 9781405175173}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666883.ch53}, DOI={10.1002/9780470666883.ch53}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Modeling of LFG Production LFG Management Systems Design of Active LFG Collection Systems LFG Flaring Systems LFG Utilization Systems References}, booktitle={Solid Waste Technology & Management}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Willumsen, Hans and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={841–857} }
 @inproceedings{levis_decarolis_barlaz_ranjithan_2010, title={Modeling and Optimization of Solid Waste Management Operations in a Carbon-Regulated Environment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ASCE/EWRI World Water & Environmental Resources Congress}, author={Levis, J.W. and DeCarolis, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.}, year={2010} }
 @article{gentil_damgaard_hauschild_finnveden_eriksson_thorneloe_kaplan_barlaz_muller_matsui_et al._2010, title={Models for waste life cycle assessment: Review of technical assumptions}, volume={30}, ISSN={0956-053X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.004}, abstractNote={A number of waste life cycle assessment (LCA) models have been gradually developed since the early 1990s, in a number of countries, usually independently from each other. Large discrepancies in results have been observed among different waste LCA models, although it has also been shown that results from different LCA studies can be consistent. This paper is an attempt to identify, review and analyse methodologies and technical assumptions used in various parts of selected waste LCA models. Several criteria were identified, which could have significant impacts on the results, such as the functional unit, system boundaries, waste composition and energy modelling. The modelling assumptions of waste management processes, ranging from collection, transportation, intermediate facilities, recycling, thermal treatment, biological treatment, and landfilling, are obviously critical when comparing waste LCA models. This review infers that some of the differences in waste LCA models are inherent to the time they were developed. It is expected that models developed later, benefit from past modelling assumptions and knowledge and issues. Models developed in different countries furthermore rely on geographic specificities that have an impact on the results of waste LCA models. The review concludes that more effort should be employed to harmonise and validate non-geographic assumptions to strengthen waste LCA modelling.}, number={12}, journal={Waste Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gentil, Emmanuel C. and Damgaard, Anders and Hauschild, Michael and Finnveden, Göran and Eriksson, Ola and Thorneloe, Susan and Kaplan, Pervin Ozge and Barlaz, Morton and Muller, Olivier and Matsui, Yasuhiro and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={2636–2648} }
 @article{bareither_benson_barlaz_edil_tolaymat_2010, title={Performance of North American Bioreactor Landfills. I: Leachate Hydrology and Waste Settlement}, volume={136}, ISSN={["0733-9372"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000219}, abstractNote={An assessment of state-of-the-practice at five full-scale North American landfills operating as bioreactors is presented in this two-paper set. This paper focuses on effectiveness of liners and leachate collection systems, leachate generation rates, leachate recirculation practices and rates, effectiveness in moistening the waste, and settlement of the waste over time. Except in one case, the liner and leachate collection systems at the bioreactor landfills were similar to those used for landfills operated conventionally. Leachate generation rates increased approximately linearly with recirculation rate, but in all cases, the leachate generation rate was <300 L/ m2  year . Leachate depths generally were maintained within regulatory requirements, even with the highest recirculation rates. Leakage rates from liners at bioreactor landfills, including alternative liner designs employing geosynthetic clay liners, are comparable to leakage rates from conventional landfills. Thus, based on the information gather...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE}, author={Bareither, Christopher A. and Benson, Craig H. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Edil, Tuncer B. and Tolaymat, Thabet M.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={824–838} }
 @article{barlaz_bareither_hossain_saquing_mezzari_benson_tolaymat_yazdani_2010, title={Performance of North American Bioreactor Landfills. II: Chemical and Biological Characteristics}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1943-7870"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000220}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to examine the performance of five North American bioreactor landfills. This paper represents the second of a two-part series and addresses biological and chemical aspects of bioreactor performance including gas production and management, and leachate chemistry. The data support accelerated methane generation at several landfills ( k=0.08–0.21 1/year ) relative to the AP-42 default decay rate ( k=0.04 1/year ) . While the data indicate that gas collection increases at bioreactor landfills, a general relationship between decay rate and moisture added or wet weight water content could not be identified. There was no indication that gas collection increases appreciably when the water content reaches 40%. Most of the leachates at the landfills in this study were commingled from cells operating as a bioreactor and conventionally. Nevertheless, trends in pH and BOD:COD in the bioreactor leachates were consistent with the impacts of enhanced biological activity. Ammonia concent...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Bareither, Christopher A. and Hossain, Azam and Saquing, Jovita and Mezzari, Isabella and Benson, Craig H. and Tolaymat, Thabet M. and Yazdani, Ramin}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={839–853} }
 @article{barlaz_benson_cekander_2010, title={Special Issue on Innovations in Solid Waste Engineering and Management: The 2008 Global Waste Management Symposium}, volume={136}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000265}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000265}, abstractNote={This special issue contains a series of papers that were presented at the first Global Waste Management Symposium GWMS and then submitted as complete manuscripts. The GWMS was held in September 2008 in Copper Mountain, Colorado, and was among the largest meetings ever in the United States in the area of solid waste engineering and management. The GWMS brought together more than 500 people from many countries to address all aspects of solid waste management. Like many success stories, the seed for the GWMS was developed by leaders in the solid waste industry during an informal meeting. The goal was to bring}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Benson, Craig H. and Cekander, Gregory C.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={743–743} }
 @article{saikaly_hicks_barlaz_reyes_2010, title={Transport Behavior of Surrogate Biological Warfare Agents in a Simulated Landfill: Effect of Leachate Recirculation and Water Infiltration}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78449246551&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es101937a}, abstractNote={An understanding of the transport behavior of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills is required to evaluate the suitability of landfills for the disposal of building decontamination residue (BDR) following a bioterrorist attack on a building. Surrogate BW agents, Bacillus atrophaeus spores and Serratia marcescens, were spiked into simulated landfill reactors that were filled with synthetic building debris (SBD) and operated for 4 months with leachate recirculation or water infiltration. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was used to monitor surrogate transport. In the leachate recirculation reactors, <10% of spiked surrogates were eluted in leachate over 4 months. In contrast, 45% and 31% of spiked S. marcescens and B. atrophaeus spores were eluted in leachate in the water infiltration reactors. At the termination of the experiment, the number of retained cells and spores in SBD was measured over the depth of the reactor. Less than 3% of the total spiked S. marcescens cells and no B. atrophaeus spores were detected in SBD. These results suggest that significant fractions of the spiked surrogates were strongly attached to SBD.}, number={22}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Saikaly, Pascal E. and Hicks, Kristin and Barlaz, Morton A. and Reyes, Francis L., III}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={8622–8628} }
 @article{abichou_clark_tan_chanton_hater_green_goldsmith_barlaz_swan_2010, title={Uncertainties Associated with the Use of Optical Remote Sensing Technique to Estimate Surface Emissions in Landfill Applications}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1047-3289"]}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.60.4.460}, abstractNote={Abstract Landfills represent a source of distributed emissions source over an irregular and heterogeneous surface. In the method termed “Other Test Method-10” (OTM-10), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a method to quantify emissions from such sources by the use of vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) techniques combined with measurement of wind speed to determine the average emission flux per unit area per time from nonpoint sources. In such application, the VRPM is used as a tool to estimate the mass of the gas of interest crossing a vertical plane. This estimation is done by fitting the field-measured concentration spatial data to a Gaussian or some other distribution to define a plume crossing the vertical plane. When this technique is applied to landfill surfaces, the VRPM plane may be within the emitting source area itself. The objective of this study was to investigate uncertainties associated with using OTM-10 for landfills. The spatial variability of emission in the emitting domain can lead to uncertainties of –34 to 190% in the measured flux value when idealistic scenarios were simulated. The level of uncertainty might be higher when the number and locations of emitting sources are not known (typical field conditions). The level of uncertainty can be reduced by improving the layout of the VRPM plane in the field in accordance with an initial survey of the emission patterns. The change in wind direction during an OTM-10 testing setup can introduce an uncertainty of 20% of the measured flux value. This study also provides estimates of the area contributing to flux (ACF) to be used in conjunction with OTM-10 procedures. The estimate of ACF is a function of the atmospheric stability class and has an uncertainty of 10–30%.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Abichou, Tarek and Clark, Jeremy and Tan, Sze and Chanton, Jeffery and Hater, Gary and Green, Roger and Goldsmith, Doug and Barlaz, Morton A. and Swan, Nathan}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={460–470} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2009, title={A Landfill Carbon Balance: Gas Production and Control, and Carbon Sequestration}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @book{reale-levis_barlaz_ranjithan_2009, title={A Life-Cycle Analysis of Alternatives for the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste}, institution={Delaware Solid Waste Authority}, author={Reale-Levis, J.L. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2009} }
 @book{reale-levis_barlaz_ranjithan_2009, title={A Life-Cycle Analysis of Alternatives for the Management of Waste Hot Mix Asphalt}, institution={Delaware Solid Waste Authority}, author={Reale-Levis, J.L. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2009} }
 @inproceedings{de la cruz_barlaz_2009, title={A Method to Estimate Carbon Sequestration from Excavated Refuse Samples}, author={De La Cruz, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{barnes_galgani_thompson_barlaz_2009, title={Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments}, volume={364}, ISSN={["1471-2970"]}, DOI={10.1098/rstb.2008.0205}, abstractNote={One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines.
          Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences (fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.}, number={1526}, journal={PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Barnes, David K. A. and Galgani, Francois and Thompson, Richard C. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={1985–1998} }
 @inbook{barlaz_staley_de los reyes_2010, title={Anaerobic Biodegradation of Solid Waste}, ISBN={9780470495117 9780470177907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470495117.ch12}, DOI={10.1002/9780470495117.ch12}, abstractNote={Chapter 12 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Solid Waste Morton A. Barlaz, Morton A. Barlaz Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBryan F. Staley, Bryan F. Staley Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes III Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Morton A. Barlaz, Morton A. Barlaz Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBryan F. Staley, Bryan F. Staley Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes III Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Ralph Mitchell, Ralph Mitchell Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USASearch for more papers by this authorJi-Dong Gu, Ji-Dong Gu Division of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 December 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470495117.ch12Citations: 22 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction and Objectives Solid Waste Composition and Management Introduction to Landfills Anaerobic Decomposition of Solid Waste Landfill Microbiology Alternative Biological Processes Summary References Citing Literature Environmental Microbiology, Second Edition RelatedInformation}, booktitle={Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Staley, Bryan F. and de los Reyes, Francis L., III}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={281–299} }
 @book{sadri_staley_reyes_barlaz_2009, title={Characterization of Biological Activity in Refuse Samples Excavated from the Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill}, institution={Waste Management of Hawaii}, author={Sadri, A. and Staley, B.F. and Reyes, F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{staley_barlaz_2009, title={Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States and Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Methane Yield}, volume={135}, ISSN={["1943-7870"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000032}, abstractNote={Eleven statewide waste characterization studies were compared to assess variation in the quantity and composition of waste after separation of recyclable and compostable materials, i.e., discarded waste. These data were also used to assess the impact of varying composition on sequestered carbon and methane yield. Inconsistencies in the designation of waste component categories and definitions were the primary differences between study methodologies; however, sampling methodologies were consistent with recommended protocols. The average municipal solid waste (MSW) discard rate based on the statewide studies was 1.90 kg MSW  person−1 day−1 , which was within the range of two national estimates: 2.35 and 1.46 kg MSW  person−1 day−1 . Dominant components in MSW discards were similar between studies. Organics (food waste, yard trimmings), paper, and plastic components averaged 23.6±4.9% , 28.5±6.5% , and 10.6±3.0% of discarded MSW, respectively. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste was 20.2±9.7% of tota...}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={901–909} }
 @article{barlaz_chanton_green_2009, title={Controls on Landfill Gas Collection Efficiency: Instantaneous and Lifetime Performance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.59.12.1399}, abstractNote={Abstract Estimates of landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiency are required to estimate methane emissions and the environmental performance of a solid waste landfill. The gas collection efficiency varies with time on the basis of the manner in which landfills are designed, operated, and regulated. The literature supports instantaneous collection efficiencies varying between 50% and near 100%, dependent on the cover type and the coverage of the LFG collection system. The authors suggest that the temporally weighted gas collection efficiency, which considers total gas production and collection over the landfill life, is the appropriate way to report collection efficiency. This value was calculated for a range of decay rates representative of refuse buried in arid and wet areas (i.e., >63.5 cm precipitation) and for bioreactor landfills. Temporally weighted collection efficiencies ranging from 67 to 91%, 62 to 86%, and 55 to 78% were calculated at decay rates of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.07 yr−1, respectively. With aggressive gas collection, as would be implemented for a bioreactor landfill, estimated gas collection efficiency ranged from 84 to 67% at decay rates of 0.04 to 0.15 yr−1, respectively.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Chanton, Jeff P. and Green, Roger B.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={1399–1404} }
 @misc{barlaz_2009, title={Criteria to Terminate Post-Closure Monitoring at MSW landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @inproceedings{staley_barlaz_2009, title={Estimating Carbon Sequestration and Gas Production in Solid Waste Using Waste Composition}, author={Staley, B.F. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{saquing_mitchell_wu_wagner_knappe_barlaz_2010, title={Factors Controlling Alkylbenzene and Tetrachloroethene Desorption from Municipal Solid Waste Components}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75749108559&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es9030672}, abstractNote={Desorption rates of toluene, o-xylene and tetrachloroethene from individual municipal solid waste components [high-density polyethylene (HDPE); poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC); office paper; newsprint; and rabbit food, a model food and yard waste] were determined. Effects of sorbent and sorbate properties, solvent composition (ultrapure water, acidogenic and methanogenic leachates), and contact time ("aging") on desorption rates were evaluated. Hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) desorption from PVC and HDPE could be described with a single-parameter polymer diffusion model. In contrast, a three-parameter, biphasic polymer diffusion model was required to describe HOC desorption rates from biopolymer composites. In general, HOC desorption rates from plastics were rapid for HDPE (D = 10(-10) cm(2)/s), a rubbery polymer, but slower for PVC (D = 10(-13)-10(-14) cm(2)/s), a glassy polymer. For biopolymer composites, a large fraction of sorbed HOCs was rapidly released (D(r) = 10(-9)-10(-10) cm(2)/s) while the remaining fraction desorbed slowly (D(s) = 10(-11)-10(-16) cm(2)/s). The toluene desorption rate from PVC was 1 order of magnitude faster in acidogenic leachate than in either ultrapure water or methanogenic leachate, a result that was primarily attributed to the plasticizing effect of volatile fatty acids in acidogenic leachate. For biopolymer composites, small increases in the slowly desorbing HOC fraction were observed with increasing aging time.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Saquing, Jovita M. and Mitchell, Lisa A. and Wu, Bingyan and Wagner, Travis B. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={1123–1129} }
 @misc{barlaz_2009, title={Landfill gas recovery}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, DOI={10.1021/es9004174}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTLandfill gas recoveryMorton A. BarlazView Author Information North Carolina State University[email protected]Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 9, 2995Publication Date (Web):April 29, 2009Publication History Published online29 April 2009Published inissue 1 May 2009https://doi.org/10.1021/es9004174Copyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views990Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (34 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Biological databases,Climate change,Energy conversion,Hydrocarbons,Wastes Get e-Alerts}, number={9}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={2995–2995} }
 @book{reale-levis_barlaz_ranjithan_2009, title={Life-Cycle Inventory Model for Commercial and Industrial Food Waste Management}, institution={Delaware Solid Waste Authority}, author={Reale-Levis, J.L. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{barlaz_2009, title={Solid Waste Management Research: from the Test Tube to the Field}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{teuten_saquing_knappe_barlaz_jonsson_bjorn_rowland_thompson_galloway_yamashita_et al._2009, title={Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife}, volume={364}, number={1526}, journal={Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences}, author={Teuten, E. L. and Saquing, J. M. and Knappe, D. R. U. and Barlaz, M. A. and Jonsson, S. and Bjorn, A. and Rowland, S. J. and Thompson, R. C. and Galloway, T. S. and Yamashita, R. and et al.}, year={2009}, pages={2027–2045} }
 @article{kaplan_ranjithan_barlaz_2009, title={Use of Life-Cycle Analysis To Support Solid Waste Management Planning for Delaware}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, DOI={10.1021/es8018447}, abstractNote={Mathematical models of integrated solid waste management (SWM) are useful planning tools given the complexity of the solid waste system and the interactions among the numerous components that constitute the system. An optimization model was used in this study to identify and evaluate alternative plans for integrated SWM for the State of Delaware in consideration of cost and environmental performance, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The three counties in Delaware were modeled individually to identify efficient SWM plans in consideration of constraints on cost, landfill diversion requirements, GHG emissions, and the availability of alternate treatment processes (e.g., recycling, composting, and combustion). The results show that implementing a landfill diversion strategy (e.g., curbside recycling) for only a portion of the population is most cost-effective for meeting a county-specific landfill diversion target Implementation of waste-to-energy offers the most cost-effective opportunity for GHG emissions reductions.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kaplan, P. Ozge and Ranjithan, S. Ranji and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={1264–1270} }
