@article{roberts_thomas_salmon_cubeta_stapelmann_gilger_2024, title={Cold atmospheric plasma inactivates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum biofilms and conidia in vitro}, url={https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001858}, DOI={10.1099/jmm.0.001858}, abstractNote={Introduction. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum are common causative pathogens of fungal keratitis (FK), a severe corneal disease associated with significant morbidity and vision loss. Escalating incidence of antifungal resistance to available antifungal drugs poses a major challenge to FK treatment. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a pioneering nonpharmacologic antimicrobial intervention that has demonstrated potential as a broad-spectrum antifungal treatment. Gap statement. Previous research highlights biofilm-associated resistance as a critical barrier to effective FK treatment. Although CAP has shown promise against various fungal infections, its efficacy against biofilm and conidial forms of FK pathogens remains inadequately explored. Aim. This study aims to investigate the antifungal efficacy of CAP against clinical fungal keratitis isolates of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum in vitro . Methodology. Power parameters (22–27 kV pp , 300–400 Hz and 20–80 mA) of a dielectric barrier discharge CAP device were optimized for inactivation of A. flavus biofilms. Optimal applied voltage and total current were applied to F. keratoplasticum biofilms and conidial suspensions of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum . The antifungal effect of CAP treatment was investigated by evaluating fungal viability through means of metabolic activity, c.f.u. enumeration (c.f.u. ml −1 ) and biofilm formation. Results. For both fungal species, CAP exhibited strong time-dependent inactivation, achieving greater than 80 % reduction in metabolic activity and c.f.u. ml −1 within 300 s or less, and complete inhibition after 600 s of treatment. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that CAP is a promising broad-spectrum antifungal intervention. CAP treatment effectively reduces fungal viability in both biofilm and conidial suspension cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum , suggesting its potential as an alternative treatment strategy for fungal keratitis.}, journal={Journal of Medical Microbiology}, author={Roberts, Darby and Thomas, Jonathan and Salmon, Jacklyn and Cubeta, Marc A. and Stapelmann, Katharina and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{roberts_gilger_2024, title={Current therapy and advancements in the treatment of equine fungal keratitis}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.05.0337}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.05.0337}, abstractNote={Abstract Equine fungal keratitis represents a substantial portion of keratitis cases in horses, with fungal involvement identified in approximately half of all infectious keratitis cases. Despite its prevalence, more comprehensive retrospective analyses are needed to better understand this condition. Outcomes vary, with approximately two-thirds of cases achieving complete healing with retained vision, although enucleation is often necessary. Predominant pathogens include Aspergillus and Fusarium , with yeast reported in a minority of cases. Resistance to common antifungal agents among filamentous fungi poses a significant challenge. Advances in diagnostics, including repeat culture and antifungal susceptibility testing, as well as the incorporation of PCR technology, hold promise for improving detection and guiding treatment decisions. Newer antifungals, combination therapies, and innovative modalities such as photodynamic therapy offer hope for improved outcomes. Continued research efforts are essential to further elucidate the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and optimal management strategies for this condition.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Roberts, Darby M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ludwig_barr_gilger_2024, title={Relationship between stable management practices and ocular disease in horses}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13963}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13963}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Ludwig, Claire and Barr, Erin and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{collins_barr_westermeyer_gilger_oh_2024, title={Ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging parameters associated with outcome in equine infectious ulcerative keratitis and stromal abscesses}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.02.0097}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.02.0097}, abstractNote={Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the predictive value of corneal ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) findings for the outcome of equine corneal disease. ANIMALS 46 horses with a clinical diagnosis of either infectious ulcerative keratitis or stromal abscess. METHODS Corneal UBM (VevoMD; UHF70; VisualSonics) of horses with infectious corneal disease presenting to the North Carolina State University Equine Ophthalmology Service from 2019 to 2023 were evaluated. Size and depth of lesion, presence of Descemet membrane disruption (DMD), corneal thickness, and aqueous humor cell counts (AHCC) were assessed. Comparisons of UBM and clinical exam findings, presence of infectious organisms, and outcome (healed or enucleated) were performed. RESULTS The UBMs from 46 horses were evaluated. Increased AHCC was significantly associated with increased size and depth of corneal lesions on UBM but not with DMD. Deep lesions and DMD were significantly associated with an enucleation outcome. Horses treated with systemic antibiotics had significantly lower AHCC on UBM, but there were no differences in AHCC with the use of other systemic or topical medications. There was no significant correlation between infectious disease results, clinical findings (aqueous flare or cells), outcome, and UBM AHCC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Parameters on UBM, such as depth of lesion, DMD, and AHCC, may be useful diagnostic and prognostic tools to augment the ophthalmic exam of horses with corneal disease. The UBM findings of deep corneal lesions and DMD suggest a poor prognosis and warrant aggressive surgical intervention.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Collins, Elisabeth N. and Barr, Erin M. and Westermeyer, Hans and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{nilles_roberts_salmon_song_o’dea_marjoram_bower_hirsch_gilger_2023, title={AAV-mediated expression of HLA-G for the prevention of experimental ocular graft vs. host disease}, volume={29}, ISSN={2329-0501}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2023.03.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.omtm.2023.03.012}, abstractNote={Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and manifests as ocular surface inflammatory disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) to inhibit OGvHD. A major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. 7 days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1 x 109 vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Tissues were collected for vector biodistribution, ocular histology, and immunofluorescence. Compared with untreated HSCT eyes, those dosed with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 had significantly reduced clinical inflammatory signs of OGvHD. On histology, eyes that received scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 or cyclosporine had a significantly lower mean limbal mononuclear cell count when compared with non-treated HSCT eyes. HLA-G immunofluorescence was detected in the subconjunctiva and peripheral cornea in HSCT animals treated with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5. Vector genomes were detected in the lacrimal gland, but not in the other tested organs. These results provide evidence that subconjunctival AAV targets ocular surface and corneal disease and support that HLA-G-based gene therapy may be an effective treatment for OGvHD. Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and manifests as ocular surface inflammatory disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) to inhibit OGvHD. A major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. 7 days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1 x 109 vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Tissues were collected for vector biodistribution, ocular histology, and immunofluorescence. Compared with untreated HSCT eyes, those dosed with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 had significantly reduced clinical inflammatory signs of OGvHD. On histology, eyes that received scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 or cyclosporine had a significantly lower mean limbal mononuclear cell count when compared with non-treated HSCT eyes. HLA-G immunofluorescence was detected in the subconjunctiva and peripheral cornea in HSCT animals treated with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5. Vector genomes were detected in the lacrimal gland, but not in the other tested organs. These results provide evidence that subconjunctival AAV targets ocular surface and corneal disease and support that HLA-G-based gene therapy may be an effective treatment for OGvHD.}, journal={Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nilles, Jacob P. and Roberts, Darby and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Song, Liujiang and O’Dea, Carly and Marjoram, Lindsay T. and Bower, Jacquelyn J. and Hirsch, Matthew L. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={227–235} }
 @article{esdaile_knickelbein_donnelly_ferneding_motta_story_avila_finno_gilger_sandmeyer_et al._2023, title={Additional evidence supports <scp><i>GRM6</i></scp> p.<scp>Thr178Met</scp> as a cause of congenital stationary night blindness in three horse breeds}, volume={10}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13151}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13151}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Esdaile, Elizabeth and Knickelbein, Kelly E. and Donnelly, Callum G. and Ferneding, Michelle and Motta, Monica J. and Story, Brett D. and Avila, Felipe and Finno, Carrie J. and Gilger, Brian C. and Sandmeyer, Lynne and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mahmood_sefat_roberts_gilger_gluck_2023, title={Application of Noggin-Coated Electrospun Scaffold in Corneal Wound Healing}, volume={12}, ISSN={2164-2591}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/tvst.12.8.15}, DOI={10.1167/tvst.12.8.15}, abstractNote={Purpose The objective of this study is to develop and characterize electrospun corneal bandage infused with Noggin protein and evaluate its therapeutic potential in the treatment of superficial nonhealing corneal ulceration. Methods Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were created with different blend ratios of polycaprolactone and gelatin and coated with different concentrations of Noggin protein. Morphologic, mechanical, degradation, and surface chemistry of the developed scaffold was assessed. Biocompatibility of the developed scaffold with corneal epithelial cells was evaluated by looking at cell viability, proliferation, and immunostaining. In vitro wound healing in the presence of Noggin-coated scaffold was evaluated by measuring wound closure rate after scratch. Results Uniform nanofibrous scaffolds coated with Noggin were constructed through optimization of electrospinning parameters and demonstrated mechanical properties better than or similar to commercially available contact lenses used in corneal wound healing. In the presence of Noggin-coated scaffold, corneal epithelial cells showed higher proliferation and wound-healing rate. Conclusions This Noggin-coated electrospun scaffold represents a step toward, expanding treatment options for patients with indolent corneal ulcers. Translational Relevance In this study, the feasibility of Noggin-coated electrospun scaffold as a therapeutic for indolent corneal ulcer was evaluated. This study also provides a better perspective for understanding electrospun scaffolds as a tunable platform to infuse topical therapeutics and use as a corneal bandage.}, number={8}, journal={Translational Vision Science & Technology}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Mahmood, Nasif and Sefat, Eelya and Roberts, Darby and Gilger, Brian C. and Gluck, Jessica M.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={15} }
 @article{smith_berglund_robertson_schnabel_mcmullen_gilger_oh_2023, title={Effect of gentamicin on <scp>CD3</scp>+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: An in vitro study}, volume={26}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13098}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13098}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Hannah L. and Berglund, Alix K. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={347–354} }
 @article{himebaugh_robertson_weninger_gilger_ekesten_oh_2023, title={Ex vivo analysis of ultraviolet radiation transmission through ocular media and retina in select species}, volume={233}, ISSN={0014-4835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550}, DOI={10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to assess the transmission of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200–400 nm) through intact enucleated globes of different species (dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, horses, and humans) using spectrophotometry. Globes of cats (n = 6), dogs (n = 18), pigs (n = 10), rabbits (n = 6), horses (n = 10), and humans (n = 4) were analyzed. A 5–10 mm circular area of sclera and choroid from the posterior aspect of the globe was removed under a surgical microscope, leaving the retina intact in all species except the horse. Glass coverslips were added in horses and rabbits due to retinal and globe fragility. The %T of wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm were measured through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor) and retina, and compared between species. The globes of cats and dogs allowed the most amount of UV radiation transmission, while those of pigs and humans allowed the least amount of UV radiation transmission. A small amount of UV radiation transmission through the ocular media was detected in the rabbit and horse. Results from this study will support further vision research that may be used to train companion, working, and service animals.}, journal={Experimental Eye Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Himebaugh, Nicole E. and Robertson, James B. and Weninger, Keith and Gilger, Brian C. and Ekesten, Bjorn and Oh, Annie}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={109550} }
 @article{roberts_salmon_cubeta_gilger_2023, title={Phase-Dependent Differential In Vitro and Ex Vivo Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum to Azole Antifungals}, url={https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.0403.v1}, DOI={10.20944/preprints202309.0403.v1}, abstractNote={Fungal keratitis (FK) is an invasive infection of the cornea primarily associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium species. FK is treated empirically with a limited selection of topical antifungals with varying levels of success. Though clinical infections are typically characterized by a dense network of mature mycelium, traditional models used to test antifungal susceptibility of FK isolates exclusively evaluate susceptibility in fungal cultures derived from asexual spores known as conidia. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in fungal response when topical antifungal treatment is initiated at progressive phases of fungal development. We compared efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole against in vitro cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. A porcine cadaver corneal model was used to compare antifungal efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole in ex vivo tissue cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. Our results demonstrate phase-dependent susceptibility of both A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum to both azoles in vitro as well as ex vivo. We conclude that traditional antifungal susceptibility testing with conidial suspensions does not correlate with fungal susceptibility in cultures of a more advanced developmental phase. A revised method of antifungal susceptibility testing that evaluates hyphal susceptibility may better predict fungal response in the clinical setting where treatment is often delayed until days after the initial insult.}, author={Roberts, Darby and Salmon, Jacklyn and Cubeta, Marc A and Gilger, Brian C}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{roberts_salmon_cubeta_gilger_2023, title={Phase-Dependent Differential In Vitro and Ex Vivo Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum to Azole Antifungals}, volume={9}, ISSN={2309-608X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9100966}, DOI={10.3390/jof9100966}, abstractNote={Fungal keratitis (FK) is an invasive infection of the cornea primarily associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium species. FK is treated empirically with a limited selection of topical antifungals with varying levels of success. Though clinical infections are typically characterized by a dense network of mature mycelium, traditional models used to test antifungal susceptibility of FK isolates exclusively evaluate susceptibility in fungal cultures derived from asexual spores known as conidia. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in fungal response when topical antifungal treatment is initiated at progressive phases of fungal development. We compared the efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole against in vitro cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. A porcine cadaver corneal model was used to compare antifungal efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole in ex vivo tissue cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. Our results demonstrate phase-dependent susceptibility of both A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum to both azoles in vitro as well as ex vivo. We conclude that traditional antifungal susceptibility testing with conidial suspensions does not correlate with fungal susceptibility in cultures of a more advanced developmental phase. A revised method of antifungal susceptibility testing that evaluates hyphal susceptibility may better predict fungal response in the clinical setting where treatment is often delayed until days after the initial insult.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Fungi}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Roberts, Darby and Salmon, Jacklyn and Cubeta, Marc A. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={966} }
 @article{charnock_davidson_keys_gilger_mcmullen_2023, title={Prevalence, differences, and potential correlation to age, sex, breed, coat color, iris color, and geographic location in naturally occurring refractive errors in the normal equine eye from Germany and North Carolina}, volume={26}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13061}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13061}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Charnock, Lauren N. and Davidson, Michael G. and Keys, Deborah A. and Gilger, Brian C. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={297–305} }
 @article{ludwig_barr_gilger_2023, title={Relationship between stable management practices and ocular disease in horses}, url={https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169762675.55681297/v1}, DOI={10.22541/au.169762675.55681297/v1}, abstractNote={Background: Ocular diseases, especially corneal diseases, are common in
horses and their occurrence is associated with trauma. It is not known
if management practices promote or prevent the development of ocular
diseases, such as corneal ulcers. Objectives: This study aimed to
evaluate how stable management practices, such as environment, feeding,
or use of fly masks, are related to the development of eye diseases,
primarily corneal ulceration, in horses. Study design: A survey of horse
owners in the state of North Carolina was conducted which asked owners
how they managed their horses and their responses were correlated to the
types of eye diseases the horses experienced. Methods: Data collected
from the survey included the primary environment of the horse (stable or
pasture), type and method of feeding of hay, use of fly masks, and eye
diseases that the horses have developed. Correlations between management
practices and eye disease were then performed. Results: Of 446 horses,
161 (36% of total) had been diagnosed with a corneal ulcer, 44 (10%)
had multiple corneal ulcers, 65 [15%] horses had uveitis, and 15
(3%) had immune-mediated keratitis. Horses that were kept in pasture
exclusively were significantly less likely to have had a corneal ulcer
than horses kept in a combination of pasture and stalls (p=0.0348).
There were no significant correlations between types of hay or how hay
was fed with the occurrence of corneal ulceration or other ocular
diseases. Main limitations: Results, such as disease diagnoses, are
solely based on horse owner responses and not medical professionals.
Conclusions: Horses kept primarily in pasture have fewer ocular
diseases, likely because they sustain less ocular trauma compared to
horses kept in stables. How hay is fed does not correlate with the
incidence of corneal or other ocular disease.}, author={Ludwig, Claire and Barr, Erin and Gilger, Brian}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{gilger_2023, title={Solving an eye condition by looking to the rear}, volume={35}, ISSN={0957-7734 2042-3292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.13791}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13791}, abstractNote={It is rare to read a modern scientific publication that describes a surgical technique used on human anal haemorrhoids for the management of an ocular disorder in a horse, but Bessonnat et al. (2023) describe the use of ligation, as described for haemorrhoids, for the treatment of recurrent ocular exuberant granulation tissue in a pony that was unresponsive to traditional therapies. Exuberant granulation tissue is an uncommon complication after corneal surgery in horses and usually develops at the harvest site of the conjunctival graft in the bulbar conjunctiva. As thoroughly described by the authors, exuberant granulation tissue in horses generally responds well to topical or local injection of corticosteroids, with or without tissue resection. In the pony described in this case report, the granulation tissue originally developed after a conjunctival graft surgery (Gunderson flap) was performed for the management of presumed endothelial immune-mediated keratitis. The granulation tissue was large, exuberant, and recurred twice despite standard-of-care therapy (i.e. use of topical and local steroid injection and resection using electrosurgical cauterisation). Following the two recurrences, the authors elected to use a ligature tape applied to the base of the pedunculated granulation tissue, as described for the treatment of severe haemorrhoids in humans. Following the ligation, the pedunculated granulation tissue turned reddish-black and spontaneously detached within 24 h after the ligation procedure. Following this technique, the eye recovered uneventfully and the granulation tissue did not recur during the 33-month follow-up period. The authors are applauded for their outside-of-the-box approach to effectively treat this case, despite venturing for inspiration to an anatomic location of the body whose surgical techniques are not commonly translated to the treatment of diseases of the eye. Recurrent periocular masses are common in horses, but these lesions are generally neoplastic. Periocular squamous cell carcinoma is a common example. Therefore, it is important that any mass removed from a horse's eye be examined histologically to definitively determine the underlying cause, if possible. The surgeon must differentiate granulation tissue from squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and parasitic granulomas, among other causes. Most non-responsive or recurrent masses are simply the result of a misdiagnosis of the lesion and subsequent inappropriate treatment of the underlying cause(s). Specific and aggressive adjunctive therapy is needed to manage periocular neoplasia for example, and ligation or resection alone will result in the recurrence of the mass in greater than 50% of the cases, depending on the specific underlying neoplasia. Further work is needed to determine the frequency of occurrence of exuberant granulation tissue after ocular surgery in the horse, in comparison to neoplasia, but in my experience, the development of granulation is relatively uncommon and generally responds well to steroidal therapy. Prevention of granulation tissue around the eye after surgery can usually be accomplished by complete closure of the conjunctiva during surgery. It is common to not close the conjunctiva at the harvest site during surgery when surgeons are trying to reduce overall anaesthesia time, but doing so will minimise the development of granulation tissue. Furthermore, minimising the use of topical irritating substances, such as 5% sodium chloride or topical lidocaine, or procedures, such as a sub-palpebral lavage catheter, may also reduce the development of conjunctival granulation tissue. Finally, the use of small-sized sutures will minimise knot size and reduce conjunctival irritation (and thus the frequency of developing granulation tissue), especially when using braided absorbable sutures. Further studies are needed to determine the causes and prevention of granulation tissue in the horses' eyes. This case report also demonstrates the need for careful and thorough communication with the horse owner prior to surgery. Discussing the pros and cons of a salvage procedure such as Gunderson flaps are needed when managing chronic ocular diseases in horses such as endothelial immune-mediated keratitis. The described goal of the Gunderson flap procedure in the horse of this case report was to improve corneal oedema and vision and to prevent the development of corneal ulceration. Excessive corneal oedema from lack of corneal endothelial cell function results in the development of epithelial bullae. Fluid-filled bullae are easily ruptured by the horse leading to corneal ulceration, exposure of corneal nerve endings, and ocular discomfort. Although there was limited clinical description provided in the case report, no ocular discomfort was described in the horse (and pre-operative images were not provided). However, the horse required repeated procedures to manage the complications after surgery. The post-operative images (see figure 1a in the article) indicate a limited resolution to the corneal opacity but if the Gunderson flap helped prevent the development of corneal ulceration (which is not described for the 33 months after surgery), then this procedure likely prevented ocular discomfort despite the need for repeated surgeries to manage the granulation tissue that developed. Again, thorough client communication is needed prior to surgery to discuss these possible complications, such as the development of granulation tissue, and the possible need for further procedures if they develop. This case report effectively describes an uncommon corneal surgical complication in horses, the development of exuberant granulation tissue, the histologic diagnosis, appropriate therapy and an interesting, if unconventional, method to manage a rare case of unresponsive, recurrent granulation tissue of a pony's eye. This case report accentuates the need for histologic confirmation on masses removed from a horse's eye and the need for thorough communications with the owner prior to surgery to discuss the pros, cons and possible complications of ocular salvage procedures in the horse. No conflicts of interest have been declared.}, number={7}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={356–357} }
 @article{gilger_2023, title={Use of Biologics and Stem Cells in Equine Ophthalmology}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.004}, abstractNote={Regenerative therapy and biologics have the promise to treat equine ocular surface diseases, including corneal ulceration or immune-mediated keratitis, or intraocular diseases such as uveitis. The use of blood-derived products such as serum or platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, or amniotic membrane grafts may be beneficial for the treatment of ulcerative and chronic keratitis in horses. Furthermore, the use of stem cells or gene therapy has promise for the treatment of Intraocular diseases such as equine recurrent uveitis by providing efficacious, practical, and long-term therapy for these blinding diseases.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Gilger, Brian Christopher}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={541–552} }
 @article{gilger_2022, title={Developing advanced therapeutics through the study of naturally occurring immune-mediated ocular disease in domestic animals}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.08.0145}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{gilger_degroote_deeg_2022, place={Ames, IA}, edition={4th}, title={Diseases of the Uvea, Uveitis, and Recurrent Uveitis}, ISBN={9781119782254}, DOI={10.1002/9781119782285.ch6}, abstractNote={Chapter 6 Diseases of the Uvea, Uveitis, and Recurrent Uveitis Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. GilgerSearch for more papers by this authorRoxane Degroote, Roxane DegrooteSearch for more papers by this authorCornelia Deeg, Cornelia DeegSearch for more papers by this author Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. GilgerSearch for more papers by this authorRoxane Degroote, Roxane DegrooteSearch for more papers by this authorCornelia Deeg, Cornelia DeegSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. Gilger North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119782285.ch6 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary The uveal tract comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid and is anatomically similar to the uveal tract of other species. As in most herbivores, the adult equine pupil is horizontally oval. The blood–ocular barrier limits the immune response to the internal aspects of the eye, causing the eye to be considered an immune-privileged site. With trauma or inflammation, these barriers can be disrupted, allowing blood products and cells to enter the eye. Flare, cell accumulation, or haze in the aqueous or vitreous are clinically observable signs of the disruption of the blood–ocular barrier that occurs in uveitis. Most primary neuroectodermal intraocular neoplasms are congenital, deriving from the primitive neuroectoderm of the optic cup. In clinical patients with signs of uveitis, the clinician must differentiate several clinical diagnoses, including uveitis secondary to corneal disease, trauma, infectious, parasitic, immune-mediated, heterochromic iridocyclitis with keratitis, equine recurrent uveitis, and inflammation associated with neoplasia. Equine Ophthalmology, Fourth Edition RelatedInformation}, booktitle={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley Blackwell}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Degroote, Roxane and Deeg, Cornelia}, editor={Gilger, B.C.Editor}, year={2022}, month={Jul}, pages={441–498} }
 @book{gilger_2022, place={Hoboken, NJ}, title={Equine Ophthalmology}, ISBN={9781119782254 9781119782285}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119782285}, DOI={10.1002/9781119782285}, publisher={Wiley}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{gilger_2022, title={How study of naturally occurring ocular disease in animals improves ocular health globally}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.08.0383}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={15}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={1887–1893} }
