@article{wolf_ruterbories_handel_hansen_2024, title={The effect of ε-aminocaproic acid on blood product requirement, outcome and thromboelastography parameters in severely thrombocytopenic dogs}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16977}, abstractNote={Abstract Background No treatment other than platelet administration is known to protect against spontaneous hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic dogs. Objectives Primary: determine if treatment with ε‐aminocaproic acid (EACA) decreases the requirement for blood transfusions and improves outcome in dogs with severe thrombocytopenia. Secondary: find evidence of hyperfibrinolysis and determine the effect EACA administration on rapid (rTEG) and tissue plasminogen activator‐spiked (tPA‐rTEG) thromboelastography parameters. Animals Twenty‐seven dogs with severe thrombocytopenia were treated with EACA, and data from an additional 33 were obtained from the hospital database as historical control (HC) cohort. Methods Single arm clinical trial with HCs. The EACA group dogs received EACA (100 mg/kg IV followed by a constant‐rate infusion [CRI] of 400 mg/kg/24 hours). Thromboelastography before and during EACA infusion, hospitalization days, number of transfusions, and mortality were compared. Results No difference was found in number of transfusions per dog (median, interquartile range; 1, 0‐2.5 vs 0.9, 0‐2; P = .5) and hospitalization days (4, 4‐6 vs 4.5, 3.75‐6; P = .83) between HC and EACA groups, respectively, and no difference in survival was identified by log‐rank analysis ( P = .15). Maximum amplitude on both rTEG and tPA‐rTEG increased after EACA administration (rTEG baseline: 23.6, 9.6‐38.9; post‐EACA: 27.3, 19.8‐43.2; P < .001; tPA‐rTEG baseline: 23, 10.9‐37.2; post‐EACA: 24.7, 16.7‐44.8; P < .002). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although EACA increased clot strength, there was no effect on outcome. Treatment with EACA at this dosage cannot be recommended as a routine treatment but may be considered for dogs with severe ongoing hemorrhage.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Wolf, Johanna and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Handel, Ian and Hansen, Bernie}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{green_musulin_baja_hansen_2023, title={Case report: Low dose dexmedetomidine infusion for the management of hypoglycemia in a dog with an insulinoma}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2023.1161002}, abstractNote={Objective To describe the use of a low dose dexmedetomidine infusion as preoperative treatment for hypoglycemia secondary to a functional pancreatic tumor in a dog. Case summary An 8.7-year-old castrated male Hungarian Vizsla presented for further evaluation of persistent hypoglycemia after the referring veterinarian established a tentative diagnosis of insulinoma based on paired insulin and glucose measurements. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography demonstrated evidence of a pancreatic mass with possible hepatic metastases. Attempts to aspirate the lesions under ultrasound guidance were unsuccessful, and the dog was hospitalized overnight for planned surgical resection of the presumed pancreatic tumor and biopsy of the hepatic lesions the following day. In response to a progressive increase in patient anxiety and agitation trazodone was prescribed ~5 mg/kg orally every 8 h and gabapentin at ~7 mg/kg every 8 h. As the dog continued to remain anxious dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1 mcg/kg was administered intravenously immediately followed with an infusion of dexmedetomidine at 1 mcg/kg/h. The anxious behaviors were successfully controlled with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Serial blood glucose measurements obtained during this time demonstrated euglycemia. The dog remained euglycemic while receiving dexmedetomidine for the remainder of the pre-operative period and for duration of hospitalization following surgical resection and biopsy. New or unique information provided This case report demonstrates a possible role for dexmedetomidine to counteract hypoglycemia in dogs with insulinomas.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Green, Randolph and Musulin, Sarah E. and Baja, Alexie Jade and Hansen, Bernie D.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{herrero_iannucci_schreiber_hansen_vigani_2022, title={Acute nephrotic-range glomerular proteinuria following ibuprofen intoxication in two cats}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2055-1169"]}, DOI={10.1177/20551169221104551}, abstractNote={In this report we describe the origin of protein loss and development of acute kidney injury after ibuprofen intoxication in two cats. Two 13-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair siblings were presented with acute kidney injury (AKI) and severe glomerular proteinuria following witnessed ibuprofen intoxication 3 days prior. Both cats presented with severe azotaemia (creatinine >900 µmol/l [>10 mg/dl]) and severe proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine [UPC] >20, normal <0.5). Urine protein electrophoresis upon presentation revealed mainly albumin and primary glomerular protein losses. The proteinuria and azotaemia resolved completely within 5 days of hospital treatment (8 days after ingestion). Urine protein electrophoresis, once the azotaemia and proteinuria resolved (UPC 0.11; normal <0.5), had a similar pattern to the one from admission. Both cats made a full recovery with supportive care.This is the first clinical report of AKI with nephrotic-range protein losses following ibuprofen intoxication in cats. We propose that this finding is due to idiosyncratic glomerular injury, as described in humans.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS}, author={Herrero, Yaiza and Iannucci, Claudia and Schreiber, Nora and Hansen, Bernard D. and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{walton_hansen_2021, title={Comparison of venous hemoglobin saturation measurements obtained by in vivo oximetry and calculated from blood gas analysis in critically ill dogs}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13095}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To compare in vivo central venous hemoglobin saturation measurement (ScvO 2 ) using a fiber optic catheter with saturation calculated from blood gas analysis in critically ill dogs. Design Prospective observational study. Setting University veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit. Animals A convenience sample of 20 dogs with severe illness. Interventions Dogs were instrumented with either a central venous catheter with an integrated fiber optic cable or a conventional catheter with a fiber optic probe inserted through its distal port. Baseline saturation was measured with the fiber optic system (FSO 2 ), then monitored continuously. Central venous blood was collected for analysis and FSO 2 was recorded by the principal investigator (PI) or nursing staff participating in data collection (staff) at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 hours. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) values calculated using human Bohr coefficients were taken directly from the analyzer (GPSO 2 ), and were also calculated using temperature‐correction and canine Bohr coefficients (RSO 2 ). Measurements and Main Results Ninety‐seven paired measurements from 20 dogs were analyzed. FSO 2 obtained by the PI (n = 41) had better agreement with both GPSO 2 (concordance correlation coefficient ρc = 0.926 vs 0.5562) and RSO 2 (ρc = 0.75 for PI vs 0.54) than did staff (n = 56). RSO 2 values were always smaller than GPSO 2 . FSO2 ‐ GPSO 2 differences were smaller when measurements were collected by the PI versus Staff (mean difference 0.21 vs −6.6, respectively, P < 0.02). Thirty‐six of 41 FSO 2 values obtained by PI were within 5% of GPSO 2 . Conclusions Concordance between FSO 2 and either calculation method was low, but was better when performed by PI. The larger difference between methods when using RSO 2 suggests a positive bias by FSO 2 . Difficulty obtaining stable measurements may have contributed to the poor concordance between methods within Staff.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Walton, Rebecca A. L. and Hansen, Bernie}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{hansen_2021, title={Fluid Overload}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.668688}, abstractNote={Fluid overload (FO) is characterized by hypervolemia, edema, or both. In clinical practice it is usually suspected when a patient shows evidence of pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, or body cavity effusion. FO may be a consequence of spontaneous disease, or may be a complication of intravenous fluid therapy. Most clinical studies of the association of FO with fluid therapy and risk of harm define it in terms of an increase in body weight of at least 5-10%, or a positive fluid balance of the same magnitude when fluid intake and urine output are measured. Numerous observational clinical studies in humans have demonstrated an association between FO, adverse events, and mortality, as have two retrospective observational studies in dogs and cats. The risk of FO may be minimized by limiting resuscitation fluid to the smallest amount needed to optimize cardiac output and then limiting maintenance fluid to the amount needed to replace ongoing normal and pathological losses of water and sodium.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hansen, Bernie}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{walton_hansen_2018, title={Venous oxygen saturation in critical illness}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12749}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To review clinically relevant features of systemic oxygen delivery and consumption and the technique and use of venous oxygenation monitoring in human and veterinary medicine. Data sources Veterinary and human peer‐reviewed medical literature including scientific reviews, clinical and laboratory research articles, and authors’ clinical research experience. Summary Measurement of venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation (venous oxygenation) provides insight into the balance between oxygen supply and tissue demand. In people, measurement of venous oxygen saturation can reveal decompensation that is missed by physical examination and other routinely monitored parameters. Therefore, measurement of mixed or central venous oxygenation measurement may help guide therapy and predict outcome of critically ill patients. In dogs, low central venous oxygen saturation has been associated with impaired cardiopulmonary function and poor outcome in several small studies of experimental shock or severe clinical illness, suggesting that monitoring this variable may assist the treatment of severe illness in this species as well. Conclusion Venous oxygenation reflects systemic oxygenation status and can be used to guide treatment and estimate prognosis in critically ill patients. Measurement of venous oxygenation in veterinary patients is feasible and is a potentially valuable tool in the management of patients with severe disease. This review is intended to increase the understanding and awareness of the potential role of venous oxygen measurement in veterinary patients.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Walton, Rebecca A. L. and Hansen, Bernie D.}, year={2018}, pages={387–397} }