 @inproceedings{reale-levis_barlaz_ranjithan_2008, title={A Life-Cycle Inventory of Alternatives for the Management of Commercial Food Waste}, author={Reale-Levis, J.W. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{dela cruz_barlaz_2008, title={A Method to Estimate Carbon Sequestration from Excavated Refuse Samples}, author={DeLa Cruz, F and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @article{bartelt-hunt_knappe_barlaz_2008, title={A Review of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants for the Study of Environmental Behavior}, volume={38}, ISSN={1064-3389 1547-6537}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380701643650}, DOI={10.1080/10643380701643650}, abstractNote={There is renewed interest in the environmental fate of chemical warfare agents attributable to the intensified threat of chemical weapons use in a terrorist attack. Knowledge of processes that influence the fate of agents such as distilled mustard, lewisite, tabun, sarin, soman, and VX in the environment is important for development of disposal strategies and for risk and exposure assessments. However, it is often necessary to conduct studies examining chemical agent behavior using simulants due to the toxicity of the agents and usage restrictions. The objective of this study was to review the physical–chemical properties and mammalian toxicity of compounds that can be used to simulate chemical agents and to identify the most appropriate compounds to simulate specific environmental fate processes, including hydrolysis, sorption, bioavailability, and volatilization.}, number={2}, journal={Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={112–136} }
 @inproceedings{padgett_breitmeyer_bareither_barlaz_benson_2008, title={Biodegradability of Forest Products Under Laboratory and Bioreactor landfill Conditions}, author={Padgett, J.M. and Breitmeyer, R.J. and Bareither, C.A. and Barlaz, M.A. and Benson, C.H.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{goldsmith_green_abichou_barlaz_chanton_2008, title={Comparison of Optical Remote Sensing with Static Chambers for Quantification of Landfill Methane Emission}, author={Goldsmith, C.D. and Green, R. and Abichou, T. and Barlaz, M.A. and Chanton, J.C.}, year={2008} }
 @article{lowry_bartelt-hunt_beaulieu_barlaz_2008, title={Development of a coupled reactor model for prediction of organic contaminant fate in landfills}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es800907j}, abstractNote={Models describing the behavior of organic chemicals in landfills can be useful to predict their fate and transport and also to generate input data for estimates of exposure and risk. The landfill coupled-reactor (LFCR) model developed in this work simulates a landfill as a series of fully mixed reactors, each representing a daily volume of waste. The LFCR model is a numerical model allowing time-variable input parameters such as gas generation, and cover type and thickness. The model was applied to three volatile organic chemicals (acetone, toluene, benzene) as well as naphthalene and the chemical warfare agent sarin under three landfill conditions (conventional, arid, bioreactor). Sarin was rapidly hydrolyzed, whereas naphthalene was largely associated with the landfill solid phase in all scenarios. Although similar biodegradation rates were used for acetone and toluene, toluene was more persistent in the landfill due to its hydrophobicity. The cover soil moisture content had a significant impact on gaseous diffusive losses.}, number={19}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lowry, Michael I. and Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Beaulieu, Stephen M. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={7444–7451} }
 @misc{borlaz_2008, title={EPA Organics Workshop}, author={Borlaz, M}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{saquing_knappe_barlaz_2008, title={Estimating Sorption Equilibrium and Kinetic Parameters for Organic Contaminants in Landfills}, author={Saquing, J.M. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{staley_de los reyes_barlaz_2008, title={Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Initiation of Methanogenesis in Solid Waste}, author={Staley, B.F. and de los Reyes, F.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{breitmeyer_bareither_benson_edil_barlaz_2008, title={Field-Scale Lysimeter Experiment to Study Hydrologic and Mechanical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste}, author={Breitmeyer, R.J. and Bareither, C.A. and Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{barlaz_2008, title={Methane Production, Collection and Management in Municipal Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{staley_so_de los reyes_barlaz_2008, title={Microbial Function and Resilience During Shock Loading of Highly Degradable Substrates into Solid Waste}, author={Staley, B.F. and So, M.J.S. and de los Reyes, F.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_sadri_von pein_luettich_2008, title={Refuse Decomposition at Elevated Temperature: An Analysis of Biological Processes at the Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Sadri, A. and von Pein, R. and Luettich, S.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{bareither_breitmeyer_erses_benson_edil_barlaz_2008, title={Relative Contributions of Moisture and Biological Activity on Compression of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Bareither, C.A. and Breitmeyer, R.J. and Erses, S. and Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{staley_de los reyes_barlaz_2008, title={The Effect of Environmental Selection Mechanisms on Microbial Ecological Succession During Refuse Decomposition}, author={Staley, B.F. and de los Reyes, F.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{barlaz_2008, title={The Fate of Carbon in Municipal Waste Landfills: Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Sequestration}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{augenstein_yazdani_imhoff_bentley_barlaz_benemann_2008, title={Variable Landfill Gas Recovery for Peaking Energy}, author={Augenstein, D. and Yazdani, R. and Imhoff, P. and Bentley, H. and Barlaz, M.A. and Benemann, J.}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_benson_2007, title={A Review of Five Bioreactor Landfill Operations: Leachate Production and Waste Settlement}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Benson, C.H.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_benson_2007, title={A Review of Five Bioreactor Landfill Operations: Leachate Quality and Gas Production}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Benson, C.H.}, year={2007} }
 @inbook{hilger_barlaz_2007, place={Washington, D. C}, edition={3rd}, title={Anaerobic Decomposition of Refuse in Landfills and Methane Oxidation in Landfill Covers}, DOI={10.1128/9781555815882.ch67}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses techniques for the study of anaerobic biological reactions and microorganisms involved in refuse decomposition as it occurs in a landfill as well as the aerobic biological reactions that occur in the landfill cover. The chapter begins with a brief description of the major components of a sanitary landfill followed by a discussion of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition. Next, the manner in which cellulosic substrates are converted to CH4 and CO2 is described, followed by a discussion of CH4 oxidation in landfill cover soils. Factors that influence both anaerobic decomposition rates in landfills and aerobic CH4 oxidation in landfill covers are discussed. This is followed by a section on systems that can be used to simulate refuse decomposition and techniques that can be used to measure refuse biodegradation and microbial activity in landfills. Cellulose and hemicellulose are the principal biodegradable components of MSW. Carboxylic acids and H2 will accumulate and the pH of the system will fall, thus inhibiting methanogenesis. After placement of refuse in a landfill, several months or longer is necessary for the proper growth conditions and the required microbiological system to become established for biological decomposition. The presence of anaerobic protozoa in refuse excavated from landfills has been documented, and many of the protozoa contained symbiotic methanogenic bacteria that utilize H2 released by the host’s hydrogenosomes. Common contaminants in older landfills and leachate plumes include alkylbenzenes, ketones, and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.}, booktitle={Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society of Microbiology}, author={Hilger, H.H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, editor={Hurst, Christon and Crawford, Ronald and Garland, Jay and Lipson, David and Mills, Aaron and Stetzenbach, LindaEditors}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{wang_szostek_barlaz_buck_folsom_wolstenholme_sulecki_panciroli_berti_gannon_2007, title={Biotransformation of FTOH-Based Materials in Lab-Scale Landfill Simulation Vessels and Mixed Bacterial Cultures Under Methanogenic Conditions}, author={Wang, N. and Szostek, B. and Barlaz, M.A. and Buck, R. and Folsom, P. and Wolstenholme, B. and Sulecki, L. and Panciroli, P. and Berti, W. and Gannon, J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{saikaly_barlaz_reyes_2007, title={Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35448953535&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.00779-07}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            Evaluation of the fate and transport of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills requires the development of specific and sensitive detection assays. The objective of the current study was to develop and validate SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of surrogate BW agents in synthetic building debris (SBD) and leachate.
            Bacillus atrophaeus
            (vegetative cells and spores) and
            Serratia marcescens
            were used as surrogates for
            Bacillus anthracis
            (anthrax) and
            Yersinia pestis
            (plague), respectively. The targets for SYBR green Q-PCR assays were the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and
            recA
            gene for
            B. atrophaeus
            and the
            gyrB
            ,
            wzm
            , and
            recA
            genes for
            S. marcescens
            . All assays showed high specificity when tested against 5 ng of closely related
            Bacillus
            and
            Serratia
            nontarget DNA from 21 organisms. Several spore lysis methods that include a combination of one or more of freeze-thaw cycles, chemical lysis, hot detergent treatment, bead beat homogenization, and sonication were evaluated. All methods tested showed similar threshold cycle values. The limit of detection of the developed Q-PCR assays was determined using DNA extracted from a pure bacterial culture and DNA extracted from sterile water, leachate, and SBD samples spiked with increasing quantities of surrogates. The limit of detection for
            B. atrophaeus
            genomic DNA using the ITS and
            B. atrophaeus recA
            Q-PCR assays was 7.5 fg per PCR. The limits of detection of
            S. marcescens
            genomic DNA using the
            gyrB
            ,
            wzm
            , and
            S. marcescens recA
            Q-PCR assays were 7.5 fg, 75 fg, and 7.5 fg per PCR, respectively. Quantification of
            B. atrophaeus
            vegetative cells and spores was linear (
            R
            2
            > 0.98) over a 7-log-unit dynamic range down to 10
            1
            B. atrophaeus
            cells or spores. Quantification of
            S. marcescens
            (
            R
            2
            > 0.98) was linear over a 6-log-unit dynamic range down to 10
            2
            S. marcescens
            cells. The developed Q-PCR assays are highly specific and sensitive and can be used for monitoring the fate and transport of the BW surrogates
            B. atrophaeus
            and
            S. marcescens
            in building debris and leachate.
          }, number={20}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Saikaly, Pascal E. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Reyes, Francis L., III}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={6557–6565} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2007, title={Estimation of Carbon Sequestration in Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_sadri_staley_hater_2007, title={Evaluation of Special Wastes for Supplemental Liquid Addition in Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Sadri, A. and Staley, B.F. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2007} }
 @article{hater_green_goldsmith_barlaz_abichou_chanton_2007, title={Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the Waste Industry: The Importance of Measuring Landfill Gas Total Emissions}, volume={17}, journal={MSW Management}, author={Hater, G. and Green, R. and Goldsmith, D. and Barlaz, M. and Abichou, T. and Chanton, J.}, year={2007}, pages={4} }
 @misc{barlaz_2007, title={Leachate Quality and Gas Generation at Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2007} }
 @misc{barlaz_2007, title={Long-Term Management of Landfills: Is Functional Stability a Reasonable Approach?}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2007} }
 @article{barlaz_banister_hater_chanton_green_2007, title={Money from Old Rope? Tracking the Carbon in Landfill Management}, volume={8}, number={4}, journal={Waste Management World}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Banister, A. and Hater, G. and Chanton, J. and Green, R.}, year={2007}, pages={127–31} }
 @misc{barlaz_2007, title={Physical Containment and Survival in Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2007} }
 @article{benson_barlaz_lane_rawe_2007, title={Practice review of five bioreactor/recirculation landfills}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2006.04.005}, abstractNote={Five landfills were analyzed to provide a perspective of current practice and technical issues that differentiate bioreactor and recirculation landfills in North America from conventional landfills. The bioreactor and recirculation landfills were found to function in much the same manner as conventional landfills, with designs similar to established standards for waste containment facilities. Leachate generation rates, leachate depths and temperatures, and liner temperatures were similar for landfills operated in a bioreactor/recirculation or conventional mode. Gas production data indicate accelerated waste decomposition from leachate recirculation at one landfill. Ambiguities in gas production data precluded a definitive conclusion that leachate recirculation accelerated waste decomposition at the four other landfills. Analysis of leachate quality data showed that bioreactor and recirculation landfills generally produce stronger leachate than conventional landfills during the first two to three years of recirculation. Thereafter, leachate from conventional and bioreactor landfills is similar, at least in terms of conventional indicator variables (BOD, COD, pH). While the BOD and COD decreased, the pH remained around neutral and ammonia concentrations remained elevated. Settlement data collected from two of the landfills indicate that settlements are larger and occur much faster in landfills operated as bioreactors or with leachate recirculation. The analysis also indicated that more detailed data collection over longer time periods is needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding the effects of bioreactor and recirculation operations. For each of the sites in this study, some of the analyses were limited by sparseness or ambiguity in the data sets.}, number={1}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Benson, C. H. and Barlaz, M. A. and Lane, D. T. and Rawe, J. M.}, year={2007}, pages={13–29} }
 @article{gabr_hossain_barlaz_2007, title={Shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste with leachate recirculation}, volume={133}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(478)}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize relative changes in waste shear strength parameters during waste decomposition. Twelve direct shear tests ( 100 mm diameter by 50 mm thickness) were performed on waste specimens ranging from fresh to well-decomposed residential refuse. In addition, nine direct shear tests were performed on selected waste components including fresh paper, partially decomposed refuse, and plastics. Results indicate that the friction angle of refuse decreased with decomposition. As refuse decomposed, the plastic content increased, which contributed to a decrease in friction angle as the friction angle of plastics is 18– 19∘ as compared to 33° for fresh shredded waste. The extent of refuse decomposition was characterized by the cellulose plus hemicellulose to lignin ratio [(C+H)∕L] . The measured friction angle decreased from 32 to 24° as (C+H)∕L decreased from 1.29 to 0.25. The shearing pattern for decomposed refuse showed a peak, followed by residual, which was then followed b...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Gabr, Mohammed and Hossain, M. S. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2007}, pages={478–484} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_saquing_mezzari_knappe_2007, title={Simulation And Modeling of The Fate And Transport of Chemical Warfare Agents in Laboratory-Scale Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Saquing, J. and Mezzari, I. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={2007} }
 @misc{barlaz_2007, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning for the State of Delaware}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{wang_szostek_barlaz_buck_folsom_wolstenholme_sulecki_berti_gannon_2006, title={Anaerobic Biotransformation of 8-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol (8-2 FTOH) by Microorganisms Originating from a Municipal Landfill Site}, author={Wang, N. and Szostek, B. and Barlaz, M.A. and Buck, R. and Folsom, P. and Wolstenholme, B. and Sulecki, L. and Berti, W. and Gannon, J.}, year={2006} }
 @misc{barlaz_2006, title={Development of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bioreactors in the United States of America}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{bartelt-hunt_barlaz_knappe_kjeldsen_2006, title={Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Chemicals in Landfills}, author={Bartelt-Hunt, S.L. and Barlaz, M.A. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Kjeldsen, P.}, year={2006} }
 @article{bartelt-hunt_barlaz_knappe_kjeldsen_2006, title={Fate of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals in landfills}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746709349&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es052400y}, abstractNote={One component of preparedness for a chemical attack is planning for the disposal of contaminated debris. To assess the feasibility of contaminated debris disposal in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, the fate of selected chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) in MSW landfills was predicted with a mathematical model. Five blister agents [sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN-2), lewisite (L), ethyldichloroarsine (ED), and phosgene oxime (CX)], eight nerve agents [tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), GE, GF, VX, VG, and VM], one riot-control agent [CS], and two TICs [furan and carbon disulfide] were studied. The effects of both infiltration (climate) and contaminant biodegradability on fate predictions were assessed. Model results showed that hydrolysis and gas-phase advection were the principal fate pathways for CWAs and TICs, respectively. Apart from CX and the TICs, none of the investigated compounds was predicted to persist in a landfill for more than 5 years. Climate had little impact on CWA/TIC fate, and biodegradability was only important for compounds with long hydrolysis half-lives. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the influence of uncertainty in model input parameters on CWA/TIC fate predictions. Correlation analyses showed that uncertainty in hydrolysis rate constants was the primary contributor to variance of CWA fate predictions, while uncertainty in the Henry's Law constant and landfill gas-production rate accounted for most of the variance of TIC fate predictions. CWA hydrolysates were more persistent than the parent CWAs, but limited information is available on abiotic or biotic transformation rates for these chemicals.}, number={13}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon L. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Kjeldsen, Peter}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={4219–4225} }
 @article{barlaz_2006, title={Forest products decomposition in municipal solid waste landfills}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1879-2456"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.002}, abstractNote={Cellulose and hemicellulose are present in paper and wood products and are the dominant biodegradable polymers in municipal waste. While their conversion to methane in landfills is well documented, there is little information on the rate and extent of decomposition of individual waste components, particularly under field conditions. Such information is important for the landfill carbon balance as methane is a greenhouse gas that may be recovered and converted to a CO2-neutral source of energy, while non-degraded cellulose and hemicellulose are sequestered. This paper presents a critical review of research on the decomposition of cellulosic wastes in landfills and identifies additional work that is needed to quantify the ultimate extent of decomposition of individual waste components. Cellulose to lignin ratios as low as 0.01–0.02 have been measured for well decomposed refuse, with corresponding lignin concentrations of over 80% due to the depletion of cellulose and resulting enrichment of lignin. Only a few studies have even tried to address the decomposition of specific waste components at field-scale. Long-term controlled field experiments with supporting laboratory work will be required to measure the ultimate extent of decomposition of individual waste components.}, number={4}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Barlaz, MA}, year={2006}, pages={321–333} }
