@article{whittier_nutter_johnson_cross_lloyd-smith_slenning_stoskopf_2021, title={Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations}, ISSN={["1098-2345"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.23350}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Whittier, Christopher A. and Nutter, Felicia B. and Johnson, Philip L. F. and Cross, Paul and Lloyd-Smith, James O. and Slenning, Barrett D. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{slenning_2010, title={Global Climate Change and Implications for Disease Emergence}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985809354465}, abstractNote={ The early consequences of global climate change (GCC) are well documented. However, future impacts on ecosystem health, and on the health of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, are much less well understood. Evidence of increasing frequency of extreme weather events (the 2003 trans-European heat wave, extended droughts in Australia and South America), of geographic changes in vector-borne disease (bluetongue and hanta viruses emerging in northern Europe, dengue virus expanding in central and northern America), and of altered animal behavioral responses (changes in bird migration patterns and fishery numbers) warrants action. To make valid choices, however, practitioners and decision makers must understand what is known about GCC and what is only theory. There will be a multitude of microbial, vector, and host responses to climate change, for example, and not all organisms will respond similarly or across equal time scales. Unfortunately, for many organisms and ecosystems the scientific community has a relatively poor understanding of current effectors and balances, making it problematic to describe the current situation, let alone to validate future predictions. The need for enhanced basic research and systematic surveillance programs is obvious, but putting such programs into place is daunting. However, the threats are real and fast approaching. What is done in the next few years may be decisive, whether for the good or the ill of all. }, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Slenning, B. D.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{dunning_martin_tickel_gentry_cowen_slenning_2009, title={Preparedness and Disaster Response Training for Veterinary Students: Literature Review and Description of the North Carolina State University Credentialed Veterinary Responder Program}, volume={36}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme/013}, DOI={10.3138/jvme/013}, abstractNote={The nation's veterinary colleges lack the curricula necessary to meet veterinary demands for animal/public health and emergency preparedness. To this end, the authors report a literature review summarizing training programs within human/veterinary medicine. In addition, the authors describe new competency-based Veterinary Credential Responder training at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU CVM). From an evaluation of 257 PubMed-derived articles relating to veterinary/medical disaster training, 14 fulfilled all inclusion requirements (nine were veterinary oriented; five came from human medical programs). Few offered ideas on the core competencies required to produce disaster-planning and response professionals. The lack of published literature in this area points to a need for more formal discussion and research on core competencies. Non-veterinary articles emphasized learning objectives, commonly listing an incident command system, the National Incident Management System, teamwork, communications, and critical event management/problem solving. These learning objectives were accomplished either through short-course formats or via their integration into a larger curriculum. Formal disaster training in veterinary medicine mostly occurs within existing public health courses. Much of the literature focuses on changing academia to meet current and future needs in public/animal health disaster-preparedness and careers. The NCSU CVM program, in collaboration with North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, Emergency Programs and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, operates as a stand-alone third-year two-week core-curriculum training program that combines lecture, online, experiential, and group exercises to meet entry-level federal credentialing requirements. The authors report here its content, outcomes, and future development plans.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Dunning, Dianne and Martin, Michael P. and Tickel, Jimmy L. and Gentry, William B. and Cowen, Peter and Slenning, Barrett D.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={317–330} }