 @article{mahmood_suh_ali_sefat_jahan_huang_gilger_gluck_2022, title={Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Corneal Cells: Current Status and Application}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2629-3277"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10435-8}, DOI={10.1007/s12015-022-10435-8}, abstractNote={Deficiency and dysfunction of corneal cells leads to the blindness observed in corneal diseases such as limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and bullous keratopathy. Regenerative cell therapies and engineered corneal tissue are promising treatments for these diseases [1]. However, these treatments are not yet clinically feasible due to inadequate cell sources. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Shinya Yamanaka has provided a multitude of opportunities in research because iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells, thus providing an autologous and unlimited source for corneal cells. Compared to other stem cell sources such as mesenchymal and embryonic, iPSCs have advantages in differentiation potential and ethical concerns, respectively. Efforts have been made to use iPSCs to model corneal disorders and diseases, drug testing [2], and regenerative medicine [1]. Autologous treatments based on iPSCs can be exorbitantly expensive and time-consuming, but development of stem cell banks with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)- homozygous cell lines can provide cost- and time-efficient allogeneic alternatives. In this review, we discuss the early development of the cornea because protocols differentiating iPSCs toward corneal lineages rely heavily upon recapitulating this development. Differentiation of iPSCs toward corneal cell phenotypes have been analyzed with an emphasis on feeder-free, xeno-free, and well-defined protocols, which have clinical relevance. The application, challenges, and potential of iPSCs in corneal research are also discussed with a focus on hurdles that prevent clinical translation.}, journal={STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS}, author={Mahmood, Nasif and Suh, Taylor Cook and Ali, Kiran M. and Sefat, Eelya and Jahan, Ummay Mowshome and Huang, Yihan and Gilger, Brian C. and Gluck, Jessica M.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{crabtree_uribe_smith_roberts_salmon_bower_song_bastola_hirsch_gilger_2022, title={Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveitis by intravitreal AAV-Equine-IL10 gene therapy}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270972}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0270972}, abstractNote={Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, painful, and vision threatening disease affecting up to 25% of equine populations worldwide. Current treatments of ERU are non-specific and have many side effects which limits them to short-term use. In order to develop an effective therapy for ERU, we investigated the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, exploiting a natural immune tolerance mechanism induced by equine interleukin-10 (Equine-IL10). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a single intravitreal (IVT) dose of AAV8-Equine-IL10 gene therapy for inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in rats. Each rat was dosed intravitreally (IVT) in both eyes with either balanced salt solution (BSS) (control; n = 4), AAV8-Equine-IL10 at a low dose (2.4x109vg; n = 5) or high dose (2.4x1010vg; n = 5). EAU was induced in all groups of rats 7 days after IVT injections and euthanized 21 days post-injection. Ophthalmic examination and aqueous humor (AH) cell counts were recorded with the observer blinded to the treatment groups. Histopathology and qPCR were performed on selected ocular tissues. Data presented herein demonstrate that AAV8-Equine-IL10 treated rats exhibited a significant decrease in clinical inflammatory scores and AH cell counts compared to BSS-treated EAU eyes on days 10, 12 and 14 post EAU induction at both administered vector doses. Mean cellular histologic infiltrative scores were also significantly less in AAV8-Equine-IL10 dosed rats compared to the BSS group. Intravitreal injection of AAV8-Equine-IL10 resulted in Equine-IL10 cDNA expression in the ciliary body, retina, cornea, and optic nerve in a dose-dependent manner. A single IVT injection of AAV8-Equine-IL10 appeared to be well-tolerated and inhibited EAU even at the lowest administered dose. These results demonstrate safety and efficacy of AAV8-Equine-IL10 to prevent EAU and support continued exploration of AAV gene therapy for the treatment of equine and perhaps human recurrent uveitis.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Crabtree, Elizabeth and Uribe, Katy and Smith, Sara M. and Roberts, Darby and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Bower, Jacquelyn J. and Song, Liujiang and Bastola, Prabhakar and Hirsch, Matthew L. and Gilger, Brian C.}, editor={Taylor, Andrew W.Editor}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{stonex_salmon_adler_gilger_2022, title={Peptide Inhibitors of MARCKS Suppress Endotoxin Induced Uveitis in Rats}, volume={38}, ISSN={1080-7683 1557-7732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2021.0114}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2021.0114}, abstractNote={Purpose: To determine if inhibition of Myristoylated Alanine Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) protein, using novel MARCKS inhibitor peptides, will reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Methods: EIU was induced in Lewis rats using subcutaneous administration of lipopolysaccharide. In the first phase of the study, 3 different novel MARCKS inhibitor peptides that mimic the N-terminal region of MARCKS (BIO-11006, or lower molecular weight analogs BIO-91201 or BIO-91202; Biomarck Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Newtown, PA) were administered intravitreally (IVT) at 50 and 100 μM. In the second phase, BIO-91201 was administered IVT at 10, 50, and 100 μM and topically at the 100 μM concentration. The efficacy of MARCKS inhibitor peptides was assessed by clinical examination using slit lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) anterior chamber cell counts, histopathology, and aqueous humor cytokine analysis. Results: Clinical scores were significantly reduced 24 h following uveitis induction in the first phase of the study in the following treatment groups: BIO-11006 50 μM IVT and 100 μM IVT, BIO-91201 50 μM IVT, and BIO-91202 100 μM IVT (P < 0.05). OCT anterior chamber cell counts were significantly reduced in the first phase of the study in all treatment groups (P < 0.001). OCT anterior chamber cell counts and histopathology scores were significantly reduced in the second phase of the study in the BIO-91201 50 μM IVT group (P < 0.05). No effect was seen with topical administration. Conclusion: MARCKS inhibitor peptides were effective in reducing the severity of ocular inflammation and cellular influx in EIU.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Stonex, Tara and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Adler, Kenneth B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={223–231} }
 @article{stonex_zibura_andres_gilger_oh_2022, title={Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse}, volume={25}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12997}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12997}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stonex, Tara M. and Zibura, Ashley E. and Andres, Michael and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={412–418} }
 @misc{gilger_hirsch_2022, title={Therapeutic Applications of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Transfer of HLA-G in the Eye}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3465}, DOI={10.3390/ijms23073465}, abstractNote={The purpose of this paper is to review human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in the eye, its role in immune tolerance, and the potential therapeutic use of AAV gene transfer and expression of HLA-G in various ocular tissues. Several studies are reviewed that demonstrate efficacy in animal models of disease, including intracorneal delivery of AAV-HLA-G to treat corneal inflammation and prevent corneal graft rejection, subconjunctival injection of AAV-HLA-G for ocular graft vs. host disease and potentially dry eye disease, and intravitreal injection of AAV-HLA-G to inhibit uveitis. Furthermore, due to the anti-vascular function of HLA-G, AAV-HLA-G may be an effective therapy for posterior ocular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and choroidal neovascularization. Therefore, AAV-mediated gene transfer of HLA-G may be an effective treatment for common immune-mediated, inflammatory, and neovascular diseases of the eye.}, number={7}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Hirsch, Matthew L.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @inbook{gilger_2022, place={Philadelphia, PA}, edition={3rd}, title={Vision and vision disorders in performance horses}, ISBN={9780702083709}, booktitle={Equine sports medicine and surgery : basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete.}, publisher={Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Hinchcliff, Kenneth W and Kaneps, Andris J and Geor, Raymond J and van Erck-Westergen, EmmanuelleEditors}, year={2022} }
 @article{meurs_montgomery_friedenberg_williams_gilger_2021, title={A defect in the NOG gene increases susceptibility to spontaneous superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) in boxer dogs}, volume={17}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02955-1}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-021-02955-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Meurs, Kathryn M. and Montgomery, Keith and Friedenberg, Steven G. and Williams, Brian and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gagnon_hartley_gilger_2021, title={Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone injection in horses with poorly responsive equine recurrent uveitis}, volume={24}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12887}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12887}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gagnon, Nicole A. and Hartley, Claudia and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={308–312} }
 @misc{gilger_bellone_2021, title={Response to comments on 'Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse'}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13503}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 53, Issue 6 p. 1297-1297 CORRESPONDENCE Response to comments on ‘Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse’ Brian Gilger, Corresponding Author Brian Gilger bgilger@ncsu.edu College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorRebecca R. Bellone, Rebecca R. Bellone orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-7227 Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author Brian Gilger, Corresponding Author Brian Gilger bgilger@ncsu.edu College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorRebecca R. Bellone, Rebecca R. Bellone orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-7227 Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13503Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume53, Issue6November 2021Pages 1297-1297 RelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Gilger, Brian and Bellone, Rebecca R.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={1297–1297} }
 @article{himebaugh_gilger_2021, title={Role of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. testing and ocular examination in horses with equine recurrent uveitis: A retrospective study of 63 horses}, volume={34}, ISSN={0957-7734 2042-3292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.13543}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13543}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={11}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Himebaugh, N. E. and Gilger, B. C.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{smith_salmon_abbaraju_amin_gilger_2021, title={Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a brinzolamide episcleral sustained release implant in normotensive New Zealand white rabbits}, volume={61}, ISSN={1773-2247}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102123}, DOI={10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102123}, abstractNote={Although episcleral drug delivery is a practical and minimally invasive method for sustained release ocular therapeutics, many polymer drug delivery systems induce ocular inflammation and have variable duration of drug release limiting their clinical use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro release, tolerability, ocular drug distribution, and pharmacodynamics of brinzolamide released from episcleral silicone matrix devices. In vitro release of low-dose (12 mm × 2 mm; 7.5 mg total drug) and high-dose (20 mm × 2 mm; 12 mg total drug) silicone matrix implants (30% brinzolamide by weight) for 63 days was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits had either a blank silicone implant (n = 2 eyes), or a low or high-dose brinzolamide implant placed episclerally (n = 8 eyes each). Ocular inflammatory scoring and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at 0, 1–7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after implantation. Tissues were collected at either day 7 or 28 post implantation for histopathology and aqueous and vitreous humor drug analysis. In vitro release of brinzolamide revealed an initial burst of drug followed by a steady sustained release, with an estimated >12-month release profile. Both high and low-dose implants were well tolerated in NZW rabbits with minimal conjunctival hyperemia that resolved day 21. Eyes with brinzolamide implants had approximately 15–20% sustained reduction of IOP through day 28 after implantation compared to placebo implant eyes. Histopathology revealed mild focal mononuclear cellular infiltrates and fibrosis around the implant site at day 7 and day 28, but no evidence of intraocular toxicity. Brinzolamide was detected in the vitreous humor in a dose and time dependent manner. Episcleral brinzolamide-loaded silicone-matrix implants were extremely well tolerated and delivered sustained drug levels and therapeutic effect for up to 28 days in a rabbit model with an estimated duration of delivery of greater than 12 months.}, journal={Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Abbaraju, Santhi and Amin, Rasid and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={102123} }
 @book{gelatt_ben-shlomo_gilger_hendrix_kern_plummer_2021, place={Hoboken, NJ}, edition={6th}, title={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, ISBN={9781119441830}, publisher={Wiley}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{hack_crabtree_avila_sutton_grahn_oh_gilger_bellone_2021, title={Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation inGRM6as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13318}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Hack, Yael L. and Crabtree, Elizabeth E. and Avila, Felipe and Sutton, Roger B. and Grahn, Robert and Oh, Annie and Gilger, Brian and Bellone, Rebecca R.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={316–323} }
 @article{gilger_crabtree_song_llanga_cullen_blanchard_salmon_patel_zarnitsyn_hirsch_2020, title={A Fixed-Depth Microneedle Enhances Reproducibility and Safety for Corneal Gene Therapy}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1536-4798"]}, DOI={10.1097/ICO.0000000000002182}, abstractNote={
            Purpose:
            Drug delivery directly to the corneal stroma currently relies on microscopic injections that demonstrate low reproducibility and clinician-dependent variability. With use of biological drugs such as adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, precise and consistent drug deposition is critical to reduce concerns related to off-target transduction and the host's immune response to the viral capsid and/or transgene-derived product. Therefore, a precise corneal injection (PCI) microneedle was designed to allow accurate depth-specific injections into the corneal stroma in a macroscopic setting.
          }, number={3}, journal={CORNEA}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Crabtree, Elizabeth and Song, Liujiang and Llanga, Telmo and Cullen, Megan and Blanchard, Allison and Salmon, Jacklyn and Patel, Samirkumar and Zarnitsyn, Vladimir and Hirsch, Matthew}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={362–369} }
 @inbook{smith_gilger_2020, title={Acquired ocular disease in foals – the first 30 days}, booktitle={Foal Diseases}, author={Smith, S.M. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{bastola_song_gilger_hirsch_2020, title={Adeno-Associated Virus Mediated Gene Therapy for Corneal Diseases}, volume={12}, ISSN={1999-4923}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12080767}, DOI={10.3390/pharmaceutics12080767}, abstractNote={According to the World Health Organization, corneal diseases are the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide accounting for 5.1% of all ocular deficiencies. Current therapies for corneal diseases, which include eye drops, oral medications, corrective surgeries, and corneal transplantation are largely inadequate, have undesirable side effects including blindness, and can require life-long applications. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated gene therapy is an optimistic strategy that involves the delivery of genetic material to target human diseases through gene augmentation, gene deletion, and/or gene editing. With two therapies already approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and 200 ongoing clinical trials, recombinant AAV (rAAV) has emerged as the in vivo viral vector-of-choice to deliver genetic material to target human diseases. Likewise, the relative ease of applications through targeted delivery and its compartmental nature makes the cornea an enticing tissue for AAV mediated gene therapy applications. This current review seeks to summarize the development of AAV gene therapy, highlight preclinical efficacy studies, and discuss potential applications and challenges of this technology for targeting corneal diseases.}, number={8}, journal={Pharmaceutics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bastola, Prabhakar and Song, Liujiang and Gilger, Brian C. and Hirsch, Matthew L.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={767} }
 @article{baker_loughran_wiesmann_gilger_ryan_2020, title={Improving Corneal Wound Healing after Chemical Injury with Novel Therapeutic Glycopolymers}, volume={331}, ISSN={0378-4274}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.063}, DOI={10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.063}, journal={Toxicology Letters}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baker, Shenda and Loughran, Allister and Wiesmann, William P. and Gilger, Brian and Ryan, Christopher}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={16} }
 @article{roberts_cotter_cubeta_gilger_2020, title={In vitro susceptibility of <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> associated with equine keratitis to new antifungal drugs}, volume={23}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12774}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12774}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Roberts, Darby and Cotter, Henry Van T. and Cubeta, Marc and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={918–922} }
 @article{miyadera_conatser_llanga_carlin_o'donnell_bagel_song_kurtzberg_samulski_gilger_et al._2020, title={Intrastromal Gene Therapy Prevents and Reverses Advanced Corneal Clouding in a Canine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis I}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1525-0024"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.004}, abstractNote={Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe phenotypes, including corneal clouding. MPS I is caused by mutations in alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA), a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans. Currently, no treatment exists to address MPS I corneal clouding other than corneal transplantation, which is complicated by a high risk for rejection. Investigation of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) IDUA gene addition strategy targeting the corneal stroma addresses this deficiency. In MPS I canines with early or advanced corneal disease, a single intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA injection was well tolerated at all administered doses. The eyes with advanced disease demonstrated resolution of corneal clouding as early as 1 week post-injection, followed by sustained corneal transparency until the experimental endpoint of 25 weeks. AAV8G9-IDUA injection in the MPS I canine eye with early corneal disease prevented the development of advanced corneal changes while restoring clarity. Biodistribution studies demonstrated vector genomes in ocular compartments other than the cornea and in some systemic organs; however, a capsid antibody response was detected in only the highest dosed subject. Collectively, the results suggest that intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA therapy prevents and reverses visual impairment associated with MPS I corneal clouding. Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe phenotypes, including corneal clouding. MPS I is caused by mutations in alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA), a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans. Currently, no treatment exists to address MPS I corneal clouding other than corneal transplantation, which is complicated by a high risk for rejection. Investigation of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) IDUA gene addition strategy targeting the corneal stroma addresses this deficiency. In MPS I canines with early or advanced corneal disease, a single intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA injection was well tolerated at all administered doses. The eyes with advanced disease demonstrated resolution of corneal clouding as early as 1 week post-injection, followed by sustained corneal transparency until the experimental endpoint of 25 weeks. AAV8G9-IDUA injection in the MPS I canine eye with early corneal disease prevented the development of advanced corneal changes while restoring clarity. Biodistribution studies demonstrated vector genomes in ocular compartments other than the cornea and in some systemic organs; however, a capsid antibody response was detected in only the highest dosed subject. Collectively, the results suggest that intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA therapy prevents and reverses visual impairment associated with MPS I corneal clouding.}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR THERAPY}, author={Miyadera, Keiko and Conatser, Laura and Llanga, Telmo A. and Carlin, Kendall and O'Donnell, Patricia and Bagel, Jessica and Song, Liujiang and Kurtzberg, Joanne and Samulski, R. Jude and Gilger, Brian and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1455–1463} }
 @article{song_bower_llanga_salmon_hirsch_gilger_2020, title={Ocular Tolerability and Immune Response to Corneal Intrastromal AAV-IDUA Gene Therapy in New Zealand White Rabbits}, volume={18}, ISSN={2329-0501}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.014}, abstractNote={The chronic ocular toxicity, tolerability, and inflammation following corneal intrastromal injection of saline or escalating doses of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing a codon-optimized α-l-iduronidase (AAV-opt-IDUA) expression cassette were evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits. Corneal opacity following corneal intrastromal injection resolved by 24 h. Mild elevation of clinical ocular inflammation was observed 24 h after injection, but it returned to baseline by day 7 and no abnormalities were noted through 6 months of observation after injection. Vector genomes and IDUA cDNA were detected in the injected corneas in a dose-dependent manner. Both the lowest administered AAV-opt-IDUA dose, shown to be effective in mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) dogs, and a 10-fold higher dose of AAV-opt-IDUA resulted in no detectable immunologic response or adverse effect in rabbits. Vector genomes outside of the eye were rarely detected following corneal intrastromal injection of AAV-opt-IDUA, and neutralizing antibodies to the AAV capsid were not present at the experimental conclusion. This study, combined with our previous studies in MPS I dogs, suggests that AAV-opt-IDUA corneal gene therapy following corneal intrastromal injection of AAV-opt-IDUA has the potential to prevent and reverse blindness in MPS I patients in a safe and effective manner.}, journal={Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Song, Liujiang and Bower, Jacquelyn J. and Llanga, Telmo and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Hirsch, Matthew L. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={24–32} }
 @inbook{gilger_matthews_2020, place={Hoboken, NJ}, edition={6th edition}, title={Ocular diseases of the Order Perissodactyla: Wild horses, Zebras, Tapirs, Rhinoceros}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Matthews, A.G.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N.Editor}, year={2020} }
 @article{zibura_cullen_rutledge_lassalle_salmon_gilger_westermeyer_2020, title={Optimizing corneal riboflavin administration in ex vivo horse, dog, rabbit, and pig samples for use in corneal collagen cross‐linking}, volume={23}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12807}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12807}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zibura, Ashley E. and Cullen, Megan A. and Rutledge, Haley and Lassalle, Laura and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={840–848} }
 @article{gradinati_baruffaldi_abbaraju_laudenbach_amin_gilger_velagaleti_pravetoni_2020, title={Polymer-mediated delivery of vaccines to treat opioid use disorders and to reduce opioid-induced toxicity}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.027}, abstractNote={Abstract Vaccines offer a potential strategy to treat opioid use disorders (OUD) and to reduce the incidence of opioid-related overdoses. Vaccines induce opioid-specific polyclonal antibodies that selectively and effectively bind the target opioid and prevent its distribution across the blood-brain barrier. Because antibody-mediated reduction of drug distribution to the brain reduces drug-induced behavior and toxicity, vaccine efficacy depends on the quantity and quality of the antibody response. This study tested whether polymer-mediated delivery could improve vaccine efficacy against opioids as well as eliminate the need for booster injections normally required for a successful immunization. A series of novel biodegradable biocompatible thermogelling pentablock co-polymers were used to formulate a candidate vaccine against oxycodone in mice and rats. Polymer-based delivery of the anti-oxycodone vaccine was equally or more effective than administration in aluminum adjuvant in generating oxycodone-specific antibodies and in reducing oxycodone-induced effects and oxycodone distribution to the brain in mice and rats. The composition and release kinetics of the polymer formulations determined vaccine efficacy. Specifically, a formulation consisting of three simultaneous injections of the anti-oxycodone vaccine formulated in three different polymers with slow, intermediate, and fast release kinetics was more effective than an immunization regimen consisting of three sequential injections with the vaccine adsorbed on aluminum. The novel three-phased polymer vaccine formulation was effective in blocking oxycodone-induced antinociception, respiratory depression and bradycardia in rats.}, number={30}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Gradinati, Valeria and Baruffaldi, Federico and Abbaraju, Santhi and Laudenbach, Megan and Amin, Rasidul and Gilger, Brian and Velagaleti, Poonam and Pravetoni, Marco}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={4704–4712} }
 @article{tsujinaka_fu_shen_yu_hafiz_kays_mckenzie_cardona_culp_peterson_et al._2020, title={Sustained treatment of retinal vascular diseases with self-aggregating sunitinib microparticles}, volume={11}, ISSN={2041-1723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14340-x}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-020-14340-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Tsujinaka, H. and Fu, J. and Shen, J. and Yu, Y. and Hafiz, Z. and Kays, J. and McKenzie, D. and Cardona, D. and Culp, W.D. and Peterson, W. and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={694} }
 @article{petruska_remick_lejeune_vezina_robinson_bussières_gilger_dubielzig_2019, title={A Transient Developmental Background Finding in the Retina Observed in Neonatal Dogs in Juvenile Toxicology Studies}, volume={47}, ISSN={0192-6233 1533-1601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319844470}, DOI={10.1177/0192623319844470}, abstractNote={ In a juvenile toxicology program, an unexpected finding of vacuolation of inner nuclear, ganglion cell, and nerve fiber layers of the retina was observed microscopically in routine Davidson’s fixed and hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue sections of eyes in beagle dogs at approximately 5 weeks of age. There was no necrosis or degeneration of the affected cells and no associated inflammation. Fluorescein angiography revealed no vascular leakage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) indicated swollen cells in the same layers of the retina as observed at light microscopic examination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the retinal vacuolation likely was consistent with intracellular swelling of amacrine, horizontal, and/or bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer as affected cells had an expanded cytoplasm but contained normal nucleus and organelles. As assessed by animal behavior and full-field electroretinography, the retinal vacuolation appeared to have no impact on visual function. Retinal vacuolation was seen in approximately 40% of dogs at 5 weeks of age using OCT and/or light microscopic examination. Because the change was transient and age related, did not result in degenerative retinal changes, and was not present in dogs older than 5 weeks of age, it was considered a background developmental observation in beagle dogs. }, number={4}, journal={Toxicologic Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Petruska, Janet M. and Remick, Amera K. and Lejeune, Typhaine and Vezina, Mark and Robinson, Keith and Bussières, Martin and Gilger, Brian C. and Dubielzig, Richard R.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={528–541} }
 @article{crabtree_song_llanga_bower_cullen_salmon_hirsch_gilger_2019, title={AAV-mediated expression of HLA-G1/5 reduces severity of experimental autoimmune uveitis}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56462-3}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-56462-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Crabtree, E. and Song, L. and Llanga, T. and Bower, J.J. and Cullen, M. and Salmon, J.H. and Hirsch, M.L. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={19864} }
 @article{blanchard_barr_gilger_2019, title={Evaluation of equine corneal disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)}, volume={2}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12652}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12652}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Blanchard, Allison and Barr, Erin M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{cullen_jacob_cornish_vanderschel_cotter_cubeta_carbone_gilger_2019, title={Multi-locus DNA sequence analysis, antifungal agent susceptibility, and fungal keratitis outcome in horses from Southeastern United States}, volume={14}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214214}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0214214}, abstractNote={Morphological characterization and multi-locus DNA sequence analysis of fungal isolates obtained from 32 clinical cases of equine fungal keratitis (FK) was performed to identify species and determine associations with antifungal susceptibility, response to therapy and clinical outcome. Two species of Aspergillus (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) and three species of Fusarium (F. falciforme, F. keratoplasticum, and F. proliferatum) were the most common fungi isolated and identified from FK horses. Most (91%) equine FK Fusarium nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) with nine genetically diverse strains/lineages, while 83% of equine FK Aspergillus nested within the A. flavus clade with three genetically diverse lineages. Fungal species and evolutionary lineage were not associated with clinical outcome. However, species of equine FK Fusarium were more likely (p = 0.045) to be associated with stromal keratitis. Species of Aspergillus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than species of Fusarium, while species of Fusarium were more susceptible to thiabendazole than species of Aspergillus. At the species level, A. fumigatus and A. flavus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than F. falciforme. Natamycin susceptibility was higher for F. falciforme and A. fumigatus compared to A. flavus. Furthermore, F. falciforme was more susceptible to thiabendazole than A. flavus and A. fumigatus. These observed associations of antifungal sensitivity to natamycin, terbinafine, and thiabendazole demonstrate the importance of fungal identification to the species rather than genus level. The results of this study suggest that treatment of equine FK with antifungal agents requires accurate fungal species identification.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Cullen, Megan and Jacob, Megan E. and Cornish, Vicki and VanderSchel, Ian Q. and Cotter, Henry Van T. and Cubeta, Marc A. and Carbone, Ignazio and Gilger, Brian C.}, editor={Kniemeyer, OlafEditor}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={e0214214} }
 @inbook{gilger_matthews_2019, title={Ocular diseases of the Order Perissodactyla: Wild horses, Zebras, Tapirs, Rhinoceros}, booktitle={Exotic Animal Ophthalmology}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Matthews, A.G.}, editor={Schlomo, G.Editor}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{davis_schnabel_gilger_2019, title={Subconjunctival bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy as a novel treatment alternative for equine immune‐mediated keratitis: A case series}, volume={22}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12641}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12641}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Davis, Amanda B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={674–682} }
 @article{gilger_2018, title={Association of acute leptospirosis with systemic disease and uveitis in horses}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.12693}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 30, Issue 3 p. 137-138 Clinical Commentary Association of acute leptospirosis with systemic disease and uveitis in horses B. C. Gilger, Corresponding Author B. C. Gilger brian_gilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USACorresponding author email: brian_gilger@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author B. C. Gilger, Corresponding Author B. C. Gilger brian_gilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USACorresponding author email: brian_gilger@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12693Citations: 12Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume30, Issue3March 2018Pages 137-138 This article also appears in:Equine Ophthalmology RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={137–138} }
 @article{curto_griffith_posner_walsh_balko_gilger_2018, title={Factors associated with postoperative complications in healthy horses after general anesthesia for ophthalmic versus non-ophthalmic procedures: 556 cases (2012–2014)}, volume={252}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.252.9.1113}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={In press}, author={Curto, E.M. and Griffith, E.H. and Posner, L.P. and Walsh, K.T. and Balko, J.A. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={1113–1119} }
 @article{gilger_2018, title={Immune Relevant Models for Ocular Inflammatory Diseases}, volume={2}, ISSN={1084-2020 1930-6180}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily002}, DOI={10.1093/ilar/ily002}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ILAR Journal}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gilger, Brian C}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{verhoeven_garcia_robeson_gilger_culp_struble_hamm_navratil_yerxa_2018, title={Nonclinical Development of ENV905 (Difluprednate) Ophthalmic Implant for the Treatment of Inflammation and Pain Associated with Ocular Surgery}, volume={34}, ISSN={1080-7683 1557-7732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2016.0195}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2016.0195}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
Topical corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of inflammation and pain after ocular surgery, but they possess several shortcomings, including frequent dosing and low patient adherence. We evaluated the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ENV905 (difluprednate or DFBA) Ophthalmic Implant, a single-dose drug delivery system, compared with 0.05% Durezol.