 @article{hansen_vigani_2017, title={Maintenance Fluid Therapy Isotonic Versus Hypotonic Solutions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.001}, abstractNote={The goal of maintenance fluid therapy in small animals is to replace normal ongoing losses of water and salts when oral intake is withheld. Hospitalized dogs and cats may have multiple stimuli for antidiuretic hormone release that disrupt normal osmoregulation and predispose to water retention. Severe illness promotes retention of both sodium and water as edema. Commercially available fluids have electrolyte concentrations that are very different from dietary maintenance requirements, and potential consequences include development of hypoosmolality, edema, or both when excesses of water or sodium are administered. Suggestions for tailoring fluid administration toward specific goals are provided.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hansen, Bernie and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={383-+} }
 @article{cavanagh_sullivan_hansen_2016, title={Retrospective evaluation of fluid overload and relationship to outcome in critically ill dogs}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12477}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To determine if critically ill dogs have an increased risk of fluid overload (FO) during hospitalization compared to less ill dogs, and to determine if FO is associated with increased mortality during hospitalization. Design Observational, case‐control study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Thirty‐four critically ill dogs and 15 comparatively healthy stable postoperative dogs with neuro‐orthopedic disease. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Data recorded included underlying disease, body weight, and APPLE fast score at admission, single‐day and composite APPLE full scores during hospitalization, total fluid volume administered (L), total fluid volume output (L), and outcome. Percent FO (%FO) was calculated using the equation 100 × ([fluid volume administered − fluid volume lost]/1000 mL/L) − (% dehydration at admission), with fluid volume expressed as mL/kg of baseline body weight. Critically ill dogs developed greater %FO during hospitalization compared to stable postoperative dogs (12.1 ± 11.7% vs 0.5 ± 5.2%, P = 0.001), and half (8 out of 16) of the dogs with %FO ≥ 12% died. Composite APPLE full scores were weakly positively correlated with %FO, whereas APPLE fast and single‐day APPLE full scores recorded at admission were not. The odds ratio for death was 1.08 for every percent increase in FO during hospitalization (95% confidence limits 1.012–1.59, P = 0.02). Conclusions Critically ill dogs are at increased risk for FO during hospitalization, and a weak but significant association exists between %FO, illness severity, and mortality. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm the findings of this retrospective study.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Cavanagh, Amanda A. and Sullivan, Lauren A. and Hansen, Bernard D.}, year={2016}, pages={578–586} }
 @article{jacob_hoppin_steers_davis_davidson_hansen_lunn_murphy_papich_2015, title={Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections}, volume={247}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.247.8.938}, abstractNote={To determine opinions of faculty members with clinical appointments, clinical veterinarians, residents, and interns at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections.Cross-sectional survey.71 veterinarians.An online questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians with clinical service responsibilities at the North Carolina State University veterinary teaching hospital (n = 167). The survey included 23 questions regarding demographic information, educational experiences, current prescribing practices, and personal opinions related to antimicrobial selection, antimicrobial use, restrictions on antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance.Of the 167 veterinarians eligible to participate, 71 (43%) responded. When respondents were asked to rate their level of concern (very concerned = 1; not concerned = 5) about antimicrobial-resistant infections, most (41/70 [59%]) assigned a score of 1, with mean score for all respondents being 1.5. Most survey participants rated their immediate colleagues (mean score, 1.9) as more concerned than other veterinary medical professionals (mean score, 2.3) and their clients (mean score, 3.4). Fifty-nine of 67 (88%) respondents felt that antimicrobials were overprescribed at the hospital, and 32 of 69 (46%) respondents felt uncomfortable prescribing at least one class of antimicrobials (eg, carbapenems or glycopeptides) because of public health concerns.Findings indicated that veterinarians at this teaching hospital were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, thought antimicrobials were overprescribed, and supported restricting use of certain antimicrobial classes in companion animals. Findings may be useful in educating future veterinarians and altering prescribing habits and antimicrobial distribution systems in veterinary hospitals.}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Jacob, Megan E. and Hoppin, Jane A. and Steers, Nicola and Davis, Jennifer L. and Davidson, Gigi and Hansen, Bernie and Lunn, Katharine F. and Murphy, K. Marcia and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={938–944} }
 @article{istvan_walker_hansen_hanel_marks_2015, title={Presumptive intraperitoneal envenomation resulting in hemoperitoneum and acute abdominal pain in a dog}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12341}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To describe the clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome of a dog with acute abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum secondary to a presumptive intraperitoneal (IP) snakebite. Case Summary A 10‐month‐old castrated male mixed‐breed dog was evaluated for suspected snake envenomation. The dog presented recumbent and tachycardic with signs of severe abdominal pain. Two cutaneous puncture wounds and hemoperitoneum were discovered during evaluation. Ultrasonographic examination revealed communication of the wounds with the peritoneal cavity. The dog was treated with supportive care, parenteral analgesia, packed red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusions, crotalid antivenom, and placement of an IP catheter to provide local analgesia. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 5 days after initial presentation. New or Unique Information Provided To our knowledge, this is the first report of IP envenomation accompanied by hemorrhage treated with continuous IP analgesia in the veterinary literature.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Istvan, Stephanie A. and Walker, Julie M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Hanel, Rita M. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2015}, pages={770–777} }
 @misc{lascelles_gruen_vaden_hansen_roe_hardie_2014, title={Chronic kidney disease in cats}, volume={244}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gruen, M. and Vaden, S. and Hansen, B. and Roe, S. and Hardie, L.}, year={2014}, pages={775–776} }
 @article{edwards_coleman_brainard_defrancesco_hansen_keene_koenig_2014, title={Outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats with congestive heart failure: 16 cases (1992-2012)}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12230}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To describe the indications, duration of ventilation, underlying cardiac diseases, and outcome of dogs and cats undergoing positive‐pressure ventilation (PPV) for treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). Design Two‐site retrospective study (1992–2012). Setting Two university small animal teaching hospitals. Animals Six cats and 10 dogs undergoing PPV for CHF. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Medical records were searched to identify patients requiring PPV for treatment of pulmonary edema secondary to CHF. Sixteen animals fulfilled these criteria. Patient signalment, duration of PPV, underlying cardiac disease, arterial or venous blood gas values, pharmacologic therapy before, during, and after PPV, anesthetic drugs, complications, and outcome were recorded. Overall survival to discharge was 62.5% (10/16). Mean (±SD) duration of PPV was 30.8 ± 21.3 hours and average time from presentation for CHF to initiation of PPV was 5.9 ± 6.4 hours. Azotemia at the time of initiation of ventilation, development of anuria or oliguria, and use of pentobarbital for anesthesia were negatively associated with survival ( P = 0.011, P = 0.036, and P = 0.036, respectively). Survival‐to‐discharge rate was 77% (10/13) for patients treated after 2005 and those not receiving pentobarbital. There was no significant effect attributed to age, sex, weight, species, nature of heart disease, furosemide dose, length of ventilation, use of vasopressors, first‐time CHF events, or plasma lactate concentration on survival to discharge. Conclusions Dogs and cats requiring PPV for CHF have a good overall prognosis for hospital discharge and require PPV for a relatively short duration. Azotemia, oliguria or anuria, and the use of pentobarbital are negatively associated with outcome.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Edwards, Thomas H. and Coleman, Amanda Erickson and Brainard, Benjamin M. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Keene, Bruce W. and Koenig, Amie}, year={2014}, pages={586–593} }
 @article{obrador_musulin_hansen_2014, title={Red blood cell storage lesion}, volume={25}, ISSN={1479-3261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12252}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12252}, abstractNote={To summarize current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for changes occurring during red blood cell (RBC) storage, collectively known as the storage lesion, and to review the biological and clinical consequences of increasing storage time of RBCs.Human and veterinary clinical studies, experimental animal model studies, and reviews of the RBC storage lesion with no date restrictions.Experimental studies have characterized the evolution of human RBC and supernatant changes that occur during storage and form the basis for concern about the potential for harm from long-term storage of RBCs. Although 4 randomized controlled trials of varying sizes failed to find an association between RBC storage time and negative clinical outcomes, a recent meta-analysis and numerous observational clinical studies have demonstrated that transfusion of old versus fresh stored RBCs is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, particularly among trauma victims and cardiac surgery patients. Potential clinical consequences of RBC transfusion following development of the storage lesion include risk of organ dysfunction, organ failure, infections, and death.Experimental animal models have contributed to the evidence supporting adverse consequences of the RBC storage lesion. Studies on relevant RBC storage issues such as the effect of different preservative solutions and leukoreduction have been completed. Transfusion with RBCs stored for 42 days increases mortality in dogs with experimental sepsis.Storage of RBCs induces progressive biochemical, biomechanical, and immunologic changes that affect red cell viability, deformability, oxygen carrying capacity, microcirculatory flow, and recipient response. Most reports in the human and veterinary literature support the concept that there are deleterious effects of the RBC storage lesion, but additional studies with improved experimental design are needed to identify compelling reasons to modify current blood banking and transfusion practices.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Obrador, Rafael and Musulin, Sarah and Hansen, Bernie}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={187–199} }
