@article{phillips_harms_lewbart_lahner_haulena_rosenberg_papich_2016, title={POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AND ITS METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE GREEN SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS) FOLLOWING INTRACOELOMIC AND IMMERSION ADMINISTRATION}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0110.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0110.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Sea urchin mass mortality events have been attributed to both infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Bacteria, including Vibrio spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., have been isolated during specific mortality events. Aquarium collection sea urchins are also subject to bacterial infections and could benefit from antimicrobial treatment, but pharmacokinetic studies have been lacking for this invertebrate group until recently. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) after intracoelomic injection and medicated bath immersion administration. The utility of a population pharmacokinetic method using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NLME) was also evaluated. Thirty sea urchins were assigned to either the injection or immersion group. Twelve study animals and three untreated controls were utilized for each administration method: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg intracoelomic injection or a 6-hr enrofloxacin 10 mg/L immersion. Each animal was sampled four times from 0 to 120 hr. Water samples were collected during immersion treatment and posttreatment time points in both groups. Hemolymph and water sample drug concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using an NLME population pharmacokinetic method. Enrofloxacin concentrations were fit to a two-compartment model with first-order input for the intracoelomic injection group. The enrofloxacin elimination half-life (t½), peak hemolymph concentration (CMAX), and area under the curve (AUC) were 38.82 hr, 90.92 μg/ml, and 1,199 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Enrofloxacin was modeled to a one-compartment model with first-order input for the immersion treatment. The enrofloxacin t½, CMAX, and AUC were 33.46 hr, 0.48 μg/ml, and 32.88 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was detected in trace concentrations in all hemolymph samples, indicating minimal production of this metabolite. The concentrations of enrofloxacin achieved far exceeded minimum inhibitory concentrations reported for teleost pathogens. No adverse effects were associated with enrofloxacin administration by either treatment method or from hemolymph sampling.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Haulena, Martin and Rosenberg, Justin F. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={175–186} }
 @article{gjeltema_de voe_phillips_stoskopf_2015, title={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1875-5941"]}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1035462}, abstractNote={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator) Jenessa L. Gjeltema*, Ryan S. De Voe, Brianne E. Phillips and Michael K. Stoskopf Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh 27607, NC, USA; Veterinary Division, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro 27205, NC, USA; Department of Animal Health, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, 2901 Osceola Parkway, Lake Buena Vista 32830, FL, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY QUARTERLY}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Phillips, Brianne E. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={177–180} }
 @article{phillips_harms_messenger_2015, title={Oral Transmucosal Detomidine Gel for the Sedation of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, abstractNote={Abstract The restraint of ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture often employs chemical means with parenteral drug injection or inhalant anesthetics. These methods often result in agitation, pain at the injection site, increased stress, and increased cost. A transmucosal (TM) detomidine gel has recently been evaluated for sedation to facilitate physical examination and common procedures in dogs and horses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate TM detomidine in the domestic ferret for physical examination and venipuncture in a teaching laboratory setting. Detomidine was evaluated at 2 doses: 2 and 4mg/m 2 . A total of 16 ferrets (8 female and 8 male) were randomly assigned to each dose group. Following the administration of detomidine, physiologic variables were collected (heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature) and sedation scoring was performed every 10 minutes. Owing to the rapid effect of the drug, time of onset was not consistently captured in the data recording protocol; the 8 males were used again in a subsequent laboratory and dosed at 3mg/m 2 to refine the times of initial effect and dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was attempted only after full physical examinations were completed and the ferrets could be placed in dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was performed with detomidine sedation alone on 4 female and 5 male ferrets, with no significant difference based on dose group. Isoflurane was administered via face mask to the remaining ferrets due to insufficient sedation based on muscle movement and reaction to venipuncture. Heart rate significantly decreased following detomidine administration as compared with baseline values in both dose groups. There were no significant changes in respiratory rates. Sedation scores were significantly increased throughout the study period. Side effects of detomidine administration included piloerection of the tail in all ferrets and a second-degree atrioventricular block in one female ferret that resolved following reversal with atipamezole. Hyperglycemia was observed in 67% of the ferrets. TM detomidine effectively sedated domestic ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={446–454} }