 @inproceedings{staley_barlaz_ellis_saikaly_de los reyes_2006, title={Impact of DNA extraction methods on microbial diversity in solid waste}, author={Staley, B.F. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ellis, J.C. and Saikaly, P. and de los Reyes, F.D.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{staley_saikaly_barlaz_de los reyes_2006, title={Optimizing Sample Processing Methods for Nucleic Acid Extraction from Solid Waste}, author={Staley, B. and Saikaly, P. and Barlaz, M.A. and de los Reyes, F.}, year={2006} }
 @misc{loughlin_barlaz_2006, title={Policies for strengthening markets for recyclables: A worldwide perspective}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1547-6537"]}, DOI={10.1080/10643380600566952}, abstractNote={Many national, regional, and local governments have introduced policies to encourage recycling. Their varied experiences allow examination of the effectiveness of alternative policy options. The conditions driving recycling, selection of pro-recycling policies, and recycling statistics are compared for 14 countries across Europe, Asia, North America, South America, and Oceana. The best policy for any particular country is a function of practicality, affordability, and political and social acceptability. National programs with the highest recycling rates typically target both supply and demand through incentives that encourage source separation and recycled content, with regulatory measures used to close loopholes and provide minimum performance requirements.}, number={4}, journal={CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Loughlin, DH and Barlaz, MA}, year={2006}, pages={287–326} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2006, title={Processes in Landfills and Landfill Covers}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{huset_barlaz_barofsky_field_2006, title={Quantitation of Fluorochemicals in Landfill Leachates}, author={Huset, C.A. and Barlaz, M.A. and Barofsky, D.F. and Field, J.A.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2006, title={Release of Trace Organic Compounds During MSW Decomposition and Environmental Implications of Waste Management Using Landfills and Waste-to-Energy}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2006} }
 @article{staley_xu_cowie_barlaz_hater_2006, title={Release of trace organic compounds during the decomposition of municipal solid waste components}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es060786m}, abstractNote={Landfill gas contains numerous speciated organic compounds (SOCs) including alkanes, aromatics, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, chlorofluoro compounds, and siloxanes. The source, rate and extent of release of these compounds are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the release of SOCs and the regulated parameter, non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) during the decomposition of residential refuse and its major biodegradable components [paper (P), yard waste (YW), food waste (FW)]. Work was conducted under anaerobic conditions in 8-L reactors operated to maximize decomposition. Refuse and YW were also tested under aerobic conditions. NMOC release during anaerobic decomposition of refuse, P, YW, and FW was 0.151, 0.016, 0.038, and 0.221 mg-C dry g(-1), respectively, while release during aerobic decomposition of refuse and YW was 0.282 and 0.236 mg-C dry g(-1), respectively. The highest NMOC release was measured under abiotic conditions (3.01 mg-C dry g(-1)), suggesting the importance of gas stripping. NMOC release was faster than CH4 production in all treatments. Terpenes and ketones accounted for 32-96% of SOC release in each treatment, while volatile fatty acids were not a significant contributor. Release in aerobic systems points to the potential importance of composting plants as an emissions source.}, number={19}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Staley, Bryan F. and Xu, Fangxiang and Cowie, Steven J. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Hater, Gary R.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={5984–5991} }
 @article{suits_sheahan_harris_shafer_degroff_hater_gabr_barlaz_2006, title={Shear strength of degraded reconstituted municipal solid waste}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1520/gtj14089}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Relative changes in Waste shear strength parameters as a function of strain level and stress path are investigated based on the results of 16 direct simple shear (DSS) tests, one direct shear (DS) test with four stages, and three triaxial tests. The magnitudes of shear strength parameters obtained from drained DSS tests and undrained DSS tests with pore water pressure measurement were comparable. This was the case even though the effective stress path in both approaches was different. Data indicated the dependency of the mobilized strength parameters on strain, or deformation level. Generally, stress-deformation response increased monotonically with no well defined peak or ultimate stress levels. The results of the DSS and DS tests show no dependency of the strength parameters on the stress level. Results from DSS and DS indicated a range of effective strength parameters of 9 to 14 kPa for cohesion and 23°–29° for friction angle. Data from the triaxial testing showed dependency of the shear strength parameters on the initial compression stress level. Given the number of potentially confounding issues associated with the measurement of shear strength, it is rather important to also report information on sample collection methods, sample age and chemical composition, sample processing, sample composition, the size of testing equipment and level of strain (instead of ultimate or peak) at which the strength parameters are evaluated.}, number={2}, journal={Geotechnical Testing Journal}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Suits, L David and Sheahan, TC and Harris, JM and Shafer, AL and DeGroff, W and Hater, GR and Gabr, M and Barlaz, MA}, year={2006}, pages={141–148} }
 @misc{barlaz_ranjithan_kaplan_2006, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Kaplan, P.O.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_kaplan_ranjithan_2006, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning for the State of Delaware}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Kaplan, P.O. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2006} }
 @book{kaplan_ranjithan_barlaz_2006, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning for the State of Delaware}, institution={Delaware Solid Waste Authority}, author={Kaplan, P.O. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_bartelt-hunt_knappe_kjeldsen_2005, title={Assessment of the Behavior of Chemical Warfare Agents in Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Bartelt-Hunt, S.L. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Kjeldsen, P.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{kaplan_barlaz_ranjithan_2005, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management}, author={Kaplan, P.O. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2005} }
 @article{kaplan_barlaz_ranjithan_2004, title={A Procedure for Life-Cycle-Based Solid Waste Management with Consideration of Uncertainty}, volume={8}, ISSN={1088-1980}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1088198043630531}, DOI={10.1162/1088198043630531}, abstractNote={The development of integrated solid‐waste management (SWM) strategies that are efficient with respect to both cost and environmental performance is a complex task. It must incorporate the numerous interrelations among different unit operations in the solid waste system (e.g., collection, recycling, and combustion), and the large number of design parameters that affect estimates of cost and environmental emissions. Uncertainty in design and operational parameters can lead to uncertainty in the estimates of cost and emissions. This article describes an extension of the capability of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Decision Support Tool (ISWM DST) to enable consideration of the effects of uncertainty in input parameters. The uncertainty analysis capability is illustrated using a hypothetical case study of a typical municipality. Results show that increased expenditure does not necessarily result in a reduction in the expected levels of environmental emissions and that some SWM alternatives may be more robust, although deterministic estimates of their expected performances are similar. The uncertainty analysis also facilitates use of the ISWM DST by policy makers responsible for evaluation of the expected effect of SWM practices on, for example, greenhouse‐gas emissions.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kaplan, P. Özge and Barlaz, Morton A. and Ranjithan, S. Ranji}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={155–172} }
 @article{zenker_borden_barlaz_2004, title={Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane using trickling filter}, volume={130}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:9(926)}, abstractNote={The ability of a laboratory-scale trickling filter to biodegrade cyclic ethers was investigated and a simple kinetic model was developed to predict ether biodegradation. The trickling filter received a feed solution designed to mimic ether concentrations typically encountered in contaminated groundwater. The reactor was operated for approximately 1 year and was capable of biodegrading 93.97% of 1,4-dioxane at various loading rates in the obligate presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the growth substrate. A simple tanks-in-series hydraulic model combined with a kinetic model that incorporated cometabolism was utilized to simulate removal of THF and 1,4-dioxane. Model simulations of THF removal were satisfactory for all loading rates analyzed. However, the model somewhat over predicted 1,4-dioxane removal. This research demonstrates the ability to treat groundwater contaminated with low concentrations of ethers in attached growth reactors.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Zenker, M. J. and Borden, R. C. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2004}, pages={926–931} }
 @misc{barlaz_2004, title={Bioreactor Landfills for Refuse Decomposition}, journal={Workshop Comparing Bioreactor Landfills and Anaerobic Digestion}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @article{barlaz_reinhart_2004, title={Bioreactor landfills: progress continues}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2004.09.001}, abstractNote={Landfill bioreactors are based on an acceleration of in-situ waste biodegradation by performing leachate recirculation. To quantify the water content and to evaluate the leachate injection system, in-situ methods are required to obtain spatially distributed information, usually electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). In a previous study, the MICS (multiple inversions and clustering strategy) methodology was proposed to improve the hydrodynamic interpretation of ERT results by a precise delimitation of the infiltration area. In this study, MICS was applied on two ERT time-lapse data sets recorded on different waste deposit cells in order to compare the hydrodynamic behaviour of leachate flow between the two cells. This comparison is based on an analysis of: (i) the volume of wetted waste assessed by MICS and the wetting rate, (ii) the infiltration shapes and (iii) the pore volume used by the leachate flow. This paper shows that leachate hydrodynamic behaviour is comparable from one waste deposit cell to another with: (i) a high leachate infiltration speed at the beginning of the infiltration, which decreases with time, (ii) a horizontal anisotropy of the leachate infiltration shape and (iii) a very small fraction of the pore volume used by the leachate flow. This hydrodynamic information derived from MICS results can be useful for subsurface flow modelling used to predict leachate flow at the landfill scale.}, number={9}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Barlaz, MA and Reinhart, D}, year={2004}, pages={859–860} }
 @book{barlaz_2004, place={RTP, NC}, title={Critical Review of Forest Products Decomposition in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, number={872}, institution={National Council for Air and Stream Improvement}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @article{chen_knappe_barlaz_2004, title={Effect of cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin on the bioavailability of toluene sorbed to waste paper}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042787671&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es035286x}, abstractNote={Paper constitutes about 38% of municipal solid waste, much of which is disposed of in landfills. Sorption to such lignocellulosic materials may limit the bioavailability of organic contaminants in landfills. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of individual biopolymers in paper on toluene sorption and bioavailability by subjecting fresh and anaerobically degraded office paper and newsprint to enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose had no effect on toluene bioavailability. In contrast, acid-insoluble lignin controlled toluene sorption and bioavailability for both fresh and degraded newsprint. Acid-insoluble lignin could explain only 54% of the toluene sorption capacity of degraded office paper however, suggesting that crude protein and/or lipophilic organic matter were also important sorbent phases. Toluene sorbed to degraded office paper was also less bioavailable than toluene sorbed to an equivalent mass of lignin extracted from this sorbent. The latter result suggests that a fraction of toluene sorbed to degraded office paper may have been sequestered by lipophilic organic matter. The sorption and bioavailability data indicate that the preferential decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose relative to lignin in landfills should not decrease the overall toluene sorption capacity of paperwaste or increase the bioavailability of sorbed toluene.}, number={13}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Chen, Y and Knappe, DRU and Barlaz, NA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={3731–3736} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_green_chanton_goldsmith_hater_2004, title={Evaluation of a Biologically Active Cover for Mitigation of Landfill Gas Emissions}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Green, R and Chanton, J.P. and Goldsmith, C.D. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{barlaz_green_chanton_goldsmith_hater_2004, title={Evaluation of a biologically active cover for mitigation of landfill gas emissions}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es049605b}, abstractNote={Landfills are the third largest source of anthropogenic CH4 in the United States, and there is potential for reduction in this source of greenhouse gases and other contaminants. The objective of this work was to contrast emissions of CH4 and non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) from landfill cells covered with soil or a biologically active cover consisting of yard waste compost. On the basis of four field campaigns over 14 months, CH4 emissions from the biocover (BC) varied from -1.73 to 1.33 g m(-2) d(-1), with atmospheric uptake measured in 52% of tests. BC emissions did not increase when the gas collection system was turned off. Uptake of atmospheric CH4 was measured in 54% of tests on the soil cover (SC) when the gas collection was system active and 12% when the gas collection system was off. Many (26%) relatively high fluxes (>15 g m(-2) d(-1)) were measured from the SC as were some dramatic effects due to deactivation of the gas collection system. In tests with positive emissions, stable isotope measurements showed that the BC and SC were responsible for oxidation of 55% and 21% of the CH4 reaching the bottom of the respective cover. Seven of the highest 10 NMOC emissions were measured in the SC, and 17 of 21 fluxes for speciated organic compounds were higher in the SC. The relationship between CH4, NMOC, and individual organic compound emissions suggested a correlation between CH4 and trace organic oxidation. BCs can reduce landfill gas emissions in the absence of a gas collection system and can serve as a polishing step in the presence of an active system.}, number={18}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Barlaz, MA and Green, RB and Chanton, JP and Goldsmith, CD and Hater, GR}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={4891–4899} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2004, title={Measurement of Decomposition Rates in Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{staley_barlaz_de los reyes_2004, title={Methanogen community structure during residential food waste decomposition in a simulated landfill}, author={Staley, B.F. and Barlaz, M.A. and de los Reyes, F.L.}, year={2004} }
 @book{loughlin_barlaz_2004, title={Policies for Strengthening Markets for Recyclables: A Worldwide Perspective}, institution={Environmental Research and Education Foundation}, author={Loughlin, D.L. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_staley_cowie_hater_2004, title={Production of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) During the Decomposition of Refuse and Individual Waste Components}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Staley, B.F. and Cowie, S.J. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2004} }
 @misc{barlaz_2004, title={Research Needs for Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A Perspective from North America}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @book{benson_barlaz_lane_rawe_2004, place={Cincinnati, OH}, title={State-of-The Practice Review of Bioreactor Landills}, institution={U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, author={Benson, C.H. and Barlaz, M.A. and Lane, D.T. and Rawe, J.M.}, year={2004}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{barlaz_2004, title={The Application of Life-Cycle Analysis to Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @misc{barlaz_2004, title={The Application of a Life-Cycle Analysis Decision Support Tool to Integrated Waste Management Planning in the United States}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{chen_knappe_barlaz_2004, title={The Effect of Aging on the Bioavailability of Toluene Sorbed to Municipal Solid Waste Components}, author={Chen, Y. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_staley_cowie_hater_2004, title={Trace Organic Compounds in Landfill Gas Produced During the Decomposition of Refuse and Individual Waste Components}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Staley, B.F. and Cowie, S.J. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{barlaz_kaplan_ranjithan_rynk_2003, title={Comparing recycling, composting and landfills}, volume={44}, number={9}, journal={BioCycle}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Kaplan, P. O. and Ranjithan, S. R. and Rynk, R.}, year={2003}, pages={60-} }
 @article{barlaz_kaplan_ranjithan_rynk_2003, title={Evaluating environmental impacts of solid waste management alternatives}, volume={44}, number={10}, journal={BioCycle}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Kaplan, P. O. and Ranjithan, S. R. and Rynk, R.}, year={2003}, pages={52–56} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_barlaz_knappe_2003, title={Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Tetrachloroethylene Sorbed to Municipal Solid Waste Components}, author={Zhang, Z. and Barlaz, M.A. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={2003} }
 @article{barlaz_cekander_vasuki_2003, title={Integrated solid waste management in the United States}, volume={129}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:7(583)}, abstractNote={In this editorial, we examine the meaning of integrated solid waste management, discuss its application in practice, and identify areas where both technological and regulatory development are needed. Let us recognize that like water and wastewater treatment, solid waste must be managed by virtually every community to protect human health and the environment. The U.S. EPA ~2002! defines municipal solid waste ~MSW! to include waste generated in the residential, commercial, and institutional sectors. Of the 232 million tons generated in 2000, approximately 55.4% was disposed of in landfills, 23% was recovered for recycling, 7.1% was recovered for composting ~primarily yard waste!, and 14.5% was combusted in waste-to-energy facilities. In addition to MSW, many other nonhazardous wastes are managed in these same facilities, including construction and demolition ~C&D! waste, water and wastewater treatment plant sludges, and nonhazardous industrial wastes ranging from foodprocessing wastes to foundry sands. We often find that the best way to analyze waste management is to understand how the money flows. For waste generated in the residential and institutional sectors, the cost of solid waste management is typically borne by residents through a unit of government, which means that the costs for collection, recycling, composting, combustion, and disposal are constantly competing for always scarce tax revenue. MSW management may also be funded through user fees. Some have advocated the implementation of ‘‘pay as you throw’’ ~PAYT! systems, in which waste generators are charged for refuse collection in proportion to the volume discarded. Conceptually, this should encourage people to reduce waste generation and to recycle wherever possible. The implementation of such systems is increasing in the United States. Of course, PAYT is standard practice for commercial waste generators. MSW is frequently managed by a combination of public and private entities. The local government’s responsibility for protection of public health and the local environment is cost-effectively discharged through public-private partnerships. Thus, the waste management infrastructure consists of numerous public-private partnerships that together are charged with protecting human health and the environment in a cost-effective manner. The EPA identified a hierarchy for waste management in which source reduction is considered to be most favorable, followed by recycling, treatment, and ultimately landfill disposal. While seemingly intuitive, we suggest that this hierarchy is most useful when both economic feasibility and environmental sustain-}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Barlaz, Morton and Cekander, G. C. and Vasuki, N. C.}, year={2003}, pages={583–584} }