 @article{vicari_mokhtari_morales_jaykus_frey_slenning_cowen_2007, title={Second-order modeling of variability and uncertainty in microbial hazard characterization}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0362-028X"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.363}, abstractNote={This study describes an analytical framework that permits quantitative consideration of variability and uncertainty in microbial hazard characterization. Second-order modeling that used two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation and stratification into homogeneous population subgroups was applied to integrate uncertainty and variability. Specifically, the bootstrap method was used to simulate sampling error due to the limited sample size in microbial dose-response modeling. A data set from human feeding trials with Campylobacter jejuni was fitted to the log-logistic dose-response model, and results from the analysis of FoodNet surveillance data provided further information on variability and uncertainty in Campylobacter susceptibility due to the effect of age. Results of our analyses indicate that uncertainty associated with dose-response modeling has a dominating influence on the analytical outcome. In contrast, inclusion of the age factor has a limited impact. While the advocacy of more closely modeling variability in hazard characterization is warranted, the characterization of key sources of uncertainties and their consistent propagation throughout a microbial risk assessment actually appear of greater importance.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Vicari, Andrea S. and Mokhtari, Amirhossein and Morales, Roberta A. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann and Frey, H. Christopher and Slenning, Barrett D. and Cowen, Peter}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={363–372} }
 @article{bai_banks_dediu_govan_last_lloyd_nguyen_olufsen_rempala_slenning_2007, title={Stochastic and deterministic models for agricultural production networks}, volume={4}, url={https://publons.com/publon/12886434/}, DOI={10.3934/mbe.2007.4.373}, abstractNote={An approach to modeling the impact of disturbances in an agricultural production network is presented. A stochastic model and its approximate deterministic model for averages over sample paths of the stochastic system are developed. Simulations, sensitivity and generalized sensitivity analyses are given. Finally, it is shown how diseases may be introduced into the network and corresponding simulations are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering}, author={Bai, P. and Banks, H. T. and Dediu, S. and Govan, A. Y. and Last, M. and Lloyd, Alun and Nguyen, H. K. and Olufsen, M. S. and Rempala, G. and Slenning, B. D.}, year={2007}, pages={373–402} }
 @article{slenning_2006, title={Combating pandemics}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Issues in Science and Technology}, author={Slenning, B. D.}, year={2006}, pages={15–16} }
 @article{slenning_2006, title={Hood of the truck statistics for food animal practitioners}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0749-0720"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.11.002}, abstractNote={This article offers some tips on working with statistics and develops four relatively simple procedures to deal with most kinds of data with which veterinarians work. The criterion for a procedure to be a "Hood of the Truck Statistics" (HOT Stats) technique is that it must be simple enough to be done with pencil, paper, and a calculator. The goal of HOT Stats is to have the tools available to run quick analyses in only a few minutes so that decisions can be made in a timely fashion. The discipline allows us to move away from the all-too-common guess work about effects and differences we perceive following a change in treatment or management. The techniques allow us to move toward making more defensible, credible, and more quantifiably "risk-aware" real-time recommendations to our clients.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Slenning, BD}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={149-+} }
 @article{whittier_horne_slenning_loomis_stoskopf_2004, title={Comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase PCR amplification of rotavirus RNA from gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples}, volume={116}, ISSN={0166-0934}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003}, abstractNote={Detection of enteric viral nucleic acids in preserved gorilla fecal specimens was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). A commercially available viral RNA extraction kit was used to isolate nucleic acids from captive gorilla fecal samples seeded with rotavirus and stored in ethanol, formalin, a commercial RNA preservation solution, guanidine thiocyanate buffer (GT), and samples dried in tubes containing silica gel. Nucleic acids were extracted at 1, 7, 70 and 180 days and used for rt-PCR amplification of specific rotavirus RNA sequences. Successful rt-PCR amplification of the target product varied according to storage conditions, and storage time. Only samples stored in GT gave 100% positive results at 180 days. It is recommended that fecal samples be collected in GT for viral RNA analysis.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Virological Methods}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Whittier, Christopher A and Horne, William and Slenning, Barrett and Loomis, Michael and Stoskopf, Michael K}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={11–17} }
