@misc{narayanan_shen_boy_gupta_tonelli_2018, title={Aliphatic Polyester Nanofibers Functionalized with Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin-Guest Inclusion Complexes}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-4360"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040428}, DOI={10.3390/polym10040428}, abstractNote={The fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning has gained popularity in the past two decades; however, only in this decade, have polymeric nanofibers been functionalized using cyclodextrins (CDs) or their inclusion complexes (ICs). By combining electrospinning of polymers with free CDs, nanofibers can be fabricated that are capable of capturing small molecules, such as wound odors or environmental toxins in water and air. Likewise, combining polymers with cyclodextrin-inclusion complexes (CD-ICs), has shown promise in enhancing or controlling the delivery of small molecule guests, by minor tweaking in the technique utilized in fabricating these nanofibers, for example, by forming core–shell or multilayered structures and conventional electrospinning, for controlled and rapid delivery, respectively. In addition to small molecule delivery, the thermomechanical properties of the polymers can be significantly improved, as our group has shown recently, by adding non-stoichiometric inclusion complexes to the polymeric nanofibers. We recently reported and thoroughly characterized the fabrication of polypseudorotaxane (PpR) nanofibers without a polymeric carrier. These PpR nanofibers show unusual rheological and thermomechanical properties, even when the coverage of those polymer chains is relatively sparse (~3%). A key advantage of these PpR nanofibers is the presence of relatively stable hydroxyl groups on the outer surface of the nanofibers, which can subsequently be taken advantage of for bioconjugation, making them suitable for biomedical applications. Although the number of studies in this area is limited, initial results suggest significant potential for bone tissue engineering, and with additional bioconjugation in other areas of tissue engineering. In addition, the behaviors and uses of aliphatic polyester nanofibers functionalized with CDs and CD-ICs are briefly described and summarized. Based on these observations, we attempt to draw conclusions for each of these combinations, and the relationships that exist between their presence and the functional behaviors of their nanofibers.}, number={4}, journal={POLYMERS}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Shen, Jialong and Boy, Ramiz and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{narayanan_caydamli_tekinalp_matai_boy_chung_shen_gupta_tonelli_2018, title={Thermal, mechanical, and topographical evaluation of nonstoichiometric alpha-cyclodextrin/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) pseudorotaxane nucleated poly(epsilon-caprolactone) composite films}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.24741}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={22}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Caydamli, Yavuz and Tekinalp, Halil and Matai, Ishita and Boy, Ramiz and Chung, Ching-Chang and Shen, Jialong and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1529–1537} }
 @article{narayanan_boy_gupta_tonelli_2017, title={Analytical techniques for characterizing cyclodextrins and their inclusion complexes with large and small molecular weight guest molecules}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1873-2348"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.07.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.07.023}, abstractNote={Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides that have truncated cone like structures, making them capable of forming non-covalent bonds with a large variety of molecules (especially hydrophobic molecules). Additionally, as the outer rims of their truncated cones are lined with several hydroxyl groups, secondary interactions with and functionalization of these hydroxyl groups are also possible. Current techniques available to analyze and characterize these interactions, although somewhat limited, can be accomplished by judicious selection of analytical tools. However, for emerging applications, the currently utilized techniques summarized in this review may not be sufficient. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview, including their possible limitations, of current techniques commonly employed to investigate such interactions. In view of CD-based materials for emerging applications, wherever possible, analytical tools used for these studies are also discussed.}, journal={POLYMER TESTING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Boy, Ramiz and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={402–439} }
 @article{narayanan_chung_aguda_boy_hartman_mehraban_gupta_tonelli_2016, title={Correlation of the stoichiometries of poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) and alpha-cyclodextrin pseudorotaxanes with their solution rheology and the molecular orientation, crystallite size, and thermomechanical properties of their nanofibers}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2046-2069"]}, DOI={10.1039/c6ra23536k}, abstractNote={Pseudorotaxane nanofibers based on biomedical polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and α-cyclodextrins (α-CD) open new horizons for a variety of biomedical applications.}, number={112}, journal={RSC ADVANCES}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Chung, Ching-Chang and Aguda, Remil and Boy, Ramiz and Hartman, Matthew and Mehraban, Nahid and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2016}, pages={111326–111336} }