 @article{fujita_hansen_hanel_2013, title={Bacterial Contamination of Stethoscope Chest Pieces and the Effect of Daily Cleaning}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12032}, abstractNote={Background Stethoscopes are a potential source of nosocomial infection for hospitalized humans, a phenomenon not previously studied in companion animals. Objectives To determine if daily cleaning of stethoscope chest pieces reduces bacterial contamination between cleanings. Animals Client‐owned dogs and cats. Methods Prospective observational study. In phase 1, bacterial cultures were obtained from the chest pieces of 10 participant stethoscopes once weekly for 3 weeks. In phase 2, stethoscopes were cleaned daily and 2 culture samples were obtained once weekly, immediately before and after cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol, for 3 weeks. Results Daily cleaning eliminated bacteria immediately after each cleaning ( P = .004), but did not reduce the rate of positive cultures obtained before cleaning in phase 2. Cultures were positive for 20/30 (67%) samples during phase 1 and 18/30 (60%) obtained before daily cleaning during phase 2. Recovered organisms included normal skin flora, agents of opportunistic infections, and potential pathogens. The only genus that was repeatedly recovered from the same stethoscope for 2 or more consecutive weeks was Bacillus sp. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Daily cleaning was highly effective at removing bacteria, but provided no reduction in precleaning contamination. Cleaning stethoscopes after use on dogs or cats infected with pathogenic bacteria and before use on immunocompromised animals should be considered.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Fujita, H. and Hansen, B. and Hanel, R.}, year={2013}, pages={354–358} }
 @article{benito_hansen_depuy_davidson_thomson_simpson_roe_hardie_lascelles_2013, title={Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index: Responsiveness and Testing of Criterion Validity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12077}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12077}, abstractNote={Progress in establishing if therapies provide relief to cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain is hampered by a lack of validated owner-administered assessment methods.That an appropriately developed subjective owner-completed instrument (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index-FMPI) to assess DJD-associated impairment would have responsiveness and criterion validity.Twenty-five client-owned cats with DJD-associated pain.FMPI responsiveness (ability to detect the effect of an analgesic treatment) and validity (correlation with an objective measure) were explored through a stratified, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover 10-week clinical study. Meloxicam was administered to effect pain relief. A linear mixed model, backward stepwise regression, and Pearson correlations were used to assess responsiveness and criterion validity with the assumption that the NSAID would increase activity.Positive responses of cats to placebo (P = .0001) and meloxicam treatment (P = .0004) were detected; however, the instrument did not detect any difference between placebo and meloxicam (linear mixed model), even for the high impairment cases. Percent meloxicam target dose administered, temperament, and total baseline FMPI score were covariates that most affected FMPI scores. Controlling for significant covariates, most positive effects were seen for placebo treatment. Positive treatment effects on activity were detected, but only for the cases designated as most highly impaired.Neither responsiveness nor criterion validity were detected by the inclusion criteria for cases in this study. The data suggest that further work is indicated to understand factors affecting activity in cats to optimize inclusion criteria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Benito, J. and Hansen, B. and DePuy, V. and Davidson, G. S. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hardie, E. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2013}, pages={474–482} }
 @article{benito_depuy_hardie_zamprogno_thomson_simpson_roe_hansen_lascelles_2013, title={Reliability and discriminatory testing of a client-based metrology instrument, feline musculoskeletal pain index (FMPI) for the evaluation of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats}, volume={196}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to test the readability, reliability, repeatability and discriminatory ability of an owner-completed instrument to assess feline degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain (feline musculoskeletal pain index, FMPI). Readability was explored using four different formulas (Flesch, Fry, SMOG and FOG) and the final FMPI instrument was produced. To assess the instrument, client-owned cats that were defined as normal (normal group) or as having DJD-associated pain and mobility impairment (pain-DJD group) were recruited. A total of 32 client-owned cats were enrolled in the study (normal, n=13; pain-DJD, n=19). Owners completed the FMPI on two occasions, 14days apart. Internal consistency (reliability) and repeatability (test-retest) were explored using Cronbach's α and weighted κ statistic, respectively. Data from the two groups were compared using analysis of covariance (controlling for age) to evaluate discriminatory ability. The FMPI was constructed with 21 questions covering activity, pain intensity and overall quality of life. It had a 6th grade readability score. Reliability of the FMPI was excellent (Cronbach's α>0.8 for all groupings of questions in normal and pain-DJD cats) and repeatability was good (weighted κ statistic >0.74) for normal and pain-DJD cats. All components of the FMPI were able to distinguish between normal cats and cats with DJD (P<0.001 for all components). This initial evaluation of the FMPI suggests that this instrument is worthy of continued investigation.}, number={3}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Benito, J. and DePuy, V. and Hardie, E. and Zamprogno, H. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hansen, B. and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={368–373} }
 @article{hansen_lascelles_thomson_depuy_2013, title={Variability of performance of wound infusion catheters}, volume={40}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12016}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12016}, abstractNote={Objective To compare the distribution of flow from two commercial and one handmade multihole wound infusion catheters. Study design Open label experimental measurement of flow distribution in a bench top apparatus of handmade (n = 10) and two commercial (n = 10 each) wound infusion catheters with 5–6″ (12–15.2 cm) long diffusion surfaces. Methods The distribution of 6 mL of distilled water injected at three different injection speeds (0.5, 5, and 120 minutes) through individual triangular pieces of felt cloth fitted over six contiguous regions of the diffusion surface of each catheter was measured in triplicate. Results The distribution of flow through the six regions was significantly more uniform at the two faster injection speeds. Ninety two per cent of the 120 minute infusion trials resulted in one or more regions producing negligible flow (<5% of total output), and in 16% of the 120 minute trials all the flow came from just one or two regions. Conclusions Constant-rate infusions of 3 mL hour−1 provide erratic distribution of flow from wound infusion catheters in a bench top apparatus. Commercial catheters did not outperform handmade catheters. Clinical relevance Uneven distribution of flow at low infusion speeds may contribute to inconsistent or unsatisfactory pain relief in patients treated with continuous wound infusions of local anesthetics.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hansen, Bernie and Lascelles, B Duncan X and Thomson, Andrea and DePuy, Venita}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={308–315} }
 @article{walker_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_2012, title={Comparison of venous sampling methods for thromboelastography in clinically normal dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1864}, abstractNote={To evaluate effects of blood collection method and site on results of thromboelastography in healthy dogs.8 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs.Blood was collected from the external jugular vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle, through a central venous catheter, or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Blood was collected from the lateral saphenous vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Kaolin-activated thromboelastographic analyses were performed, and R (reaction time), K (clot formation time), α angle, maximal amplitude, and G (global clot strength) were analyzed.No significant differences were observed with regard to sampling site. Sample collection method had no effect on thromboelastographic results for saphenous vein samples. Blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration had a lower R and K and higher α angle than did blood samples collected from the jugular vein by evacuated tube collection. Significant differences were observed between blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration and samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and between samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and samples collected from the jugular vein through a central venous catheter.Different sampling methods resulted in small but significant differences in thromboelastographic values. Results justify the use of standardized techniques for research purposes, but all of these sampling methods were acceptable for 1-time clinical use.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Walker, Julie M. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1864–1870} }