 @article{smith_slenning_2000, title={Decision analysis: dealing with uncertainty in diagnostic testing}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0167-5877"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00121-5}, abstractNote={Decision analysis is a process for systematically analyzing complex choices by considering all pertinent information. In this paper, we discuss how uncertainty associated with diagnostic testing can be included in a decision analysis using pay-off tables and decision trees (decision-flow diagrams). Variables associated with diagnostic test interpretation (such as pre-test and post-test probability of disease; test sensitivity, specificity and predictive values; fixed cut-offs versus continuous measurement scales; test dependence associated with the use of multiple tests) are considered. Several decision criteria and output measures are discussed (including MAXIMIN and MAXIMAX criteria, opportunity costs, expected monetary values, expected utility, sensitivity and risk-profile analysis, and threshold analysis). The application of decision analysis to diagnostic testing for Johne's disease and traumatic reticuloperitonitis of cattle, and for canine heartworm disease are used to illustrate both population- and patient-oriented applications and criteria for ranking the desirability of different outcomes.}, number={1-2}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Smith, RD and Slenning, BD}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={139–162} }
 @article{o'carroll_davies_correa_slenning_1999, title={Effects of sample storage and delayed secondary enrichment on detection of Salmonella spp in swine feces}, volume={60}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={O'Carroll, J. M. and Davies, P. R. and Correa, M. T. and Slenning, B. D.}, year={1999}, pages={359–362} }
 @article{farin_slenning_britt_1999, title={Estimates of pregnancy outcomes based on selection of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00160-0}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to estimate the degree of variation among experienced evaluators selecting in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos for transfer and to determine how this affects both the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant after transfer, and the number of embryo transfers required per pregnancy. Data from 6 experienced evaluators who graded Day 7 embryos produced either in vivo (n = 15) or in vitro (n = 15) were used to estimate these effects. The evaluators viewed video recorded images of the embryos and classified each embryo for stage of development and quality grade (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = degenerated and nontransferable). The statistical model considered transfer of embryos of the following individual or combined grades: Grade 1 only, Grade 2 only, Grade 3 only, Grades 1 and 2, Grades 2 and 3, and Grades 1, 2 and 3. Probabilities of pregnancy after embryo transfer were based on pregnancy rates of recipients at the facility of 1 of the 6 evaluators where the percentages of heifers pregnant after the transfer of Grade 1, 2 and 3 embryos, by embryo source, were 76, 65 and 54% (in vivo), and 59, 45 and 30% (in vitro). Within most grades, the proportion of embryos selected for transfer differed (P < 0.05) among the 6 evaluators. Although no significant differences (P > 0.10) were found among evaluators in the proportion of recipients pregnant after transfer within any embryo grade, there was substantial variation among evaluators in the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant, especially for embryos produced in vitro. Estimated percentages of heifers becoming pregnant for embryos classified as Grade 1, 2 or 3 were 66 to 76, 62 to 69, and 54 to 60%, respectively, for in vivo-produced embryos; and, 39 to 59, 15 to 45, and 24 to 32%, respectively, for in vitro-produced embryos. Approximately twice as many transfers were needed per pregnancy for embryos produced in vitro as for those produced in vivo regardless of the grade.}, number={4}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Farin, PW and Slenning, BD and Britt, JH}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={659–670} }
 @article{turkson_slenning_brownie_1999, title={Perceptions of veterinarians regarding privatization of veterinary services delivery in Ghana and Jamaica}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0167-5877"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00023-9}, abstractNote={There are on-going reforms in the delivery of veterinary services in many developing countries, with privatization of certain veterinary activities as one of the approaches. In Jamaica, with the support of veterinarians, clinical aspects of veterinary services were privatized in 1992. In contrast, Ghanaian veterinarians are generally wary of the government's on-going privatization process. The objective of this study was to find out if perceptions of the veterinarians from these two countries on certain issues of privatization were sufficiently different to explain the willingness or reluctance to go into private practice. The response proportions for predominantly self-administered questionnaires were 83% (121/145) and 92% (35/38) for Ghana and Jamaica, respectively. There was a very good (92%) agreement in the perceptions of veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica on a battery of 24 responses pertaining to privatization of veterinary services. Generally, the perceptions of the veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica were similar even though the predominant delivery systems for animal health services were different. Therefore, reasons other than those examined in this study may explain the differences in willingness to go into private practice. The need to account for these other reasons is discussed.}, number={3-4}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Turkson, PK and Slenning, BD and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={221–232} }