 @misc{barlaz_2003, title={Landfill Chemistry and Microbiology and End of Post-Closure}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{price_barlaz_hater_2003, title={Nitrogen management in bioreactor landfills}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00104-1}, abstractNote={One scenario for long-term nitrogen management in landfills is ex situ nitrification followed by denitrification in the landfill. The objective of this research was to measure the denitrification potential of actively decomposing and well decomposed refuse. A series of 10-l reactors that were actively producing methane were fed 400 mg NO3-N /l every 48 h for periods of 19-59 days. Up to 29 nitrate additions were either completely or largely depleted within 48 h of addition and the denitrification reactions did not adversely affect the leachate pH. Nitrate did inhibit methane production, but the reactors recovered their methane-producing activity with the termination of nitrate addition. In well decomposed refuse, the nitrate consumption rate was reduced but was easily stimulated by the addition of either acetate or an overlayer of fresh refuse. Addition of acetate at five times the amount required to reduce nitrate did not lead to the production of NH4+ by dissimilatory nitrate reduction. The most probable number of denitrifying bacteria decreased by about five orders of magnitude during refuse decomposition in a reactor that did not receive nitrate. However, rapid denitrification commenced immediately with nitrate addition. This study shows that the use of a landfill as a bioreactor for the conversion of nitrate to a harmless byproduct, nitrogen gas, is technically viable.}, number={7}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Price, GA and Barlaz, MA and Hater, GR}, year={2003}, pages={675–688} }
 @article{zenker_borden_barlaz_2003, title={Occurrence and treatment of 1,4-dioxane in aqueous environments}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1092-8758"]}, DOI={10.1089/109287503768335913}, abstractNote={1,4-Dioxane is classified as a probable human carcinogen. It is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and it is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of polyester and various polyethoxylated compounds. Improper disposal of industrial waste and accidental solvent spills have resulted in the contamination of groundwater with 1,4-dioxane. Volatilization and sorption are not significant attenuation mechanisms due to 1,4-dioxane's complete miscibility with water. At present, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the only proven technology for 1,4-dioxane treatment. 1,4-Dioxane was believed to be very resistant to both abiotic and biologically mediated degradation due to its heterocyclic structure with two ether linkages. However, recent studies have shown that 1,4-dioxane can be biodegraded as a sole carbon and energy source, and that cost-effective biological treatment processes can be developed. Future work should be oriented towards the developme...}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Zenker, MJ and Borden, RC and Barlaz, MA}, year={2003}, pages={423–432} }
 @inproceedings{morris_houlihan_clark_barlaz_repa_sullivan_burt_2003, title={Performance-Based System For Post-Closure Care At MSW Landfills}, author={Morris, J.W.F. and Houlihan, M.F. and Clark, S. and Barlaz, M.A. and Repa, E. and Sullivan, P.S. and Burt, D.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{morris_houlihan_barlaz_sullivan_bonaparte_gallinatti_durant_gibbons_burt_clarke_et al._2003, title={Performance-Based System For Post-Closure Care At MSW Landfills- A New Approach To The Current 30-Year Time-Based System Of Subtitle D}, author={Morris, J.W.F. and Houlihan, M.F. and Barlaz, M.A. and Sullivan, P.S. and Bonaparte, R. and Gallinatti, J.D. and Durant, N.D. and Gibbons, R.D. and Burt, D.M. and Clarke, H.S. and et al.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_cowie_hater_2003, title={Production of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) During the Decomposition of Refuse and Individual Waste Components Under Various Operating Conditions}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Cowie, S.J. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2003} }
 @article{hossain_gabr_barlaz_2003, title={Relationship of compressibility parameters to municipal solid waste decomposition}, volume={129}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1151)}, abstractNote={Recently, there has been substantial interest in the enhancement of refuse decomposition in landfills, which results in increased settlement. In this paper, changes in waste compressibility as a function of the state of decomposition are reported. Samples representative of residential refuse were decomposed under conditions designed to simulate decomposition in both control and bioreactor landfills. Twenty four one-dimensional oedometer tests (63.5 mm cell) were performed on refuse prepared in laboratory-scale reactors for measurement of primary (Cc) and secondary (Ci, representing creep, and Ci, representing biological) compression indices. The state of decomposition was quantified by the methane yield and the cellulose (C) plus hemicellulose (H) to lignin (L) ratio. The magnitude of compressibility was shown to increase as refuse decomposed and compressibility parameters were correlated with the state of decomposition. Initial settlement increased with decreasing (C + H)/L ratio while the creep index was fairly independent of the state of decomposition. The coefficients of primary compression (Cc) for bioreactor samples showed an increasing trend with decreasing (C + H)/L ratios. Cc increased from 0.16 to 0.36 as (C + H)/L decreased from 1.29 to 0.25, and similar values of Cc were obtained with control samples at similar (C + H)/L ratios. The creep index range was estimated at 0.020.03 for control and bioreactor samples in various states of decomposition. The magnitude of the biological degradation index (Ci) depended on the degradation phase with the highest value of 0.19 obtained during the phase of accelerated methane production. Proposing a single Cc for landfill settlement calculations may lead to inaccurate predictions. Properties of each waste sublayer will change as a function of the decomposition stage, and dominating processes with appropriate compressibility parameters should be applied to individual sublayers.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hossain, M. S. and Gabr, Mohammed and Barlaz, Morton}, year={2003}, pages={1151–1158} }
 @article{barlaz_reinhart_2003, title={Special issue: Second Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, October 2002}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0956-053X"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00115-6}, number={7}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT}, author={Barlaz, M and Reinhart, D}, year={2003}, pages={557–559} }
 @article{barlaz_kaplan_ranjithan_2003, title={Using Life-Cycle Analysis To Compare Solid Waste Management Alternatives Involving Recycling, Composting And Landfills}, volume={13}, number={3}, journal={MSW Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Kaplan, P.O. and Ranjithan, S.R.}, year={2003}, pages={42–43} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2002, title={A Critical Evaluation of Factors Required to Terminate the Post-Closure Monitoring Period at Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @book{barlaz_2002, place={West Conshohocken, PA}, title={ASTM D6776-02, Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradability of Radiolabeled Plastic Materials in a Laboratory-Scale Simulated Landfill Environment}, number={6776 – 02}, institution={ASTM International}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{hilger_barlaz_2002, place={Washington, D. C}, edition={2nd}, title={Anaerobic Decomposition of Refuse in Landfills and Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soils}, booktitle={Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society of Microbiology}, author={Hilger, H.H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, editor={Hurst, Christon and Crawford, RonaldEditors}, year={2002}, pages={696–718} }
 @article{federle_barlaz_pettigrew_kerr_kemper_nuck_schechtman_2002, title={Anaerobic biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone)}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm025520w}, abstractNote={Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate), PHBO, represents a class of PHA copolymers that contain both short-chain-length and medium-chain-length repeat units. Radiolabeled and cold PHBO, containing 90 mol % 3-hydroxybutyrate and 10 mol % 3-hydroxyoctanoate were chemically synthesized using a new difunctional alkoxyzinc initiator. 14C-PHBO was incubated with samples of anaerobic digester sludge, septage, freshwater sediment, and marine sediment under conditions resembling those in situ. In addition, it was incubated in laboratory-scale landfill reactors. 14C-PCL (poly-e-caprolactone) was incubated with anaerobic digester sludge and in landfill reactors. Biodegradation was determined by measuring generation of 14CO2 and 14CH4 resulting from mineralization of the radiolabeled polymers. PHBO was extensively mineralized in digester sludge, septage sediments, and the landfill reactors, with half-lives less than 30 days. PCL was not significantly mineralized in digester sludge over 122 days. In the landfil...}, number={4}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Federle, TW and Barlaz, MA and Pettigrew, CA and Kerr, KM and Kemper, JJ and Nuck, BA and Schechtman, LA}, year={2002}, pages={813–822} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2002, title={Comparing the Environmental Performance of Bioreactor and Traditional Landfills Using Life-Cycle Analysis}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{barlaz_rooker_kjeldsen_gabr_borden_2002, title={Critical evaluation of factors required to terminate the postclosure monitoring period at solid waste landfills}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es011245u}, abstractNote={Regulations governing the disposal of solid waste in landfills specify that they must be monitored for 30 years after closure unless this period is extended by the governing regulatory authority. Given the wide range of conditions under which refuse is buried, technical criteria, rather than a specific time period, are preferable for evaluation of when it is acceptable to terminate postclosure monitoring. The objectives of this paper are to identify and evaluate parameters that can be used to define the end of the postclosure monitoring period and to present a conceptual framework for an investigation of whether postclosure monitoring can be terminated at a landfill. Parameters evaluated include leachate composition and leachate and gas production. Estimates of leachate production from closed landfills are used to assess the potential environmental impacts of a hypothetical release to surface water or groundwater. The acceptability of gaseous releases should be evaluated against criteria for odors, the potential for subsurface migration, and greenhouse gas and ozone precursor emissions. The approach presented here must be tested on a site-specific basis to identify additional data requirements and regulatory activity that might be required to prepare regulators for the large number of requests to terminate postclosure monitoring expected over the next 20 years. An approach in which the frequency and extent of postclosure monitoring is reduced as warranted by site-specific data and impact analysis should provide an effective strategy to manage closed landfills.}, number={16}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Barlaz, MA and Rooker, AP and Kjeldsen, P and Gabr, MA and Borden, RC}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={3457–3464} }
 @misc{barlaz_2002, title={Designing and Operating Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{maltby_barlaz_2002, title={Development of Model Parameters for Prediction of Methane Production from Paper Industry Landfills}, author={Maltby, C.V. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{vavilin_rytov_lokshina_pavlostathis_barlaz_2003, title={Distributed model of solid waste anaerobic digestion - Effects of leachate recirculation and pH adjustment}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0006-3592"]}, DOI={10.1002/bit.10450}, abstractNote={AbstractA distributed model of solid waste digestion in a 1‐D bioreactor with leachate recirculation and pH adjustment was developed to analyze the balance between the rates of polymer hydrolysis/acidogenesis and methanogenesis during the anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW). The model was calibrated on previously published experimental data generated in 2‐L reactors filled with shredded refuse and operated with leachate recirculation and neutralization. Based on model simulations, both waste degradation and methane production were stimulated when inhibition was prevented rapidly from the start, throughout the reactor volume, by leachate recirculation and neutralization. An optimal strategy to reduce the time needed for solid waste digestion is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 66–73, 2003.}, number={1}, journal={BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING}, author={Vavilin, VA and Rytov, SV and Lokshina, JY and Pavlostathis, SG and Barlaz, MA}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={66–73} }
 @inproceedings{chen_barlaz_knappe_2002, title={Effect of Aging on Bioavailability of Toluene Sorbed to Municipal Solid Waste Components}, author={Chen, Y. and Barlaz, M.A. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_barlaz_knappe_2002, title={Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Tetrachloroethene Sorbed to Municipal Solid Waste Components}, author={Zhang, Z. and Barlaz, M.A. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{wu_knappe_barlaz_2002, title={Factors Controlling Alkylbenzene Sorption and Desorption to Municipal Solid Waste}, author={Wu, B. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{knappe_zhang_hoyle_barlaz_2002, title={Interactions between Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants and Dissolved Organic Matter in Methanogenic Leachate}, author={Knappe, D.R.U. and Zhang, Z. and Hoyle, L.E. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{solano_dumas_harrison_ranjithan_barlaz_downey brill_2002, title={Life-Cycle-based Solid Waste Management. II: Illustrative Applications}, volume={128}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:10(993)}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:10(993)}, abstractNote={A companion paper described the development of the integrated solid waste management (ISWM) model that considers cost, energy, and environmental releases associated with management of municipal solid waste. This paper demonstrates the application of the ISWM model to a hypothetical, but realistic, case study. Several solid waste management (SWM) scenarios are studied, including the variation in energy and environmental emissions among alternate SWM strategies; the effect of mandated waste diversion (through recycling and other beneficial uses of waste such as combustion to recover energy) on environmental releases and cost; the tradeoff between cost and the level of waste diversion; and the tradeoff between cost and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the flexibility of the model is illustrated by the identification of alternate SWM strategies that meet approximately the same objectives using distinctly different combinations of unit processes. This flexibility may be of importance to local solid waste management planners who must implement new SWM programs. Use of the model illustrates the potential impact of solid waste management policies and regulations on global environmental emissions.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Solano, Eric and Dumas, Robert D. and Harrison, Kenneth W. and Ranjithan, S. Ranji and Barlaz, Morton A. and Downey Brill, E.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={993–1005} }
 @article{solano_ranjithan_barlaz_brill_2002, title={Life-cycle-based solid waste management. I: Model development}, volume={128}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:10(981)}, abstractNote={This paper describes an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) model to assist in identifying alternative SWM strategies that meet cost, energy, and environmental emissions objectives. An SWM system consisting of over 40 unit processes for collection, transfer, separation, treatment (e.g., combustion, composting), and disposal of waste as well as remanufacturing facilities for processing recycled material is defined. Waste is categorized into 48 items and their generation rates are defined for three types of sectors: single-family dwelling, multifamily dwelling, and commercial. The mass flow of each item through all possible combinations of unit processes is represented in a linear programming model using a unique modeling approach. Cost, energy consumption, and environmental emissions associated with waste processing at each unit process are computed in a set of specially implemented unit process models. A life-cycle approach is used to compute energy consumption and emissions of CO, fossil- and biomas...}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Solano, E. and Ranjithan, S. R. and Barlaz, Morton and Brill, E. D.}, year={2002}, pages={981–992} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_price_hater_2002, title={Long-Term Nitrogen Management in Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Price, G.A. and Hater, G.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_hater_2002, title={Long-Term Nitrogen Management in Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Hater, G.R.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2002, title={Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{wu_knappe_barlaz_2002, title={Modeling Toluene Desorption from Municipal Solid Waste Components}, author={Wu, B. and Knappe, D.R.U. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{zenker_borden_barlaz_2002, title={Modeling cometabolism of cyclic ethers}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1092-8758"]}, DOI={10.1089/109287502760271535}, abstractNote={The biodegradation kinetics of a mixed culture with the ability to cometabolically degrade 1,4-dioxane in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) were studied using a previously published model. Base...}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Zenker, MJ and Borden, RC and Barlaz, MA}, year={2002}, pages={215–228} }
 @misc{kjeldsen_barlaz_rooker_baun_ledin_christensen_2002, title={Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: A review}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1547-6537"]}, DOI={10.1080/10643380290813462}, abstractNote={The major potential environmental impacts related to landfill leachate are pollution of groundwater and surface waters. Landfill leachate contains pollutants that can be categorized into four groups (dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and xenobiotic organic compounds). Existing data show high leachate concentrations of all components in the early acid phase due to strong decomposition and leaching. In the long methanogenic phase a more stable leachate, with lower concentrations and a low BOD/COD-ratio, is observed. Generally, very low concentrations of heavy metals are observed. In contrast, the concentration of ammonia does not decrease, and often constitutes a major long-term pollutant in leachate. A broad range of xenobiotic organic compounds is observed in landfill leachate. The long-term behavior of landfills with respect to changes in oxidation-reduction status is discussed based on theory and model simulations. It seems that the somewhere postulated enhanced release of accumulated heavy metals would not take place within the time frames of thousands of years. This is supported by a few laboratory investigations. The existing data and model evaluations indicate that the xenobiotic organic compounds in most cases do not constitute a major long-term problem. This may suggest that ammonia will be of most concern in the long run.}, number={4}, journal={CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kjeldsen, P and Barlaz, MA and Rooker, AP and Baun, A and Ledin, A and Christensen, TH}, year={2002}, pages={297–336} }
 @inproceedings{cowie_ihnatolya_hater_barlaz_2002, title={Production of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) During the Decomposition of Refuse and Individual Waste Components Under Various Operating Conditions}, author={Cowie, S.J. and Ihnatolya, J.C. and Hater, G.R. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{mehta_barlaz_yazdani_augenstein_bryars_sinderson_2002, title={Refuse decomposition in the presence and absence of leachate recirculation}, volume={128}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:3(228)}, abstractNote={A side by side comparison of two 8,000 metric ton test cells was performed to evaluate the effects of leachate recirculation on refuse decomposition at Yolo County, CA. After about 3 years of operation, refuse was excavated in three borings from the enhanced cell (E1, E2, and E3) and two borings from the control cell (C1 and C2). Refuse moisture content data show that leachate recirculation resulted in an increase in refuse moisture content, but also show that the refuse in the enhanced cell was not uniformly wet. The average moisture content in E1, E2, and E3 was 38.8, 31.7, and 34.8%, respectively, while the average moisture content in C1 and C2 was 14.6 and 19.2%, respectively. Leachate recirculation resulted in both higher methane yields, (63.1 versus 27.9 L CH4/wet-kg over 1231 days) and increased settlement (15.5% versus 3% of the waste thickness). The extent of decomposition of excavated refuse samples was determined by the biochemical methane potential (BMP) and the ratio of cellulose plus hemicel...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Mehta, R. and Barlaz, Morton and Yazdani, R. and Augenstein, D. and Bryars, M. and Sinderson, L.}, year={2002}, pages={228–236} }
 @inproceedings{gabr_houssain_barlaz_2002, title={Shear Strength Parameters of Municipal Solid Waste with Leachate Recirculation}, author={Gabr, M. and Houssain, M.S. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{green_hater_goldsmith_chanton_vogt_barlaz_2002, title={The Use of Large Static Chambers to Compare Gaseous Emissions from a Traditional Soil Cover and a Biologically Active Cover at the Outer Loop Landfill}, author={Green, R.B. and Hater, G.R. and Goldsmith, C.D. and Chanton, J. and Vogt, W.G. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2001, title={A Critical Evaluation of Factors Required to Terminate the Post-Closure Monitoring Period at Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2001} }