 @article{conner_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_asakawa_swanson_2012, title={Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated- and arachidonic acid-activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.5.595}, abstractNote={To evaluate the effect of acepromazine maleate administered IV on platelet function assessed in healthy dogs by use of a modified thromboelastography assay.6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.Dogs received each of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [1 to 2 mL, IV] and acepromazine maleate [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IV]) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum 3-day washout period between treatments. From each dog, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture immediately before and 30 and 240 minutes after administration of each treatment. A modified thromboelastography assay, consisting of citrated kaolin-activated (baseline assessment), reptilase-ADP-activated (ADP-activated), and reptilase-arachidonic acid (AA)-activated (AA-activated) thromboelastography, was performed for each sample. Platelet inhibition was evaluated by assessing the percentage change in maximum amplitude for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples, compared with baseline values. Percentage change in maximum amplitude was analyzed by use of Skillings-Mack tests with significance accepted at a family-wise error rate of P < 0.05 by use of Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons.No significant differences were found in the percentage change of maximum amplitude from baseline for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples among treatments at any time.Platelet function in dogs, as assessed by use of a modified thromboelastography assay, was not inhibited by acepromazine at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, IV. This was in contrast to previous reports in which it was suggested that acepromazine may alter platelet function via inhibition of ADP and AA.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Asakawa, Makoto and Swanson, Clifford R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={595–601} }
 @article{gonzales_hanel_hansen_marks_2011, title={Effect of intravenous administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.4.562}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To investigate effects of IV administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs. Animals —7 dogs. Procedures —Thromboelastography and coagulation panel analysis were used to assess coagulation. Samples (S1 through S9) were collected during the study phases: phase 0 (S1 [baseline]); phase 1 (S2 and S3), infusion of crystalloid fluid without dextrose; phase 2 (S4 and S5), high-rate dextrose infusion; phase 3 (S6, S7, and S8), moderate-rate dextrose infusion; and phase 4 (S9), discontinuation of fluids for 24 hours. In phase 3, dogs were allocated to 2 groups; 1 was administered dextrose at a rate comparable to total parental nutrition (40% of resting energy requirement; group A), and 1 was administered dextrose at rates equaling 70% to 90% of resting energy requirement (group B). Blood glucose concentration was measured every 2 hours. Results —No dogs had clinically relevant sustained hyperglycemia. Maximum amplitude and elastic shear modulus were significantly lower at S6 than at S1 through S4. Concentration of D-dimer was significantly higher at S6 than at S1, S3, and S4 and significantly higher at S5 than at S3. Prothrombin time was significantly prolonged at S3, S5, S7, S8, and S9, compared with the value at S1. Activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged at S5 and S6, compared with values at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S9. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —IV administration of dextrose to healthy dogs at rates comparable to or higher than those for conventional parenteral nutrition resulted in mild but clinically unimportant interference with coagulation.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gonzales, Jennifer L. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Marks, Steve L.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={562–569} }
 @article{hardie_lascelles_meuten_davidson_papich_hansen_2011, title={Evaluation of intermittent infusion of bupivacaine into surgical wounds of dogs postoperatively}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, abstractNote={Thirty-one dogs were randomised to receive intermittent wound infusion of bupivacaine or saline after surgery. Wound pressure sensitivity, pain scores, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, analgesic drugs administered, time to walking and time to eating after surgery were recorded. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations were measured. The relative frequency distributions of the non-interventional and interventional pain scores, but not the relative frequency distributions of palpation pain scores or wound pressure sensitivity, were significantly different between groups following surgery. There was a significant difference between groups in the time to eating and in the amount and timing of analgesic drugs administered. Measured plasma bupivacaine concentrations demonstrated systemic absorption of the drug. Bupivacaine infusion into surgical wounds after surgery may improve post-operative recovery, but no effect on wound tenderness was demonstrated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Meuten, Travis and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G. and Hansen, Bernie D.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={287–289} }
 @article{lascelles_henry iii_brown_robertson_sumrell_simpson_wheeler_hansen_zamprogno_freire_et al._2010, title={Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Radiographic Degenerative Joint Disease in Domesticated Cats}, volume={39}, ISSN={0161-3499 1532-950X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00708.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00708.x}, abstractNote={Objective: To determine the prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in a randomly selected sample of domestic cats. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Animals: Client-owned cats. Methods: Cats (n=100) from a single practice and equally distributed across 4 age groups (0–5; 5–10; 10–15, and 15–20 years old) were randomly selected (regardless of heath status) and sedated for orthogonal radiographic projections of all joints and the spine. Quasi-Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between patient demographics, blood biochemistry, hematologic and urine analysis variables, and DJD severity. Results: Most (92%) cats had radiographic evidence of DJD; 91% had at least 1 site of appendicular DJD and 55% had ≥1 site of axial column DJD. Affected joints in descending order of frequency were hip, stifle, tarsus, and elbow. The thoracic segment of the spine was more frequently affected than the lumbosacral segment. Although many variables were significantly associated with DJD, when variables were combined, only the association between age and DJD was significant (P<.0001). For each 1-year increase in cat age, the expected total DJD score increases by an estimated 13.6% (95% confidence interval: 10.6%, 16.8%). Conclusion: Radiographically visible DJD is very common in domesticated cats, even in young animals and is strongly associated with age. Clinical Relevance: DJD is a common disease of domesticated cats that requires further investigation of its associated clinical signs.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Henry III, John B. and Brown, James and Robertson, Ian and Sumrell, Andrea Thomson and Simpson, Wendy and Wheeler, Simon and Hansen, Bernie D. and Zamprogno, Helia and Freire, Mila and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={535–544} }
 @article{lascelles_depuy_thomson_hansen_marcellin-little_biourge_bauer_2010, title={Evaluation of a Therapeutic Diet for Feline Degenerative Joint Disease}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0495.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0495.x}, abstractNote={Feline degenerative joint disease (DJD) is common and there are no approved therapies for the alleviation of the associated pain.To test a diet high in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate (test-diet) for its pain-relieving and activity-enhancing effects in cats with painful, mobility-impairing DJD over a 9-week period.Forty client-owned cats.Randomized, controlled, blinded, parallel group, prospective clinical study. Cats with no detectable systemic disease, and with at least 1 appendicular joint with radiographic evidence of DJD where manipulation elicited an aversive response were included. Cats were randomly allocated to the test-diet or control diet (C-diet). Outcome measures were subjective owner and veterinarian assessments, and objective activity monitoring (accelerometry). Nonparametric statistics were used to evaluate changes within and between groups for both subjective and objective data, and locally weighted scatterplot smoothing regression analysis was used to predict activity changes.The primary objective outcome measures indicated that activity declined significantly (P < .001) in the C-diet group, significantly increased (P < .001) in the test-diet group and there was a significant difference between the groups (P < .001).A diet high in EPA and DHA and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate improved objective measures of mobility. Dietary modulation might be 1 method to use to improve mobility in cats with DJD-associated pain.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and DePuy, V. and Thomson, A. and Hansen, B. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Biourge, V. and Bauer, J. E.}, year={2010}, pages={487–495} }
 @article{zamprogno_hansen_bondell_sumrell_simpson_robertson_brown_pease_roe_hardie_et al._2010, title={Item generation and design testing of a questionnaire to assess degenerative joint disease–associated pain in cats}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To determine the items (question topics) for a subjective instrument to assess degenerative joint disease (DJD)–associated chronic pain in cats and determine the instrument design most appropriate for use by cat owners. Animals —100 randomly selected client-owned cats from 6 months to 20 years old. Procedures —Cats were evaluated to determine degree of radiographic DJD and signs of pain throughout the skeletal system. Two groups were identified: high DJD pain and low DJD pain. Owner-answered questions about activity and signs of pain were compared between the 2 groups to define items relating to chronic DJD pain. Interviews with 45 cat owners were performed to generate items. Fifty-three cat owners who had not been involved in any other part of the study, 19 veterinarians, and 2 statisticians assessed 6 preliminary instrument designs. Results —22 cats were selected for each group; 19 important items were identified, resulting in 12 potential items for the instrument; and 3 additional items were identified from owner interviews. Owners and veterinarians selected a 5-point descriptive instrument design over 11-point or visual analogue scale formats. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Behaviors relating to activity were substantially different between healthy cats and cats with signs of DJD-associated pain. Fifteen items were identified as being potentially useful, and the preferred instrument design was identified. This information could be used to construct an owner-based questionnaire to assess feline DJD-associated pain. Once validated, such a questionnaire would assist in evaluating potential analgesic treatments for these patients.}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Zamprogno, Helia and Hansen, Bernie D. and Bondell, Howard D. and Sumrell, Andrea Thomson and Simpson, Wendy and Robertson, Ian D. and Brown, James and Pease, Anthony P. and Roe, Simon C. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1417–1424} }
 @misc{hansen_2010, title={Questions study on dietary supplementation in dogs with osteoarthritis}, volume={236}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hansen, B.}, year={2010}, pages={949–949} }