METHODS
PRINT® technology was used to fabricate ENV905 implants for either intracameral (IC) or subconjunctival (SCJ) delivery of extended-release DFBA. A postoperative inflammation model and ocular pharmacokinetics studies of ENV905 or Durezol were conducted in albino rabbits for a maximum of 12 weeks.


RESULTS
Suppression of ocular inflammation was marked for both IC and SJC ENV905 compared with placebo, and it was superior or equivalent to that observed with QID Durezol. Concentrations of desacetyl difluprednate (DFB, active metabolite) peaked on day 1 and tapered over time for ENV905, with IC ENV905 delivering DFB to the target tissue at the time of greatest inflammation, whereas SJC produced a longer duration of exposure. Durezol eyes demonstrated consistent exposure over time with maximal exposure in the cornea. Although the pharmacokinetic profile differed for the two routes, efficacy was similar.


CONCLUSION
ENV905 was well tolerated and demonstrated a robust reduction in ocular inflammation with targeted drug delivery. The results from these studies show that ENV905 provides a sustained therapeutic effect after a single dose. By resolving low patient compliance and eliminating the peaks and troughs in drug concentration, sustained drug delivery via ENV905 may further improve the overall control of postoperative inflammation and pain.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Verhoeven, Rozemarijn S. and Garcia, Andres and Robeson, RiLee and Gilger, Brian C. and Culp, David and Struble, Craig and Hamm, Lee and Navratil, Tomas and Yerxa, Benjamin}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{song_llanga_conatser_zaric_gilger_hirsch_2018, title={Serotype survey of AAV gene delivery via subconjunctival injection in mice}, volume={25}, ISSN={0969-7128 1476-5462}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41434-018-0035-6}, DOI={10.1038/s41434-018-0035-6}, abstractNote={AAV gene therapy approaches in the posterior eye resulted in the first FDA-approved gene therapy-based drug. However, application of AAV vectorology to the anterior eye has yet to enter even a Phase I trial. Furthermore, the simple and safe subconjunctival injection has been relatively unexplored in regard to AAV vector transduction. To determine the utility of this route for the treatment of various ocular disorders, a survey of gene delivery via natural AAV serotypes was performed and correlated to reported cellular attachment factors. AAV serotypes packaged with a self-complementary reporter were administered via subconjunctival injection to WT mice. Subconjunctival injection of AAV vectors was without incidence; however, vector shedding in tears was noted weeks following administration. AAV transduction was serotype dependent in anterior segment tissues including the eye lid, conjunctiva, and cornea, as well as the periocular tissues including muscle. Transgene product in the cornea was highest for AAV6 and AAV8, however, their corneal restriction was remarkably different; AAV6 appeared restricted to the endothelium layer while AAV8 efficiently transduced the stromal layer. Reported AAV cellular receptors were not well correlated to vector transduction; although, in some cases they were conserved among mouse and human ocular tissues. Subconjunctival administration of particular AAV serotypes may be a simple and safe targeted gene delivery route for ocular surface, muscular, corneal, and optic nerve diseases.}, number={6}, journal={Gene Therapy}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Song, Liujiang and Llanga, Telmo and Conatser, Laura M. and Zaric, Violeta and Gilger, Brian C. and Hirsch, Matthew L.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={402–414} }
 @inbook{gilger_brown_munger_bartoe_bussieres_cook_2018, title={Spontaneous Incidence of Ocular Abnormalities in Laboratory Animals}, ISBN={9783319783635 9783319783642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_4}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_4}, booktitle={Standards for Ocular Toxicology and Inflammation}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Brown, Michael H. and Munger, Robert J. and Bartoe, Joshua T. and Bussieres, Martin and Cook, Cynthia S.}, year={2018}, pages={141–168} }
 @inbook{gilger_bartoe_eaton_boyd_2018, title={Standard Operating Procedures for Common Laboratory Animal Ocular Procedures}, ISBN={9783319783635 9783319783642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_2}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_2}, booktitle={Standards for Ocular Toxicology and Inflammation}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Bartoe, Joshua T. and Eaton, J. Seth and Boyd, Ryan}, year={2018}, pages={27–44} }
 @inbook{wilkie_gilger_bartoe_2018, title={Standards for Conducting Ophthalmic Examinations in Laboratory Animals}, ISBN={9783319783635 9783319783642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_1}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-78364-2_1}, booktitle={Standards for Ocular Toxicology and Inflammation}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Wilkie, David A. and Gilger, Brian C. and Bartoe, Joshua T.}, year={2018}, pages={1–25} }
 @book{gilger_cook_brown_2018, place={Cham, Switzerland}, title={Standards in Ocular Toxicology and Inflammation}, ISBN={978-3-319-78364-2}, publisher={Springer}, year={2018} }
 @article{hirsch_conatser_smith_salmon_wu_buglak_davis_gilger_2017, title={AAV vector-meditated expression of HLA-G reduces injury-induced corneal vascularization, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis}, volume={7}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18002-9}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-017-18002-9}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Hirsch, Matthew L. and Conatser, Laura M. and Smith, Sara M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Wu, Jerry and Buglak, Nicholas E. and Davis, Rich and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gilger_2017, title={Advanced Imaging of the Equine Eye}, volume={33}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CVEQ.2017.07.006}, DOI={10.1016/J.CVEQ.2017.07.006}, abstractNote={This article reviews the literature for studies describing advanced imaging of the equine eye as a reference for practitioners to help in the selection of image modalities, describe how to use the instruments, and help interpret the image findings. Indications for, technique of, and image interpretation of advanced image modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, MRI, optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and angiography are reviewed. The article is organized anatomically, not by instrument, so that the reader will be able to quickly research ways to image specific disease entities or anatomic locations that are affecting their equine patients.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={607–626} }
 @article{sherman_gilger_berglund_schnabel_2017, title={Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro}, volume={8}, ISSN={1757-6512}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3}, DOI={10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3}, abstractNote={We aimed to determine and compare the in vitro effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell supernatant (MSC-Sp) on the wound healing capacity of equine corneal fibroblasts using a scratch assay. Bone marrow aspirates and eyes were collected from normal, euthanized horses with subsequent isolation and culture of BM-MSCs and corneal stromal cells. Corneal stromal cells were culture-expanded in the culture well of transwell plates and then treated with an autologous BM-MSC suspension (dose: 2.5 × 105/100 μL media with the BM-MSCs contained within the insert well), MSC-Sp solution, or naive culture media (control) for 72 h. A linear defect in confluent cell cultures was created (i.e., corneal scratch assay) to assess the cellular closure (“healing”) over time. Three representative areas of the scratch in each culture were photographed at each time point and the scratch area was quantitated using image analysis software (ImageJ). Media from the scratches were analyzed for various growth factors using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits that crossreact with the horse. There was a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC and MSC-Sp groups compared to the control group. There was also a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC group compared to the MSC-Sp group at 36 h post-scratch and all time points thereafter. The concentration of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the media was significantly higher in the BM-MSC group compared to the control group. The significant decrease in scratch area in equine corneal fibroblast cultures treated with autologous BM-MSCs compared to MSC-Sp or control treatments suggests that BM-MSCs may substantially improve corneal wound healing in horses. MSC-Sp may also improve corneal wound healing given the significant decrease in scratch area compared to control treatments, and would be an immediately available and cost-effective treatment option.}, number={1}, journal={Stem Cell Research & Therapy}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Gilger, Brian C. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @book{gilger_2017, place={Ames, IA}, edition={3}, title={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley Blackwell}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{schaefer_smith_salmon_abbaraju_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_2017, title={Evaluation of Intracameral Pentablock Copolymer Thermosensitive Gel for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Anterior Chamber of the Eye}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1557-7732"]}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2016.0181}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To investigate PTSgels (Pentablock copolymers) as an injectable formulation technology for sustained ocular drug delivery. Drug release profile, tolerability, and polymer degradation for one of the thermosensitive, biodegradable, and biocompatible compositions were investigated through intracameral (IC) injection in rabbits.


METHODS
New Zealand White rabbit eyes were injected IC (50 μL) with 100 μg near-infrared-immunoglobulin G (NIR-IgG) in balanced salt solution (BSS) or 20% PTSgel; or with PTSgel or BSS alone. Ocular irritation scoring, intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal thickness (CT) measurement, as well as color and infrared photography, were performed for up to 28 days postinjection. Upon euthanasia at 7, 14, or 28 days, eyes underwent ex vivo imaging (Xenogen IVIS) followed by tissue fixation and histopathology.


RESULTS
IC injection of PTSgel (liquid at room temperature) was performed without difficulty using a 31G needle. The polymer quickly gelled in the IC space resulting in an inferior anterior chamber deposit. The tested PTSgel was well tolerated, with no significant changes in IOP or CT. Eyes injected with NIR-IgG in PTSgel had visible NIR-IgG through 9 days postinjection, and ex vivo imaging detected a strong NIR-IgG signal in the anterior chamber through day 28. The gel deposit steadily decreased in size over time and was nearly eliminated by 28 days.