 @book{kusa_barlaz_brill_green_knoeber_palmquist_2001, place={Washington, D.C}, title={An Assessment of Price Volatility in Recyclables Markets and Market Mechanisms to Stabilize Prices}, institution={Environmental Research and Education Foundation}, author={Kusa, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D. and Green, B. and Knoeber, C.R. and Palmquist, R.B.}, year={2001} }
 @inbook{hilger_barlaz_2001, place={Washington, DC}, edition={2nd Edition}, title={Anaerobic Decomposition of Refuse in Landfills and Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soils}, booktitle={Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society of Microbiology}, author={Hilger, H.H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2001}, pages={696–718} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2001, title={Closing Gaps in the Regulation of MSW Landfills: Defining the End of the Post-Closure Monitoring Period}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_gabr_hossain_rooker_kjeldsen_2001, title={Closing gaps in the regulation of MSW landfills: Defining the end of the post-closure monitoring period and the future stability of leachate recirculation landfills}, booktitle={Waste Tech 2001 :  February 11 - 14, 2001, Hyatt Islandia, San Diego, CA}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Gabr, M. A. and Hossain, S. and Rooker, A. and Kjeldsen, P.}, year={2001} }
 @article{harrison_dumas_solano_barlaz_brill_ranjithan_2001, title={Decision support tool for life-cycle-based solid waste management}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2001)15:1(44)}, abstractNote={Existing solid waste management (SWM) planning software provides only limited assistance to decision makers struggling to find strategies that address their multifarious concerns. The combinatorial nature (many waste items and many management options) and multiple objectives of the SWM problem severely constrain the effectiveness of a manual search process using these tools. Recognizing this, researchers have proposed several optimization-based search procedures. These methods, however, enjoy limited use due to the substantial expertise required for their application. This paper presents a new computer-based decision support framework that addresses these limitations. The new framework integrates process models that quantify the life-cycle inventory of a range of pollutants and costs for an extensive municipal solid waste system, an optimization search procedure that identifies strategies that meet cost and environmental objectives and site-specific restrictions, and a user-friendly interface that facilitates utilization of these components by practitioners. After describing the software design, the use and value of the tool in typical waste management scenarios is demonstrated through a hypothetical, but realistic, case study in which several alternative SWM strategies are generated and examined.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Harrison, K. W. and Dumas, R. D. and Solano, E. and Barlaz, Morton and Brill, E. D. and Ranjithan, S. R.}, year={2001}, pages={44–58} }
 @article{kao_kota_ress_barlaz_borden_2001, title={Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on natural bioremediation at a gasoline spill site}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0273-1223"]}, DOI={10.2166/wst.2001.0322}, abstractNote={A test cell of 3-m by 6-m located at the mid-point of a gasoline spill site was selected to test the hypothesis that the rate of hydrocarbon biodegradation is influenced by the spatial distribution of the electron acceptors, aqueous geochemistry, and microbial population. Multilevel samplers (MLSs) were installed at four corners of the test cell for groundwater sampling. Sampling ports were placed at 0.3-m intervals from 1.5 to 4.8 m below land surface (bls). A 0.91-m by 12.7-cm sediment core (from 3.3 to 4.2 m bls) in the center of the MLSs was collected. The core was cut into 7 sections, and each was used for sediment extractions, microbial enumeration, grain size distribution, and microcosm studies. Groundwater analytical results indicate that iron reduction was the dominant biodegradation process within this test cell. Iron-reducing process caused the preferential removal of certain compounds. Microbial enumeration results show that the distribution of microbial population varied with depth and sediment materials. Lower microbial population was observed in those sections with higher portion of clayey materials. The less permeable materials would limit the bacterial transport, decrease the bioavailability of Fe(III) to iron-reducing bacteria, and thus cause the low biodegradation activity. Results suggest that using blended sediments for biodegradation rate measurements may provide misleading results.}, number={5}, journal={WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kao, CM and Kota, S and Ress, B and Barlaz, MA and Borden, RC}, year={2001}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{wu_taylor_knappe_nanny_barlaz_2001, title={Factors controlling alkylbenzene sorption to municipal solid waste}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035890552&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es010893a}, abstractNote={The sorption of toluene and o-xylene to individual municipal solid waste (MSW) constituents [office paper, newsprint, model food and yard waste, high density polyethylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] was evaluated. Effects of sorbent decomposition and solvent composition on alkylbenzene sorption were studied by evaluating biodegradable sorbents in both fresh and anaerobically decomposed form and by complementing single-solute isotherm tests with experiments conducted in acidogenic and methanogenic leachate. Alkylbenzene sorption to plastics was greaterthan to biopolymer composites, and differences in sorbate/sorbent solubility parameter compatibility explained this observation. Alkylbenzene sorption to biopolymer composites yielded linear isotherms, and sorption capacities [log(Koc/Kow)] decreased linearly with increasing sorbent polarity as expressed by the O-alkyl/alkyl ratio. Leachate composition had little effect on alkylbenzene sorption with one exception; volatile fatty acids in acidogenic leachate appeared to convert PVC from a glassy to a rubbery polymer. The results of this study showed that sorbent organic matter affinity for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) increases with increasing extent of MSW decomposition because of the recalcitrance of plastics and the preferential degradation of polar biopolymers. Furthermore, the plasticizing effect of volatile fatty acids in acidogenic leachate may enhance the bioavailability of HOCs sorbed to glassy organic matter in MSW or in soils contaminated with acidogenic leachate.}, number={22}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wu, BY and Taylor, CM and Knappe, DRU and Nanny, MA and Barlaz, MA}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={4569–4576} }
 @inproceedings{norstrom_barlaz_bourque_2001, title={Life Cycle Inventory Comparison of a Bioreactor Landfill and a Traditional MSW Landfill in Sainte Sophie, Quebec}, author={Norstrom, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and Bourque, H.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2001, title={Production of Non-Methane Organic Compounds During Refuse Decomposition in a Laboratory-Scale Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{jones_harris_baker_barlaz_hater_2000, title={A Life-Cycle Inventory Comparison of a Bioreactor and Subtitle D Landfill}, author={Jones, J.R. and Harris, J. and Baker, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and Hater, G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{harrison_dumas_barlaz_nishtala_2000, title={A life-cycle inventory model of municipal solid waste combustion}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1047-3289"]}, DOI={10.1080/10473289.2000.10464135}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Evaluation of alternate strategies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management requires models to calculate environmental emissions as a function of both waste quantity and composition. A methodology to calculate waste component-specific emissions associated with MSW combustion is presented here. The methodology considers emissions at a combustion facility as well as those avoided at an electrical energy facility because of energy recovered from waste combustion. Emission factors, in units of kg pollutant per metric ton MSW entering the combustion facility, are calculated for CO2-biomass, CO2-fossil, SOx , HCl, NOx , dioxins/furans, PM, CO, and 11 metals. Water emissions associated with electrical energy offsets are also considered. Reductions in environmental emissions for a 500-metric-ton-per-day combustion facility that recovers energy are calculated.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Harrison, KW and Dumas, RD and Barlaz, MA and Nishtala, SR}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={993–1003} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2000, title={Assessment of the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Polymers in Simulated Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2000} }
 @misc{barlaz_2000, title={Biological and Chemical Transformations of Hazardous Organics During Refuse Decomposition}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_kjeldsen_gabr_rooker_2000, title={Closing Gaps in the Regulation of MSW Landfills: Defining the End of the Post-Closure Monitoring Period}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Kjeldsen, P. and Gabr, M.A. and Rooker, A.P.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_gabr_2000, title={Closing the Gaps in the Regulation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Gabr, M.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2000, title={Closing the Gaps in the Regulation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2000} }
 @misc{barlaz_gabr_2000, title={Closing the Gaps in the Regulation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Defining the End of the Post-Closure Monitoring Period}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Gabr, M.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_mehta_yazdani_augenstein_2000, title={Comparative Assessment of Solids Excavated from Leachate Recycle and Control Test Cells at the Yolo County, California Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Mehta, R. and Yazdani, R. and Augenstein, D.}, year={2000} }
 @article{hilger_wollum_barlaz_2000, title={Landfill methane oxidation response to vegetation, fertilization, and liming}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010041x}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetation, N fertilizers, and lime addition on landfill CH4 oxidation. Columns filled with compacted sandy loam and sparged with synthetic landfill gas were used to simulate a landfill cover. Grass‐topped and bare‐soil columns reduced inlet CH4 by 47 and 37%, respectively, at peak uptake; but the rate for both treatments was about 18% at steady slate. Nitrate and NH4 amendments induced a more rapid onset of CH4 oxidation relative to KCl controls. However, at steady state, NH4 inhibited CH4 oxidation in bare columns but not in grassed columns. Nitrate addition produced no inhibitory effects. Lime addition to the soil consistently enhanced CH4 oxidation. In all treatments, CH4 consumption increased to a peak value, then declined to a lower steady‐state value; and all gassed columns developed a pH gradient. Neither nutrient depletion nor protozoan grazing could explain the decline from peak oxidation levels. Ammonium applied to grassed cover soil can cause transient reductions in CH4 uptake, but there is no evidence that the inhibition persists. The ability of vegetation to mitigate NH4 inhibition indicates that results from bare‐soil tests may not always generalize to vegetated landfill caps.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Hilger, HA and Wollum, AG and Barlaz, MA}, year={2000}, pages={324–334} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_price_hater_2000, title={Long-Term Nitrogen Management In Bioreactor Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Price, G.A. and Hater, G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{hilger_cranford_barlaz_2000, title={Methane oxidation and microbial exopolymer production in landfill cover soil}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0038-0717"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00101-7}, abstractNote={In laboratory simulations of methane oxidation in landfill cover soil, methane consumption consistently increased to a peak value and then declined to a lower steady-state value. It was hypothesized that a gradual accumulation of exopolymeric substances (EPS) contributed to decreased methane uptake by clogging soil pores or limiting gas diffusion. This study was conducted to detect and quantify EPS in soil from columns sparged with synthetic landfill gas and from fresh landfill cover cores. Polysaccharide accumulations were detected with alcian blue stain. EPS was observed adhering to soil particles and as strands associated with, but separate from soil grains. Glucose concentrations in laboratory soil columns averaged 426 mg kg−1 dry soil, while in a column sparged with air the average glucose concentration in a horizon was 3.2 mg glucose kg−1 dry soil. Average glucose concentrations in two of four cores sampled from a closed landfill ranged from 600–1100 mg kg−1 dry soil, while control cores averaged 38 mg glucose kg−1 dry soil. Viscosity due to EPS was measured by comparing filtration rates of soil suspensions. Soil extracts from the upper horizons of laboratory columns sparged with landfill gas filtered at about one-third the rate of extracts from the lower horizons, and the landfill core with the highest glucose content also produced highly viscous extracts. Breakthrough curves measured in columns before and after methane exposure were similar, so that short-circuiting due to clogging was not occurring. The data support the hypothesis that EPS impeded oxygen diffusion to an active biofilm and limited the extent of methane oxidation.}, number={4}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Hilger, HA and Cranford, DF and Barlaz, MA}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={457–467} }
 @article{zenker_borden_barlaz_2000, title={Mineralization of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1572-9729"]}, DOI={10.1023/a:1011156924700}, abstractNote={A mixed culture with the ability to aerobically biodegrade 1,4-dioxane in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was enriched from a 1,4-dioxane contaminated aquifer. This consortium contained 3-4 morphologically different types of colonies and was grown in mineral salts media. Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane began when THF concentrations in batch experiments became relatively low. No biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane was observed in the absence of THF and the measured cell yield was similar during degradation of 1,4-dioxane with THF or with THF alone. However, when the consortium was grown in the presence of 14C-1,4-dioxane plus THF, 2.1% of the radiolabeled 1,4-dioxane was present in the particulate fraction. The majority of the 14C (78.1%) was recovered as 14CO2, while 5.8% remained in the liquid fraction. This activity is interesting since the non-growth substrate is mineralized, yet only minimally assimilated into biomass. Using THF as the growth substrate, the consortium also degraded 1,3-dioxane, methyl t-butyl ether, ethyl t-butyl ether and t-amyl methyl ether.}, number={4}, journal={BIODEGRADATION}, author={Zenker, MJ and Borden, RC and Barlaz, MA}, year={2000}, pages={239–246} }
 @misc{barlaz_2000, title={Monitoring Solids Decomposition and Solids Loss}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2000}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_2000, title={Research Needs Pertaining to Landiflls}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={2000}, month={Dec} }
 @article{sanin_knappe_barlaz_2000, title={The fate of toluene, acetone and 1,2-dichloroethane in a laboratory-scale simulated landfill}, volume={34}, ISSN={0043-1354}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00084-1}, DOI={10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00084-1}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to study the fate of toluene, acetone and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) in refuse excavated from a municipal solid waste landfill contaminated with organic solvents. Refuse excavated from the landfill was used to fill multiple 8-l simulated landfill reactors that were operated with and without moisture addition to simulate the absence and presence of an engineered cover, respectively. An average of 31.3% of the added 14C-toluene was converted to 14CH4 and 14CO2 in reactors that received water additions, while only 12% was mineralized in the absence of water addition. Up to 30% of the added 14C was recovered in humic and fulvic acid fractions and up to 12% of the 14C was not extractable with dichloromethane (DCM) followed by 0.5 N NaOH. The non-extractable fraction may represent strongly sorbed toluene or toluene metabolites covalently bound to humins. From 21.6 to 40.3% of the added 14C-acetone was converted to 14CH4 and 14CO2 although there was no consistent effect associated with water. This is likely explained by the high solubility of acetone as considerably more acetone was present in the reactor leachate relative to toluene. Reductive dehalogenation of 1,2-DCA to ethylene was measured in all reactors. This study suggests that remediation activities designed to reduce moisture infiltration could adversely affect contaminant biodegradation at the source and that moisture infiltration must be balanced against the potential increase in contaminant release due to leaching. Further, the association with humic matter in decomposed refuse may represent an alternative mechanism for contaminant sequestration.}, number={12}, journal={Water Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sanin, F and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={3063–3074} }
 @misc{barlaz_2000, title={Yard trimmings and landfill gas production}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={BioCycle}, author={Barlaz, M. A.}, year={2000}, pages={19–20} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_camobreco_coulon_felker_ham_rathle_repa_rousseau_1999, title={A Life-Cycle Inventory of a Solid Waste Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Camobreco, V. and Coulon, R. and Felker, M. and Ham, R.K. and Rathle, J. and Repa, E. and Rousseau, C.}, year={1999}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{hilger_liehr_barlaz_1999, title={A Model to Assess Biofilm Exopolymer Effects on Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soil}, author={Hilger, H.A. and Liehr, S.K. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_sanin_knappe_1999, title={Biological and Chemical Transformations of Hazardous Organic Chemicals During Refuse Decomposition}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Sanin, F.D. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1999, title={Development of Alternative Solid Waste Management Options Using a Life-Cycle Approach "}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_ranjithan_brill_dumas_harrison_solano_1999, title={Development of Alternative Solid Waste Management Options with Economic and Environmental Considerations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Brill, E.D. and Dumas, R.D. and Harrison, K.W. and Solano, E.}, year={1999} }
 @article{hilger_liehr_barlaz_1999, title={Exopolysaccharide control of methane oxidation in landfill cover soil}, volume={125}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:12(1113)}, abstractNote={An examination takes place as to whether a relationship exists between the accumulation of exopolymeric substances (EPS) in landfill cover soil and the gradual decline in biotic methane oxidation observed in laboratory soil columns sparged with synthetic landfill gas. A mathematical model that combined multicomponent gas diffusion along the vertical axis of the columns with biotic methane oxidation was used to predict vertical gas gradients in the columns. An initial trial assumed methane oxidizers were embedded in a thin base layer of biofilm coating the soil, and the model predictions fit experimental data from soil columns early in their operating period. A second trial modeled the same system with a thick EPS layer coating the base biofilm and limiting diffusion of gases into and out of the cells. Predictions from the latter trials fit experimental data from soil columns later in their operating period when lower methane consumption rates were observed. The model results suggest that EPS accumulation may regulate methane oxidation rates in landfill covers.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Hilger, H. A. and Liehr, S. K. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={1999}, pages={1113–1123} }
 @article{kota_borden_barlaz_1999, title={Influence of protozoan grazing on contaminant biodegradation}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00609.x}, abstractNote={The influence of protozoan grazing on biodegradation rates in samples from contaminated aquifer sediment was evaluated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Predator–prey biomass ratios suggested that protozoan grazing might be influencing bacterial populations. Experiments under aerobic conditions were conducted with a sediment extract fed with BTEX and treated with protozoan inhibitors (cycloheximide, neutral red, amphotericin-B). After 10 days, BTEX losses were enhanced in the presence of protozoan inhibitors, suggesting that reduced protozoan grazing enhanced the rate of BTEX biodegradation. In tests conducted in macrocosms under anaerobic conditions, treatments included benzaldehyde (carbon substrate), benzaldehyde+cycloheximide, a live control (no carbon), and an abiotic control. In both the benzaldehyde-only and benzaldehyde+cycloheximide treatments, repeated benzaldehyde additions resulted in an increase in the total fermenter population from 103 to 105 cells (g sediment)−1 and in the Fe-reducing population from 101 to 105 cells g−1. However, the protozoan population remained at about 20 cells g−1 in the sediment with no cycloheximide, and there was no difference in benzaldehyde biodegradation in the presence and absence of cycloheximide, suggesting that predation was not a significant control on anaerobic benzaldehyde biotransformation.}, number={2}, journal={FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, author={Kota, S. and Borden, R. C. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={1999}, pages={179–189} }