 @article{scott_hansen_defrancesco_2009, title={Coagulation effects of low molecular weight heparin compared with heparin in dogs considered to be at risk for clinically significant venous thrombosis}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00339.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective – Compare the effects of 3 anticoagulation protocols on anti‐factor Xa activity (AXa). Design – Prospective, randomized, double‐blind study. Setting – University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Eighteen dogs considered to be at risk for venous thrombosis. Interventions – Each dog was randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups ( n =6/group) and was treated for 24 hours: low‐dose heparin (LDH), high‐dose heparin (HDH), and dalteparin (DP). Dogs in the LDH group received a constant rate infusion (CRI) of unfractionated heparin (UFH) at 300 U/kg/d, the HDH group received a bolus of 100 U/kg of UFH IV, then a CRI of 900 U/kg/day, and the DP group received 100 U/kg DP SC at 0, 12, and 24 hours. Measurements and Main Results – A total of 54 samples for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and AXa assays were collected at 0, 4, and 28 hours. Six samples had an AXa >0.1 U/mL, 5 of those were from the HDH group at hour 4. Two samples from the HDH group at hour 4 had a prolonged aPTT (93 and 200 seconds) and the highest AXa (0.6 and 1.0 U/mL, respectively). Four additional dogs in the HDH group did not complete the study due to hemorrhage; none of the dogs completing the study showed signs of hemorrhage. Conclusions: Neither DP nor LDH increased AXa to values considered therapeutic in humans (0.5–1 and 0.35–0.75 U/mL, respectively), and both protocols appear to be inadequate to increase AXa in dogs with clinical illness. HDH increased AXa to this range in 2 of 6 dogs, but had unpredictable effects on aPTT and resulted in hemorrhage in some dogs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Scott, Kielyn C. and Hansen, Bernie D. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={74–80} }
 @article{holowaychuk_hansen_defrancesco_marks_2009, series={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings}, title={Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critically Ill Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0280.x}, abstractNote={Ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) is a common electrolyte disturbance in critically ill people, especially those with sepsis. The cause of the iHCa is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial. Critically ill people with iHCa have longer hospital stays and higher mortality rates compared to people with normocalcemia. There are no published clinical studies evaluating the incidence and impact of iHCa in critically ill dogs.iHCa occurs in critically ill dogs, is more prevalent in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, and is associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality.One hundred and forty-one client-owned dogs admitted to a companion animal intensive care unit (ICU) in a veterinary teaching hospital.Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. Blood was collected and analyzed within an hour of admission from all dogs presented to the ICU that met study inclusion criteria.The incidence of iHCa (iCa < 1.11 mmol/L) was 16%. The presence of iHCa was associated with longer ICU (P= .038) and hospital (P= .012) stays but not with decreased survival (P= .60). Dogs with sepsis as defined by >or=3 SIRS criteria and a positive culture were more likely to have iHCa (P= .050).In dogs not previously treated with fluids or blood products intravenously, the finding of iHCa upon admission to the ICU predicted a longer duration of ICU and hospital stay. Septic dogs with positive cultures were more likely to have iHCa.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Holowaychuk, M.K. and Hansen, B.D. and DeFrancesco, T.C. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2009}, pages={509–513}, collection={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings} }
 @article{hansen_2008, title={Analgesia for the Critically III Dog or Cat: An Update}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.002}, abstractNote={Acute pain reliably accompanies severe illness and injury, and when sufficiently severe, it can complicate the recovery of critically ill patients. Because acute pain is closely tied to the neurologic process of nociception, pharmacologic therapy is often essential and effective. This update focuses on two methods of treatment of acute pain-local anesthetic infusion and continuous intravenous infusion of multimodal agents-that can be layered on top of standard care with other drugs.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hansen, Bernie}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={1353-+} }
 @article{lascelles_hansen_thomson_pierce_boland_smith_2008, title={Evaluation of a digitally integrated accelerometer-based activity monitor for the measurement of activity in cats(1)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1467-2987"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00367.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00367.x}, abstractNote={To assess the correlation between data generated by an accelerometer-based activity monitor and the distance moved in cats.Prospective experimental study.Three, four-year-old, male, purpose-bred research cats, weighing between 5.1 and 5.9 kg.Part I: Collar and harness mounted accelerometers were evaluated in three cats, comparing simultaneously collected accelerometer data with movement data from computer-analyzed video. Part II: Cats wore collar and harness mounted accelerometers, and data were recorded for 4 weeks to evaluate day-to-day and week-to-week variation in activity.Part I: 432 hours of simultaneous video and accelerometer data were collected. The correlation between accelerometer counts and distance moved was 0.82 overall. Agreement between collar and harness mounted accelerometers was excellent with only 6% of the differences in measurements lying outside the mean difference +/- 2 standard deviations. The adjusted R(2) for harness accelerometer output and 6% mobility was 0.75; for movement 0.84; and for mean velocity 0.83. Evaluation of video indicated eating, grooming and scratching created high accelerometer counts with little effect on movement. Part II: There was a significant effect of day on harness (p < 0.001) and collar (p < 0.002) counts, with counts being lowest at the weekend. There was a significant effect of week on harness-mounted accelerometer counts (p < 0.034), but not on collar-mounted accelerometer counts. Harness accelerometer counts were lowest in week 1.Output from an acceleration-based digitally integrated accelerometer correlated well with distance moved and mobility in freely moving cats provided the mobility threshold in the analysis software was > or = 6%.Acceleration-based activity monitors may allow for objective measurement of improved mobility following analgesic treatment for conditions such as osteoarthritis.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Thomson, Andrea and Pierce, Courtney C. and Boland, Elizabeth and Smith, Eric S.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={173–183} }
 @article{finster_defrancesco_atkins_hansen_keene_2008, title={Supraventricular tachycardia in dogs: 65 cases (1990-2007)}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00346.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective – To characterize the signalment, clinical findings, and prognosis of dogs with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Design – Retrospective study. Setting – North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Animals, Intervention, and Measurements – Case selection included all patients at the veterinary teaching hospital with SVT during years 1990–2007. Medical records from dogs with at least 1 recorded episode of SVT were extracted. The signalment, history, electrocardiographic, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings, therapy, and response to therapy were reviewed and summarized. Follow‐up was conducted to determine the date and cause of death. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed and analyzed. The relationships between patient characteristics and responses to therapy and prognosis were evaluated. Main Results – Sixty‐five records documented a diagnosis of SVT. Sixty‐two percent were males. Labrador Retrievers and Boxers were overrepresented compared with the general hospital population. Median age at presentation was 9 years (range 0.5–15.5 y). The median heart rate during SVT was 270/minute (range 187–375/min). The most common presenting complaint was syncope (30%), 23% were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Most dogs had structural heart disease (65%). Median survival was 472 days (<1–2007 d). Identification of sustained SVT (>30 s) did not affect survival ( P =0.50), nor did the presence of congestive heart failure ( P =0.70). Conclusions – The majority of dogs with SVT had structural heart disease or a severe concurrent illness at the time of SVT diagnosis. SVT, though often a persistent and occasionally sustained arrhythmia, does not appear to be a primary factor in mortality.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Finster, Sharon T. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={503–510} }
 @article{delillo_hansen_2008, title={Vaginoscopic urinary catheter placement in female dogs}, volume={37}, ISSN={0093-7355 1548-4475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0508-201}, DOI={10.1038/laban0508-201}, abstractNote={Urinary catheter placement in dogs may be necessary for certain surgical procedures or for treatment of certain conditions. This column describes the vaginoscopic placement of an indwelling female urinary catheter and possible complications of catheter placement.}, number={5}, journal={Lab Animal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={DeLillo, Daniel and Hansen, Bernie}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={201–202} }
 @article{minneci_deans_hansen_parent_romines_gonzales_ying_munson_suffredini_feng_et al._2007, title={A canine model of septic shock: balancing animal welfare and scientific relevance}, volume={293}, ISSN={["1522-1539"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpheart.00589.2007}, abstractNote={A shock canine pneumonia model that permitted relief of discomfort with the use of objective criteria was developed and validated. After intrabronchial Staphylococcus aureus challenge, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, sedatives, and analgesics were titrated based on algorithms for 96 h. Increasing S. aureus (1 to 8 × 10 9 colony-forming units/kg) produced decreasing survival rates ( P = 0.04). From 4 to 96 h, changes in arterial-alveolar oxygen gradients, mean pulmonary artery pressure, IL-1, serum sodium levels, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support were ordered based on survival time [acute nonsurvivors (≤24 h until death, n = 8) ≥ subacute nonsurvivors (>24 to 96 h until death, n = 8) ≥ survivors (≥96 h until death, n = 22) (all P < 0.05)]. In the first 12 h, increases in lactate and renal abnormalities were greatest in acute nonsurvivors (all P < 0.05). Compared with survivors, subacute nonsurvivors had greater rises in cytokines and liver enzymes and greater falls in platelets, white cell counts, pH, and urine output from 24 to 96 h (all P < 0.05). Importantly, these changes were not attributable to dosages of sedation, which decreased in nonsurvivors [survivors vs. nonsurvivors: 5.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 0.7 ml·h −1 ·(fentanyl/midazolam/ medetomidine) −1 ; P = 0.02]. In this model, the pain control regimen did not mask changes in metabolic function and lung injury or the need for more hemodynamic and pulmonary support related to increasing severity of sepsis. The integration into this model of both specific and supportive titrated therapies routinely used in septic patients may provide a more realistic setting to evaluate therapies for sepsis.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Minneci, Peter C. and Deans, Katherine J. and Hansen, Bernie and Parent, Chantal and Romines, Chris and Gonzales, Denise A. and Ying, Sai-Xia and Munson, Peter and Suffredini, Anthony F. and Feng, Jing and et al.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={H2487–H2500} }