 @article{narayanan_aguda_hartman_chung_boy_gupta_tonelli_2016, title={Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/alpha-Cyclodextrin Pseudorotaxane Nanofibers}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01379}, abstractNote={Multifunctional scaffolds comprising neat poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and α-cyclodextrin pseudorotaxanated in α-cyclodextrin form have been fabricated using a conventional electrospinning process. Thorough in-depth characterizations were performed on the pseudorotaxane nanofibers prepared from chloroform (CFM) and CFM/dimethylformamide (DMF) utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rheology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Instron tensile testing. The results indicate the nanofibers obtained from chloroform retain the rotaxanated structure; while those obtained from CFM/DMF had significantly dethreaded during electrospinning. As a consequence, the nanowebs obtained from CFM showed higher moduli and lower elongations at break compared to neat PCL nanowebs and PCL/α-CD nanowebs electrospun from CFM/DMF.}, number={1}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Aguda, Remil and Hartman, Matthew and Chung, Ching-Chang and Boy, Ramiz and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={271–279} }
 @article{narayanan_ormond_gupta_tonelli_2015, title={Efficient wound odor removal by -cyclodextrin functionalized poly (epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibers}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940895893&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.42782}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={45}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Ormond, Bryan R. and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{narayanan_gupta_tonelli_2015, title={Enhanced mechanical properties of poly (epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibers produced by the addition of non-stoichiometric inclusion complexes of poly (epsilon-caprolactone) and alpha-cyclodextrin}, volume={76}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.045}, abstractNote={A unique nanofibrous structure consisting of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and non-stoichiometric α-cyclodextrin-poly (ε-caprolactone) inclusion complexes [(n-s)-PCL-α-CD-ICs] was produced by electrospinning. For electrospinning experiments, stoichiometric ratios of the (n-s)-PCL-α-CD-ICs, their percentage loading, and the concentration of the PCL solutions were varied. With their partially un-included guest PCL chain portions, the effects of the (n-s)-PCL-α-CD-ICs on the thermal behavior and mechanical properties of the PCL nanofibers have been investigated. SEM indicated that at lower PCL concentrations (12%), loading of up to 15% (n-s)-PCL-α-CD-ICs resulted in bead-free fibers. However, at 14% PCL concentration, bead-free fibers were obtained only until 10% loading; beyond this loading, some beads were observed. DSC analyses indicated, compared to neat PCL nanowebs, there were significant increases in the melting and the crystallization temperatures of the PCL/(n-s)-PCL-α-CD-IC nanowebs. Absence of water loss and enhanced thermal stability of α-CDs was observed by TGA analyses, which indicated the presence of α-CDs threaded by PCL chains. Mechanical properties of the composite webs indicated, with the addition of the ICs, the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the composite fibers increased significantly (200–400% for the modulus) over those of neat PCL or uncomplexed PCL/α-CD nanofibers. At the same time, their extensions at break were reduced by factors of ∼ (2–3). With better mechanical and stiffness properties, these novel nanocomposite fibers, which are non-toxic, but biodegradable and biocompatible, would be potential candidates as scaffolds for various applications.}, journal={Polymer}, author={Narayanan, G. and Gupta, B. S. and Tonelli, A. E.}, year={2015}, pages={321–330} }
 @article{narayanan_gupta_tonelli_2014, title={Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) Nanowebs Functionalized with alpha- and gamma-Cyclodextrins}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm501158w}, abstractNote={The effects of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs) on the thermal and crystal nucleation behavior of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers have been investigated. PCL/CD composite nanofibers were obtained for the first time by electrospinning the mixture from chloroform/N,N-dimethylformamide (60:40). Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that neat PCL nanofibers have an average diameter of 400 nm, which increases with the addition of CDs. The presence of CDs on or in the electrospun PCL fibers in the electrospun mats was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the PCL/CD composite fibers exhibit higher crystallization temperatures and sharper crystallization exotherms with increased CD loading, indicating the ability of CDs to nucleate PCL crystallization. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements indicate an inverse relationship between WCA and α- or γ-CD concentration up to 30% loading. Phenolphthalein absorption tests were performed to study the kinetics of their inclusion complex (IC) formation with CDs. Unexpectedly, γ-CD-functionalized nanowebs performed better than α-CD. This might be because at elevated loadings some α-CDs may have threaded over PCL chains and formed ICs, whereas γ-CD did not. With their encapsulation capabilities and their lowered hydrophobicity, PCL/CD composite fibers might have potential uses in medical applications, in particular as wound odor absorbants in dressings, because it is well known that CDs can form ICs with these odorants, thereby effectively removing them.}, number={11}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={4122–4133} }