 @book{camobreco_repa_ham_barlaz_felker_rousseau_clark-balbo_rathle_thorneloe_1999, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Life Cycle Inventory of a Modern Municipal Solid Waste Landfill}, institution={Environmental Research and Education Foundation}, author={Camobreco, V. and Repa, E. and Ham, R.K. and Barlaz, M.A. and Felker, M. and Rousseau, C. and Clark-Balbo, M. and Rathle, J. and Thorneloe, S.}, year={1999}, month={Jun} }
 @article{weitz_barlaz_ranjithan_brill_thorneloe_ham_1999, title={Life Cycle Management of Municipal Solid Waste}, volume={4}, ISSN={0948-3349 1614-7502}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02979496}, DOI={10.1007/bf02979496}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Weitz, Keith and Barlaz, Morton and Ranjithan, Ranji and Brill, Downey and Thorneloe, Susan and Ham, Robert}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={195–201} }
 @article{camobreco_ham_barlaz_repa_felker_rousseau_rathle_1999, title={Life-cycle inventory of a modern municipal solid waste landfill}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0734-242X"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1399-3070.1999.00079.x}, abstractNote={The Environmental Research and Education Foundation (EREF), in conjunction with Ecobalance and researchers from the University of Wisconsin and North Carolina State, is nearing completion of a comprehensive 2-year project on the life-cycle inventory (LCI) of a modern municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Data for the model came from both primary (over 100 landfills world-wide) and secondary data sources. Partners in the project included waste management companies from North America and Europe (including Waste Management Inc., SITA and CREED). In addition to the landfill LCI model, the project also includes the development of a software tool. The final report will provide a sound basis for assessing, on a life-cycle basis, the emissions and resource consumption associated with a modern MSW landfill. The model and report can be used to assess the importance of: (1) the various stages in the life-cycle system; (2) the time horizon selected; and (3) the air and water management techniques selected.}, number={6}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH}, author={Camobreco, V and Ham, R and Barlaz, M and Repa, E and Felker, M and Rousseau, C and Rathle, J}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={394–408} }
 @article{thomas_barlaz_1999, title={Production of non-methane organic compounds during refuse decomposition in a laboratory-scale landfill}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1177/0734242X9901700306}, abstractNote={ The presence of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) in landfill gas is well documented. However, there is little understanding of the degree to which the production of NMOCs should be attributed to the volatilization of household hazardous waste as opposed to intermediates of the anaerobic decomposition of the major cellulosic components of municipal solid waste. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the NMOC yields for decomposed refuse, fresh residential refuse, and a synthetic refuse; and (2) to evaluate the source of NMOCs emitted during refuse decomposition. Replicate 2-1 reactors were filled with shredded residential refuse expected to contain household hazardous waste, synthetic refuse containing no hazardous constituents, and control reactors with decomposed refuse only. Anaerobic decomposition of each refuse was initiated with a seed of decomposed refuse, and the reported methane and NMOC yields were corrected for that attributable to the seed. The NMOC yields from the seed, synthetic refuse, and residential refuse were comparable (0.62 to 1.01 X 10-4 g NMOC (dry g)-1, suggesting that the volatilization of hazardous organic compounds is not the sole source of NMOCs in landfill gas and that anaerobic biodegradation intermediates also contribute to NMOCs. }, number={3}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, author={Thomas, C. L. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={1999}, pages={205–211} }
 @misc{barlaz_knappe_1999, title={The Effects of Aging and Sorbent Decomposition on the Bioavailability of Toluene and o-Xylene in Solid Waste}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_sanin_knappe_1999, title={The Fate of Toluene and Dichloroethane in a Superfund Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Sanin, F.D. and Knappe, D.R.U.}, year={1999} }
 @article{wang_barlaz_1998, title={Anaerobic biodegradability of alkylbenzenes and phenol by landfill derived microorganisms}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1574-6941"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00492.x}, abstractNote={The objectives of this research were to evaluate the anaerobic biodegradability of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, phenol and p-cresol by microorganisms present in decomposing refuse and to study the effects of environmental conditions, pertinent to landfills, on the anaerobic degradation of phenol and p-cresol by refuse derived microbial consortia. Microbial inocula were derived from refuse from both landfills and laboratory reactors. While toluene biodegradation was only measured with one inoculum, broad degradation for phenol and p-cresol was measured. Cultures enriched on refuse were then derived from two samples to evaluate conservation of degradative activity against phenol. In one enrichment, phenol degrading activity was maintained after 6 months, while this activity decreased in a second culture. Phenol and p-cresol enrichment cultures also exhibited activity against other hydroxyl-substituted aromatics but not mono-chlorinated phenols. Cellulosic carbon and soluble trace constituents extracted from fresh refuse stimulated phenol degradation with one enrichment. However, the cellulosic carbon was inhibitory to the other phenol and p-cresol enrichment cultures. The pH optima for all cultures were between 6.5 and 7.0. Finally, a high concentration of acetate prevented the efficient removal of benzoate and consequently inhibited phenol degradation. Landfills were shown to be a habitat harboring anaerobic microbial populations capable of degrading toluene and hydroxyl-substituted aromatics, suggesting that contaminant degradation may be maximized with proper landfill management.}, number={4}, journal={FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY}, author={Wang, YS and Barlaz, MA}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={405–418} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1998, title={Biodegradation in Landfills: Municipal Solid Waste and Polymers}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{barlaz_1998, title={Carbon storage during biodegradation of municipal solid waste components in laboratory-scale landfills}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0886-6236"]}, DOI={10.1029/98GB00350}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to measure the amount of carbon associated with the major biodegradable components of municipal solid waste (MSW) that remains in long‐term storage after anaerobic decomposition in landfills. Tests were conducted in quadruplicate in 2‐L reactors operated to obtain maximum decomposition. Measured carbon storage factors (CSFs) for grass, leaves, branches, food waste, coated paper, old newsprint, old corrugated containers, office paper, and MSW were 0.32, 0.54, 0.38, 0.08, 0.34, 0.42, 0.26, 0.05, and 0.22 kg C sequestered dry kg−1, respectively. These values were then used to estimate an overall CSF for MSW that varied from 0.274 to 0.302 kg C sequestered wet kg−1 for waste mixtures that exclude and include recycling, respectively. On the basis of an overall CSF for MSW and data on global MSW generation, global carbon sequestration from MSW burial is estimated to be at least 119 million metric tons per year.}, number={2}, journal={GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES}, author={Barlaz, MA}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={373–380} }
 @article{hunt_borden_barlaz_1998, title={Determining Anaerobic BTEX Decay Rates in a Contaminated Aquifer}, volume={3}, ISSN={1084-0699 1943-5584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(1998)3:4(285)}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(1998)3:4(285)}, abstractNote={Intrinsic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface has gained increased acceptance as a remedial alternative where the risk of exposure is within acceptable standards. However, methods to predict reliably the rate and extent of biodegradation at contaminated sites have not been established. Laboratory microcosm and \Iin-situ\N column experiments were conducted in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer undergoing intrinsic biodegradation to (1) document that anaerobic biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) isomers occurred, (2) determine the rate and pattern of BTEX biodegradation, and (3) compare measured decay rates in laboratory and in situ microcosm results with contamination concentrations along the length of the plume. Both methods verified that indigenous microorganisms have the capability to biodegrade anaerobically BTX under ambient conditions. However, microcosms constructed with aquifer material from different areas of the plume showed significant variability in rate and extent of contaminant biodegradation. In experiments conducted in the same area of the plume, the biodegradation rate for the individual compounds measured in both \Iin situ\N columns and microcosms was over 10 times higher than the rate calculated from field monitoring. Thus, these methods should not be used to infer field-scale decay rates.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hydrologic Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hunt, Melody J. and Borden, Robert C. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={285–293} }
 @inproceedings{ranjithan_barlaz_brill_dumas_harrison_kosmicki_solano_1998, title={Development of alternative solid waste management options with economic and environmental considerations: A mathematical modeling approach}, number={1998 Oct.}, booktitle={International Solid Waste Association 1998 World Congress, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 26-29, 1998}, author={Ranjithan, S. R and Barlaz, M. A. and Brill, E. D. and Dumas, R. D. and Harrison, K. W. and Kosmicki, B. A. and Solano, E.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{sanin_barlaz_1998, title={Effect of moisture flux on contaminant fate in refuse excavated from a midwestern landfill}, number={1998 June}, booktitle={Water quality international '98: Selected proceedings of the 19th Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Quality, held at Vancouver, BC, Canada, 21-26 June 1998}, publisher={Oxford; Tarrytown, N.Y.: Pergamon: Elsevier Science}, author={Sanin, F. D. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{hilger_barlaz_1998, title={Factors Influencing Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soil}, author={Hilger, H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{fairweather_barlaz_1998, title={Hydrogen sulfide production during decomposition of landfill inputs}, volume={124}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:4(353)}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of a number of landfill inputs on hydrogen sulfide production and on competition between methane production and sulfate reduction during refuse decomposition. Tests were conducted in four-liter reactors that contained residential municipal waste; decomposed refuse as a seed; and various mixtures of anaerobically digested polymer-treated sludge, anaerobically digested lime-stabilized sludge, and wallboard (calcium sulfate) simulating construction and demolition waste. Tests demonstrated that wallboard was the major cause of hydrogen sulfide production and that methanogenesis and sulfate reduction occur concurrently during refuse decomposition. Additionally, both polymer- and lime-treated sludge enhanced refuse decomposition. Despite the presence of excess sulfate, 2.9 to 7.0 times more organic carbon was biodegraded through methanogenesis than through sulfate reduction.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Fairweather, R. J. and Barlaz, Morton}, year={1998}, pages={353–361} }
 @inproceedings{sanin_barlaz_1998, title={Natural attenuation of hazardous organics during refuse decomposition in a municipal landfill}, number={1998 Oct.}, booktitle={International Solid Waste Association 1998 World Congress, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 26-29, 1998}, author={Sanin, F. D. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{pettigrew_federle_schechtman_barlaz_1998, title={Polyester Applications: Disposal and Biodegradation}, author={Pettigrew, C.A. and Federle, T.W. and Schechtman, L.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{kota_barlaz_borden_1998, title={Significance of Protozoan Grazing on the Intrinsic Bioremediation of Gasoline Contaminated Aquifers}, number={1998 May}, booktitle={1998 Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Boston, MA, May 26-29, 1998}, author={Kota, S. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1998} }
 @article{ress_calvert_pettigrew_barlaz_1998, title={Testing anaerobic biodegradability of polymers in a laboratory scale simulated landfill}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es970296h}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to develop an improved technique for measurement of anaerobic biodegradability that more closely simulates decomposition in landfills. Tests were conducted in 2-L reactors that contained a mixture of 14C-labeled test material, fresh refuse, and decomposed refuse as a seed. The four materials evaluated included a pure cellulose, a lignified cellulose (LC), a citric acid cross-linked cellulose (x-C), and a polyacrylate absorbent gel material (AGM). Material biodegradability, as measured by production of 14CH4 and 14CO2, was 55.5, 25.7, 52.0, and 2.5% for purified cellulose, LC, x-C, and AGM, respectively. Total recovery of radiolabel, after measure ment of residual label in the leachate and decomposed refuse, was 77.4, 95.2, 74.1, and 66.7%, respectively. The reactor system provided repeatable results and simulated the refuse decomposition cycle in 6 months. Tests demonstrated that the biodegradability of x-C, a newly developed material, was comparable to that of pure cell...}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Ress, BB and Calvert, PP and Pettigrew, CA and Barlaz, MA}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={821–827} }
 @inproceedings{sanin_barlaz_knappe_1998, title={Toluene sorption, humification and biodegradation in excavated refuse: A high organic carbon sorbent}, number={1998 May}, booktitle={1998 Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Boston, MA, May 26-29, 1998}, author={Sanin, F. D. and Barlaz, M. A. and Knappe, D. R. U.}, year={1998} }
 @article{hunt_shafer_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Anaerobic biodegradation of alkylbenzenes in laboratory microcosms representing ambient conditions}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1080/10889869709351317}, abstractNote={Abstract A microcosm study was performed to document the anaerobic biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m- xylene, and/or o-xylene in petroleum-contaminated aquifer sediment from sites in Michigan (MI) and North Carolina (NC) and relate the results to previous field investigations of intrinsic bioremediation. Laboratory microcosms, designed to simulate ambient conditions, were constructed under anaerobic conditions with sediment and groundwater from source, mid-plume, and end-plume locations at each site. The general patterns of biodegradation and electron acceptor utilization in the microcosms were consistent with field data. At the MI site, methane was produced after a moderate lag period, followed by toluene degradation in all sets of microcosms. At the NC site, biodegradation of the target compounds was not evident in the source area microcosms. In the mid-plume microcosms, toluene and o-xylene biodegraded first, followed by m-xylene and benzene, a pattern consistent with contaminant deca...}, number={1}, journal={Bioremediation Journal}, author={Hunt, M. J. and Shafer, M. B. and Barlaz, Morton and Borden, R. C.}, year={1997}, pages={53–64} }
 @inproceedings{kota_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Benzaldehyde Degradation Under Mixed Iron Reducing/Fermentative Conditions}, author={Kota, S. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1997} }
 @article{kota_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Benzaldehyde degradation under mixed iron reducing / fermentative conditions}, volume={78}, number={17}, journal={Eos (Richmond, Va.)}, author={Kota, S. and Barlaz, M. A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1997}, pages={S121} }
 @article{eleazer_odle_wang_barlaz_1997, title={Biodegradability of municipal solid waste components in laboratory-scale landfills}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0013-936X"]}, DOI={10.1021/es9606788}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradability of municipal refuse components by measuring methane yields, the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition, and leachate toxicity. Tests were conducted in quadruplicate in 2-L reactors operated to obtain maximum yields. Measured methane yields for grass, leaves, branches, food waste, coated paper, old newsprint, old corrugated containers, and office paper were 144.4, 30.6, 62.6, 300.7, 84.4, 74.3, 152.3, and 217.3 mL of CH4/dry g, respectively. Although, as a general trend, the methane yield increased as the cellulose plus hemicellulose content increased, confounding factors precluded establishing a quantitative relationship. Similarly, the degree of lignification of a particular component was not a good predictor of the extent of biodegradation. With the exception of food waste, leachate from the decomposition of refuse components was not toxic as measured by using an anaerobic toxicity assay.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Eleazer, WE and Odle, WS and Wang, YS and Barlaz, MA}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={911–917} }
 @inproceedings{wang_barlaz_1997, title={Biodegradation Potential of Alkylbenzenes and Phenols in Landfills}, author={Wang, Y.S. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{ress_sanchez_pettigrew_barlaz_1997, title={Biodegradation of polycaprolactone in a simulated landfill}, booktitle={Annual Meeting of the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society, San Diego, CA, Sept. 16 - 20, 1997}, author={Ress, B. B. and Sanchez, M. R. and Pettigrew, C. A. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1997} }
 @book{barlaz_eleazer_odle_qian_wang_1997, place={Research Triangle Park, NC}, title={Biodegradative Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste in Laboratory-Scale Landfills}, number={600/R-97-071}, institution={National Risk Management Research Laboratory}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Eleazer, W.E. and Odle, W.S. and Qian, X. and Wang, Y.-S.}, year={1997}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1997, title={Biodegradative analysis of municipal solid waste in laboratory-scale landfills}, number={1997}, booktitle={US Environmental Protection Agency Report #EPA 600/R-97-071, Washington, D.C.}, author={Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{borden_hunt_shafer_barlaz_1997, title={Environmental research brief}, booktitle={Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX in aquifer material}, publisher={Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory}, author={Borden, R. C. and Hunt, M. J. and Shafer, M. B. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1997}, pages={9} }
 @inproceedings{nishtala_harrison_barlaz_1997, title={Estimating Municipal Waste Combustor Emissions as a Function of Waste Composition}, author={Nishtala, S.R. and Harrison, K.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1997} }
 @book{kota_hunt_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Factors limiting intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated aquifers}, number={1997}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, institution={Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute}, author={Kota, S. and Hunt, M. J. and Barlaz, M. A. and Borden, R. C.}, year={1997} }
 @book{kota_hunt_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated aquifers: Biodegradation rate measurement and microbial ecology}, number={308}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, institution={Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute}, author={Kota, S. and Hunt, M. J. and Barlaz, M. A. and Borden, R. C.}, year={1997}, pages={63} }
 @article{ladapo_barlaz_1997, title={Isolation and characterization of refuse methanogens}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1364-5072"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00154.x}, abstractNote={Four mesophilic, irregular, rod‐shaped methanogenic bacteria were isolated from decomposing refuse recovered from laboratory‐scale reactors and a municipal solid waste landfill. H2/CO2 was the only substrate on which the isolates could grow in a complex medium. Isolates grew between either 25° or 30° and 45°C and between pH 6 and 8. One isolate exhibited growth at pH 5. Growth of each isolate was enhanced by yeast extract and inhibited by anaerobic sewage sludge supernatant fluid. No isolate showed greater than 25% lysis on exposure to 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for 24 h, as is typical of methanogens with a proteinaceous cell wall. The physiological traits of the methanogens isolated here are similar to many previously characterized isolates.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ladapo, JA and Barlaz, MA}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={751–758} }
 @inproceedings{camobreco_ham_barlaz_repa_felker_rousseau_rathle_1997, title={Life-Cycle Inventory of a Modern Municipal Solid Waste Landfill}, author={Camobreco, V. and Ham, R.K. and Barlaz, M.A. and Repa, E. and Felker, M. and Rousseau, C. and Rathle, J.}, year={1997} }