CONCLUSIONS
The PTSgel released IgG for 28 days and was well tolerated. The polymer degraded in parallel with drug release. These results demonstrate the potential of intracameral PTSgel formulations for sustained delivery of biologic therapies to the ocular anterior segment.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Schaefer, Elizabeth and Smith, Sara M. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Abbaraju, Santhi and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={353–360} }
 @article{smith_abbaraju_salmon_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_2017, title={Evaluation of pentablock co-polymer (PTS sol ) for sustained topical ocular drug delivery}, volume={39}, ISSN={1773-2247}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to evaluate ocular retention, tolerability, and sustained pharmacodynamics of a clear topical formulation of brinzolamide (BRZ) in PTSsol pentablock co-polymer. To test for ocular retention, PTSsol or saline containing near infrared dye-labeled (NIR) IgG was applied to the corneal surface of mice and monitored by in vivo imaging. To evaluate pharmacodynamics, dogs were dosed for 3 consecutive days with PTSsol once daily (qd) at doses of 1% and 2.5% and compared to PTSsol qd, or commercial BRZ 1% (Azopt®) three times daily (tid). Intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular exams were performed each treatment day and two additional days post-treatment. The NIR-IgG saline remained on the ocular surface for <3 h, while NIR-IgG in PTSsol remained for >21 h. All formulations were well tolerated in dogs and by day 3 of dosing, IOP was significantly lower in 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd dosed eyes compared to vehicle or baseline (p < 0.014). On day 5, 48 h after dosing, IOP remained significantly lower in eyes treated with 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd compared to those dosed with Azopt (p = 0.036). This suggests that drugs in PTSsol may allow for once a day or less frequent dosing.}, journal={Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Abbaraju, Santhi and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney L. and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={475–483} }
 @article{smith_westermeyer_mariani_gilger_davidson_2017, title={Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016)}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12528}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12528}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Gilger, Brian C. and Davidson, Michael G.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={442–451} }
 @inbook{gilger_2017, place={Ames, IA}, edition={3}, title={Uveal diseases}, booktitle={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley Blackwell}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gilger, B.C.Editor}, year={2017} }
 @article{woodard_vance_gilger_samulski_hirsch_2016, title={544. Comparison of AAV Serotype2 Transduction by Various Delivery Routes to the Mouse Eye}, volume={24}, ISSN={1525-0016}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33352-4}, DOI={10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33352-4}, abstractNote={AAV gene therapy has demonstrated success for the treatment of several ocular diseases with the tropism and efficiency of AAV retinal transduction being a function of the route of administration. Subretinal injection has been the primary route to deliver AAV to the retina but this injection route carries surgical complications and transduction remains localized to the area of retinal detachment. Despite the use of suprachoroidal injections for ocular drug delivery in large animal models, this route has not been comprehensively compared to AAV vector transduction following other administration routes in mice.}, journal={Molecular Therapy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Woodard, Kenton T. and Vance, Melisa and Gilger, Brian and Samulski, R. Jude and Hirsch, Matthew}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={S217–S218} }
 @article{vance_llanga_bennett_woodard_murlidharan_chungfat_asokan_gilger_kurtzberg_samulski_et al._2016, title={AAV Gene Therapy for MPS1-associated Corneal Blindness}, volume={6}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep22131}, DOI={10.1038/srep22131}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Vance, Melisa and Llanga, Telmo and Bennett, Will and Woodard, Kenton and Murlidharan, Giridhar and Chungfat, Neil and Asokan, Aravind and Gilger, Brian and Kurtzberg, Joanne and Samulski, R. Jude and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hanel_palmer_baker_brenner_crowe_dorman_gicking_gilger_otto_robertson_et al._2016, title={Best practice recommendations for prehospital veterinary care of dogs and cats}, volume={26}, ISSN={1479-3261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12455}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12455}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hanel, Rita M. and Palmer, Lee and Baker, Janice and Brenner, Jo-Anne and Crowe, Dennis T. Tim and Dorman, David and Gicking, John C. and Gilger, Brian and Otto, Cynthia M. and Robertson, Sheilah A. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={166–233} }
 @article{curto_messenger_salmon_gilger_2016, title={Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, abstractNote={To determine whether horses with clinically diagnosed Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) and those with Leptospirosis infection have a specific cytokine profile in their aqueous humor (AH) and serum that differs from horses with uveitis secondary to other ocular inflammatory processes and from horses with normal eyes.Twenty-five client-owned horses with uveitis that were presented to the North Carolina State University Ophthalmology Service, and four University-owned horses without history or clinical signs of ocular disease.Samples of AH and serum were obtained from horses with ERU (n=13), acute or non-recurrent uveitis (UV; n=7), uveitis secondary to infectious keratitis (IK; n=5), and normal eyes (N; n=4). Cytokine levels in AH and serum were quantified using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Leptospiral antibody titers in serum and AH and PCR for Leptospiral DNA in AH were performed.In the AH of horses with ERU, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, FGF-2, G-CSF, and RANTES were measured compared to UV, IK and N eyes, but the differences were not significant. However, IL-10 was significantly higher in ERU eyes compared to IK and N (P=0.029; 0.013), and IP-10 in ERU eyes was significantly higher than in UV and N (P=0.004). Furthermore, MCP-1 was significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.04). In the serum, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, fractalkine, and G-CSF were measured in horses with ERU, but the levels were not significantly higher than those observed in UV, IK, or N horses. However, serum IP-10 levels in horses with ERU were significantly higher than in UV and N horses (P=0.005) and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.03). Horses with marked ocular inflammation had significantly higher serum levels of G-CSF, IL-1a, fractalkine, IL-13, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. Elevated IL-10 in AH was significantly associated with disease chronicity, both overall and in ERU eyes (P=0.049), and in horses with positive ocular leptospiral titers or leptospiral PCR, significant elevations of IL-10 (P=0.0018; 0.0032) and IP-10 (P=0.0342; 0.043) were detected in the AH compared to leptospiral negative eyes.The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10 appear to play an important role in ERU. Further studies are needed to further clarify and characterize cytokine profiles of specific ocular inflammatory diseases, but multiplex bead immunoassay technology shows promise as a diagnostically valuable tool.}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Curto, Elizabeth and Messenger, Kristen M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={43–51} }
 @book{gilger_2016, title={Equine Ophthalmology}, DOI={10.1002/9781119047919}, abstractNote={This review is intended to describe briefly some of the medications, techniques, and devices currently employed in equine ophthalmology. One should not assume that the products and techniques mentioned are the only ones acceptable for treating any given disease, but they will provide a foundation for the sound management of ocular disease. Some of the drugs and techniques are new, whereas others are not. Since the successful medical management of ophthalmic disease is directly related to the method of medication used and the selection of appropriate drugs, a brief review of medication techniques is necessary before drugs can be discussed. The methods of medicating the eye are topical, subconjunctival, intraocular, and systemic administration. The disease presented will determine the medication technique or combination of techniques that will be most effective. The efficacy of topical medication is determined by the chemical characteristics of the drug, the health of the cornea and conjunctiva, and the frequency of application. In the equine, it is further limited by the diluting effect of high tear production and the difficulty in administering drops or ointments to a painful eye. The use of subpalpebral delivery systems is the most common method of providing intensive topical medication. They require only chemical restraint and local anesthesia for placement.}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, year={2016} }
 @inbook{stoppini_gilger_2016, title={Equine ocular examination basic techniques}, ISBN={9781119047742 9781119047919}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119047919.ch1}, DOI={10.1002/9781119047919.ch1}, abstractNote={A complete, thorough ocular examination is a basic and essential aspect of equine ophthalmology. In this chapter, ophthalmic examination of the horse is discussed, with emphasis on techniques, tools, and instruments, and basic diagnostic modalities. Examination of the equine eye includes obtaining a detailed history and signalment, inspecting the patient in a well-lit environment, examining the ocular structures in a darkened environment, facilitating the examination with restraint, sedation, and local nerve blocks, and collecting relevant diagnostic samples or data.}, booktitle={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stoppini, Riccardo and Gilger, Brian C.}, editor={Gilger, BrianEditor}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1–39} }
 @article{sherman_cullen_westermeyer_grindem_gilger_2016, title={Histiocytic chorioretinitis in a dog}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12421}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12421}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Cullen, John M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Grindem, Carol and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={88–95} }
 @article{sherman_clode_gilger_2016, title={Impact of fungal species cultured on outcome in horses with fungal keratitis}, volume={20}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12381}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12381}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={140–146} }
 @article{gerding_gilger_2016, title={Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12451}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gerding, J.C. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={290–298} }
 @inbook{gilger_2016, place={Ames, Iowa}, title={Recurrent uveitis}, booktitle={Equine Clinical Immunology}, publisher={Wiley Blackwell}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Felippe, M.J.B.Editor}, year={2016} }
 @article{schaefer_abbaraju_walsh_newman_salmon_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_et al._2016, title={Sustained Release of Protein Therapeutics from Subcutaneous Thermosensitive Biocompatible and Biodegradable Pentablock Copolymers (PTSgels)}, volume={2016}, ISSN={["2090-3022"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2407459}, DOI={10.1155/2016/2407459}, abstractNote={Objective. To evaluate thermosensitive, biodegradable pentablock copolymers (PTSgel) for sustained release and integrity of a therapeutic protein when injected subcutaneously. Materials and Methods. Five PTSgels with PEG-PCL-PLA-PCL-PEG block arrangements were synthesized. In vitro release of IgG from PTSgels and concentrations was evaluated at 37°C. Released IgG integrity was characterized by SDS-PAGE. In vitro disintegration for 10GH PTSgel in PBS was monitored at 37°C over 72 days using gravimetric loss and GPC analysis. Near-infrared IgG in PTSgel was injected subcutaneously and examined by in vivo imaging and histopathology for up to 42 days. Results. IgG release was modulated from approximately 7 days to more than 63 days in both in vitro and in vivo testing by varying polymer composition, concentration of PTSgel aqueous solution, and concentration of IgG. Released IgG in vitro maintained structural integrity by SDS-PAGE. Subcutaneous PTSgels were highly biocompatible and in vitro IgG release occurred in parallel with the disappearance of subcutaneous gel in vivo. Conclusions. Modulation of release of biologics to fit the therapeutic need can be achieved by varying the biocompatible and biodegradable PTSgel composition. Release of IgG parallels disappearance of the polymeric gel; hence, little or no PTSgel remains after drug release is complete.}, journal={JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Schaefer, Elizabeth and Abbaraju, Santhi and Walsh, Mary and Newman, Donna and Salmon, Jacklyn and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{cholkar_gilger_mitra_2016, title={Topical delivery of aqueous micellar Resolvin E1 analog (RX-10045) (vol 498, pg 326, 2016)}, volume={509}, ISSN={["1873-3476"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.012}, number={1-2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS}, author={Cholkar, Kishore and Gilger, BrianC. and Mitra, AshimK.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={528–528} }
 @article{cholkar_gilger_mitra_2016, title={Topical delivery of aqueous micellar resolvin E1 analog (RX-10045)}, volume={498}, ISSN={0378-5173}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.037}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.037}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this study were to optimize aqueous micellar solution of isopropyl ester prodrug of resolvin (RX-10045), study in vivo ocular compatibility and tissue distribution following topical administration. An optimized ratio of hydrogenated castor-oil and octoxynol-40 (1.0:0.05 wt%) was prepared to entrap RX-10045 in the hydrophobic core of micelles. RX-10045 aqueous micelles were subjected to characterization. In vitro stability studies were performed at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C. In vivo studies were conducted in New Zealand albino rabbits following topical drop administration. Aqueous RX-10045 micellar solutions were successfully prepared. Micelles had a mean diameter of ∼12 nm with low negative surface charge. RX-10045 demonstrated high stability in citrate buffer (0.01 M) at 40 °C. Hackett–McDonald ocular irritation scores were extremely low comparable to negative control. No significant difference in intraocular pressure was noted. Electroretinography studies did not reveal any retinal damage after multiple dosing of RX-10045 micellar solution. Ocular tissue distribution studies demonstrated appreciable drug concentrations in anterior ocular tissues. Moreover, RX-10008 (active metabolite of RX-10045) was detected in retina/choroid upon topical drop instillation. A clear, stable, aqueous 0.1% RX-10045 micellar formulation was successfully prepared. Micellar solution was well-tolerated and did not have any measurable tissue damage in rabbit ocular tissues. Micelles appear to follow conjunctival/scleral pathway to reach back-of-the-eye tissue (retina). Topical aqueous formulations may be employed to treat posterior ocular diseases. Such micellar topical formulations may be more patient acceptable over invasive routes of administrations such as intravitreal injection/implants.}, number={1-2}, journal={International Journal of Pharmaceutics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cholkar, Kishore and Gilger, Brian C. and Mitra, Ashim K.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={326–334} }
 @article{jinks_english_gilger_2015, title={Causes of endogenous uveitis in cats presented to referral clinics in North Carolina}, volume={19}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12324}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12324}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jinks, Maggie R. and English, Robert V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={30–37} }
 @article{pinto_mcmullen_linder_cullen_gilger_2015, title={Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of a novel equine ocular disorder: heterochromic iridocyclitis with secondary keratitis in adult horses}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12234}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Pinto, Nelson I. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Linder, Keith E. and Cullen, John M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={443–456} }
 @article{edwards_clode_gilger_2015, title={Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003-2013)}, volume={3}, ISSN={2050-0904}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/CCR3.350}, DOI={10.1002/CCR3.350}, abstractNote={Key Clinical Message}, number={12}, journal={Clinical Case Reports}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Edwards, Sydney and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={1000–1006} }
 @inbook{gilger_2015, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Ocular Trauma}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1016/b978-1-4557-4555-5.00010-8}, booktitle={Robinson's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier Health Sciences}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Robinson, E. and Sprayberry, K.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={39–44} }
 @article{adamovicz_lewbart_gilger_2015, title={Phacoemulsification and aspiration for cataract management in a dollar sunfish,Lepomis marginatus(Holbrook) - a case report}, volume={38}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12346}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12346}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 38, Issue 12 p. 1089-1092 Short Communication Phacoemulsification and aspiration for cataract management in a dollar sunfish, Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook) – a case report L Adamovicz, L Adamovicz North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USACorrespondence G Lewbart, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this authorB Gilger, B Gilger North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author L Adamovicz, L Adamovicz North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USACorrespondence G Lewbart, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this authorB Gilger, B Gilger North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 February 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12346Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume38, Issue12December 2015Pages 1089-1092 RelatedInformation}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Adamovicz, L and Lewbart, G and Gilger, B}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1089–1092} }
 @article{gerding_gilger_montgomery_clode_2015, title={Presumed primary ocular lymphangiosarcoma with metastasis in a miniature horse}, volume={18}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12249}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12249}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gerding, Joseph C. and Gilger, Brian C. and Montgomery, Stephanie A. and Clode, Alison B.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={502–509} }
 @article{gilger_2015, title={Recurrent Uveitis}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1002/9781119086512.ch15}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses the clinical signs, immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, diagnostics, treatment and prevention, and prognosis and clinical outcomes of recurrent uveitis in horses. Equine recurrent uveitis is characterized by multiple recurrent bouts of inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid (uveitis), followed by variable length periods of inflammatory remission. The uveitis bouts are spontaneous in occurrence and are not associated with recurrent trauma or other primary ocular disease. When making the diagnosis of ERU, one should carefully differentiate from other causes of uveitis and recurrent ocular inflammation. ERU is now considered a classic immune-mediated disease, with several important initiators of the immune response. Vision loss is a common long-term manifestation of ERU and, therefore, initial therapy must be aggressive. In acute cases, treatment, in the form of systemic and local therapy, consisting of antibiotics, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs, is used many times simultaneously.}, journal={Equine Clinical Immunology}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{curto_clode_durrant_montgomery_gilger_2015, title={Retrobulbar pigmented peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog}, volume={19}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12327}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12327}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Curto, Elizabeth and Clode, Alison B and Durrant, Jessica and Montgomery, Keith W and Gilger, Brian C}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={518–524} }
 @article{cholkar_gilger_mitra_2015, title={Topical, Aqueous, Clear Cyclosporine Formulation Design for Anterior and Posterior Ocular Delivery}, volume={4}, ISSN={2164-2591}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/tvst.4.3.1}, DOI={10.1167/tvst.4.3.1}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
The main objective of this study was to optimize cyclosporine (CsA) nanomicellar solution and study in vivo ocular CsA tissue distribution with a topical drop.


METHODS
An optimized blend of hydrogenated castor oil-40 and octoxynol-40 was prepared to entrap CsA within nanomicelles. In vivo studies were conducted in New Zealand White albino rabbits with topical drop instillation.


RESULTS
Average size of CsA-loaded nanomicelles was approximately 22.4 nm. Ocular tissue CsA quantification with single and multiple dosing revealed that CsA levels followed as cornea → iris-ciliary body → aqueous humor → lens. Cyclosporine levels were also found to be in the following order: conjunctiva → sclera → retina/choroid → vitreous humor. High CsA level was detected in retina/choroid (53.7 ng/g tissue).


CONCLUSIONS
Ocular tissue CsA distribution studies revealed high CsA concentrations in anterior ocular tissues. Moreover, it appears that nanomicelles are transported through a conjunctival-scleral pathway and deliver CsA to the retina/choroid. Results suggest polymeric blend to be a safe carrier for anterior and posterior ocular tissues.


TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
This study has significant translational relevance, disclosing results that suggest that aqueous nanomicellar approach can provide high corneal and conjunctival CsA concentrations. Aqueous nanomicelles can deliver high drug concentrations not only to anterior but also to back of the eye tissues, including retina. This article provides a platform for noninvasive back of the eye drug delivery with topical eye drops. Aqueous CsA nanomicelles have no perceptible toxicity such as cell membrane damage or cytotoxicity to corneal and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Clear aqueous nanomicellar solution can be translated to human conditions for keratoconjunctivitis sicca and other anti-inflammatory conditions.}, number={3}, journal={Translational Vision Science & Technology}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Cholkar, Kishore and Gilger, Brian C. and Mitra, Ashim K.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={1} }
 @article{brookshire_english_nadelstein_weigt_gift_gilger_2014, title={Efficacy of cox-2 inhibitors in controlling inflammation and capsular opacification after phacoemulsification cataract removal}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12159}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Brookshire, Heather L. and English, Robert V. and Nadelstein, Bradley and Weigt, Anne K. and Gift, Barrett W. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2014}, pages={175–185} }
 @article{gilger_mandal_shah_mitra_2014, title={Episcleral, Intrascleral, and Suprachoroidal Routes of Ocular Drug Delivery - Recent Research Advances and Patents}, volume={8}, ISSN={1872-2113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221130802140707093509}, DOI={10.2174/187221130802140707093509}, abstractNote={Subconjunctival/episcleral, intrascleral, and suprachoroidal routes of drug delivery for treatment of posterior segment eye diseases have become more feasible and popular in the past few years. These routes have the advantage of bypassing the main barriers to topical drug penetration, the ocular surface epithelium, the conjunctivallymphatics, and in the case of deep intrascleral and suprachoroidial delivery, the sclera barrier. Many ocular drug delivery application devices, drug delivery methods, and therapeutics that have been developed for intravitreal use can also be used subconjunctivally, intrasclerally, and in the suprachoroidal space. Alternatively, site-specific devices, such microneedles, and therapeutics, such as hydrogel matrices, have been developed to enhance ocular drug delivery. This manuscript will review the recent research advances and patents on episcleral, intrascleral, and suprachoroidal routes of ocular drug delivery.}, number={2}, journal={Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation}, publisher={Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.}, author={Gilger, Brian and Mandal, Abhirup and Shah, Sujay and Mitra, Ashim}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={81–91} }
 @article{gilger_mandal_shah_mitra_2014, title={Episcleral, intrascleral, and suprachoroidal routes of ocular drug delivery – Recent research advances and patents}, DOI={10.2174/187221130802150707093509}, journal={Recent Patents on Drug Delivery and Formulation}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Mandal, A. and Shah, S. and Mitra, A.K.}, year={2014} }
 @misc{gerding_clode_gilger_montgomery_2014, title={Equine orbital fractures: a review of 18 cases (2006-2013)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12162}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo review the clinical features, treatments, complications, and outcomes of horses with traumatic orbital fractures.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Gerding, Joseph C. and Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian C. and Montgomery, Keith W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={97–106} }
 @article{mcmullen_gilger_michau_2014, title={Modified lamellar keratoplasties for the treatment of deep stromal abscesses in horses}, volume={18}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12227}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12227}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Gilger, Brian C. and Michau, Tammy M.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={393–403} }
 @book{gilger_2014, place={New York}, series={Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology}, title={Ocular pharmacology and toxicology}, publisher={Humana Press/Springer}, year={2014}, collection={Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology} }
 @article{edelmann_mcmullen_stoppini_clode_gilger_2014, title={Retrospective analysis of equine cataract surgery – visual outcomes vs age, IOL, and ERU status (35 cases)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12185}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Edelmann, Michele L. and McMullen, Richard, Jr. and Stoppini, Riccardo and Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2014}, pages={160–167} }
 @article{pinto_gilger_2014, title={Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography evaluation of the cornea, retina, and optic nerve in normal horses}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12180}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12180}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pinto, Nelson I. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={140–148} }
 @article{brooks_gilger_plummer_hartley_donaldson_lavach_karpinski_2014, title={Surgical correction of lens luxation in the horse: visual outcomes}, volume={2}, ISSN={2054-3425}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2054-3425-2-2}, DOI={10.7243/2054-3425-2-2}, abstractNote={Abstract 
Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the visual outcomes of surgical therapy for lens luxation/subluxation in the horse. 
Methods: The medical records of horses that had}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences}, publisher={Herbert Publications PVT LTD}, author={Brooks, Dennis E and Gilger, Brian C and Plummer, Caryn E and Hartley, Claudia and Donaldson, David and Lavach, J. Dan and Karpinski, Lorraine G}, year={2014}, pages={2} }
 @article{barachetti_rampazzo_mortellaro_scevola_gilger_2014, title={Use of episcleral cyclosporine implants in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca}, volume={18}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12173}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12173}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Barachetti, L. and Rampazzo, A. and Mortellaro, C.M. and Scevola, S. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2014}, pages={234–241} }
 @article{clode_gilger_2014, title={Veterinary Ophthalmology - Equine Ophthalmology Special Issue Preface}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12189}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 17, Issue s1 p. 1-1 Preface Veterinary Ophthalmology - Equine Ophthalmology Special Issue Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO, Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT, Brian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT Professor of Ophthalmology bgilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO, Alison Clode DVM, Dipl. ACVO Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT, Brian Gilger DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT Professor of Ophthalmology bgilger@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 July 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12189Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume17, Issues1Special Issue: Equine OphthalmologyJuly 2014Pages 1-1 RelatedInformation}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Clode, Alison and Gilger, Brian}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1–1} }
 @inbook{gilger_2013, title={Challenges in Ocular Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology}, ISBN={9781627037440 9781627037457}, ISSN={1557-2153 1940-6053}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7653_2013_1}, DOI={10.1007/7653_2013_1}, abstractNote={Study of ocular pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology is challenging due to the inherent ocular barriers to drug penetration, small ocular tissue sizes and volumes, and sensitive ocular structures. Additionally, wide variation of ocular sizes and physiology among animal models complicates simple translation of results from one species of animal to another. This chapter, and those to follow, will describe the challenges researchers face regarding ocular pharmacology and toxicology as well as providing them with practical methodologies for conducting studies, including study design and specialized methodology, to overcome these challenges and thus improve treatment of ocular disease.}, booktitle={Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology}, publisher={Humana Press}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{harrington_mcmullen_cullen_campbell_gilger_2013, title={Diode laser endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in the normal equine eye}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01035.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Harrington, Jay T. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Cullen, John M. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={97–110} }
 @inbook{ledbetter_gilger_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={5th}, title={Diseases and surgery of the cornea}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Ledbetter, E. and Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N. and Gilger, B.C. and Kern, T.J.Editors}, year={2013} }
 @article{abarca_salmon_gilger_2013, title={Effect of Choroidal Perfusion on Ocular Tissue Distribution After Intravitreal or Suprachoroidal Injection in an Arterially Perfused Ex Vivo Pig Eye Model}, volume={29}, ISSN={1080-7683 1557-7732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2013.0063}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2013.0063}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To compare tissue distribution of dye-drug surrogates after intravitreal (IVT) and suprachoroidal (SCS) delivery to determine the influence of drug lipophilicity and choroidal circulation.


METHODS
Thirty-two pig eyes were collected immediately after euthanasia. Sixteen eyes were perfused for 30 min through one long posterior ciliary artery with nondye containing nutrient media. An IVT or SCS injection was performed with either a 100 μL balanced salt solution (BSS, n=8), 1% sodium fluorescein (NaF, n=12) or 0.12% lipophilic carbocyanine dye (DiI, n=12). Globes were maintained at 37°C for 15 min, and then snap-frozen and dissected. Aqueous extraction and measurement of NaF or DiI concentration was performed using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry, respectively.


RESULTS
After SCS delivery of NaF scleral, iris-ciliary body, choroidal and vitreous dye levels were higher in nonperfused eyes compared to perfused eyes. After DiI SCS or IVT delivery, no significant differences were found in dye tissue concentrations in perfused eyes compared to nonperfused eyes. Following perfusion, a better and even drug distribution was found in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroid following IVT and SCS delivery of the hydrophilic drug and after IVT injection of the lipophilic drug compared to nonperfused eyes.


CONCLUSIONS
Choroidal circulation reduces the tissue drug concentration of the hydrophilic drug suggesting an early clearance mechanism after SCS delivery. SCS injections of lipid and hydrophilic drugs allowed direct drug delivery to the retina and RPE-choroid with limited exposition to the anterior segment.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Abarca, Eva M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={715–722} }
 @inbook{hempstead_mcmullen_gilger_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={5th edition}, title={Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in a dog}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Hempstead, J. and McMullen, R.J. and Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N. and Gilger, B.C. and Kern, T.J.Editors}, year={2013} }
 @inbook{gilger_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={5th}, title={Equine ophthalmology}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N. and Gilger, B.C. and Kern, T.J.Editors}, year={2013} }
 @article{hempstead_clode_salmon_gilger_2013, title={Histopathologic features of equine superficial, nonhealing, corneal ulcers}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12117}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12117}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={s1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hempstead, J.H. and Clode, A.C. and Salmon, B.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2013}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{harrill_hukkanen_lawson_martin_gilger_soldatow_lecluyse_budinsky_rowlands_thomas_et al._2013, title={Knockout of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor results in distinct hepatic and renal phenotypes in rats and mice}, volume={272}, ISSN={["1096-0333"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.024}, abstractNote={The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor which plays a role in the development of multiple tissues and is activated by a large number of ligands, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In order to examine the roles of the AHR in both normal biological development and response to environmental chemicals, an AHR knockout (AHR-KO) rat model was created and compared with an existing AHR-KO mouse. AHR-KO rats harboring either 2-bp or 29-bp deletion mutation in exon 2 of the AHR were created on the Sprague–Dawley genetic background using zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) technology. Rats harboring either mutation type lacked expression of AHR protein in the liver. AHR-KO rats were also insensitive to thymic involution, increased hepatic weight and the induction of AHR-responsive genes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, Ahrr) following acute exposure to 25 μg/kg TCDD. AHR-KO rats had lower basal expression of transcripts for these genes and also accumulated ~ 30–45-fold less TCDD in the liver at 7 days post-exposure. In untreated animals, AHR-KO mice, but not AHR-KO rats, had alterations in serum analytes indicative of compromised hepatic function, patent ductus venosus of the liver and persistent hyaloid arteries in the eye. AHR-KO rats, but not AHR-KO mice, displayed pathological alterations to the urinary tract: bilateral renal dilation (hydronephrosis), secondary medullary tubular and uroepithelial degenerative changes and bilateral ureter dilation (hydroureter). The present data indicate that the AHR may play significantly different roles in tissue development and homeostasis and toxicity across rodent species.}, number={2}, journal={TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Harrill, J. A. and Hukkanen, R. R. and Lawson, M. and Martin, G. and Gilger, Brian and Soldatow, V. and LeCluyse, E. L. and Budinsky, R. A. and Rowlands, J. C. and Thomas, R. S. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={503–518} }
 @inbook{english_gilger_2013, edition={5th}, title={Ocular Immunology}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley Blackwell}, author={English, R.E. and Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N. and Gilger, B.C. and Kern, T.J.Editors}, year={2013} }
 @article{harrington_mcmullen_clode_gilger_2013, title={Phacoemulsification and +14 diopter intraocular lens placement in a Saddlebred foal}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01032.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Harrington, Jay T. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={140–148} }
 @inbook{gilger_abarca_salmon_2013, title={Selection of Appropriate Animal Models in Ocular Research: Ocular Anatomy and Physiology of Common Animal Models}, ISBN={9781627037440 9781627037457}, ISSN={1557-2153 1940-6053}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7653_2013_2}, DOI={10.1007/7653_2013_2}, abstractNote={Selection of appropriate animal models for ocular research is essential to enhance validity of results and to minimize number of animals used. Knowledge of differences in ocular anatomy and physiology of the various animal models is one of the most important parameters in study design. In addition, the researcher must understand the disease process in the animal model and understand how this differs from the primary target animal (human or animal). Finally, the selection of the correct animal model is extremely important when considering route of therapy to translate therapeutic or pharmacokinetic results to larger animals such as humans. The purpose of this chapter is to review the ocular anatomy and physiology differences among common animal models of ocular disease to help researchers select appropriate animal models in experimental designs.}, booktitle={Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology}, publisher={Humana Press}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Abarca, Eva and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2013}, pages={7–32} }
 @article{mcmullen_davidson_gilger_2013, title={The effect of 1% tropicamide-induced mydriasis and cycloplegia on spherical refraction of the adult horse}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12055}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12055}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Davidson, Michael G. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={120–125} }
 @article{gilger_abarca_salmon_patel_2013, title={Treatment of Acute Posterior Uveitis in a Porcine Model by Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide Into the Suprachoroidal Space Using Microneedles}, volume={54}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11747}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.13-11747}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) administered into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) using a microneedle and compare it with intravitreal (IVT) TA injections in a porcine model of acute posterior segment inflammation.