 @misc{hubbe_rojas_fingas_gupta_2013, title={Cellulosic substrates for removal of pollutants from aqueous systems: A review. 3. spilled oil and emulsified organic liquids}, volume={8}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.2.3038-3097}, abstractNote={Water-insoluble oils, including crude petroleum and a wide variety of refined organic liquids, can cause major problems if spilled or leaked to aqueous environments. Potential environmental damage may be reduced if the spilled oil is promptly and efficiently removed from the water. This article reviews research that sheds light on the use of cellulose-based materials as sorbents to mitigate effects of oil spills. Encouraging results for oil sorption have been reported when using naturally hydrophobic cellulosic fibers such as unprocessed cotton, kapok, or milkweed seed hair. In addition, a wide assortment of cellulosic materials have been shown to be effective sorbents for hydrocarbon oils, especially in the absence of water, and their performance under water-wet conditions can be enhanced by various pretreatments that render them more hydrophobic. More research is needed on environmentally friendly systems to handle oil-contaminated sorbents after their use; promising approaches include their re-use after regeneration, anaerobic digestion, and incineration, among others. Research is also needed to further develop combined response systems in which biosorption is used along with other spill-response measures, including skimming, demulsification, biodegradation, and the use of booms to limit the spreading of oil slicks.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Fingas, M. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2013}, pages={3038–1179} }
 @article{haslauer_moghe_osborne_gupta_loboa_2011, title={Collagen-PCL Sheath-Core Bicomponent Electrospun Scaffolds Increase Osteogenic Differentiation and Calcium Accretion of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1568-5624"]}, DOI={10.1163/092050610x521595}, abstractNote={Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are an abundant cell source capable of osteogenic differentiation, and have been investigated as an autologous stem cell source for bone tissue engineering applications. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a type-I collagen sheath to the surface of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers would enhance viability, proliferation and osteogenesis of hASCs. This is the first study to examine the differentiation behavior of hASCs on collagen–PCL sheath–core bicomponent nanofiber scaffolds developed using a co-axial electrospinning technique. The use of a sheath–core configuration ensured a uniform coating of collagen on the PCL nanofibers. PCL nanofiber scaffolds prepared using a conventional electrospinning technique served as controls. hASCs were seeded at a density of 20 000 cells/cm2 on 1 cm2 electrospun nanofiber (pure PCL or collagen–PCL sheath–core) sheets. Confocal microscopy and hASC proliferation data confirmed the presence of viable cells after 2 weeks in culture on all scaffolds. Greater cell spreading occurred on bicomponent collagen–PCL scaffolds at earlier time points. hASCs were osteogenically differentiated by addition of soluble osteogenic inductive factors. Calcium quantification indicated cell-mediated calcium accretion was approx. 5-times higher on bicomponent collagen–PCL sheath–core scaffolds compared to PCL controls, indicating collagen–PCL bicomponent scaffolds promoted greater hASC osteogenesis after two weeks of culture in osteogenic medium. This is the first study to examine the effects of collagen–PCL sheath–core composite nanofibers on hASC viability, proliferation and osteogenesis. The sheath–core composite fibers significantly increased calcium accretion of hASCs, indicating that collagen–PCL sheath–core bicomponent structures have potential for bone tissue engineering applications using hASCs.}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION}, author={Haslauer, Carla Maria and Moghe, Ajit K. and Osborne, Jason A. and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Loboa, Elizabeth G.}, year={2011}, pages={1695–1712} }
 @article{gao_jaques_hsiao_shepherd_eimer_yang_miller_gupta_shaffer_2011, title={Evaluation of Nano- and Submicron Particle Penetration through Ten Nonwoven Fabrics Using a Wind-Driven Approach}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1545-9632"]}, DOI={10.1080/15459624.2010.515554}, abstractNote={Existing face mask and respirator test methods draw particles through materials under vacuum to measure particle penetration. However, these filtration-based methods may not simulate conditions under which protective clothing operates in the workplace, where airborne particles are primarily driven by wind and other factors instead of being limited to a downstream vacuum. This study was focused on the design and characterization of a method simulating typical wind-driven conditions for evaluating the performance of materials used in the construction of protective clothing. Ten nonwoven fabrics were selected, and physical properties including fiber diameter, fabric thickness, air permeability, porosity, pore volume, and pore size were determined. Each fabric was sealed flat across the wide opening of a cone-shaped penetration cell that was then housed in a recirculation aerosol wind tunnel. The flow rate naturally driven by wind through the fabric was measured, and the sampling flow rate of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer used to measure the downstream particle size distribution and concentrations was then adjusted to minimize filtration effects. Particle penetration levels were measured under different face velocities by the wind-driven method and compared with a filtration-based method using the TSI 3160 automated filter tester. The experimental results show that particle penetration increased with increasing face velocity, and penetration also increased with increasing particle size up to about 300 to 500 nm. Penetrations measured by the wind-driven method were lower than those obtained with the filtration method for most of the fabrics selected, and the relative penetration performances of the fabrics were very different due to the vastly different pore structures.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE}, author={Gao, Pengfei and Jaques, Peter A. and Hsiao, Ta-Chih and Shepherd, Angie and Eimer, Benjamin C. and Yang, Mengshi and Miller, Adam and Gupta, Bhupender and Shaffer, Ronald}, year={2011}, pages={13–22} }