 @article{wang_odle_eleazer_barlaz_1997, title={Methane potential of food waste and anaerobic toxicity of leachate produced during food waste decomposition}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0734-242X"]}, DOI={10.1006/wmre.1996.0073}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradation of food waste, including its methane potential and the anaerobic toxicity of leachate associated with food waste decomposition. Biodegradation experiments were conducted in 2.2-litre reactors and were seeded with well-decomposed refuse. Despite pH neutralization, reactors seeded with 30% old refuse failed to undergo methanogenesis. Food waste in a second set of reactors, containing 70% seed, produced 300.7 ml CH4dry g−1. Leachate toxicity was evaluated by a modified anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA). The results of ATAs were typically consistent with the methane production behavior of the reactors. However, the toxicity observed in the ATA test could not be simulated with synthetic leachate containing high concentrations of carboxylic acids and sodium. Tests with 20, 5, 15 and 12 g l−1of acetate, propionate, butyrate and sodium, respectively, suggested that high concentrations of butyric acid and sodium inhibited the onset of methane production but that refuse micro-organisms could acclimatize to these concentrations within 5–10 days. The refuse ecosystem was shown to tolerate higher concentrations of undissociated carboxylic acids than previously reported for anaerobic digesters.}, number={2}, journal={WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH}, author={Wang, YS and Odle, WS and Eleazer, WE and Barlaz, MA}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={149–167} }
 @inbook{barlaz_1997, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Microbial Studies of Landfills and Anaerobic Refuse Decomposition}, booktitle={Manual for Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society of Microbiology}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, editor={Hurst, Christon and Knudsen, GuyEditors}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{ress_kota_kao_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Microbial and Geochemical Heterogeneity in Gasoline Contaminated Aquifers Undergoing Intrinsic Bioremediation}, author={Ress, B.B. and Kota, S. and Kao, J. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1997} }
 @article{ress_kota_kao_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Microbial and geochemical heterogeneity in gasoline contaminated aquifers undergoing intrinsic bioremediation}, volume={78}, number={17}, journal={Eos (Richmond, Va.)}, author={Ress, B. B. and Kota, S. and Kao, J. and Barlaz, M. A. and Borden, R. C.}, year={1997}, pages={S159} }
 @article{malone_stjohn_barlaz_borden_1997, title={Potential toxicity and aerobic biodegradability of sodium silicate chemical grout leachate}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0442:PTAABO>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Environmental Toxicology and ChemistryVolume 16, Issue 3 p. 442-446 Environmental Chemistry Potential toxicity and aerobic biodegradability of sodium silicate chemical grout leachate J. Michael Malone, J. Michael Malone Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorTodd W. St. John, Todd W. St. John Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorMorton A. Barlaz, Corresponding Author Morton A. Barlaz Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USADepartment of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorRoy H. Borden, Roy H. Borden Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this author J. Michael Malone, J. Michael Malone Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorTodd W. St. John, Todd W. St. John Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorMorton A. Barlaz, Corresponding Author Morton A. Barlaz Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USADepartment of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this authorRoy H. Borden, Roy H. Borden Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7908, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 October 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160308Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Large quantities of organic reagents are used in sodium silicate grouts for the stabilization of granular soils prior to construction projects. However, the fate and effects of these reagents in the subsurface are unknown. In this study, leachate from sodium silicate grouted soil specimens was tested for acute toxicity using Daphnia magna and Vibrio fisheri (Microtox®) assays. Additionally, a soil biometer test was used to measure the aerobic biodegradability of the grout leachate. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranged from 1,220 to 3,260 mg/L as total organic carbon (TOC) for the D. magna test and from 4,500 to 22,180 mg/L as TOC for the Microtox test. More than 80% of the organics contained in the grout leachate were biologically converted to carbon dioxide in less than 30 d. The grout was found to be far less toxic than other common organic chemicals such as phenol. Volume16, Issue3March 1997Pages 442-446 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Malone, JM and StJohn, TW and Barlaz, MA and Borden, RH}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={442–446} }
 @article{johnston_borden_barlaz_1996, title={Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hazardous Organics in Groundwater Down Gradient of a Sanitary Landfill}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, author={Johnston, J.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996}, pages={263–283} }
 @inproceedings{ladapo_barlaz_1996, title={Anaerobic Isolation and Characterization of Methanogens from Laboratory-Scale Reactors and Municipal Landfill Refuse}, author={Ladapo, J.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @article{johnston_borden_barlaz_1996, title={Anaerobic biodegradation of alkylbenzenes and trichloroethylene in aquifer sediment down gradient of a sanitary landfill}, volume={23}, ISSN={0169-7722}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00103-4}, DOI={10.1016/0169-7722(95)00103-4}, abstractNote={The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the anaerobic biodegradability of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene (BTEX) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in aquifer sediment down gradient of an unlined landfill. The major organic contaminants identified in the shallow unconfined aquifer are cis-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) and toluene. The biodegradative potential of the contaminated aquifer was measured in three sets of microcosms constructed using anaerobic aquifer sediment from three boreholes down gradient of the landfill. The degradability of BTEX and TCE was examined under ambient and amended conditions. TCE was degraded in microcosms with aquifer material from all three boreholes. Toluene biodegradation was inconsistent, exhibiting biodegradation with no lag in one set of microcosms but more limited biodegradation in two additional sets of microcosms. TCE exhibited an inhibitory effect on toluene degradation at one location. The addition of calcium carbonate stimulated TCE biodegradation which was not further stimulated by nutrient addition. TCE was converted to ethylene, a harmless byproduct, in all tests. Benzene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers were recalcitrant in both ambient and amendment experiments. Biodegradation occurred under methanogenic conditions as methane was produced in all experiments. Bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES), a methanogenic inhibitor, inhibited methane and ethylene production and TCE biodegradation. The results indicate the potential for intrinsic bioremediation of TCE and toluene down gradient of the Wilder's Grove, North Carolina, landfill. The low concentrations of TCE in monitoring wells was consistent with its biodegradation in laboratory microcosms.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnston, James J. and Borden, Robert C. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={263–283} }
 @inproceedings{wang_barlaz_1996, title={Biodegradation Potential of Alkylbenzenes and Phenols in Landfill Samples}, author={Wang, Y.-S. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @misc{barlaz_1996, title={Current Estimates of Global Methane Emissions from Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_brill_dumas_harrison_kosmicki_ranjithan_solano_1996, title={Development of Alternative Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategies in Consideration of Economic and Environmental Factors}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D. and Dumas, R. and Harrison, K. and Kosmicki, B. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Solano, E.}, year={1996}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{kota_barlaz_borden_1996, title={Distribution of Microbial Populations in a Gasoline-Contaminated Sandy Aquifer}, author={Kota, S. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_borden_barlaz_1996, title={Effect of Temperature on Anaerobic Benzene and p-Xylene Biodegradation by a Mixed Microbial Population in Coastal Plain Aquifer Sediment}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @article{qian_barlaz_1996, title={Enumeration of Anaerobic Refuse-Decomposing Micro-Organisms On Refuse Constituents}, volume={14}, ISSN={0734-242X 1096-3669}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9601400205}, DOI={10.1177/0734242x9601400205}, abstractNote={ Hydrolytic, acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria are required for the conversion of refuse to methane in landfills. In order to identify sources of these trophic groups in refuse, the total anaerobic population and the sub-populations of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, butyrate catabolizing acetogenic, and acetate- and H2-CO2 -utilizing methanogenic bacteria as present on grass, leaves, branches, food waste, whole refuse and two landfill cover soils were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) technique. Total anaerobes ranged from 10 3 cells per dry gram in cover soil to 109 in grass, food waste and fresh refuse. Hemicellulolytics ranged from 160 cells per dry gram in cover soil to 109 in grass. The highest cellulolytic population was measured on branches (316 cells per dry gram), while the maximum acetogenic population was measured on leaves (2.5 x 104). The highest methanogen populations were measured on leaves (6.3 x 103) and one of two fresh refuse samples (105). Yard waste was the major carrier of the trophic groups required for refuse decomposition, while the cover soils tested did not represent major inputs of the requisite bacteria to landfills. © 1996 ISWA }, number={2}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Qian, Xingdong and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={1996}, month={Mar}, pages={151–161} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_bonner_calvert_1996, title={Evaluation of the Anaerobic Biodegradability of Radiolabeled Test Materials in a Laboratory-Scale Simulated Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Bonner, B.A. and Calvert, P.P.}, year={1996} }
 @inbook{palmisano_barlaz_1996, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Introduction}, booktitle={Microbiology of Solid Waste}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Palmisano, A.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, editor={Palmisano, A.C. and Barlaz, M.A.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={1–30} }
 @inproceedings{weitz_nishtala_thorneloe_barlaz_1996, title={Life Cycle Study of Municipal Solid Waste Management}, author={Weitz, K. and Nishtala, S.R. and Thorneloe, S. and Barlaz, M.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{coulon_barlaz_ham_1996, title={Life-Cycle Assessment of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill}, author={Coulon, R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1996, title={Measurement of Polymer Biodegradability Under Anaerobic Conditions}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @inbook{barlaz_1996, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Microbiology of Solid Waste Landfills}, booktitle={Microbiology of Solid Waste}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, editor={Palmisano, A.C. and Barlaz, M.A.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={31–70} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_borden_1996, title={Natural Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1996}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{borden_barlaz_1996, title={Natural Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons}, author={Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{bonner_calvert_pettigrew_barlaz_1996, title={Polymer Biodegradation Under Simulated Landfill Conditions}, author={Bonner, B.A. and Calvert, P.P. and Pettigrew, C.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_beckman_borden_barlaz_1995, title={A Comparison of Anaerobic Biodegradation Rates for BTEX as Measured in Laboratory Microcosms and In-Situ Columns}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Beckman, M. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{pettigrew_ferderle_barlaz_1995, title={Assessing the Biodegradability of Polymeric Materials Under Composting and Landfill Conditions}, author={Pettigrew, C.A. and Ferderle, T.W. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @article{rhew_barlaz_1995, title={Effect of Lime-Stabilized Sludge as Landfill Cover on Refuse Decomposition}, volume={121}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:7(499)}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:7(499)}, abstractNote={Increased quantities of wastewater-treatment sludge coupled with more stringent regulations make it important to develop alternatives for residuals management. The use of a mixture of anaerobically digested, lime-stabilized wastewater sludge (LSS) and soil as a cover material was evaluated for its effect on refuse decomposition and leachate quality. Tests were conducted in 4-L reactors filled with shredded refuse and operated to accelerate refuse stabilization. Cover mixtures evaluated in quadruplicate included pure soil, pure lime, and mixtures containing 40% and 70% LSS in soil. Methane production and leachate stabilization were enhanced in reactors containing added lime or LSS. The presence of LSS in the cover did not increase the concentrations of NH 3 -N, PO 4 -P, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, or Zn in the leachate. There was a slight increase in Cu attributable to LSS. The use of LSS, or other lime-containing wastes in landfill cover material has the potential to be beneficial as a source of inexpensive cover...}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Rhew, Rodney D. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={499–506} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_borden_barlaz_1995, title={Effects of Amendment Additions on Anaerobic Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Aquifer Sediment}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @book{doorn_barlaz_1995, place={Washington, DC}, title={Estimate of Global Methane Emissions from Landfills and Open Dumps}, number={EPA-600/R-95-019}, institution={Office of Research and Development}, author={Doorn, M.R.J. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_borden_barlaz_1995, title={Evidence for Microbial Reduction of Clay Minerals in Petroleum Contaminated Aquifer Sediment}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{ranjithan_barlaz_brill_fu_kaneko_nishtala_piechottka_1995, title={Integrated Solid Waste Management: 1. Decision Support System}, author={Ranjithan, S. and Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D., Jr and Fu, S.-Y. and Kaneko, A. and Nishtala, S.R. and Piechottka, H.R.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_brill_kaneko_nishtala_piechottka_ranjithan_1995, title={Integrated Solid Waste Management: 1. Mathematical Modeling}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Brill, E.D., Jr and Kaneko, A. and Nishtala, S.R. and Piechottka, H.R. and Ranjithan, S.}, year={1995} }
 @book{barlaz_hunt_kota_borden_1995, title={Intrinsic Bioremediation of a Gasoline Plume: Comparison of Field and Laboratory Results}, number={EPA/600/R-95/O76}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Hunt, M.J. and Kota, S. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{malone_borden_barlaz_1995, title={Leachability of Organic Compounds from Sodium Silicate Chemical Grouts Using Organic Reagents}, author={Malone, J.M. and Borden, R.H. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1995, title={Life-Cycle Inventory of Municipal Solid Waste Alternatives: Project Overview and System Boundaries}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1995, title={Methane Generation and Release from Landfill Sites}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{malone_st. john_barlaz_borden_1995, title={Methods to Evaluate the Environmental Impacts of Sodium Silicate Chemical Grouts}, author={Malone, J.M. and St. John, T. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.H.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{bonner_calvert_barlaz_pettigrew_1995, title={Polymer Biodegradation Under Simulated Landfill Conditions}, author={Bonner, B.A. and Calvert, P. and Barlaz, M.A. and Pettigrew, C.A.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{thorneloe_barlaz_ham_1995, title={Use of Life-Cycle Assessment to Compare Municipal Solid Waste Management Alternatives}, author={Thorneloe, S.A. and Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K.}, year={1995} }
 @book{barlaz_rubin_amoozegar_1995, title={Use of Lime Treated Wastewater Sludge-Soil Mixtures For Daily Cover in Solid Waste Landfills}, number={16}, institution={Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Rubin, A.R. and Amoozegar, A.}, year={1995} }
 @misc{nishtala_kaneko_ranjithan_barlaz_brill_1994, title={Alternatives for Mass Flow in Integrated Solid Waste Management}, author={Nishtala, S. and Kaneko, A. and Ranjithan, R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D.}, year={1994}, month={Oct} }
 @book{johnston_barlaz_borden_1994, title={Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hazardous Organics in Groundwater Down Gradient of a Sanitary Landfill}, number={UNC-WRRI-94-287}, institution={Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina}, author={Johnston, J.N. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1994}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{wang_barlaz_1994, title={Anaerobic Toxicity of Leachate Produced During Refuse Decomposition}, author={Wang, Y.-S. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994} }
 @article{wang_byrd_barlaz_1994, title={Anaerobic biodegradability of cellulose and hemicellulose in excavated refuse samples using a biochemical methane potential assay}, volume={13}, ISSN={0169-4146 1476-5535}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01583999}, DOI={10.1007/bf01583999}, abstractNote={Improved techniques are needed to predict potential methane generation from refuse buried in landfills. The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test was used to measure the methane potential of ten refuse samples excavated from a Berkeley, CA, landfill. The test was conducted in 125-ml serum bottles containing phosphate-buffered medium and inoculated with anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Comparison of the measured BMP to the theoretical BMP calculated from measured cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations indicated that cellulose plus hemicellulose is not well correlated with the measured BMP. The average of the measured to theoretical BMP was 19.1% (range 0–53%, s.d.=16.9%). Measured sulfate concentrations showed that sulfate was an insignificant electron sink in the samples tested. Once methane production from the refuse was complete, 0.072 g of Whatman no. 1 filter paper was added to two of the four serum bottles incubated for each sample. An average of 84.9% (s.d=2.5%) of the added filter paper was recovered as methane, suggesting that some cellulose and hemicellulose present in refuse is recalcitrant or otherwise not bioavailable.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Industrial Microbiology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wang, Yu-Sheng and Byrd, Caroline S. and Barlaz, Morton A.}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={147–153} }
 @article{boersma_lindstrom_barlaz_1994, title={Dispersion at the field scale resulting from spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity field}, volume={159}, ISSN={0022-1694}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90253-4}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1694(94)90253-4}, abstractNote={A two-dimensional mathematical model for simulating the transport and fate of chemicals in aquifers with spatially heterogeneous but isotropic fluid flow properties was developed, as part of an evaluation of bioremediation technologies that include injection of reactants into the aquifer. An important physical process is dispersion of the injected reactant in the aquifer. Dispersion was simulated with the model which has user-prescribed hydraulic pressure fields at the inflow and outflow boundaries. The model accounts for the major physical processes of dispersion and advection and several fundamental chemical and biological processes, including linear equilibrium sorption, irreversible sorption and/or dissolution into an organic phase, microbial degradation, radioactive decay, and other irreversible processes. The chemical may be released internally via distributed leaks from sources that do not perturb the flow field, from fully penetrating injection wells, or it may enter at the inlet boundary. The chemical transport and fate equations are solved in terms of user-stipulated initial and boundary conditions. Simulations were made to evaluate dispersion resulting from spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity (K). Flow fields were divided into regions with hydraulic conductivities of 0.2, 2.0 and 20 m day−1. Distributions of chemical, initially present as a distributed source near the inflow boundary, were obtained for several geometries of the hydraulic conductivity regions. Results show the influence on distributions of regions of low, medium, and high K; they demonstrate the importance of knowledge about the hydraulic conductivity field, both for interpretation of sampling data and for prediction of plume behaviour in terms of direction of movement, dispersion and rate of travel.}, number={1-4}, journal={Journal of Hydrology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Boersma, L. and Lindstrom, F.T. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={145–167} }
 @book{doorn_stefanski_barlaz_1994, place={Washington, DC}, title={Estimate of Methane Emissions from U.S. Landfills}, number={EPA-600/R-94-166}, institution={Office of Research and Development}, author={Doorn, M.R.J. and Stefanski, L.A. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994}, month={Sep} }