MATERIALS
An IVT injection of balanced salt solution (BSS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was followed 24 hours later with an injection of 0.2 mg or 2.0 mg of TA into the SCS or IVT. The SCS was accessed using microneedles in a minimally invasive procedure. Ocular inflammatory scores and IOP measurements were collected daily, whereas electroretinography, optical coherence tomography, and wide-field ocular fundus photography was performed on -1, 0, and 3 days after treatment. Aqueous and vitreous humor cell counts and protein levels and histopathology were also compared.


RESULTS
Delivery of TA to the SCS using microneedles was simple, effective, and not associated with adverse effects or toxicity. SCS injection of low (0.2 mg) and high doses (2.0 mg) of TA was as effective in reducing acute inflammation in the ocular posterior segment as high-dose IVT injection. Low-dose SCS TA was also effective in reducing inflammation; however, low-dose IVT TA was not.


CONCLUSIONS
Results from this study suggest that 0.2 mg and 2.0 mg of SCS TA was as effective in reducing inflammation as 2.0 mg IVT TA injection in a model of acute posterior segment inflammation. There were no adverse effects, increased IOP, or evidence of procedural or drug toxicity following injection of TA into the SCS in porcine eyes.}, number={4}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Abarca, Eva M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Patel, Samirkumar}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={2483} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon_2013, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine delivery devices}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12087}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12087}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Stoppini, Riccardo and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Alison B. and Pinto, Nelson H. and Hempstead, Julie and Gerding, Joseph and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={23–30} }
 @book{gelatt_gilger_kern_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={5th}, title={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, ISBN={978-0-470-96040-0}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, year={2013}, month={May} }
 @article{clode_miller_mcmullen_gilger_2012, title={A retrospective comparison of surgical removal and subsequent CO2 laser ablation versus topical administration of mitomycin C as therapy for equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00982.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Miller, Chelsey and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={254–262} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_salmon_peel_2012, title={A topical aqueous calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of naturally occurring keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs}, volume={16}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01056.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01056.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Wilkie, David A. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Peel, Michael R.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={192–197} }
 @article{michau_davidson_gilger_2012, title={Carbon dioxide laser photoablation adjunctive therapy following superficial lamellar keratectomy and bulbar conjunctivectomy for the treatment of corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: a review of 24 cases}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00977.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, Tammy M. and Davidson, Michael G. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={245–253} }
 @article{harrington_mcmullen_cullen_gilger_2012, title={Evaluation of diode endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in bovine cadaver eyes}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1445}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Harrington, Jay T. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Cullen, John M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={1445–1452} }
 @article{schnoke_brooks_wilkie_dwyer_matthews_gilger_hendrix_pickett_grauwels_monroe_et al._2012, title={Extraocular lymphoma in the horse}, volume={16}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01016.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01016.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schnoke, Allison T. and Brooks, Dennis E. and Wilkie, David A. and Dwyer, Ann E. and Matthews, Andrew G. and Gilger, Brian C. and Hendrix, Diane V. H. and Pickett, Phillip and Grauwels, Magda and Monroe, Christine and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={35–42} }
 @article{pate_clode_olivry_cullen_salmon_gilger_2012, title={Immunohistochemical and immunopathologic characterization of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis in horses}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863476431&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1067}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Pate, D.O. and Clode, A.B. and Olivry, T.M. and Cullen, J.M. and Salmon, J.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2012}, pages={1067–1073} }
 @inbook{gilger_2012, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Ophthalmic disorders}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Advisor, The Horse}, publisher={Elsevier Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Wilson, D.A.Editor}, year={2012} }
 @article{davis_yi_salmon_charlton_colitz_gilger_2012, title={Sustained-Release Celecoxib from Incubated Acrylic Intraocular Lenses Suppresses Lens Epithelial Cell Growth in an Ex Vivo Model of Posterior Capsule Opacity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1080-7683"]}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2011.0196}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine whether celecoxib (CXB) can be released from incubated intraocular lenses (IOLs) sufficiently to inhibit lens epithelial cell (LEC) growth in an ex vivo model of posterior capsule opacification (PCO).


MATERIALS
LEC growth was evaluated for 14 days in canine lens capsules (LCs) that had been exposed to media containing 20 μM CXB for 1-5 days. After the incubation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic IOLs in CXB solution, the determination of the in vitro release of CXB from the IOLs was performed for up to 28 days. The incubated and nonincubated IOLs were evaluated in the ex vivo model of PCO, and the rate of LEC growth was evaluated over 28 days.


RESULTS
The treatment of LCs with 20 μM CXB for 4 and 5 days completely inhibited LEC growth. LEC repopulation did not occur after the removal of CXB. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels theoretically sufficient to inhibit PCO. LCs in the ex vivo model of PCO treated with acrylic IOLs incubated in CXB had significantly suppressed LEC ingrowth compared with untreated and IOL-only LCs.


CONCLUSIONS
A 4-day treatment of LCs with a concentration of 20 μM CXB may effectively prevent PCO. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels sufficient to inhibit LEC growth in the ex vivo model of PCO. Further studies are needed to determine whether CXB-incubated IOLs can effectively prevent the development of PCO in vivo.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Davis, Jennifer L. and Yi, Na Young and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Charlton, Anna N. and Colitz, Carmen M. H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{gilger_2012, title={The search for causes of nonhealing or recurrent ulcerative keratitis in horses}, volume={24}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00395.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={11}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={561–562} }
 @article{clode_davis_davidson_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2011, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clode, Alison and Davis, Jennifer and Davidson, Gigi and Salmon, Jacklyn and Lafevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{gilger_2011, title={Challenges in the treatment of equine periocular squamous cell carcinoma}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00224.x}, abstractNote={Summary 
 
Management of periocular squamous cell carcinoma is challenging because of the need for adjunctive therapy, the adverse effects of therapies and the frequent recurrence of SCC. Appropriate treatment of equine ocular SCC usually involves surgical excision combined with adjunctive therapy selected as appropriate for the anatomic site of the lesion. Metastasis of periocular SCC has been reported to occur in approximately 6–15% of cases. The horse owner should be carefully educated to understand that for best long-term results from the treatment of periocular SCC, they must be diligent in observing signs of recurrence or metastasis and be willing to have the horse examined as soon as adverse signs are observed. Furthermore, external beam radiation may be effective in the treatment of metastatic SCC and further clinical studies of this treatment modality are needed.}, number={10}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={500–501} }
 @article{gilger_2011, title={Concerns with analysis of correlated eye data}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00893.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00893.x}, abstractNote={Dear Sir, I am not a statistician, but as an ophthalmologist and toxicologist, I have much interest in proper study design and statistical analysis of ocular study data. In this journal and others, there continues to be studies published that do not take into account data that is highly correlated, such as the right (OD) and left eyes (OS) in a single animal. Because of this same-animal or inter-eye correlation, two eyes of a single animal cannot be considered independent. Therefore, with either clinical or experimental data, this inter-eye correlation needs to be appropriately accounted for statistically. Considering measurements from each eye of an individual as independent is incorrect and can lead two to six times smaller P-values and statistically significant results, compared to a situation where correlation was accounted for appropriately. Such studies should be scrutinized carefully by reviewers and if published, the reader needs to interpret the study findings with caution. A recent example in this journal where a study did not address the inter-eye correlation was that by Shafaa, et al. In this study, 12 rabbits were separated into groups of three and the OD and OS of each animal in a group were treated with a test article. The authors then reported the response of the treatment in each eye as independent resulting in six data points per group. The differences between groups were very small, but P-values less than 0.05 were found on several comparisons allowing the authors to claim significant differences in response to the treatments. As the authors did not address the inter-eye correlation, they likely overstated the precision of the statistical estimates, reported too low standard deviations, and calculated too low P-values. In short, this error in study design and data analysis may have provided false evidence that a treatment effect was present. Simple methods to appropriately address inter-eye correlation include the use of either one-eye, two-eye, or pairedeye study designs. In the one-eye design, only one eye of each subject is included in the study and therefore, there is no concern of between-eye correlation. For two-eye study designs, for each subject, both eyes (OU) are in the same group and treated identically. The simplest method for analysis of this data from OU is to average the data from the OD and OS to give a single data point per individual. More complex statistical analysis can also be done that take into account the correlation in two-eye data, but it is recommended that a statistician be consulted to appropriately analyze this data. Finally, paired-eye designs allow subjects to act as their own control and thus the eyes of the same subject are treated differently (one eye receives the drug in question, and the other the vehicle). This approach actually helps to reduce response variability and most commonly is analyzed using a paired t-test. Generally ignoring correlation in the data results in smaller standard deviation, and thus leads to smaller P-values and easier rejection of the null hypothesis. It may, however, cause error in either over or underestimation of the importance of a given covariate. Also, if the outcome measures collected in a study are discrete (e.g., binomial data: affected or not, cured or not, etc.), not only does ignoring correlation affect the variance and standard errors, but also impact the mean, as the mean and the variance are related in discrete data. I encourage journal reviewers, editorial board members, and readers to better scrutinize studies for this common study design and analysis error. Mistakes like these, if ignored, can have major negative consequences for drug development, treatment decisions, and ultimately patient care. Brian C. Gilger, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={214–214} }
 @article{pate_gilger_suter_clode_2011, title={Diagnosis of intraocular lymphosarcoma in a dog by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay for antigen receptor rearrangement}, volume={238}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.5.625}, DOI={10.2460/javma.238.5.625}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Pate, Diana O. and Gilger, Brian C. and Suter, Steven E. and Clode, Alison B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{seiler_salmon_mantuo_feingold_dayton_gilger_2011, title={Effect and Distribution of Contrast Medium after Injection into the Anterior Suprachoroidal Space in Ex Vivo Eyes}, volume={52}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the effects and posterior distribution of injections made into the anterior suprachoroidal space (SCS).


METHODS
The anterior SCS of adult porcine and canine ex vivo eyes was cannulated. Latex injections and high frequency ultrasound (50 MHz) was used to image the effect and distension of the SCS. Flow characteristics and percentage maximal distribution of microbubble contrast injection into the SCS were assessed by 2D and 3D ultrasound.


RESULTS
Mean (SD) distension of the SCS with PBS increased from 1.57 (0.48) mm after injection of 250 μL to 3.28 (0.57) mm with 1000 μL PBS. Eyes injected at physiologic IOP had no significant difference in SCS distension. In real-time 2D ultrasound, the contrast agent flowed from the injection site to the opposite ventral anterior SCS and the posterior SCS. Contrast arrived at the opposite and posterior SCS 7.8 (4.6) and 7.7 (4.6) seconds after injection, respectively. In sagittal images, contrast was visible in 24.0%to 27.2% of the SCS; in 10 of 12 eyes, contrast reached the posterior pole of the eye. In 3D images, contrast medium occupied 39.0% to 52.1% of the entire SCS.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the SCS can expand, in a dose-dependent manner, to accommodate various volumes of fluid and that it is possible to image the SCS with ultrasound contrast. The authors' hypothesis that a single anterior SCS injection can reach the ocular posterior segment was supported. Further development of SCS injections for treatment of the ocular posterior segment is warranted.}, number={8}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Mantuo, Rebecca and Feingold, Steven and Dayton, Paul A. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={5730} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_2011, title={Equine Ocular Examination}, DOI={10.1016/b978-1-4377-0846-2.00001-x}, journal={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Stoppini, Riccardo}, year={2011}, pages={1–51} }
 @book{gilger_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={2nd}, title={Equine Ophthalmology}, ISBN={1437708463}, publisher={Elsevier Science}, year={2011}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gilger_deeg_2011, title={Equine Recurrent Uveitis}, DOI={10.1016/b978-1-4377-0846-2.00008-2}, journal={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Deeg, Cornelia}, year={2011}, pages={317–349} }
 @inbook{gilger_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={2nd}, title={Orbital disease}, booktitle={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Elsevier Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gilger, B.C.Editor}, year={2011} }
 @article{sommer_estrada_collins_bedell_alexander_yang_hughes_mir_gilger_grob_et al._2011, title={Production of ELOVL4 transgenic pigs: a large animal model for Stargardt-like macular degeneration}, volume={95}, ISSN={0007-1161}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300417}, DOI={10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300417}, abstractNote={Background Truncation mutations in the elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (AF277094, MIM #605512) (ELOVL4) gene cause Stargardt-like macular dystrophy type 3 (STGD3). Mice expressing truncated ELOVL4 develop rapid retinal degeneration, but are poor STGD3 models since mice lack a macula. Photoreceptor topography in the pig retina is more similar to that in humans as it includes the cone rich, macula-like area centralis. The authors generated transgenic pigs expressing human disease-causing ELOVL4 mutations to better model the pathobiology of this macular disease. Methods Pronuclear DNA microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer were used to produce transgenic pigs for two different ELOVL4 mutations: the 5 base pair deletion (5 bpdel) and the 270 stop mutation (Y270terEYFP). Retinal transgene expression, morphology and electrophysiology were examined. Results The authors obtained four lines of Y270terEYFP and one line of 5 bpdel transgenic animals. Direct fluorescence microscopy indicated that the Y270terEYFP protein is expressed in photoreceptors and mislocalised within the cell. Immunohistochemical examination of transgenic pigs showed photoreceptor loss and disorganised inner and outer segments. Electroretinography demonstrated diminished responses in both transgenic models. Conclusions These transgenic pigs provide unique animal models for examining macular degeneration and STGD3 pathogenesis.}, number={12}, journal={British Journal of Ophthalmology}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Sommer, J. R. and Estrada, J. L. and Collins, E. B. and Bedell, M. and Alexander, C. A. and Yang, Z. and Hughes, G. and Mir, B. and Gilger, B. C. and Grob, S. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={1749–1754} }
 @inbook{gilger_olsen_2011, place={New York}, title={Suprachoroidal and intrascleral drug delivery}, booktitle={Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye}, publisher={Springer Publications}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Olsen, T.M.}, editor={Kompella, U. and Edelhauser, H.Editors}, year={2011} }
 @article{weiner_gilger_2010, title={Advancements in ocular drug delivery}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00835.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00835.x}, abstractNote={This review covers both noninvasive and invasive ophthalmic drug delivery systems that can have application to therapy of veterinary ophthalmic diseases. Noninvasive approaches include gel technologies, permeation enhancement via pro-drug development, solubilization agents and nanoparticle technologies, iontophoresis, microneedles, drug-eluting contact lenses and eye misters, and microdroplets. More invasive systems include both eroding implants and noneroding technologies that encompass diffusion based systems, active pumps, intraocular lenses, suprachoroidal drug delivery, and episcleral reservoirs. In addition to addressing the physiologic challenges of achieving the necessary duration of delivery, tissue targeting and patient compliance, the commercial development factors of biocompatibility, sterilization, manufacturability and long-term stability will be discussed.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Weiner, Alan L. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={395–406} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2010, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin following topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and LaFevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{gilger_histed_pate_clode_mcmullen_2010, title={CASE REPORT: Anomalous nasolacrimal openings in a 2-year-old Morgan filly}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00823.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00823.x}, abstractNote={This case report describes the clinical, diagnostic, computed tomography findings, and surgical treatment of a 2-year-old Morgan filly with bilateral, proximal, and distal anomalous nasolacrimal duct openings.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Histed, James and Pate, Diana O. and Clode, Alison B. and McMullen, Richard J.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={339–342} }
 @article{crasta_clode_mcmullen_pate_gilger_2010, title={Effect of three treatment protocols on acute ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataracts in dogs}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00748.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00748.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of topical latanoprost, intracameral carbachol, or no adjunctive medical therapy on the development of acute postoperative hypertension (POH) and inflammation after routine phacoemulsification and aspiration (PA) of cataracts in dogs.


DESIGN
Retrospective study.


PROCEDURES
Dogs received either one drop of topical 0.005% latanoprost (21 dogs, 39 eyes), an intracameral injection of 0.3 mL of 0.01% carbachol (15 dogs, 30 eyes), or no adjunctive therapy (46 dogs, 90 eyes) immediately following PA of cataract(s). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in all dogs 2 and 4 h after surgery. IOP was measured and aqueous flare assessed at 8 am the day after surgery.


RESULTS
Carbachol-treated dogs had significantly higher mean IOP (33.2 +/- SD 20.8 mmHg) 2 h after surgery than dogs receiving no adjunctive therapy (22.0 +/- SD 14.1 mmHg) (P = 0.049). There were no significant differences in IOP among groups at any other time point. There were no significant differences in number of POH episodes between dogs treated with carbachol (47%), latanoprost (29%), or dogs that received no adjunctive therapy (33%). There were no significant differences in mean aqueous flare grade between eyes treated with latanoprost (1.7 +/- SD 0.4) or carbachol (1.4 +/- SD 0.6), and eyes that received no adjunctive therapy (1.7 +/- SD 0.4).


CONCLUSIONS
Topical 0.005% latanoprost or intracameral injection of 0.3 mL of 0.01% carbachol after PA in dogs did not reduce POH or increase intraocular inflammation compared to dogs not receiving adjunctive therapy after PA of cataracts.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Crasta, Manuela and Clode, Alison B. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Pate, Diana O. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={14–19} }
 @article{matthews_gilger_2010, title={Equine immune-mediated keratopathies}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05632.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={S37}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Matthews, A. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={31–37} }
 @article{gilger_2010, title={Equine recurrent uveitis: The viewpoint from the USA}, volume={42}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05636.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05636.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={S37}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={57–61} }
 @article{mcmullen_davidson_campbell_salmon_gilger_2010, title={Evaluation of 30- and 25-diopter intraocular lens implants in equine eyes after surgical extraction of the lens}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.7.809}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.7.809}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Davidson, Michael G. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={809–816} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_clode_mcmullen_utter_komaromy_brooks_salmon_2010, title={Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the long-term efficacy, complications, and duration of effect of a cyclosporine (CsA) suprachoroidal implant (CSI) in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU).


METHODS
Horses with ERU were treated with a 6-mm diameter, 25 mg, reservoir matrix CsA implant in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space. Horses with follow-up >1 year were examined for frequency of uveitis episodes, complications, and vision at last recheck.