 @article{hansen_lascelles_keene_adams_thomson_2007, title={Evaluation of an accelerometer for at-home monitoring of spontaneous activity in dogs}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.5.468}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.68.5.468}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To determine the correlation between activity as measured by an accelerometer and videographic measurements of movement and mobility in healthy dogs. Animals —4 healthy dogs. Procedures —After determination that accelerometers had good agreement, 5 identical accelerometers were used simultaneously to test their output at 8 locations (rotated among collar, vest, and forelimb stocking locations) on each dog. Movement and mobility for each dog were recorded continuously with a computerized videography system for 7-hour ses-sions on 4 consecutive days. Accelerometer values were combined into 439 fifteen-minute intervals and compared with 3 videographic measurements of movement and mobility (distance traveled, time spent walking > 20 cm/s, and time spent changing position by > 12% of 2-dimensional surface area during 1.5 seconds). Results —96% of values compared between the most discordant pair of accelerometers were within 2 SDs of the mean value from all 5 accelerometers. All mounting locations provided acceptable correlation with videographic measurements of movement and mobility, and the ventral portion of the collar was determined to be the most convenient location. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Use of an accelerometer was adequate for at-home activity monitoring, an important end point in clinical trials of treatment for chronic disease, and provided information about daily activity that is unattainable by other methods.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Hansen, Bernard D. and Lascelles, Duncan X. and Keene, Bruce W. and Adams, Allison K. and Thomson, Andrea E.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={468–475} }
 @article{lascelles_hansen_roe_depuy_thomson_pierce_smith_rowinski_2007, title={Evaluation of client-specific outcome measures and activity monitoring to measure pain relief in cats with osteoarthritis}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[410:EOCOMA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={There are no validated systems for measuring pain from osteoarthritis in cats.Owner subjective assessments and an activity monitor (AM) can be used to detect pain in cats with osteoarthritis and to assess efficacy of treatments.Thirteen cats older than 10 years old, with owner-assessed decreases in activity, painful arthritic joints, and clinically normal blood work were included and evaluated for 3 weeks.A collar-mounted AM measured activity and a client-specific outcome measure (CSOM) questionnaire characterized the severity of impairment. Overall global quality of life was also evaluated for each treatment. In weeks 2 and 3, meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, day 1; 0.05 mg/kg, days 2-5) or a placebo was administered in a blinded, randomized, cross-over manner to test the assessment systems.The cats had a median of 4 arthritic appendicular joints. Activity counts for the week when cats (complete data on activity; n=9) were administered meloxicam were significantly higher than at baseline (P = .02) but not after placebo (P = .06). Baseline activity counts were not significantly different from placebo (P = .6). The CSOM data (n=13) showed that owners considered their cats to be more active on meloxicam compared with baseline (P = .001) and placebo (P < .004), and more active on placebo than at baseline (P < .01). Global quality of life improved significantly with meloxicam (P < .042).Both an AM and a CSOM system can detect behavior associated with pain relief in cats that are arthritic. Objective activity data might allow subjective assessment systems to be validated for use in clinical studies.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Roe, Simon and Depuy, Venita and Thomson, Andrea and Pierce, Courtney C. and Smith, Eric S. and Rowinski, Elizabeth}, year={2007}, pages={410–416} }
 @article{davis_hardie_lascelles_hansen_2007, title={Feline fibrosarcoma: Perioperative management}, volume={29}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davis, K. M. and Hardie, E. M. and Lascelles, B. D. X. and Hansen, B.}, year={2007}, pages={712-} }
 @article{defrancesco_rush_rozanski_hansen_keene_moore_atkins_2007, title={Prospective clinical evaluation of an ELISA B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in dogs presenting with cough or dyspnea}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[243:PCEOAE]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of a novel canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of BNP for the diagnosis of CHF in dogs presenting with either cough or dyspnea.Three hundred and thirty dogs from 2 large university teaching hospitals.We prospectively measured plasma BNP concentrations in 3 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 75), (2) dogs with asymptomatic heart disease (n = 76), and (3) dogs with cough or dyspnea (n = 179). The final diagnosis of dogs with cough or dyspnea and the severity of CHF (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Heart Failure Classification [ISACHC]) were determined by medical record review by a study cardiologist who was blinded to the results of the BNP assay.Dogs with CHF had a higher median BNP concentration (24.6 pg/mL) than dogs with noncardiac causes of cough or dyspnea (2.6 pg/mL) (P < .0001). The area under the curve was 0.91 for the receiver operating curve analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the BNP measurement to differentiate CHF from other causes of cough or dyspnea. The median BNP concentrations in dogs were 3.0 pg/mL with ISACHC I, 17.8 pg/mL with ISACHC II, and 30.5 pg/mL with ISACHC III. (P < .0001)Measurement of BNP is useful in establishing or in excluding the diagnosis of CHF in dogs with cough or dyspnea. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations rose significantly as a function of severity of CHF.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Rush, John E. and Rozanski, Elizabeth A. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Keene, Bruce W. and Moore, Dominic T. and Atkins, Clarke E.}, year={2007}, pages={243–250} }
 @misc{hansen_2005, title={Analgesia and sedation in the critically ill}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.00166.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective: To summarize the challenges to recognizing pain in critically ill patients, the rationale for treatment even in the absence of signs of pain, and the therapeutic options available in the intensive care environment. Etiology: Pain is one of many stressors challenging the critically ill patient, and may in turn be multifactorial in nature. Common causes include local and systemic inflammation, injuries, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, immobilization, and thrombosis. Diagnosis: Critically ill animals with pain may not demonstrate overt behavioral or physiologic signs of distress. Therefore, pain must be assumed to be present for animals whose condition puts them at risk. Therapy: Currently available analgesic and sedative drugs and methods of delivery are described. Several useful analgesics and sedatives may be co‐administered as fluid additives to provide continuous therapy. Prognosis: There is growing evidence that the neuroendocrine stress response to severe injury or illness may become sufficiently intense to contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many therapeutic analgesic and sedation options provide good control of pain and stress, and in some circumstances this may improve the outcome of critical illness.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Hansen, BD}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={285–294} }
 @article{hansen_2003, title={An alternative model for teaching emergency procedures}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.30.3.270}, abstractNote={Emergency/critical care is a new veterinary specialty that poses special challenges in veterinary education. Traditional methods of teaching emergency procedures in the teaching hospital place novices in a high-stress, high-stakes environment not conducive to learning or to optimum patient care. Our innovative emergency-procedures laboratory enables students to acquire a high degree of proficiency, in a realistic setting, with focused, controlled instruction and practice, replicable in schools with or without emergency/critical care facilities.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hansen, BD}, year={2003}, pages={270–273} }
 @article{hansen_2003, title={Assessment of pain in dogs: Veterinary clinical studies}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1930-6180"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar.44.3.197}, abstractNote={Hundreds of thousands of animals are presented to US veterinarians annually for surgery or for evaluation of painful disease. This large population offers the opportunity for clinical research of both acute and chronic pain syndromes. Although there is growing interest by veterinary clinical specialists to explore the nature of animal pain and how best to treat it, this resource is relatively unknown to the pain research community. Computer-assisted collection of behavioral data has created new opportunities for characterizing the pain experience in animal species for the benefit of both animals and humans. This review describes the current state of veterinary clinical pain studies in dogs and an application of computer-assisted behavioral analysis.}, number={3}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Hansen, BD}, year={2003}, pages={197–205} }