 @book{doorn_stefanski_barlaz_1994, title={Estimate of methane emissions from U.S. landfills: Project summary}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory}, author={Doorn, M. R. J. and Stefanski, L. A. and Barlaz, M. A.}, year={1994} }
 @misc{barlaz_1994, title={Methane Potential of Individual Waste Components}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_borden_barlaz_1994, title={Rate and Extent of Natural Anaerobic Bioremediation of BTEX Compounds in Groundwater Plumes}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_borden_barlaz_1994, title={Subsurface Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Under Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Conditions}, author={Hunt, M.J. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1994} }
 @misc{barlaz_brill_1993, title={Alternatives for Mass Flow in Integrated Solid Waste Management}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{johnston_shafer_barlaz_borden_1993, title={Anaerobic Biodegradative Potential of Aquifer Sediment for Alkylbenzenes and Trichloroethylene}, author={Johnston, J.N. and Shafer, M.B. and Barlaz, M.A. and Borden, R.C.}, year={1993} }
 @misc{barlaz_1993, title={Anaerobic Refuse Decomposition in a Simulated Sanitary Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1993}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{wang_byrd_barlaz_1993, title={Cellulose Biodegradability in Excavated Landfill Samples}, author={Wang, Y.-S. and Byrd, C.S. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1993} }
 @article{barlaz_haynie_overcash_1993, title={Framework for Assessment of Recycle Potential Applied to Plastics}, volume={119}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1993)119:5(798)}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1993)119:5(798)}, abstractNote={Increased rates of municipal solid-waste (MSW) recycling are resulting in large increases in the amount of material available for reuse. We present a framework for assessment of the technical and business potential to recycle a constituent from MSW. The methodology is applied to plastics recycling in North Carolina. It includes estimation of the quantity of waste that could be available for recycle, assessment of the state of recycling technology, estimation of manufacturing capacity, and evaluation of potential markets for products manufactured from recycled resin. High-density polyethylene milk containers and household-chemical containers and polyethylene-terephthalate beverage containers are the most recyclable components of the postconsumer plastics stream because these are easily recognized and separated. These constituents are projected to make up 1.1% of MSW in 1993. Proven technology, adequate manufacturing capacity, and large markets are available to handle increased quantities of these materials. There is not, at present, an adequate market for the comingled plastics remaining after removal of the aforementioned components of the MSW stream.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Haynie, Fred H. and Overcash, Michael F.}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={798–810} }
 @misc{barlaz_1993, title={Laboratory-Scale Assessment of the Fate of Polymers in Sanitary Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1993} }
 @inbook{barlaz_ham_1993, title={Leachate and gas generation}, ISBN={9781461363408 9781461530701}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3070-1_6}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4615-3070-1_6}, booktitle={Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Ham, Robert K.}, year={1993}, pages={113–136} }
 @inproceedings{qian_barlaz_1993, title={Populations of Anaerobic Microorganisms on Refuse Constituents}, author={Qian, X. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1993} }
 @article{barlaz_eleazar_whittle_1993, title={Potential To Use Waste Tires As Supplemental Fuel In Pulp And Paper Mill Boilers, Cement Kilns And In Road Pavement}, volume={11}, ISSN={0734-242X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/wmre.1993.1050}, DOI={10.1006/wmre.1993.1050}, abstractNote={The objective of this paper is to evaluate the recycling potential of waste tires as an energy source and for use in road pavement. North Carolina, U.S.A., is used as a case study. Scrap tires may be burned for supplemental fuel in pulp and paper mill boilers and cement kilns. Five pulp and paper mill boilers in North Carolina could consume over 90% of the 6 million tires generated annually in the state. Cement kilns located within 400 km of North Carolina population centers could consume about 6.6 million tires annually. Based on the quantity of pavement laid in North Carolina, nonproprietary and proprietary versions of asphalt rubber concrete have the potential to consume 1.8 and 7.2 million tires, respectively. Rubber modified asphalt concrete has the potential to consume up to 16.5 million tires. However, technological and economic limitations suggest that large scale implementation is unlikely for the short term. Environmental considerations pertaining to each alternative are discussed. Estimates of this nature are critical as planning regions formulate solid waste management plans which include recycling.}, number={6}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Eleazar, W.E., II and Whittle, D.J.}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={463–480} }
 @inproceedings{borden_barlaz_shafer_wilson_1993, title={Rate and Extent of Natural Anaerobic Bioremediation of BTEX Compounds in Ground Water Plumes}, author={Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A. and Shafer, M.B. and Wilson, J.T.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{johnston_borden_barlaz_1993, title={Variation in Biodegradative Potential of Anaerobic Aquifer Sediment}, author={Johnston, J.N. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1993} }
 @inbook{thorneloe_barlaz_peer_huff_davis_mangino_1993, title={Waste Management}, ISBN={9783642846076 9783642846052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84605-2_16}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-84605-2_16}, booktitle={Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Thorneloe, Susan A. and Barlaz, Morton A. and Peer, Rebecca and Huff, L. C. and Davis, Lee and Mangino, Joe}, year={1993}, pages={362–398} }
 @inproceedings{eleazer_barlaz_1992, title={A Review of Technologies for Utilization of Waste Tires in Asphalt Road Pavement}, author={Eleazer, W.E. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1992}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1992, title={Biodegradation of Individual Components of Municipal Solid Waste in Landfills: Enhancement Opportunities and Research Needs}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1992} }
 @article{barlaz_ham_schaefer_1992, title={Microbial, chemical and methane production characteristics of anaerobically decomposed refuse with and without leachate recycling}, volume={10}, ISSN={0734-242X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(92)90103-r}, DOI={10.1016/0734-242x(92)90103-r}, abstractNote={Abstract Microbial and chemical characteristics of refuse in an active state of methane production, incubated in the laboratory with and without leachate recycle, were compared. There were no significant differences in the total anaerobic population or the sub-populations of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, acetogenic or methanogenic (based on acetate or H 2 CO 2 utilization) bacteria in refuse incubated with or without leachate recycle. Therefore, leachate recycle may be used to accelerate refuse decomposition in laboratory-scale test lysimeters without changing the microbial composition of the aforementioned trophic groups. Differences in soluble constituent concentrations and methane production patterns between leachate recycle and non-leachate recycle containers were attributed to the mixing associated with leachate recycle. Under certain circumstances, leachate recycle is a useful technique for acceleration of refuse decomposition in the laboratory, thus reducing the period of time required to study the effect of an addition to the refuse ecosystem on methane production.}, number={3}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barlaz, M and Ham, R and Schaefer, D}, year={1992}, month={Jun}, pages={257–267} }
 @book{eleazer_barlaz_whittle_1992, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Resource Recovery Alternatives for Waste Tires in North Carolina}, institution={Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Eleazer, W.E. and Barlaz, M.A. and Whittle, D.J.}, year={1992} }
 @book{lindstrom_boersma_myrold_barlaz_1991, title={Denitrification in nonhomogeneous laboratory scale aquifers: 4. Hydraulics, nitrogen chemistry, and microbiology in a single layer}, url={https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5607257}, number={EPA/600/S2-91/014}, author={Lindstrom, F.T. and Boersma, L. and Myrold, D. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_1991, title={Landfill Gas Research in the United States: Previous Research and Future Directions}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1991}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{barlaz_1991, title={Microbial and Chemical Characteristics of Methane Production from Refuse}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_haynie_overcash_1991, title={Opportunities for Plastics Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Haynie, F.H. and Overcash, M.F.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_haynie_heitmann_joyce_whittle_1991, title={Technology and Manufacturing Capacity for the Recycling of Paper, Plastics, and Tires in North Carolina}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Haynie, F.H. and Heitmann, J.A. and Joyce, T.W. and Whittle, D.J.}, year={1991} }
 @misc{barlaz_1990, title={Bacterial Population Development During Refuse Methanogenesis}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1990} }
 @article{barlaz_ham_schaefer_isaacson_1990, title={Methane production from municipal refuse: A review of enhancement techniques and microbial dynamics}, volume={19}, ISSN={1040-838X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389009388384}, DOI={10.1080/10643389009388384}, abstractNote={Methane is recovered from about 100 municipal solid waste landfills in the U.S. in saleable volumes, although yields are 1 to 50% of the methane potential of refuse based on biodegradability data. Studies on the microbiology of refuse decomposition and efforts to enhance refuse methanogenesis are reviewed here. Results of studies on the effects of leachate recycle and neutralization, a reduction in refuse particle size, the addition of anaerobic sewage sludge or old refuse as a seed, nutrient addition, calcium carbonate addition, and moisture on methane production are examined in consideration of new findings on landfill microbiology. A four‐phase description of refuse decomposition with leachate recycle, including an aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an accelerated methane production phase, and a decelerated methane production phase, is proposed. Mass balances and pumping tests may be used to estimate the methane potential of a sanitary landfill. The use of empirical, zero, and first‐order models t...}, number={6}, journal={Critical Reviews in Environmental Control}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Ham, Robert K. and Schaefer, Daniel M. and Isaacson, Ron}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={557–584} }
 @misc{barlaz_1990, title={The Use of Mass Balances for Calculation of the Methane Potential of Fresh and Anaerobically Decomposed Refuse}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1990} }
 @article{barlaz_schaefer_ham_1989, title={Bacterial Population Development and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Decomposition in a Simulated Sanitary Landfill}, volume={55}, ISSN={0099-2240 1098-5336}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.1.55-65.1989}, DOI={10.1128/aem.55.1.55-65.1989}, abstractNote={
            Population development of key groups of bacteria involved in municipal refuse conversion to methane was measured from the time of initial incubation through the onset of methane production. Hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and acetate- and H
            2
            -plus-CO
            2
            -utilizing methanogens were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique with media containing oat spelt xylan, ball-milled cellulose, butyrate, acetate, and H
            2
            plus CO
            2
            , respectively. Refuse decomposition was monitored in multiple replicate laboratory-scale sanitary landfills. A laboratory-scale landfill was dismantled weekly for microbial and chemical analysis. Leachate was neutralized and recycled to ensure methanogenesis. The methane concentration of the sampled containers increased to 64% by day 69, at which time the maximum methane production rate, 929 liters of CH
            4
            per dry kg-year, was measured. Population increases of 2, 4, 5, 5, and 6 orders of magnitude were measured between fresh refuse and the methane production phase for the hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, butyrate-catabolizing acetogens, and acetate- and H
            2
            -CO
            2
            -utilizing methanogens, respectively. The cellulolytic bacteria and acetogens increased more slowly than the methanogens and only after the onset of methane production. The initial decrease in the pH of the refuse ecosystem from 7.5 to 5.7 was attributed to the accumulation of acidic end products of sugar fermentation, to the low acid-consuming activity of the acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria, and to levels of oxygen and nitrate in the fresh refuse sufficient for oxidation of only 8% of the sugars to carbon dioxide and water. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition was most rapid after establishment of the methanogenic and acetogenic populations and a reduction in the initial accumulation of carboxylic acids. A total of 72% of these carbohydrates were degraded in the container sampled after 111 days. Initially acetate utilization, but ultimately polymer hydrolysis, limited the rate of refuse conversion to methane. Microbial and chemical composition data were combined to formulate an updated description of refuse decomposition in four phases: an aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an accelerated methane production phase, and a decelerated methane production phase.
          }, number={1}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Schaefer, D. M. and Ham, R. K.}, year={1989}, pages={55–65} }
 @inproceedings{simpkin_piontek_barlaz_1989, title={Critical Factors in the In Situ Bioremediation of Soils and Groundwater}, author={Simpkin, T.J. and Piontek, K. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1989} }
 @article{barlaz_schaefer_ham_1989, title={Effects of Prechilling and Sequential Washing on Enumeration of Microorganisms from Refuse}, volume={55}, ISSN={0099-2240 1098-5336}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.1.50-54.1989}, DOI={10.1128/aem.55.1.50-54.1989}, abstractNote={
            Techniques were evaluated for formation of a liquid inoculum from shredded municipal refuse, including chilling the refuse at 4°C prior to blending and multiple washing and blending cycles. The average count of cellulolytic bacteria from six different detachment treatments was 5.1 × 10
            4
            cells per g (dry weight) of refuse with a range of 0.7 × 10
            4
            to 12.7 × 10
            4
            cells per g (dry weight). The liquid obtained from blending the refuse in phosphate buffer followed by hand squeezing was the selected detachment procedure. The inoculum formation procedure was validated by the addition of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria to refuse and recovery of the cellulolytic bacteria by most-probable-number enumerations. The ratio of measured to expected cell counts among tests in which different volumes of ruminal fluid were added to refuse ranged from 2.7 to 14.4. There was no evidence of anaerobic cellulolytic fungi in a refuse sample.
          }, number={1}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Schaefer, D. M. and Ham, R. K.}, year={1989}, pages={50–54} }
 @article{barlaz_schaefer_ham_1989, title={Inhibition of methane formation from municipal refuse in laboratory scale lysimeters}, volume={20-21}, ISSN={0273-2289 1559-0291}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02936482}, DOI={10.1007/bf02936482}, number={1}, journal={Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Barlaz, M. A. and Schaefer, D. M. and Ham, R. K.}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={181–205} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_ham_schaefer_1989, title={Mass Balance Analysis of Decomposed Refuse in Laboratory Scale Lysimeters}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K. and Schaefer, D.M.}, year={1989} }
 @article{barlaz_ham_schaefer_1989, title={Mass‐Balance Analysis of Anaerobically Decomposed Refuse}, volume={115}, ISSN={0733-9372 1943-7870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1989)115:6(1088)}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1989)115:6(1088)}, abstractNote={Methane production from the decomposition of municipal refuse is well documented. However, there is little information on the extent to which the chemical constituents of refuse degrade. Decomposition of shredded municipal refuse was studied under laboratory conditions with leachate recycle and neutralization. Containers were destructively sampled weekly for solids analysis. Cellulose and hemicellulose accounted for 91% of the methane potential of municipal refuse. Mineralization of 71% of the cellulose and 77% of the hemicellulose was measured in a container sampled after 111 days. The average carbon recovery obtained from mass balances on the decomposed refuse was 88.4% with a range of 64–111%. The measured methane yield was between 77 L and 107 L CH\d4 per dry kg of refuse. Mass balances suggested that the yield may be as high as 152 L CH\d4 per dry kg of refuse. Mass balances also showed an imbalance between the soluble sugar concentration of fresh refuse and the mass of terminal electron acceptors (oxygen and nitrate) available for sugar oxidation to carbon dioxide. This imbalance explained an observed decrease in refuse pH and the accumulation of carboxylic acids shortly after the initial incubation.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Barlaz, Morton A. and Ham, Robert K. and Schaefer, Daniel M.}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={1088–1102} }
 @misc{barlaz_1989, title={Microbial and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Decomposition Under Methane Producing and Inhibited Conditions}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1989} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_schaefer_ham_1988, title={Characterization of Municipal Refuse Decomposition in Laboratory Scale Lysimeters}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Schaefer, D.M. and Ham, R.K.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_ham_schaefer_1988, title={Chemical and Microbial Dynamics of Refuse Decomposition in a Simulated Sanitary Landfill}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K. and Schaefer, D.M.}, year={1988} }
 @article{barlaz_milke_ham_1987, title={Gas production parameters in sanitary landfill simulators}, volume={5}, ISSN={0734-242X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(87)90032-2}, DOI={10.1016/0734-242x(87)90032-2}, abstractNote={The decomposition of shredded municipal refuse was studied in 19 drums (208 l). Gas production and composition were monitored for two years. The addition of old, anaerobically degraded refuse as a seed of anaerobic bacteria and the neutralization of the refuse were the two techniques which stimulated methane production. Yields of 80–150 l of methane per kilogram of dry, grindable, volatile solids were measured. The addition of anaerobic sewage sludge, acetate, and the initial removal of oxygen from a drum, were not stimulatory. Initially, it was the development of the methanogen population and not polymer hydrolysis which limited methane production.}, number={1}, journal={Waste Management & Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barlaz, M and Milke, M and Ham, R}, year={1987}, pages={27–39} }
 @inproceedings{ham_barlaz_1987, title={Measurement and Prediction of Landfill Gas Quality and Quantity}, author={Ham, R.K. and Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1987} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_ham_milke_1986, title={Parameters Affecting Refuse Methanogenesis and the Solids Composition of Anaerobically Degraded Refuse}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K. and Milke, M.W.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_ham_milke_1985, title={Investigation of Parameters Affecting the Production of Methane in Sanitary Landfills}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Ham, R.K and Milke, M.W.}, year={1985} }
 @book{barlaz_1982, title={An Assessment of Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal Practices in Israel}, institution={Israeli Environmental Protection Service}, author={Barlaz, M.A.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{shafer_borden_barlaz, title={Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX at Sleeping Bear Dunes: Results of Microcosm Experiments}, author={Shafer, M.B. and Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A.} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz_frey_li, title={Assessment of the Pollution Prevention Potential of MSW Gasification for Integrated Solid Waste Management Using Life-Cycle Analysis}, author={Barlaz, M.A. and Frey, H.C. and Li, M.} }
 @inproceedings{kaplan_solano_dumas_harrison_ranjithan_barlaz_downey brill, title={Life-Cycle-Based Solid Waste Management}, author={Kaplan, P.O. and Solano, E. and Dumas, R.D. and Harrison, K.W. and Ranjithan, S.R. and Barlaz, M.A. and Downey Brill, E.} }
 @inproceedings{setz_barlaz_de la cruz_varsho_bonaparte, title={Organic Material Management at Closure of CCR Units}, author={Setz, M. and Barlaz, M.A. and De la Cruz, F.B. and Varsho, J.P. and Bonaparte, R.} }
 @inproceedings{barlaz, title={State of Bioreactor Landfills in North America}, author={Barlaz, M.A.} }
 @inproceedings{eleazer_barlaz, title={Technologies for Utilization of Waste Tires in Asphalt Pavement}, author={Eleazer, W.E. and Barlaz, M.A.} }