RESULTS
Data from 151 eyes of 133 horses from the USA and Europe that had CsA devices implanted for ERU were reviewed. Follow-up time ranged from 13 to 85 months after surgery, with a mean and median follow-up time of 28.9 and 26.3 months, respectively. Overall, at last follow-up 78.8% of eyes were considered visual and the overall mean frequency of uveitis episodes after CSI was 0.09 ± SD 0.08 episodes per month. The most common complications leading to vision loss at last follow-up were persistent uveitis episodes (54%), glaucoma (22%), mature cataracts (16%), and retinal detachment (6%). Persistent uveitis episodes tended to be the highest cause of vision loss in horses with <24 months and >48 months of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the long-term maintenance of vision of horses with ERU implanted with a CSI. The increased vision loss related to uveitis episode of inflammation in eyes after the likely depletion of CsA from the CSI suggests that a repeat CSI may be required at or before 48 months after surgery.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Allison B. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Utter, Mary E. and Komaromy, Andras M. and Brooks, Dennis E. and Salmon, Jacklin H.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={294–300} }
 @article{edelhauser_rowe-rendleman_robinson_dawson_chader_grossniklaus_rittenhouse_wilson_weber_kuppermann_et al._2010, title={Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases: Basic Research to Clinical Applications}, volume={51}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-5392}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.10-5392}, abstractNote={The basic science part of this article focuses on the anatomic barriers to the five major modes of ocular drug delivery: intraocular, periocular, hybrid, topical, and systemic. The second half is a review of the clinical and regulatory components of translational science.}, number={11}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Edelhauser, Henry F. and Rowe-Rendleman, Cheryl L. and Robinson, Michael R. and Dawson, Daniel G. and Chader, Gerald J. and Grossniklaus, Hans E. and Rittenhouse, Kay D. and Wilson, Clive G. and Weber, David A. and Kuppermann, Baruch D. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={5403} }
 @article{velagaleti_anglade_khan_gilger_mitra_2010, title={Topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs using a novel mixed nanomicellar technology to treat diseases of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye}, volume={10}, number={4}, journal={Drug Delivery Technology}, author={Velagaleti, P.R. and Anglade, E. and Khan, I.J. and Gilger, B.C. and Mitra, A.K.}, year={2010}, pages={42–47} }
 @article{gift_english_nadelstein_weigt_gilger_2009, title={Comparison of capsular opacification and refractive status after placement of three different intraocular lens implants following phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataracts in dogs}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00667.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00667.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gift, Barrett W. and English, Robert V. and Nadelstein, Brad and Weigt, Anne K. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={13–21} }
 @inbook{gilger_2009, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={6th}, title={Enucleation}, booktitle={Current Therapy in Equine Medicine}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Robinson, N.E. and Sprayberry, K.A.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @inbook{gilger_2009, place={St. Louis, Missouri}, edition={6th}, title={Equine Recurrent Uveitis}, ISBN={9781416054757}, booktitle={Current Therapy in Equine Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Robinson, N.E. and Sprayberry, K.A.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @article{matthews_gilger_2009, title={Equine immune-mediated keratopathies}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00740.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00740.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Matthews, Andrew and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{mcmullen jr._clode_gilger_2009, title={Infrared digital imaging of the equine anterior segment}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00688.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00688.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen Jr., Richard J. and Clode, Alison B. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={125–131} }
 @article{gilger_brooks_2009, title={International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium (IEOC) Symposium}, volume={41}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516409x447789}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={6}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Brooks, D. E.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={606–607} }
 @article{yi_salmon_gilger_2009, title={Quantitative differences in mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, -4, and -9 in normal equine eyes and eyes with equine recurrent uveitis.}, volume={26}, ISSN={1598-298x}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Clinics}, publisher={Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics}, author={Yi, N.Y. and Salmon, J.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2009}, pages={520–523} }
 @article{konrade_clode_michau_roe_trumpatori_krug_gilger_2009, title={Surgical correction of severe strabismus and enophthalmos secondary to zygomatic arch fracture in a dog}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Konrade, Kricket A. and Clode, Alison B. and Michau, Tammy M. and Roe, Simon C. and Trumpatori, Brian J. and Krug, William V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={119–124} }
 @article{gilger_bentley_2008, title={A moment of SCIENCE . . . Please!}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 11, Issue 5 p. 279-279 A moment of SCIENCE . . . Please! Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. Gilger Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University RaleighNorth CarolinaUSASearch for more papers by this authorEllison Bentley, Ellison Bentley Clinical Associate Professor, Comparative OphthalmologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin USASearch for more papers by this author Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. Gilger Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University RaleighNorth CarolinaUSASearch for more papers by this authorEllison Bentley, Ellison Bentley Clinical Associate Professor, Comparative OphthalmologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 August 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1 http://www.evolvefish.com . Google Scholar 2 Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM et al . Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 71–72. 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Havener WH, Mauger TF. Evaluation of therapeutic response. In: Havener's Ocular Pharmacology, 6th edn. (eds TF Mauger, EL Craig) Mosby, St. Louis, 1994; 1–21. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume11, Issue5September/October 2008Pages 279-279 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Bentley, Ellison}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={279–279} }
 @article{mcmullen_clode_pandiri_malarkey_michau_gilger_2008, title={Epibulbar melanoma in a foal}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Clode, Alison B. and Pandiri, Arun Kumar R. and Malarkey, David E. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={44–50} }
 @article{gilger_2008, title={Equine special edition of veterinary ophthalmology}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00648.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00648.x}, abstractNote={It has been just over three years since my textbook Equine Ophthalmology was published. In the preface to this textbook, I mentioned that the field of equine ophthalmology lagged behind in science compared to that in other species. I was also concerned that clinicians practicing equine ophthalmology did not frequently use specific equine evidence-based information, but instead extensively ‘borrowed’ knowledge from ophthalmology of dog, cats, and humans. In fact, I challenged veterinary ophthalmologists to do research and report their findings on equine ophthalmology so that we will advance this discipline. This equine special edition of Veterinary Ophthalmology demonstrates that we are meeting this challenge. However, much more work is needed regarding characterization of specific equine diseases and the development of effective, safe, and practical treatments. I have asked preeminent veterinary immunologists, Drs Connie Deeg and Andy Matthew, to review the immuno-pathogenesis on two of the most common and vision threatening diseases in horses: equine recurrent uveitis and keratitis. Dr Connie Deeg, from Munich, has reviewed her research and theories on the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis. Andy Matthews, from Scotland, has provided a comprehensive review of the ocular surface immunology and how this information pertains to equine ocular surface disease. Additionally, in this special edition, there are reports on innovative diagnostic procedures [fluorescein angiography (JM Molleda et al.) and orbital MRI imaging (K Barnett et al.)]. We have included reports of innovative treatments, including safety of intravitreal triamcinolone (NY Yi et al.) and use of photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma (E Giuliano et al.). Finally, we have two very interesting and well-described case reports of ocular neoplasms [epibulbar melanoma (R McMullen et al.) and lymphoma (S Germann et al.)]. These articles are a great start, but we need much more research into equine ophthalmology, especially studies that provide information to help in the diagnosis and treatment of equine ocular disease by primary care equine veterinarians. Methods for definitive diagnoses and practical treatment of equine ocular disorders remain elusive, in general. In addition, our understanding of genetic ocular disorders and how to prevent them is also in its infancy. To facilitate and promote equine ophthalmology research, Dr Dennis Brooks and I have organized a group called the International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium (IEOC). The purpose of the IEOC is to advance the science of equine ophthalmology and to improve care of our equine patients. Specifically, the IEOC's goals are to promote the sharing of knowledge by organizing annual international meetings of interested equine ophthalmology clinician scientists; organize controlled multicenter clinical trials/studies among participating institutions and practices; organize and promote sharing of resources to perform multicenter collaborative research projects; develop specific research cores within participating member practices/institutions to attract funding for research and clinical studies from industry, private, and granting organizations (governmental and private); and promote the sharing of case material, innovative treatment, and knowledge between academic institutions and private practices with interest in equine ophthalmology. Recently an AAEP administered list-serve has been created to assist in communications with IEOC. Please see the IEOC website <http://web.mac.com/briangilger/IEOC/Mission.html> or contact me <[email protected]> if you have questions or would like to participate in this group. As an example of the value of such a group, the IEOC participants were recently asked to list their top five ‘problems’ in equine ophthalmology – that is, those diseases needing more research in the coming years. The most frequent disease mentioned was fungal keratitis (67% of responders), equine recurrent uveitis (47%), glaucoma (33%), nonulcerative keratitis (33%), ocular and periocular SCC (20%) and melting corneal ulcers (20%). Although many other diseases were mentioned, study of these six ocular diseases is definitely needed in the near future.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={1–1} }
 @article{gilger_2008, title={Immunology of the Ocular Surface}, volume={38}, ISSN={0195-5616}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.11.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.11.004}, abstractNote={The ocular surface immunity is a remarkable combination of the innate immune and adaptive immune systems, designed to prevent microbial invasion while minimizing damage to delicate ocular tissue. The innate immune system uses a variety of methods to minimize microorganism invasion, including mechanical tissue barriers and production of antimicrobial peptides. Tolerance of normal ocular flora is achieved by the presence of a minimal number of professional antigen presenting cells, immunosuppressive substances in tears, and the strategic intra- and intercellular location of the Toll-like receptors. Autoimmune diseases are common on the ocular surface, and with contributions of environmental and genetic factors, autoantigens are presented to the adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors are the link between the innate and adaptive immune response, and are likely key components of the response of ocular tissue to infectious organisms and in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune disease.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={223–231} }
 @article{gilger_clode_miller_mcmullen_2008, title={Letter to the Editor}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 207-207 Letter to the Editor Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue3May/June 2008Pages 207-207 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian and Clode, Alison and Miller, Tammy and McMullen, Richard}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={207–207} }
 @article{ng_chan_chu_to_gilger_petters_wong_2008, title={Multifocal Electroretinogram in Rhodopsin P347L Transgenic Pigs}, volume={49}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1159}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.07-1159}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
Neural ectopic rewiring in retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may form functional synapses between cones and rod bipolar cells that cause atypical signal processing. In this study, the multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) of a large animal model of RP, the rhodopsin P347L transgenic (Tg) pig, were measured to examine the sources and nature of altered signal processing.


METHODS
mfERG responses from a 6-week-old Tg pig were recorded before and after sequential application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboylic acid (PDA), to identify contributions to the retinal signal from inner retinal neurons, the ON-pathway, the OFF-pathway, and photoreceptors. The mfERG response contributions from different retinal components of in the Tg eyes were estimated and compared with control data from eyes of age-matched wild-type (WT) pigs.


RESULTS
There was a prominent difference in the estimates of the inner retinal response and ON-bipolar cell pathway contribution between the Tg and WT mfERG responses. In particular, the early components of the inner retinal contribution were obviously altered in the Tg mfERG. The inner retinal components at approximately 24 and 40 ms appeared to be inverted. Differences in the estimates of OFF-bipolar cell pathway contributions were minimal. There was no change in cone cell responses in the Tg mfERG.


CONCLUSIONS
In Tg retinas, ectopic synapses formed between cones and rod bipolar cells probably altered signal processing of the ON-bipolar cell pathway. In response to the altered visual signal input from the outer retina, signal processing in inner retinal neurons was also modified.}, number={5}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Ng, Yiu-fai and Chan, Henry H. L. and Chu, Patrick H. W. and To, Chi-ho and Gilger, Brian C. and Petters, Robert M. and Wong, Fulton}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={2208} }
 @article{yi_davis_salmon_gilger_2008, title={Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yi, N. Y. and Davis, J. L. and Salmon, J. H. and Gilger, B. C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={15–19} }
 @article{douglas_yi_davis_salmon_gilger_2008, title={Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x}, abstractNote={ In vitro photosensitivity of rapamycin (RAPA) and ocular toxicity and distribution of intravitreal and subconjunctival RAPA was evaluated in normal horses. RAPA (2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg) was placed in 10 mL of PBS and maintained in a water bath at 37 °C, kept in the dark or subjected to room light, and sampled for up to 3 months for RAPA levels. Six normal adult horses received either 5 mg (n = 2) or 10 mg (n = 2) of RAPA intravitreally or 10 mg (n = 2) subconjunctivally. Ophthalmic exams and electroretinography (ERG) were performed prior to injection and on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 post‐injection. Eyes were enucleated and samples were collected for RAPA concentrations and histopathology. No difference in light vs. dark RAPA concentrations was observed, suggesting a lack of RAPA phototoxicity. No evidence of ocular toxicity was noted on ophthalmic examination or histopathology. RAPA was not detected intraocularly 7 days post‐injection in eyes receiving subconjunctival RAPA, but was detected in the vitreous at 21 days post‐injection. Drug could be detected in both the aqueous and vitreous humor after intravitreal injection. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of intravitreal RAPA.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Douglas, L. C. and Yi, N. Y. and Davis, J. L. and Salmon, J. H. and Gilger, B. C.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={511–516} }
 @article{chu_chan_ng_brown_siu_beale_gilger_wong_2008, title={Porcine global flash multifocal electroretinogram: Possible mechanisms for the glaucomatous changes in contrast response function}, volume={48}, ISSN={0042-6989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.006}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the cellular contributions to the porcine global flash mfERG by using a pharmacologic dissection method, together with the method using variation of stimulus contrast which has been used to demonstrate mfERG changes in human glaucoma.Global flash mfERGs with different stimulus-contrast settings (99%, 65%, 49% or 29%) were recorded from 14 eyes of ten 6-week-old Yorkshire pigs in control conditions and after suppression of inner retinal responses with inhalation of isoflurance (ISO), and injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA). ON- and OFF-pathway responses were isolated by injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboylic acid (PDA).The porcine global flash mfERG consisted of an early direct component (DC) and a late induced component (IC). ISO and TTX removed inner retinal contributions to the IC; NMDA application further abolished the oscillatory wavelets in the DC and removed the residual IC waveform. The inner retina contributed regular oscillation-like wavelets (W1, W2 and W3) to the DC and shaped the IC. After removing the inner retinal contributions, the porcine global flash mfERG waveform becomes comparable to that obtained with conventional mfERG stimulation. The remaining waveform (smoothed DC) was mainly contributed by the ON- and OFF-bipolar cells as revealed after APB or PDA injection. Photoreceptors contributed a small signal to the leading edge of N1. The characteristic of contrast response function of DC was demonstrated to be contributed by the inner retinal oscillation-like wavelets.We believe that the DC of the porcine global flash mfERG is mainly composed of contributions from photoreceptors, and ON- and OFF-bipolar cells, where inner retinal activity partially shaped the DC with superimposed regular wavelets. However, the IC is dominated by inner retinal activity. The contrast response functions of DC consisted of both outer retinal response and oscillation-like wavelets of the inner retinal response. Both contain different characteristics during contrast modulation of the stimulus, where the changes of W2 of the inner retinal response seem independent of contrast modulation. The DC contrast response feature depends mainly on the relative contribution of inner retinal activities; the loss of inner retinal cells may alter the DC contrast response function, making it tend toward linearity.}, number={16}, journal={Vision Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chu, Patrick H.W. and Chan, Henry H.L. and Ng, Yiu-fai and Brown, Brian and Siu, Andrew W. and Beale, Brady A. and Gilger, Brian C. and Wong, Fulton}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={1726–1734} }
 @article{gilger_salmon_yi_barden_chandler_wendt_colitz_2008, title={Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States}, volume={69}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Yi, Na Y. and Barden, Curtis A. and Chandler, Heather L. and Wendt, Jennifer A. and Colitz, Carmen M. H.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1329–1335} }
 @article{lee_kim_wang_bungay_gilger_yuan_kim_csaky_robinson_2007, title={A Pharmacokinetic and Safety Evaluation of an Episcleral Cyclosporine Implant for Potential Use in High-Risk Keratoplasty Rejection}, volume={48}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0985}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.06-0985}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the short and long-term pharmacokinetics and assess the toxicity of a cyclosporine (CsA) episcleral implant for the prevention of high-risk keratoplasty rejection.


METHODS
CsA episcleral implants were made with a high (implant A) or low (implant B) release rate, and in vitro release rates were performed. Short-term pharmacokinetics were performed in rabbits using implant B, and the spatial and temporal spread of drug was observed by sampling from multiple corneal and conjunctival sites at 3 and 72 hours. Implant A was used in long-term pharmacokinetic studies in dogs aged more than 1 year. An ocular toxicity study was performed in dogs older than 1 year.


RESULTS
A high release rate was observed with both implants over the initial 5 months followed by a steady state release. The cumulative release over the 400-day assay period from implants A and B was 3.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg, respectively. In the short-term pharmacokinetic studies, the cornea had CsA concentrations of 0.15 +/- 0.06, 0.07 +/- 0.02, and 0.05 +/- 0.02 microg/mg at sites centered 8, 13, and 18 mm away from the implant site, respectively. In the long-term pharmacokinetic studies, corneal CsA levels ranged from 0.18 +/- 0.06 to 0.009 +/- 0.004 microg/mg during the 1-year study. There were no signs of ocular toxicity at 1 year.


CONCLUSIONS
Episcleral implants are safe and effective at delivering therapeutic CsA levels to the cornea to potentially prevent corneal allograft rejection. The implant can be surgically inserted at the time of penetrating keratoplasties, since the implant achieves therapeutic levels as early as 3 hours.}, number={5}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Lee, Susan S. and Kim, Hyuncheol and Wang, Nam Sun and Bungay, Peter M. and Gilger, Brian C. and Yuan, Peng and Kim, Jonghyeon and Csaky, Karl G. and Robinson, Michael R.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={2023} }
 @inbook{gilger_2007, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={4th}, title={Corneal diseases and surgery}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N.Editor}, year={2007} }
 @article{ng_chan_chu_siu_to_beale_gilger_wong_2007, title={Pharmacologically defined components of the normal porcine multifocal ERG}, volume={116}, ISSN={0012-4486 1573-2622}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9076-7}, DOI={10.1007/s10633-007-9076-7}, abstractNote={Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) from isoflurane anesthetized pigs were recorded and sequential application of TTX, NMDA, APB and PDA were used to identify contributions to the mfERG from inner retinal neurons, ON-pathway, OFF-pathway and photoreceptors. The cellular origins of the first-order kernel (K1) and the first slice of the second-order kernel (K2.1) porcine mfERG are contributed from both inner and outer retina. For the K1 waveform, the n1 involved responses of cone photoreceptors and OFF-bipolar cells. The leading edge of p1 is dominated by ON-bipolar cell depolarization. The rear edge of p1, n2 and p2 are dominated by ON-bipolar activities and shaped by the activities of OFF-bipolar cells and retinal cells with NMDAr and voltage-gated sodium channels other than ganglion cells. The p3 is mainly inner retinal activities. For the K2.1 waveform, the p1 and n1 are the summation of activities of ON-, OFF-bipolar cells and retinal cells rich in NMDAr and voltage-gated sodium channels other than ganglion cells. The p2 seems to be related to the ganglion cells. Better understanding of the cellular origins of the normal porcine mfERG will be useful for comparing and defining the functional changes that may occur in diseased retinas.}, number={3}, journal={Documenta Ophthalmologica}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ng, Yiu-fai and Chan, Henry H. L. and Chu, Patrick H. W. and Siu, Andrew W. and To, Chi-ho and Beale, Brady A. and Gilger, Brian C. and Wong, Fulton}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={165–176} }
 @article{ollivier_gilger_barrie_kallberg_plummer_o?reilly_gelatt_brooks_2007, title={Proteinases of the cornea and preocular tear film}, volume={10}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00546.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00546.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ollivier, F. J. and Gilger, B. C. and Barrie, K. P. and Kallberg, M. E. and Plummer, C. E. and O?Reilly, S. and Gelatt, K. N. and Brooks, D. E.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={199–206} }
 @article{strobel_wilkie_gilger_2007, title={Retinal detachment in horses: 40 cases (1998–2005)}, volume={10}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00574.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00574.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Strobel, Brian W. and Wilkie, David A. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={380–385} }
 @article{gilger_salmon_wilkie_cruysberg_kim_hayat_kim_kim_yuan_lee_et al._2006, title={A Novel Bioerodible Deep Scleral Lamellar Cyclosporine Implant for Uveitis}, volume={47}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-1540}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.05-1540}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of an episcleral or deep scleral lamellar sustained release cyclosporine (CsA) device in a naturally occurring animal model of uveitis.


METHODS
A two-compartment perfusion chamber was used to assess in vitro human and equine scleral permeability of fluorescein, dexamethasone-fluorescein, or CsA. A biodegradable, matrix-reservoir CsA implant was designed, and release rates of CsA were determined in vitro. Tissue CsA levels were measured in eyes with the implant. Horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) received episcleral or deep scleral lamellar CsA implants and were monitored for up to 3 years.


RESULTS
Dexamethasone-fluorescein and CsA penetrated the in vitro equine sclera poorly; however, low but detectable levels of CsA were detected intraocularly in vivo. The implant placed episclerally failed to control inflammatory episodes in ERU. CsA implants placed in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space resulted in high levels of CsA in most ocular tissues. In clinical equine patients with ERU, frequency of uveitic flare-ups was significantly decreased after implantation of a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant.


CONCLUSIONS
Diffusion of CsA across the sclera from the episcleral space was not a feasible method of drug delivery to the equine eye. However, placing a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant adjacent to the suprachoroidal space was effective in achieving therapeutic ocular drug concentrations and controlling uveitis in horses with ERU.}, number={6}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Wilkie, David A. and Cruysberg, Lars P. J. and Kim, Jonghyeon and Hayat, Matt and Kim, Hyuncheol and Kim, Stephanie and Yuan, Peng and Lee, Susan S. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={2596} }
 @article{beale_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Beale, A. Brady and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={335–340} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={296–301} }
 @article{mcmullen_gilger_2006, title={Keratometry, biometry and prediction of intraocular lens power in the equine eye}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00493.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00493.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={357–360} }
 @inbook{gilger_spiess_2006, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={3rd}, title={Surgical management of equine recurrent uveitis}, DOI={10.1016/B1-41-600123-9/50064-4}, booktitle={Equine Surgery}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Spiess, B.M.}, editor={Auer, J.A. and Stick, J.A.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={749–755} }
 @article{acton_beale_gilger_stoskopf_2006, title={Sustained Release Cyclosporine Therapy for Bilateral Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in a Red Wolf (Canis rufus)}, volume={37}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/06-021.1}, DOI={10.1638/06-021.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 12-yr-old intact male red wolf (Canis rufus) diagnosed with bilateral idiopathic dry eye was treated with subconjunctival drug delivery implants designed to release therapeutic levels of cyclosporine from 12–24 mo. Normal tear production and corneal health has been maintained, alleviating the need for daily handling of the animal for topical medication.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Acton, Anne E. and Beale, A. Brady and Gilger, Brian C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={562–564} }
 @article{stoppini_gilger_malarkey_ratto_brigati_2005, title={Bilateral nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis in a horse}, volume={8}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00349.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00349.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stoppini, Riccardo and Gilger, Brian C. and Malarkey, David E. and Ratto, Alessandra and Brigati, Giampiero}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={129–134} }
 @book{gilger_2005, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Equine Ophthalmology}, ISBN={978-0-7216-0522-7}, DOI={10.1016/B0-7216-0522-2/X5001-8}, publisher={Elsevier}, year={2005} }
 @article{dwyer_gilger_2005, title={Equine Recurrent Uveitis}, DOI={10.1016/b0-72-160522-2/50010-8}, journal={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Dwyer, Ann and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2005}, pages={285–322} }
 @inbook{gilger_2005, place={Philadelphia, PA}, title={Eyelid and adnexal diseases}, booktitle={Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gilger, B.C.Editor}, year={2005} }
 @article{gilger_michau_salmon_2005, title={Immune-mediated keratitis in horses: 19 cases (1998-2004)}, volume={8}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={233–239} }
 @article{gilger_reeves_salmon_2005, title={Ocular parameters related to drug delivery in the canine and equine eye: aqueous and vitreous humor volume and scleral surface area and thickness}, volume={8}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00401.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00401.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Reeves, Keri-Ann and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={265–269} }
 @article{kim_csaky_gilger_dunn_lee_tremblay_de monasterio_tansey_yuan_bungay_et al._2005, title={Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Episcleral Cyclosporine Implant for Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease}, volume={46}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-1076}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.04-1076}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To develop a local drug delivery system that provides therapeutic cyclosporine levels to treat lacrimal gland graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.