 @article{defrancesco_hansen_atkins_sidley_keene_2003, title={Noninvasive transthoracic temporary cardiac pacing in dogs}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0663:NTTCPI>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 17, Issue 5 p. 663-667 Open Access Noninvasive Transthoracic Temporary Cardiac Pacing in Dogs Teresa C. DeFrancesco, Corresponding Author Teresa C. DeFrancesco Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBernard D. Hansen, Bernard D. Hansen Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorClarke E. Atkins, Clarke E. Atkins Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Sidley, Jennifer A. Sidley Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorBruce W. Keene, Bruce W. Keene Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Teresa C. DeFrancesco, Corresponding Author Teresa C. DeFrancesco Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBernard D. Hansen, Bernard D. Hansen Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorClarke E. Atkins, Clarke E. Atkins Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Sidley, Jennifer A. Sidley Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorBruce W. Keene, Bruce W. Keene Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02497.xCitations: 33AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Temporary cardiac pacing is used in the emergency treatment of life-threatening bradyarrhythmias and for the support of heart rate and blood pressure of patients with sick sinus syndrome or high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block undergoing general anesthesia, typically for permanent pacemaker implantation. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a noninvasive transthoracic external cardiac pacing system in 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias. Optimal placement of the patch electrodes on the skin of the thorax was initially established on 2 anesthetized normal dogs. The optimal electrode placement was determined to be on the right and left hemithoraces, directly over the heart. Afterward, by means of this electrode placement, all 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias in this study were successfully paced with the noninvasive transthoracic system. Dogs ranged in age from 1 to 15 years and weighed between 3.2 and 40 kg. Miniature Schnauzers, German Shepherds, and mixed breeds were most common in the study population. Indications for noninvasive transthoracic pacing included emergency treatment of hemodynamically unstable 3rd-degree AV block (2 dogs); support of heart rate during general anesthesia for permanent pacemaker implantation or lead-wire adjustment (38 dogs); and support of heart rate during general anesthesia for ophthalmologic surgery in dogs with sick sinus syndrome (2 dogs). Complications included pain and skeletal muscle stimulation, which required general anesthesia. We conclude that the noninvasive transthoracic pacing system evaluated is satisfactory for clinical veterinary use. References 1 Yoshioka MM, Tilley LP, Harvey HJ, et al. Permanent pacemaker implantation in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 746–750. 2 Bonagura JD, Helphrey ML, Muir WW. Complications associated with permanent pacemaker implantation in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 182: 149–155. 3 Klement P., Del-Nido PJ, Wilson GJ. The use of cardiac pacemakers in veterinary practice. Compendium 1984; 6: 893–902. 4 Fox PR, Matthiesen DT, Purse D., et al. Ventral abdominal, trans-diaphragmatic approach for implantation of cardiac pacemakers in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189: 1303–1308. 5 Sisson D., Thomas WP, Woodfield J., et al. Permanent transvenous pacemaker implantation in forty dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5: 322–331. 6 Flanders JA, Moise NS, Gelzer ARM, et al. Introduction of an endocardial pacing lead through the costocervical vein in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215: 46–48. 7 Cote E., Laste NJ. Transvenous cardiac pacing. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2000; 15: 165–176. 8 Hynes JK, Holmes DR, Harrison CE. Five-year experience with temporary pacemaker therapy in the coronary care unit. Mayo Clin Proc 1983; 58: 122–126. 9 Hildick-Smith DJR, Petch MC. Temporary pacing before per-manent pacing should be avoided unless essential. Br Med J 1999; 317: 79–80. 10 Murphy JJ. Problems with temporary cardiac pacing. Br Med J 2001; 323: 527. 11 Zoll PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N Engl J Med 1952; 13: 768–771. 12 Zoll PM, Zoll RH, Belgard AH. External noninvasive electric stimulation of the heart. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 393–394. 13 Falk RH, Zoll PM, Zoll RH. Safety and efficacy of noninvasive cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 1166–1168. 14 Zoll PM, Zoll RH, Falk RH, et al. External noninvasive temporary cardiac pacing: Clinical trials. Circulation 1985; 71: 937–944. 15 White JD, Brown CG. Immediate transthoracic pacing for cardiac asystole in an emergency department setting. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 125–128. 16 Allen PW, OToole JJ. External transthoracic pacemaking. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 895–896. 17 Madsen JK, Meibom J., Videbak R., et al. Transcutaneous pacing: Experience with the Zoll noninvasive temporary pacemaker. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 7–10. 18 Normal myocardial enzymes and normal echocardiographic findings during noninvasive transcutaneous pacing Pacing Clin Elec-trophysiol 1988; 11: 1188–1193. 19 Kirschenbaum LP, Eisenkraft JB, Mitchell J., Hillel Z. Transtho-racic pacing for the treatment of severe bradycardia during induction of anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989; 3: 329–332. 20 Wood M., Ellenbogen KA. Bradyarrhythmias, emergency pacing and implantable defibrillation devices. Crit Care Clin 1989; 5: 551–568. 21 Hedges JR, Feero S., Shultz B., et al. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophy-siol 1991; 14: 1473–1478. 22 Gammage MD. Temporary cardiac pacing. Heart 2000; 83: 715–720. 23 Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Hedges JR, et al. Transcutaneous cardiac pacing: Determination of myocardial injury in the canine model. Ann Emerg Med 1983; 12: 745–748. 24 Kicklighter EJ, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, et al. Pathological aspects of transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 108–113. 25 Syverud SA, Hedges JR, Dalsey WC, et al. Hemodynamics of transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4: 17–20. 26 Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Garner D., et al. External nonin-vasive cardiac pacing; comparative hemodynamic study of two techniques with conventional endocardial pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophy-siol 1988; 11: 575–582. 27 Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, et al. Threshold, enzymatic, and pathologic changes associated with prolonged transcuta-neous pacing in a chronic heart block model. J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 1–4. 28 Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Lehmkuhl LB. Practices and outcomes of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 229–239. Citing Literature Volume17, Issue5September 2003Pages 663-667 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={DeFrancesco, TC and Hansen, BD and Atkins, CE and Sidley, JA and Keene, BW}, year={2003}, pages={663–667} }
 @article{hawkins_hansen_bunch_2003, title={Use of animation-enhanced video clips for teaching abnormal breathing patterns}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.30.1.73}, abstractNote={The ability to characterize disease of the respiratory tract accurately based on breathing pattern is helpful for the development of differential diagnoses and an efficient diagnostic plan and critical for the stabilization of patients in respiratory distress. Veterinary students do not have sufficient clinical experience to observe personally all types of respiratory diseases and their resultant abnormal breathing patterns. We developed a teaching tool, the animated breathing pattern videotape (ABV), to fill this gap. The ABV is a collection of video clips of small animal patients with normal and abnormal breathing patterns on a conventional videotape of approximately 20 minutes duration. Each video clip is shown for 20 to 40 seconds, followed by the same clip with superimposed animation of rib and diaphragm motion, followed by the initial clip again, without overlying animation. The ABV has since been used in teaching third-year veterinary students, interns, residents, practicing veterinarians, and veterinary technicians. Student evaluations and responses to questionnaires by interns, residents, practicing veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and peer reviewers have been uniformly positive.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hawkins, EC and Hansen, B and Bunch, BL}, year={2003}, pages={73–77} }
 @article{olby_munana_de risio_sebestyen_hansen_2002, title={Cervical injury following a horse kick to the head in two dogs}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036069170&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/0380321}, abstractNote={Two dogs were presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital following blunt trauma to the head delivered by a horse kick. On presentation, both dogs had resolving clinical signs directly related to the head trauma, but both also had compromise to their upper airway as a result of indirect injury to the soft tissues of the neck, visible on plain radiographs. One dog made a full recovery following a period of assisted ventilation. The other dog was euthanized at the request of the owner. These injuries illustrate the importance of evaluating the cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck following blunt trauma to the head.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Olby, N and Munana, K and De Risio, L and Sebestyen, P and Hansen, B}, year={2002}, pages={321–326} }
 @article{hansen_defrancesco_2002, title={Relationship between hydration estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy in critically ill dogs and cats}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1534-6935"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.t01-1-00050.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective: To characterize the relationship between clinical estimates of hydration in dogs and cats admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and changes in their body weight following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy. Design: Outcome study. Setting: ICU at a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH). Animals: A total of 151 dogs and 42 cats with various medical disorders that had not had surgery within 48 hours of admission into the ICU were consecutively admitted into the study. Animals with any condition predisposing to excess fluid loss or retention were excluded: heart disease, sepsis, trauma, pancreatitis, pleural or pericardial effusion, ascites, and pathologic oliguria. Animals that acquired any of the following during the observation period were excluded: gastrointestinal fluid loss, edema or diseases predisposing to edema, oliguria, diuretic therapy, and body fluid drainage or hemorrhage. Fluid therapy was ordered based on estimate of hydration at admission. Other treatments were not modified or withheld. Interventions: Physiologic data were collected at the time of admission and 24–48 hours later. Measurements and main results: Hydration was estimated on admission to the ICU using clinical judgement with no supporting laboratory data. Each admitting clinician used this estimate to plan fluid therapy. Fluid therapy was defined as the administration of any enteral or parenteral fluids as well as any decision to withhold fluids. Paired measurements taken on admission and at 24–48 hours included packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma solids (TS), and body weight. Amount and type of fluids or blood products administered were noted. Neither clinician estimates of dehydration nor baseline PCV or TS predicted clinically significant changes in body weight following fluid therapy, and there was no relationship between weight change and changes in PCV or TS. Conclusions: A clinical diagnosis of dehydration in our ICU does not predict weight gain following fluid therapy. Neither baseline PCV/TS nor changes in these measurements following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy predicted changes in body weight.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Hansen, B and DeFrancesco, T}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={235–243} }