 @article{moghe_hufenus_hudson_gupta_2009, title={Effect of the addition of a fugitive salt on electrospinnability of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.063}, abstractNote={Described in this paper is a novel study focused on producing bead-free ultrafine fibers, with narrow fiber diameter distribution, from Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) via electrospinning. High quality product is achieved with the use of a new solvent system that involves an acid–base reaction to produce weak salt complexes, which serve to increase the conductivity of the polymer solution. Additionally, the salt formed dissociates easily and evaporates along with the solvent during the spinning process because its respective acid–base components are volatile at room temperature. This results into the formation of pure PCL nanofibers of ultrafine dimensions. Glacial acetic acid was used as the solvent for the polymer and the organic base pyridine was used to initiate the formation of salt complexes in the solution. Pyridine was added at six different levels to vary the conductivity and examine the latter's effect on fiber morphology. Along with the pyridine content, the polymer concentration was also varied to determine how the two interacted in influencing the size of the fiber and the quality of the structure obtained. It was found that bead-free fibers of sizes lying well within the nano range (140–340 nm) could be produced using the conducting solvent system. Two interesting effects were noted. For a given polymer concentration, the mean fiber diameter increased with increase in pyridine amount. And, lower the polymer concentration, higher was the amount of pyridine required to produce bead-free nanofibers. The combination of these effects along with the fact that the reproducibility of the results was high provided a means of producing fibers with predictable sizes.}, number={14}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Moghe, A. K. and Hufenus, R. and Hudson, S. M. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={3311–3318} }
 @article{moghe_gupta_2009, title={Hybrid nanofiber structures for tissue engineering}, volume={9}, number={10}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Moghe, A. K. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2009}, pages={43–47} }
 @article{kovar_gupta_2009, title={Study of the Anisotropic Nature of the Rupture Properties of a Plain Woven Fabric}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517508094095}, abstractNote={ The ability of a textile fabric to support load at an angle to the two principal directions is important in structures used in load bearing technical applications. Using a simple approach, the angular rupture properties of a plain woven fabric were modeled. The primary restriction imposed was that the fabric width was restrained so that lateral contraction could not occur. This eliminated the possibility of the cut ends of the yarns playing a role and complicating the theoretical treatment. The input parameters were the yarn tensile properties, the fabric warp and weft counts, and the angle to the principal axis at which the properties were determined. A novel test method was developed that conformed to the restriction imposed in the theory and allowed the computed and the measured properties to be compared. Good agreement obtained validates the model and illustrates a new approach to investigating fabric mechanical properties. }, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Kovar, Radko and Gupta, Bhupender S.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={506–516} }
 @article{heim_gupta_2009, title={Textile Heart Valve Prosthesis: The Effect of Fabric Construction Parameters on Long-term Durability}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517507101457}, abstractNote={ The rapid development and success of percutaneous vascular surgery over the last two decades, with the now common stent graft implantation, make this non-invasive technique attractive today even for heart valve replacement. Less traumatic for the patient and also less time consuming, this technique is however in its infancy and restricted to advanced age or terminally ill patients. A major requirement for the use of the method is that the heart valve prosthesis is flexible enough to be folded into the lumen of a small diameter catheter. A standard material used for the construction of arterial grafts and which could also be suitable for engineering heart valve prosthesis is polyester textile fabric. However no data is available in the published technical literature on the long-term durability of this or any other fabric used as a heart valve. The purpose of this research is to study the long-term fatigue behavior of woven polyester fabrics of different yarn and construction factors. In the novel in vitro technique used, a fabric specimen is subjected to combined flexural and tensile fatigue generated by fluid flow under physiological heart valve working conditions. The results obtained show how flexural properties change with fatigue time, which reflects directly on the suitability of a given fabric in such devices. The results also show trends that one can use to develop criteria for designing a fabric most highly suited for use in heart valve application. }, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Heim, F. and Gupta, Bhupender S.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={1001–1013} }
 @article{hutchinson_tonelli_gupta_buchanan_2008, title={An investigation of the structure-property relationships in melt-processable high-acrylonitrile copolymer filaments}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0022-2461"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-008-2727-6}, number={15}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Hutchinson, Shawn R. and Tonelli, Alan E. and Gupta, Buphender S. and Buchanan, David R.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={5143–5156} }