 @article{rohrbach_cannedy_freeman_slenning_1999, title={Risk factors for abomasal displacement in dairy cows}, volume={214}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Rohrbach, B. W. and Cannedy, A. L. and Freeman, K. and Slenning, B. D.}, year={1999}, pages={1660–1663} }
 @article{slenning_gardner_1997, title={Economic evaluation of risks to producers who use milk residue testing programs}, volume={211}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Slenning, B. D. and Gardner, I. A.}, year={1997}, pages={419–427} }
 @article{slenning_1994, title={FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF A CLINICAL-TRIAL COMPARING SIMPLE ESTRUS DETECTION WITH ESTRUS DETECTION AFTER PROSTAGLANDIN-BASED APPOINTMENT BREEDING IN A COMMERCIAL DAIRY-HERD IN CALIFORNIA, USA}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0167-5877"]}, DOI={10.1016/0167-5877(94)90049-3}, abstractNote={An economic analysis of the outcomes from a clinical trial on dairy cow reproduction was performed. The trial compared two prospective cohorts from a California dairy herd of 670 cows: (1) a cohort of 56 cows initially treated with prostaglandin-F2α and appointment inseminated at 72 and 96 h post-treatment, followed in 7 days by estrus detection based breeding (PT); (2) a cohort of 53 cows that was managed strictly for estrus detection based breeding (HD). There were no significant differences between the cohorts for days in milk at conception, services per conception, or time to events. The economic analysis consisted of three parts: (1) a partial budget analysis of the two breeding strategies; (2) a deterministic decision analysis of the two practices; (3) a stochastic evaluation of the strategies. Both the deterministic and stochastic analyses used time value of money calculattions PT insemination cost the farm approximately $32 compared with an HD cost of approximately $17. However, the costs of getting the average animal pregnant were approximately respectively. Expected monetary values were $588 and $707 for PT and HD strategies, respectively. The stochastic decision analysis evaluated risks and return over 1000 simulations. It suggested that in 73% of cases an HD strategy will produce expected monetary values $170 more than the PT strategy, in 10% of cases the two will be within 4% in yield, and in 17% the PT strategy will yield $95 more than an HD program. Sensitivity analysis suggested that conception rates to estrus detection based breedings are not likely to alter the decision. However, conception rates to the appointment breeding program in conjunction with the elapsed time postpartum when the decision to breed is implemented and estrus detection rates can cause the PT strategy to be optimal. Situations where this might occur are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={SLENNING, BD}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={239–257} }
 @article{slenning_1992, title={COMPARISON OF A PROSTAGLANDIN-F2-ALPHA-BASED REPRODUCTIVE PROGRAM WITH AN ESTRUS DETECTION-BASED REPRODUCTIVE PROGRAM ON A LARGE COMMERCIAL DAIRY-HERD}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/0093-691X(92)90147-J}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to describe biological outcomes of two reproductive management strategies in commercial dairy cows: estrus detection with and without the use of prostaglandin-F2alpha. At regular preinsemination examinations, cows were allocated randomly to two cohorts: 1) prostaglandin cohort -- cows with palpable corpora lutea were injected with 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine and were bred by appointment 72 and 96 hours later, followed one week later by standard estrus detection practices (twice daily observation and tail chalking, with breeding approximately 12 to 24 hours later); and 2) estrus detection cohort -- cows identified as exhibiting estrus (observed estrus) were bred through the above standard procedures, without exposure to prostaglandin therapy. Age, milk production, weight, milk progesterone levels and reproductive data were collected for all cows. Although certain between-cohort effects were statistically significant, no differences could be found between the cohorts regarding standard measures of reproductive performance (average days in milk at conception (P=0.79), services per conception (P=0.48), proportion of animals failing to conceive to artificial insemination (P=0.53), and survival analysis on time to conception (P=0.30). With evidence for biological equivalence between the two reproductive strategies, nonbiological standards such as economics or ease of execution would be appropriate in choosing between the two strategies.}, number={3}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={SLENNING, BD}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={673–685} }