 @article{hansen_2001, title={Epidural catheter analgesia in dogs and cats: Technique and review of 182 cases (1991-1999)}, volume={11}, ISBN={1534-6935}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00075.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective: To characterize the indications and techniques for catheterization of the epidural space to treat pain in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit, and describe the analgesic regimens used in those patients. To provide a detailed description of the technique of epidural catheterization in companion animals. Design: Retrospective case series and clinical practice review. Setting: The Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Animals: Records from 160 dogs and 22 cats that had epidural catheters placed were identified. Interventions: Epidural catheterization for the purpose of providing analgesia for a variety of surgical and medical disorders was performed on both awake and anesthetized patients. Measurements and main results: The most frequently used analgesic agents were preservative‐free morphine and bupivacaine. 2The range of duration of catheter dwell time was 1.3–332 hours, with a mean duration of 50 hours and a median of 39 hours. Suspicion of catheter malpositioning prompted radiographic imaging of the catheter in 44 patients, and malpositioning was confirmed in 6 of those. Catheter tip positioning was recorded in 46 patients. The tip was located at L3‐L6 in 16, and T5‐L3 in 30. Twenty‐seven of those 30 patients were catheterized to treat pain associated with thoracotomy, forelimb amputation, pancreatitis, or peritonitis. Fifty‐one (28%) patients received no analgesics beyond those provided by the epidural catheter. Conclusions: Epidural administration of analgesia appeared to provide significant pain relief and was adequate as a sole analgesic treatment in some patients. Serious complications in these critically ill animals appeared to be uncommon. ( J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 95–103 )}, number={2}, journal={Official Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, author={Hansen, B. D.}, year={2001}, pages={95} }
 @article{hansen_2001, title={Intravenous catheters}, volume={11}, ISBN={1354-0157}, number={3}, journal={Waltham Focus}, author={Hansen, B. D.}, year={2001}, pages={4} }
 @article{hansen_2000, title={Acute pain management}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70014-7}, abstractNote={We encounter patients with acute pain many times each day, and few aspects of veterinary practice offer such an opportunity to help so many in such a profoundly rewarding way. As emphasized here and elsewhere, we now have excellent tools with which to help these animals, and the biggest impediment to optimal treatment of their pain is often our own difficulty in recognizing its presence. Perhaps the single most important aspect of treating acute pain is to cultivate an ability to see past our personal biases and expectations which may limit treatment and to rediscover the common sense we had about pain before we entered the profession. By rededicating ourselves to seeking out, preventing, and relieving pain, we not only perform a vital service for our patients but also elevate our profession even as we reap financial and spiritual rewards for our efforts. What could be better?}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hansen, B}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={899-+} }
 @inbook{hansen_2000, title={Epidural analgesia}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Hansen, B.}, year={2000}, pages={126–130} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_hansen_papich_1998, title={Comparison of transdermal fentanyl and intramuscular oxymorphone on post-operative behaviour after ovariohysterectomy in dogs}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90151-5}, abstractNote={The effects of transdermal fentanyl and im oxymorphone on behavioural and physiological responses, after ovariohysterectomy in dogs, were investigated. The study involved three groups of 10 dogs: fentanyl/surgery (FS), oxymorphone/surgery (OS), fentanyl/control (FC). A transdermal fentanyl delivery system (50 μg hour−1) (FS and FC) was applied 20 hours before surgery, or IM oxymorphone (Os) was administered. After ovariohysterectomy (FS and OS) or anaesthesia alone (FC), dogs were continuously videotaped for 24 hours and a standardised hourly interaction with a handler performed. The videotapes were analysed, and interactive and non-interactive behaviours evaluated. In addition, pain and sedation scores, pulse and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, plasma cortisol and plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured. This study showed that transdermal fentanyl and IM oxymorphone (0·05 mg kg−1) produced comparable analgesic effects over a 24 hour recording period. IM oxymorphone produced significantly more sedation and lower rectal temperatures than transdermal fentanyl. There were no significant differences between groups in respiratory and heart rates, and arterial blood pressures.}, number={3}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Hansen, BD and Papich, MG}, year={1998}, pages={245–251} }
 @article{hardie_hansen_carroll_1997, title={Behavior after ovariohysterectomy in the dog: What's normal?}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0168-1591"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01078-7}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to establish the post-operative behavior of caged dogs after ovariohysterectomy. Twenty dogs in the Control Group were anesthetized, but did not undergo surgery. Twenty-two dogs in the Surgery Group underwent laparotomy and ovariohysterectomy. Dogs in the Control and Surgery Groups were further assigned on a random basis to either the Oxymorphone or Placebo Groups (Group O or P). Dogs in Group O received oxymorphone (2.5 mg m−2 intramuscularly) as a pre-anesthetic and 6, 12 and 18 h later, while dogs in Group P received isovolumetric doses of sterile saline. The dogs were videotaped for 24 h after anesthesia, during which time a handler interacted with the dog once each hour. At each interaction the handler recorded a sedation and a pain score, using a numerical scoring system. Interactive and non-interactive behavior was observed and quantitated by a single observer using the videotapes. Surgery resulted in an increase in pain score, sedation score and time spent sleeping. During interactions with caregivers, greeting behaviors were decreased after surgery. Differences between Surgery Group dogs given analgesics and those given placebo drugs were readily measured using quantitative behavioral measurements, but were not apparent using the numerical scoring system.}, number={1-2}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Hardie, EM and Hansen, BD and Carroll, GS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={111–128} }
 @article{hansen_hardie_carroll_1997, title={Physiological measurements after ovariohysterectomy in dogs: What's normal?}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1872-9045"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01079-9}, abstractNote={Twenty-two pet dogs presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective ovariohysterectomy were treated with oxymorphone 2.5 mg m−2 (Surgery-O group, n = 11) or placebo (Surgery-P group, n = 11) immediately before the induction of anesthesia and 6, 12 and 18 h later. Seventeen random source dogs assigned to a control group that underwent anesthesia alone for 2 h received identical treatment with oxymorphone (Control-O group, n = 9) or placebo (Control-P group, n = 8). The heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and blood pressure were measured preoperatively, at the time of skin incision (or 1 h after anesthetic induction of controls), at extubation and at hours 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 after extubation. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured preoperatively, at extubation and at hours 3, 6 and 12. Treatment with oxymorphone reduced the heart rate and body temperature in both the Surgery-O and Control-O groups, but no differences in physical findings suggesting an analgesic effect of the drug were identified. Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations were found at hours 3 and 6 in both surgery groups, whereas the plasma cortisol concentration in the control groups did not change. The plasma cortisol concentration was reduced in the Surgery-O group compared to the Surgery-P group at hours 3–12, suggesting an analgesic effect of the drug. We conclude that routinely monitored physiological signs are not sensitive indicators of a stress response to ovariohysterectomy, or of an analgesic effect of oxymorphone.}, number={1-2}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Hansen, BD and Hardie, EM and Carroll, GS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={101–109} }
 @article{hansen_1997, title={Through a glass darkly: Using behavior to assess pain}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0882-0511"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-2867(97)80003-5}, abstractNote={Behavior assessment is crucial to the process of evaluation of pain and discomfort in veterinary patients. Behavioral responses to pain and other stressors are a function of the interaction between the individual and its environment, and are influenced by many factors including species, breed, age, sex, source of pain, and coexisting disease. Behavioral changes associated with acute postoperative pain typically peak within 24 hours and wane progressively thereafter. The intensity and duration of postoperative pain correlate with the location and extent of tissue injury, but there is much inter-patient variation of each characteristic. Published methods of systematic evaluation of pain in animals include objective measures of physiologic responses to experimental pain, subjective or semi-objective assessment of postoperative behavior, and quantitative measures of postoperative behavior and physiology. The techniques of quantitative measures of behavior are similar to pain-rating instruments developed for use in young children. Although objective assessment tools are difficult to develop and time consuming to apply, their methodological rigor and objectivity allow evaluation of behavior with minimal observer bias. Until objective assessment tools become widely used clinically, the best approach is to actively seek out evidence of pain in our patients, assuming its presence whenever there is tissue injury or inflammation.}, number={2}, journal={SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY-SMALL ANIMAL}, author={Hansen, B}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={61–74} }
 @article{hansen_1994, title={Analgesic therapy}, volume={16}, number={7}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Hansen, B. D.}, year={1994}, pages={868} }
 @article{hansen_hardie_1993, title={Prescription and use of analgesics in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital: 258 cases (1983-1989)}, volume={202}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hansen, B. and Hardie, E.}, year={1993}, pages={1485} }