METHODS
Episcleral cyclosporine implants were manufactured with a silicone-based matrix design, and in vitro release rates were determined. Preclinical evaluation included toxicology (clinical examination, serial electroretinography, and histopathology) in normal rabbits and dogs, pharmacokinetics in normal rabbits, and pharmacodynamics in a canine model of aqueous tear deficiency and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.


RESULTS
The cyclosporine implants showed sustained release of drug over time with in vitro assays. Histopathology showed normal ocular tissues in both dogs and rabbits 6 months after implantation. The cyclosporine implant produced lacrimal gland drug levels 1 to 2 log units higher than those reported with a variety of topical cyclosporine formulations and oral administration. The cyclosporine implant was effective in a canine model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with all animals able to discontinue topical cyclosporine and maintain normal Schirmer scores over a 6-month follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
This preclinical evaluation showed that the episcleral cyclosporine implant was safe, delivered potentially therapeutic cyclosporine levels to the lacrimal gland, and showed efficacy in a clinically relevant model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The episcleral cyclosporine implant shows promise in reducing the morbidity associated with lacrimal gland graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, continuous release of cyclosporine in the subconjunctival space with the episcleral implant was an effective means of delivering drug to the ocular surface and may have potential in treating other ocular inflammatory diseases.}, number={2}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Kim, Hyuncheol and Csaky, Karl G. and Gilger, Brian C. and Dunn, James P. and Lee, Susan S. and Tremblay, Marcus and de Monasterio, Francisco and Tansey, Ginger and Yuan, Peng and Bungay, Peter M. and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={655} }
 @article{bakal_hickson_gilger_levy_flowers_khoo_2005, title={Surgical Removal of Cataracts Due to Diplostomum Species in Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)}, volume={36}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/04-044.1}, DOI={10.1638/04-044.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Twenty 6-yr-old (1995-yr-class) Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) were diagnosed as having bilateral cataracts. Histopathologic assessment of the lenses of two of the fish revealed the presence of a diplostomid trematode. Pharmacological treatment of the trematodes may be effective for killing the parasites, but the damage to the lenses and resulting cataracts are nonreversible. Because these animals were to be used in a subsequent study as sentinels in the natural environment, it was necessary to return the animals' vision to as close to normal as possible. Electroretinograms were performed on each fish's eyes to ensure that retinal function was present. Cataracts then were surgically removed by phacoemulsification and aspiration. The animals tolerated the surgical procedures well. This report is the first known report of surgical correction of cataracts in sturgeon species. It also is the first known attempt to correct vision problems in fish being returned to the wild.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Bakal, Robert S. and Hickson, Brian H. and Gilger, Brian C. and Levy, Michael G. and Flowers, James R. and Khoo, Lester}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={504–508} }
 @article{michau_gilger_2004, title={Cosmetic globe surgery in the horse}, volume={20}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.001}, abstractNote={Effects of traumatic injury or inflammation on the equine eye can be catastrophic. These ocular conditions can frequently result in blindness or chronic pain. In addition to blindness and pain, permanent unsightly cosmetic defects can occur. This article addresses options available for improved cosmetic outcome in horses with ocular scars or requiring enucleation. Many of these options have been described in detail previously. New information has been added to the discussion of each option where pertinent.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={467–484} }
 @article{wilkie_gilger_2004, title={Equine glaucoma}, volume={20}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.002}, abstractNote={Glaucoma is a diverse group of vision-impairing disorders that have as a common bond an elevation of intraocular pressure(IOP) to a level incompatible with the health of the eye. Glaucoma can be congenital, primary, or secondary. Congenital equine glaucoma is associated with developmental abnormalities of the iridocorneal angle or, in many cases, with the more severe anterior segment dysgenesis.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wilkie, David A and Gilger, Brian C}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={381–391} }
 @article{gilger_michau_2004, title={Equine recurrent uveitis: new methods of management}, volume={20}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2004.04.010}, abstractNote={Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls. Among the 2362 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, we found 96 proteins with significantly changed abundance between groups (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2), representing 4.1% of total granulocyte proteome. Within these differential identifications, calgranulin B, a protein associated with pathogenesis in other autoimmune diseases, showed highest abundance in equine recurrent uveitis (18 fold).For a better interpretation of the results from our hypothesis-generating approach, we added a threshold for biological significance (ratio ERU/controls >2: 36 proteins) to the proteins with increased abundance in equine recurrent uveitis and analyzed their allocation to the subsets within the Immune System superpathway. The 36 differentially abundant proteins predominantly associated to RAF/MAP kinase cascade, MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, suggesting a latently activated phenotype of these innate immune cells in disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.Our study provides new insights into the protein repertoire of primary equine granulocytes and identifies protein abundance changes associated to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ specific, spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. We show that granulocyte proteins with increased abundance in ERU strongly associate to RAF/MAP kinase signaling, MHC-I antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, pointing to a more activated state of these cells in ERU cases. Since cells were obtained in quiescent stage of disease, latent activation of granulocytes underlines the role of these innate immune cells in ERU.These findings are highly relevant for veterinary medicine, further establishing the importance of granulocytes in this T cell-driven autoimmune disease. Moreover, they have translational quality for autoimmune uveitis in man, due to strong similarity in disease occurrence, progression and pathogenesis.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, Brian C and Michau, Tammy Miller}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={417–427} }
 @inbook{gilger_2004, title={Laser Applications in Equine Ophthalmology}, publisher={Equine Laser Applications}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Sullins, K.Editor}, year={2004} }
 @article{davis_gilger_robinson_2004, title={Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics}, author={Davis, J. L. and Gilger, B. C. and Robinson, M. R.}, year={2004}, pages={195–205} }
 @article{michau_breitschwerdt_gilger_davidson_2003, title={Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffi as a possible cause of anterior uveitis and choroiditis in a dog}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00310.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Breitschwerdt, EB and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={299–304} }
 @article{gilger_2003, title={Equine Recurrent Uveitis}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-7216-9540-2.50145-6}, journal={Current Therapy in Equine Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={GILGER, B}, year={2003}, pages={468–473} }
 @inbook{gilger_2003, place={Philadelphia, PA}, edition={5th edition}, title={Equine Recurrent Uveitis}, booktitle={Current Therapy in Equine Medicine}, publisher={Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Robinson, N.R.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={468–473} }
 @article{michau_proulx_rushton_olivry_dunston_gilger_davidson_2003, title={Intraocular extramedullary plasmacytoma in a cat}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037629973&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00277.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Proulx, DR and Rushton, SD and Olivry, T and Dunston, SM and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={177–181} }
 @article{michau_schwabenton_davidson_gilger_2003, title={Superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in horses: 23 cases (1989-2003)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00309.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Michau, TM and Schwabenton, B and Davidson, MG and Gilger, BC}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={291–297} }
 @article{davis_stewart_brazik_gilger_2003, title={The effect of topical administration of atropine sulfate on the normal equine pupil: influence of age, breed and gender}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00315.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Davis, JL and Stewart, T and Brazik, E and Gilger, BC}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={329–332} }
 @article{pizzirani_davidson_gilger_2003, title={Transpupillary diode laser retinopexy in dogs: ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiographic and histopathologic study}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00299.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Pizzirani, S and Davidson, AG and Gilger, BC}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={227–235} }
 @article{gilger_pizzirani_johnston_urdiales_2003, title={Use of a hydroxyapatite orbital implant in a cosmetic corneoscleral prosthesis after enucleation in a horse}, volume={222}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.343}, abstractNote={A hydroxyapatite orbital implant was used after enucleation of an eye from a 5-year-old performance horse. A custom-made corneoscleral prosthesis was made and fitted over the hydroxyapatite implant. The implant and surgery were well tolerated. Placement of a cosmetic prosthesis is desired after enucleation of equine eyes to allow horses to return to competition. Synthetic spheres consisting of methylmethacrylate or silicone have been used, although reported complications have included extrusion, infection, and poor cosmetic results. Hydroxyapatite orbital implants made from marine coral allow vascular and fibrous tissue growth from the host orbit into the implant, which decreases the possibility of implant extrusion or infection and allows enhanced healing of defects in the overlying conjunctiva. Extraocular muscle fixation onto the implant permits motility and assists in the prevention of implant extrusion.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gilger, BC and Pizzirani, S and Johnston, LC and Urdiales, NR}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={343–345} }
 @article{michau_gilger_maggio_davidson_2003, title={Use of thermokeratoplasty for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease in dogs: 13 cases (1994-2001)}, volume={222}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.607}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Michau, TM and Gilger, BC and Maggio, F and Davidson, MG}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={607–612} }
 @article{colitz_davidson_gilger_2002, title={Bilateral proliferative keratitis in a Domestic Long-haired cat}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00221.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Colitz, CMH and Davidson, MG and Gilger, BC}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={137–140} }
 @article{massa_gilger_miller_davidson_2002, title={Causes of uveitis in dogs: 102 cases (1989-2000)}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00217.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Massa, KL and Gilger, BC and Miller, TL and Davidson, MG}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={93–98} }
 @article{gilger_yang_salmon_jaffe_allen_2002, title={Expression of a chemokine by ciliary body epithelium in horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis and in cultured ciliary body epithelial cells}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.942}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gilger, BC and Yang, P and Salmon, JH and Jaffe, GJ and Allen, JB}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={942–947} }
 @article{davis_gilger_spaulding_robertson_jones_2002, title={Nasal adenocarcinoma with diffuse metastases involving the orbit, cerebrum, and multiple cranial nerves in a horse}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12458617}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.1460}, abstractNote={A 9-year-old Trakehner gelding was examined because of right exophthalmus. Clinical findings included a lack of menace response in the right eye, reduced direct and consensual right pupillary light reflexes, ventrolateral strabismus of the right eye, mild right-sided facial asymmetry, a head tilt to the left, and increased extensor tone in the right limbs. Findings were suggestive of a multifocal lesion affecting the right forebrain; right optic, oculomotor, and facial nerves; and left vestibulocochlear nerve. Ultrasonographic examination of the right eye revealed a vascular retrobulbar mass. Computed tomographic imaging revealed a mass that filled the nasal cavity and invaded the forebrain. Necropsy revealed an undifferentiated nasal adenocarcinoma affecting the orbit with metastases to the right parotid gland, cranial cervical lymph nodes, fascial planes of the neck, and lungs. No evidence of direct involvement of the right facial and left vestibulocochlear nerves was found, suggesting the possibility of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Davis, JL and Gilger, BC and Spaulding, K and Robertson, ID and Jones, SL}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1460–1463} }
 @inbook{gilger_2002, edition={3rd}, title={The lens}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Slatter, D.Editor}, year={2002} }
 @article{jurk_thibodeau_whitney_gilger_davidson_2001, title={Acute vision loss after general anesthesia in a cat}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2001.00170.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Jurk, IR and Thibodeau, MS and Whitney, K and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={155–158} }
 @inbook{gilger_2001, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={2nd}, title={Cherry eye}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={969} }
 @inbook{gilger_2001, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={2nd}, title={Epiphora}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={62–63} }
 @inbook{gilger_2001, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={2nd}, title={Third eyelid, protruding}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={166–167} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_davidson_allen_2001, title={Use of an intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine delivery device for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1892}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gilger, BC and Wilkie, DA and Davidson, MG and Allen, JB}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={1892–1896} }
 @inbook{gilger_2000, place={Philadelphia}, title={Canine conjunctivitis}, booktitle={Kirk's Veterinary Therapy XIII}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Bonagura, J.Editor}, year={2000} }
 @article{gilger_malok_stewart_horohov_ashton_smith_jaffe_allen_2000, title={Effect of an intravitreal cyclosporine implant on experimental uveitis in horses}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00219-1}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an intravitreal device releasing cyclosporine A (CsA) on recurrent inflammatory episodes in experimental uveitis. Nine normal horses were immunized peripherally with H37RA-mTB antigen twice, and then received 25 microg of H37RA-mTB antigen intravitreally in the right eye and an equal volume of balanced salt solution intravitreally in the left eye. Two weeks later, the animals randomly received either a CsA or a polymer implant (without CsA) in both eyes 1 week following implantation of the devices, 25 microg of H37RA-mTB antigen was reinjected into the right eye of each animal. Clinical signs of ophthalmic inflammation were graded following injections and implantation. The animals from each group were euthanized at 3, 14, and 28 days following the second injection. Aqueous and vitreous humor protein concentrations were measured. The presence, number, and type (CD4, 5 and 8) of infiltrating inflammatory cells and amount of tissue destruction were determined. Total RNA was isolated and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed for equine specific interleukin (IL) 2 and 4, interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and beta-actin. In addition, aqueous and vitreous humor and peripheral blood were collected at the termination of the experiments and analyzed for CsA concentration by HPLC. Within 4h of the first intravitreal H37RA-mTB antigen injection, each animal developed epiphora, blepharospasm, mild corneal edema, aqueous flare, myosis, and vitreous opacity. The severity of signs peaked 48 to 72 h after injection and subsequently decreased back to normal within 14 days. Following the second injection, clinical signs in the eyes with the CsA device were less severe and significantly shorter in duration than signs with the polymer only implant eyes. Aqueous and vitreous humor protein levels, infiltrating cell numbers, total number of T-lymphocytes, and levels of IL-2 and IFN gamma-mRNA were significantly less in eyes with the CsA implant compared to eyes with the polymer only. CsA implants did not completely eliminate the development of a second ('recurrent') experimental inflammatory episode in these horses. However, the duration and severity of inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue destruction, and pro-inflammatory cytokines RNA transcript levels were significantly less in those eyes implanted with the CsA device.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Gilger, BC and Malok, E and Stewart, T and Horohov, D and Ashton, P and Smith, T and Jaffe, GJ and Allen, JB}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={239–255} }
 @article{van der woerdt_wilkie_gilger_strauch_orczeck_2000, title={Effect of single- and multiple-dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses}, volume={3}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00126.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00126.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of single and multiple-dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size between 8 AM and 8 PM. Animals Nine female horses with normotensive eyes. Procedure IOP, horizontal and vertical pupil size were measured on a single day, between 8 AM and 8 PM at hours 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. A single dose of 0.5% timolol maleate was applied to both eyes immediately after the first measurement at 8 AM. IOP and pupil size were measured at 8 AM and 4 PM in a 5-day experiment of twice-daily application of 0.5% timolol maleate. RESULTS: A significant decrease in IOP from 24.9 +/- 4.2 mmHg prior to application of timolol maleate to 20.7 +/- 3.1 mmHg (4.2 mmHg = 17%) was observed 8 h after single-dose application. A significant decrease in horizontal pupil size (2.0 mm = 11%) was present 6 h after single-dose application. In the multiple-dose experiment, a significant decrease in IOP was present on days 4 and 5 as compared to IOP measured prior to application of timolol maleate. A significant decrease in horizontal and vertical pupil size was present throughout the 5-day study as compared to the values obtained prior to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: 0.5% timolol maleate significantly decreased IOP and pupil size in normo-tensive eyes of this group of female horses in both single and multiple twice daily applications.}, number={2-3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Van Der Woerdt, A and Wilkie, DA and Gilger, BC and Strauch, SM and Orczeck, SM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={165–168} }
 @article{gilger_malok_stewart_ashton_smith_jaffe_allen_2000, title={Long-term effect on the equine eye of an intravitreal device used for sustained release of cyclosporine A}, volume={3}, ISBN={1463-5216}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00117.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term toxicity of an intravitreal device releasing continuous cyclosporinee A (CsA) in normal eyes of horses by evaluating clinical signs, electroretinography, and histopathology. Animals Studied Ten adult horses with normal ophthalmic examinations were used in this study Procedure(s) Four horses had one eye implanted with a CsA device, and six horses had the right eye implanted with a CsA-containing device (10 eyes with CsA in total) and the left eye (six eyes in total) with the device without drug (control). The implants were placed in the vitreous of the eyes through a sclerotomy 1 cm posterior to the limbus in the dorso-temporal quadrant of the eye. Scotopic electroretinograms were performed prior to implantation and at 1 week, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postimplantation. Two of the unilaterally implanted horses were euthanized at 1 weeks postimplantation, and two at 6 weeks postimplantation. Two of the bilaterally implanted horses were euthanized at 6 months, two at 9 months, and two at 12 months postimplantation. At euthanasia, the eyes were removed, aqueous and vitreous humor aspirated, and tissues fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathology. CsA concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography in the aqueous and vitreous humors, and in peripheral blood. RESULTS: The devices were tolerated well in 14 of 16 eyes. There was minimal postoperative inflammation in most eyes, with a normal appearance within 7 days. In two eyes implanted with the CsA device, severe inflammation resulted in phthisis bulbi by 28 days. One of these eyes exhibited suspected bacterial endophthalmitis, and one had a sterile endophthalmitis and cataract presumably from trauma to the lens during implantation. In the other 14 eyes, no change was observed in the scotopic electroretinograms (ERG) from preoperative results, and no significant differences between the right (CsA) and left (control device) eyes were observed. CsA levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor, and peripheral blood were below the detection limit of the HPLC. Histologic findings revealed only a mild lymphoplasmacytic cellular infiltrate in the ciliary body and pars plana near the implantation site. CONCLUSIONS: The CsA devices were well tolerated with no long-term complications from the implants themselves. However, complications may occur from inadvertent implantation trauma or contamination during surgery. The long-term safety of the device may make it useful for delivery of CsA in the control of equine recurrent uveitis.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Gilger, Brian and Malok, E. and Stewart, T. and Ashton, P. and Smith, T. and Jaffe, G. J. and Allen, J. B.}, year={2000}, pages={105} }
 @article{maggio_defrancesco_atkins_pizzirani_gilger_davidson_2000, title={Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985-1998)}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.695}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Maggio, F and DeFrancesco, TC and Atkins, CE and Pizzirani, S and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={695–702} }
 @inbook{gilger_2000, place={Philadelphia}, title={Ocular manifestations of systemic disease}, booktitle={Kirk's Veterinary Therapy XIII}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Bonagura, J.Editor}, year={2000} }
 @article{colitz_gilger_davidson_ross_2000, title={Orbital fibroma in a horse}, volume={3}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00131.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00131.x}, abstractNote={An 11-year-old American Quarterhorse gelding presented for moderate periorbital swelling and exophthalmia of the left eye. The menace response, and direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes were absent in the left eye. Conjunctival hyperemia, blepharedema, a mydriatic pupil, resistance to retropulsion, and an increased intraocular pressure were present. A soft-tissue mass could be palpated in the left retrobulbar space by pressing onto the orbit over the supraorbital fossa. Incomplete surgical resection of the mass was performed and histopathologic evaluation was consistent with a fibroma. Normal pupillary light reflexes and vision returned following surgery. The mass has not recurred 14 months after surgery.}, number={2-3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Colitz, C.M. and Gilger, B.C. and Davidson, C.P. and Ross, M.G.}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={213–216} }
 @article{gookin_riviere_gilger_papich_1999, title={Acute renal failure in four cats treated with paromomycin}, volume={215}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Riviere, J. E. and Gilger, B. C. and Papich, M. G.}, year={1999}, pages={1821–1823} }
 @article{cassotis_dubielzig_gilger_davidson_1999, title={Angioinvasive pulmonary carcinoma with posterior segment metastasis in four cats}, volume={2}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.1999.00068.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.1999.00068.x}, abstractNote={The objective of the research was to characterize the clinical, fluorescein angiographic, pathologic and microscopic features of feline pulmonary carcinoma with ocular metastasis that resulted in ischemic chorioretinopathy. Four cats with confirmed or presumed primary pulmonary neoplasia with posterior segment metastasis were studied. The medical records from four cats with a diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma and intraocular metastasis were reviewed. Physical and ophthalmic examinations and thoracic radiographs were performed in all cases, and fluorescein angiography was performed in two cases. Classification of the neoplasms was determined by fine‐needle aspiration and biopsies of peripheral metastatic lesions, and/or complete necropsies. All four cases had unilateral or bilateral blindness and ophthalmoscopic lesions characterized by a wedge‐shaped, tan discoloration in the tapetal fundus, variable but mild serous exudation under the retina, and profoundly attenuated retinal vasculature. Painful swelling and necrosis of the distal extremities and/or mass lesions in the appendicular musculature were also present. Clinical findings, along with microscopic findings from biopsy specimens or complete postmortem examination, documented widespread metastasis of variably differentiated, neoplastic, columnar epithelial cells presumed to be of bronchial origin. Tumor cells were predominately located within the systemic vasculature, consistent with classification of angioinvasive pulmonary carcinoma. Fluorescein angiographic and histopathologic findings in the affected globes suggested that the posterior segment lesions resulted from invasion and growth of neoplastic cells within the chorioretinal vasculature, resulting in secondary ischemic necrosis of the retina and choroid. Ischemic chorioretinopathy and necrosis of the distal extremities, associated with primary bronchogenic carcinoma, appear to be a unique neoplastic syndrome in the domestic cat.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cassotis, N.J. and Dubielzig, R.R. and Gilger, B.C. and Davidson, M.G.}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={125–131} }
 @article{gilger_malok_cutter_stewart_horohov_allen_1999, title={Characterization of T-lymphocytes in the anterior uvea of eyes with chronic equine recurrent uveitis}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00082-3}, abstractNote={Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a chronic, recurrent inflammation primarily of the anterior uveal tract, is the most common cause of blindness in horses. Recently, T-lymphocytes have been found to be the most numerous cell type to infiltrate the anterior uveal of horses with ERU. In the present study, we characterized the T-lymphocyte population in the anterior uveal tract of eyes of horses with chronic ERU by evaluating the microscopic appearance (histopathologic features), the T-lymphocyte subsets, and the relative levels and amounts of T-lymphocyte cytokine mRNA in the anterior uvea. Seven inflamed eyes (from six horses with chronic ERU) and 5 normal eyes (from five horses with nonocular problems) were studied. After clinical examination, the eyes were removed, ocular fluids were aspirated, and anterior uveal tissues (iris and ciliary body) were processed for histologic and molecular (RNA isolation) analyses. Histologic examination by hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining and immunohistochemistry evaluating T-lymphocyte subsets (anti-CD4, CD8, CD5) were performed for each sample. RNA samples were analyzed for levels of messenger (m) RNA specific for interleukin (IL)-2, 4, and interferon-γ (IFNγ) by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Eyes with ERU exhibited characteristic clinical signs, including corneal edema, aqueous flare, posterior synechia, corpora nigra degeneration, and cataract formation. Histologically, infiltration of the uveal tract with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages was most evident in the ciliary body and base of the iris. Loss of tissue structure (destruction) was most evident in the ciliary processes. Infiltrating lymphocytes were predominantly CD4+ T-cells (e.g. 48% CD4+ and 18% CD8+ in the ciliary body stroma), as determined by immunohistochemistry. Few inflammatory cells were observed in the normal eyes. The QRT-PCR results revealed increased transcription of IL-2 and IFNγ and low IL-4 mRNA expression in eyes with chronic ERU compared to normal eyes, demonstrating a Thelper (Th) 1-like inflammatory response in eyes with ERU.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Gilger, BC and Malok, E and Cutter, KV and Stewart, T and Horohov, DW and Allen, JB}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={17–28} }
 @inbook{whitley_gilger_1999, place={Philadelphia}, edition={3rd}, title={Diseases of the canine cornea and sclera}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Whitley, R.D. and Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N.Editor}, year={1999}, pages={635–673} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_papich_hegarty_gilger_hancock_davidson_1999, title={Efficacy of Doxycycline, Azithromycin, or Trovafloxacin for Treatment of Experimental Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs}, volume={43}, ISSN={0066-4804 1098-6596}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.4.813}, DOI={10.1128/aac.43.4.813}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Papich, M. G. and Hegarty, B. C. and Gilger, B. and Hancock, S. I. and Davidson, M. G.}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={813–821} }
 @inbook{colitz_gilger_1999, place={Philadelphia, W.B}, edition={4th}, title={Food Animal Ocular Neoplasia.}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Saunders, Inc}, author={Colitz, C.M.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Howard, J.L. and Smith, R.A.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @article{gilger_rose_davidson_roberts_miller_1999, title={Low-Dose Oral Administration of Interferon-alpha for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Dogs}, volume={19}, ISSN={1079-9907 1557-7465}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107999099313433}, DOI={10.1089/107999099313433}, abstractNote={This preliminary study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and dosage of oral use of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of naturally occurring, immune-mediated, canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Dogs with chronic immune-mediated KCS were selected from the two clinic populations. All medication, except topical artificial tears, was discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to beginning the clinical trial. IFN-alpha was administered orally once daily to the dogs by their owners as the sole therapy for the KCS. Examinations of the dogs were performed every 2 weeks for the duration of the trial (12 weeks). Each dog was given either two or three separate, escalating doses (20, 40, 80 IU of the IFN-alpha. A favorable response was observed in 55% (11/20) of all dogs treated. Clinical findings of those dogs that responded included increased wetting of the eyes, decreased mucus discharge, and fewer signs of discomfort. There was a nearly significant difference (p = 0.08) in pretreatment mean Schirmer's tear test (STT) between the dogs that responded (6.4 +/- SEM 0.62 mm/min) and those that did not respond (4.7 +/- SEM 0.69 mm/min) to the orally administered IFN-alpha. Seven of 11 dogs with favorable outcomes had an increased STT of at least 5 mm/min after treatment with oral IFN-alpha and the group had a post-treatment STT (10.5 +/- SEM 1.4 mm/min) significantly greater than baseline (p = 0.0004). The post-treatment STT of the dogs that did respond was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than the post-treatment mean STT of dogs that did not respond. All dogs that responded did so with the 20 or 40 IU dose of IFN-alpha. No side effects were noted and all dogs tolerated the treatment well.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Rose, Patricia D. and Davidson, Michael G. and Roberts, Steven M. and Miller, Thomas}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={901–905} }
 @inbook{gilger_whitley_1999, place={Philadelphia}, edition={3rd}, title={Surgery of the cornea and sclera}, booktitle={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D.}, editor={Gelatt, K.N.Editor}, year={1999}, pages={675–700} }
 @article{gilger_allen_1998, title={Cyclosporine A in Veterinary Ophthalmology}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.1998.00039.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 1, Issue 4 p. 181-187 Cyclosporine A in veterinary ophthalmology Gilger, Gilger The Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author Allen, Allen The Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author Gilger, Gilger The Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author Allen, Allen The Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.1998.00039.xCitations: 14 Brian C.Gilger Tel.: (919) 513–6239 Fax: (919) 513–6336 e-mail: Brian_Gilger@ncsu.edu Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1, Issue4 December 1998Pages 181-187 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Allen, J.B.}, year={1998}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{gilger_davidson_colitz_1998, title={Experimental implantation of posterior chamber prototype intraocular lenses for the feline eye}, volume={59}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Davidson, M. G. and Colitz, C. M. H.}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1339–1343} }
 @article{gilger_davidson_howard_1998, title={Keratometry, ultrasonic biometry, and prediction of intraocular lens power in the feline eye}, volume={59}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Davidson, M. G. and Howard, P. B.}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={131–134} }
 @article{van der woerdt_gilger_wilkie_strauch_orczeck_1998, title={Normal variation in, and effect of 2% pilocarpine on, intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses}, volume={59}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={van der Woerdt, A and Gilger, BC and Wilkie, DA and Strauch, SM and Orczeck, SM}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1459–1462} }
 @article{davidson_geoly_gilger_mclellan_whitley_1998, title={Retinal degeneration associated with vitamin E deficiency in hunting dogs}, volume={213}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Davidson, M. G. and Geoly, F. J. and Gilger, B. C. and McLellan, G. J. and Whitley, W.}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={645–651} }
 @inbook{gilger_1997, place={Baltimore, MD}, title={Cherry eye}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={969} }
 @inbook{gilger_1997, place={Baltimore, MD}, title={Epiphora}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={62–63} }
 @article{gilger_davidson_nadelstein_nasisse_1997, title={Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser treatment of cystic granula iridica in horses: Eight cases (1988–1996)}, volume={211}, DOI={10.2460/javma.1997.211.03.341}, abstractNote={Objective—
To determine clinical features of cystic granula indica in horses and outcome of horses treated with an ophthalmic neodymlum:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser.
}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Davidson, M.D. and Nadelstein, B. and Nasisse, M.P.}, year={1997}, pages={341–343} }
 @article{gilger_1997, title={Phacoemulsification - Technology and fundamentals}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(97)50106-9}, abstractNote={The number one rule of phacoemulsification and aspiration cataract surgery is to know your machine. This chapter is designed to help the surgeon who is currently using phacoemulsification, or those who wish to understand more about technique, learn the basics and technology of the various types of phacoemulsification machines. Fluidics, pump design, handpiece mechanics, phacoemulsification needles, and fundamentals of phacoemulsification of cataracts will be reviewed.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, BC}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={1131-&} }
 @article{van der woerdt_wilkie_gilger_smeak_kerpsack_1997, title={Surgical treatment of dacryocystitis caused by cystic dilatation of the nasolacrimal system in three dogs}, volume={211}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={van der Woerdt, A and Wilkie, DA and Gilger, BC and Smeak, DD and Kerpsack, SJ}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={445–447} }
 @inbook{gilger_1997, place={Baltimore, MD}, title={Third eyelid, protruding}, booktitle={The Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Gilger, B.C.}, editor={Tilley, P. and Smith, T.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={166–167} }
 @article{yamagata_wilkie_gilger_1996, title={Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in seven horses}, volume={209}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Yamagata, M. and Wilkie, D.A. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={1283–1286} }
 @article{gilger_andrews_wilkie_lairmore_1996, title={Lymphocyte proliferation and blood drug levels in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca receiving long-term ocular cyclosporine}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary & comparative ophthalmology}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Andrews, J. and Wilkie, D.A. and Lairmore, M.D.}, year={1996}, pages={125–130} }
 @article{van der woerdt_gilger_wilkie_1996, title={Penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cornea in a horse}, volume={208}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={van der Woerdt, A. and Gilger, BC and Wilkie, DA}, year={1996}, month={May}, pages={1692–1694} }
 @article{nadelstein_davidson_gilger_1996, title={Pilot study on diode laser iridotomy in dogs}, volume={6}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary & Comparative ophthalmology}, author={Nadelstein, B. and Davidson, M.G. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={1996}, pages={230–232} }
 @article{woerdt_wilkie_gilger_1996, title={Ulcerative keratitis secondary to single layer repair of a traumatic eyelid laceration in a horse}, volume={18}, number={10}, journal={Equine Practice}, author={Woerdt, A. van der and Wilkie, D.A. and Gilger, B.}, year={1996}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{gilger_andrews_wilkie_wyman_lairmore_1995, title={Cellular immunity in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca before and after treatment with topical 2% cyclosporine}, volume={49}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05471-5}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(95)05471-5}, abstractNote={Peripheral cellular immunity of ten dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) that had not been treated with topical corticosteroids or cyclosporine was evaluated (by use of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays and CD4+CD8+ lymphocyte subset analysis) before and after 1 and 3 months of treatment with topical ocular 2% cyclosporine (CsA). In vitro lymphocyte proliferation and CD4+CD8+ lymphocyte subset analysis was done in eight normal dogs at the 0, 1 and 3 month time periods to use for comparison. There was no significant difference in lymphocyte proliferation or numbers of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes in dogs with KCS and normal dogs prior to CsA treatment. However, by 1 month's time, lymphocyte proliferation had decreased in the CsA-treated Dogs with KCS, and by 3 months there was a significant difference (P<0.0001) from the normal dogs. These results suggest that dogs with KCS may not have altered peripheral cellular immunity and that use of topical 2% cyclosporine for treatment of KCS causes a suppression of lymphocyte proliferation after 1 to 3 months of use.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Andrews, Janice and Wilkie, David A. and Wyman, Milton and Lairmore, Michael D.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={199–208} }
 @article{wyman_gilger_mueller_norris_1995, title={Clinical evaluation of a new Schirmer tear test in the dog}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary & Comparative ophthalmology}, author={Wyman, M. and Gilger, B.C. and Mueller, P. and Norris, K.}, year={1995}, pages={211–214} }
 @article{van der woerdt_gilger_wilkie_strauch_1995, title={Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block and intravenous administration of xylazine on intraocular pressure and corneal thickness in horses}, volume={56}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={van der Woerdt, A and Gilger, BC and Wilkie, DA and Strauch, SM}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={155–158} }
 @article{mclaughlin_ramsey_lindley_gilger_gerding_whitley_1995, title={Intraocular silicone prosthesis implantation in eyes of dogs and a cat with intraocular neoplasia: nine cases (1983-1994)}, volume={207}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={McLaughlin, S.A. and Ramsey, D.T. and Lindley, D.M. and Gilger, B.C. and Gerding, P.A. and Whitley, R.D.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={1441–1443} }
 @article{gilger_hamilton_wilkie_van der woerdt_mclaughlin_whitley_1995, title={Traumatic ocular proptoses in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1980-1993)}, volume={206}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Hamilton, H.L. and Wilkie, D.A. and van der Woerdt, A. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Whitley, R.D.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={1186–1190} }
 @article{whitley_mclaughlin_gilger_1995, title={Update on eye disorders among purebred dogs}, volume={96}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={1995}, pages={574–592} }
 @article{gilger_mclaughlin_smith_1995, title={Uveal malignant melanoma in a duck}, volume={206}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gilger, B.C. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Smith, P.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={1580–1582} }
 @article{pillai_traber_kayden_cox_toivio-kinnucan_wright_braund_whitley_gilger_steiss_et al._1994, title={Concomitant brainstem axonal dystrophy and necrotizing myopathy in vitamin E-deficient rats}, volume={123}, ISSN={0022-510X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(94)90205-4}, DOI={10.1016/0022-510x(94)90205-4}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to simultaneously evaluate in rats the effects of vitamin E depletion on tissue alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) concentrations, electrophysiologic measurements and histopathology. Rats (21-day-old male Wistar) were fed either vitamin E-deficient or supplemented (control) diets (n = 6/group) for 10, 16, and 61 weeks. At these times, electrophysiologic tests (electromyography, spinal and somatosensory evoked potentials, and motor nerve conduction velocity) were performed, the rats were killed and alpha-T concentrations of adipose tissue, sciatic nerve, and cervical and lumbar spinal cord were measured along with histopathologic evaluation of skeletal muscles and the nervous system. By 61 weeks, depletion of alpha-T from adipose tissue and peripheral nerve was more severe (< 1% of controls) than from cervical and lumbar spinal cord (15 and 8% of controls, respectively). Electrophysiologic tests were normal at all times. Histopathologic evaluation at 61 weeks revealed normal peripheral nerve structure, but necrosis of type 1 muscle fibers and increased numbers of spheroids in the gracile and cuneate nuclei. Our results confirm that low alpha-T concentrations in tissues precede histologic changes in peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, pathologic changes associated with vitamin E deficiency occur independently in muscle and nervous tissue of rats.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of the Neurological Sciences}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pillai, S.R. and Traber, M.G. and Kayden, H.J. and Cox, N.R. and Toivio-Kinnucan, M. and Wright, J.C. and Braund, K.G. and Whitley, R.D. and Gilger, Brian and Steiss, Janet E. and et al.}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={64–73} }
 @article{whitley_gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_1994, title={Current concepts in feline ophthalmology II. diseases of the orbit, eyelids, third eyelid, and lacrimal system}, volume={92}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Whitley, R.D. and Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, E.M. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, year={1994}, pages={12–18} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_woerdt_granitz_1994, title={Die anwendung der phakofragmentation und aspiration sowie der introcularlinsenimplantation in der veterinarmedizinischen kataraktchirurgie}, volume={39}, journal={Kleintierpraxis}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Wilkie, D. and Woerdt, A. van der and Granitz, U.}, year={1994}, pages={631–645} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_woerdt_gränitz_1994, title={Erfahrugen mit der implantation von intraokulären silikonprosthesen}, volume={39}, journal={Kleintierpraxis}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Wilkie, D.A. and Woerdt, A. van der and Gränitz, U.}, year={1994}, pages={300–305} }
 @article{hamilton_mclaughlin_whitley_gilger_whitley_1994, title={Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology}, volume={26}, ISSN={0425-1644 2042-3306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04048.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04048.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={6}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hamilton, Holly L. and McLaughlin, Susan A. and Whitley, Elizabeth M. and Gilger, B. C. and Whitley, R. D.}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={448–453} }
 @article{gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_1994, title={Modified Lateral Orbitotomy for Removal of Orbital Neoplasms in Two Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={0161-3499 1532-950X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00443.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00443.x}, abstractNote={A simplified lateral orbitotomy is described that decreases surgical time and lessens tissue dissection, yet maintains the exposure to the orbit provided by other orbitotomy techniques. The approach involves cutting the orbital ligament, incising the temporalis aponeurosis from the dorsal zygomatic arch, making parallel zygomatic arch osteotomies, and reflecting the zygomatic arch ventrally. Closure of the wound involves wiring the zygomatic arch back into place. This orbitotomy procedure provides excellent exposure for removal or biopsy of orbital masses. The use of this technique for surgical excision of orbital masses in two dogs, one with an adenoma of the third eyelid gland and one with an orbital fibrosarcoma, and their subsequent management is described.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Whitley, R. David and Mclaughlin, Susan A.}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={53–58} }
 @article{gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_wright_boosinger_1993, title={Clinicopathologic findings after experimental implantation of synthetic intraocular lenses in dogs}, volume={54}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Wright, J.C. and Boosinger, T.R.}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={616–621} }
 @article{gilger_wright_whitley_mclaughlin_1993, title={Corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry in cats}, volume={54}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Wright, J.C. and Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={228–230} }
 @article{whitley_gilger_mclaughlin_1993, title={Current techniques in cataract surgery}, volume={88}, number={9}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Whitley, R.D. and Gilger, B.C. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, year={1993}, pages={859–865} }
 @article{mclaughlin_whitley_gilger_wright_lindley_1993, title={Eyelid neoplasms in cats: A review of demographic data (1979-1989)}, volume={29}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={McLaughlin, S.A. and Whitley, R.D. and Gilger, B.C. and Wright, J.C. and Lindley, D.M.}, year={1993}, pages={63–67} }
 @article{gilger_mclaughlin_1993, title={Glaucoma and corneal stromal abscess in a horse treated by an intraocular silicone prosthesis and a conjunctival pedicle flap}, volume={15}, number={6}, journal={Equine Practice}, author={Gilger, B.C. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, year={1993}, pages={10–15} }
 @article{gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_wright_boosinger_1993, title={Scanning electron microscopy of intraocular lenses that had been implanted in dogs}, volume={54}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Wright, J.C. and Boosinger, T.R.}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={1183–1187} }
 @article{gilger_pugh_mclaughlin_1992, title={Bilateral episcleral prolapse of orbital fat in a bull}, volume={13}, number={10}, journal={Agri-Practice}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Pugh, D. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, year={1992}, pages={18–23} }
 @article{mclaughlin_whitley_gilger_1992, title={Diagnosis and Treatment of Lens Diseases}, volume={8}, ISSN={0749-0739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30442-x}, DOI={10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30442-x}, abstractNote={Lens disorders are presented to familiarize veterinarians with various conditions causing lens malformation, malposition, or loss of transparency. Cataract formation represents the most common equine lens disorder recognized by veterinarians. Tips on cataract case evaluation, available surgical techniques for removal, perioperative treatment, and case follow-up after surgery are explained.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McLaughlin, Susan A. and Whitley, R. David and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={1992}, month={Dec}, pages={575–585} }
 @article{mclaughlin_gilger_whitley_1992, title={Infectious keratitis in horses: evaluation and management}, volume={14}, number={3}, journal={The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian}, author={McLaughlin, S.A. and Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D.}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={372–380} }
 @article{gilger_mclaughlin_whitley_wright_1992, title={Orbital neoplasms in cats: 21 cases (1974-1990)}, volume={201}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gilger, B.C. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Whitley, R.D. and Wright, J.C.}, year={1992}, pages={1083–1086} }
 @inbook{gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_1991, place={London}, title={Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: a review}, volume={31}, booktitle={Veterinary Annual}, publisher={Blackwell Scientific Publications}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A.}, editor={Grunsell, C.S.G. and Raw, M.E.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={73–84} }
 @article{gilger_whitley_mclaughlin_wright_drane_1991, title={Canine corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry}, volume={52}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B.C. and Whitley, R.D. and McLaughlin, S.A. and Wright, J.C. and Drane, J.W.}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1570–1572} }
 @article{mclaughlin_whitley_gilger_1991, title={Ophthalmic atropine in horses: is colic a serious problem?}, volume={3}, ISSN={0957-7734 2042-3292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1991.tb01482.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.1991.tb01482.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 3, Issue 2 p. 94-96 Ophthalmic atropine in horses: is colic a serious problem? SUSAN A. McLAUGHLIN, SUSAN A. McLAUGHLIN Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this authorR. D. WHITLEY, R. D. WHITLEY Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this authorB. C. GILGER, B. C. GILGER Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this author SUSAN A. McLAUGHLIN, SUSAN A. McLAUGHLIN Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this authorR. D. WHITLEY, R. D. WHITLEY Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this authorB. C. GILGER, B. C. GILGER Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5523, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1991.tb01482.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Adams, S. B., Lamar, C. H. and Masty, J. (1984) Motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure in ponies: Effects of six drugs. Am. J. vet. Res. 45, 795–799. 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 @article{culp_schaefer_spiga_hackney_smith_gilger, title={Characterization of a quantitative model of corneal inflammation, wound healing, and fibrosis in the rabbit}, volume={57}, number={12}, journal={Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science}, author={Culp, D. and Schaefer, E. and Spiga, M. G. and Hackney, A. and Smith, N. and Gilger, B. C.} }
 @inbook{gilger, title={Diagnosis and treatment of canine conjunctivitis}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, pages={1053} }
 @book{gilger, title={Equine ophthalmology}, ISBN={0721605222}, publisher={Edinburgh; St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders}, author={Gilger, B. C.} }
 @book{gilger, title={Equine ophthalmology}, publisher={St Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders}, author={Gilger, Brian C.} }
 @article{yang_peterson_yu_kays_cardona_culp_gilger_cleland, title={GB-102 for wet AMD: a novel injectable formulation that safely delivers active levels of sunitinib to the retina and RPE/choroid for over four months}, volume={57}, number={12}, journal={Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science}, author={Yang, M. and Peterson, W. M. and Yu, Y. and Kays, J. and Cardona, D. and Culp, D. and Gilger, B. C. and Cleland, J.} }
 @article{sherman_clode_gilger, title={Impact of fungal species cultured on outcome in horses with fungal keratitis}, volume={33}, number={4}, journal={Pferdeheilkunde}, author={Sherman, A. B. and Clode, A. B. and Gilger, B. C.}, pages={394–395} }
 @inbook{gilger, title={Ocular manifestations of systemic infectious diseases}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, pages={276} }
 @article{gilger, title={Ocular therapeutics: a practical guide}, volume={12}, number={1998}, journal={North American Veterinary Conference. Veterinary Proceedings}, author={Gilger, B. C.}, pages={457–458} }
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 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral cyclosporine-silicone matrix- implant}, volume={30}, number={6}, journal={Pferdeheilkunde}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Stoppini, R. and Wilkie, D. A. and Clode, A. B. and Pinto, N. H. and Hempstead, J. and Gerding, J. and Salmon, J. H.}, pages={711–712} }