 @misc{moghe_gupta_2008, title={Co-axial electrospinning for nanofiber structures: Preparation and applications}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1558-3724"]}, DOI={10.1080/15583720802022257}, abstractNote={Preparation of nanofibers in a core‐sheath configuration, using two dissimilar materials, via a novel technique of co‐axial electrospinning has presented unusual potential for use in many novel applications. The studies have addressed issues related to the technology involved and examined the suitability of the technique for producing unique nanoscale morphologies involving variety of materials. In this first major review of co‐axial electrospinning, we provide details of the manufacturing and material factors affecting the process, the conditions needed for preparing desired uniform morphologies, and the different types of structures that have been successfully produced.}, number={2}, journal={POLYMER REVIEWS}, author={Moghe, A. K. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2008}, pages={353–377} }
 @article{moghe_gupta_2008, title={Small-diameter blood vessels by weaving: Prototyping and modelling}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701679582}, abstractNote={For success in vascular surgery involving small-diameter (< 6 mm) vessels, a graft must closely match the internal diameter of the host artery and have desired high elasticity, porosity and transverse compliance. Thus although arterial grafts have gained acceptance in larger-calibre (> 6 mm) applications, where the requirements are flexible, a vein from the body continues to be preferred for small-vessel repair. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the material and the construction factors that affect the values of a woven tube's diameter, pore size, elastic recovery and transverse compliance. This information is largely absent in literature. By varying yarn size and fabric structure, seamless tubes (1.5–7 mm diameter) were constructed. These were heat set for circular shapes and characterised for size, geometry and radial elasticity. Property–structure correlation models are presented. Grafts of desired size can be engineered and their properties predicted.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Moghe, A. K. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2008}, pages={467–477} }
 @book{gupta_2006, title={Friction in textiles}, ISBN={9781855739208}, publisher={Cambridge : Woodhead Publ.}, author={Gupta, B.S.}, year={2006} }
 @article{afshari_kotek_gupta_kish_dast_2005, title={Mechanical and structural properties of melt spun polypropylene/nylon 6 alloy filaments}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.21772}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Afshari, M and Kotek, R and Gupta, BS and Kish, MH and Dast, HN}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={532–544} }
 @article{prahsarn_barker_gupta_2005, title={Moisture vapor transport behavior of polyester knit fabrics}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517505053811}, abstractNote={ A test method that measures microclimate drying time is used to compare the ability of different knit materials to dissipate moisture vapor from a saturated clothing environment to the ambient atmosphere. The performance assessment provided by this novel method is compared with those from common test methods. The latter include measures of the moisture vapor transmission rate provided by the upright cup and the evaporative thermal resistance provided by the sweating guarded hot plate procedure. Upright cup and sweating hot plate measurements are shown to be predominately influenced by fabric thickness, but microclimate drying time, or the time-dependent dissipation of accumulated moisture vapor, assessed by the new method is most influenced by the pore characteristics of the fabric. Moisture vapor transmission through fabrics is assumed to be controlled mostly by fiber, yarn, and fabric variables that determine fabric thickness and porosity. Therefore, constructional variables that lead to thin knit structures, with unobstructed interyarn pores, are shown to be important considerations for designing fabrics with optimum moisture vapor dissipation properties. }, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Prahsarn, C and Barker, RL and Gupta, BS}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={346–351} }
 @inproceedings{warner_gupta_king_2004, title={Advances in biomedical textiles and healthcare products}, ISBN={9780935803150}, booktitle={Conference proceedings: advances in biomedical textiles and healthcare products}, publisher={Roseville, MN: IFAI}, author={Warner, S. and Gupta, B. S. and King, M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{kotek_afshari_gupta_kish_jung_2004, title={Polypropylene alloy filaments dyeable with disperse dyes}, volume={120}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00202.x}, abstractNote={Polypropylene fibres which can be conventionally dyeable using disperse dyes have been prepared by alloying with nylon 6 and a polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride compatibiliser during extrusion. The dyeing performance of fibres containing various amounts of these components has been assessed.}, number={1}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Kotek, R. and Afshari, M. and Gupta, B. S. and Kish, M. H. and Jung, D.}, year={2004}, pages={26–29} }
 @inproceedings{gupta_sehgal_2003, title={Fundamental and practical aspects of adhesion in binder and coating applications}, booktitle={INTC 2003: International Nonwovens Technical Conference: conference proceedings: September 15-18, 2003, Renaissance Harborplace Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland}, publisher={Atlanta, Ga.: Tappi Press}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Sehgal, K.C.}, year={2003}, pages={1–14} }
 @inproceedings{gupta_2003, title={Porosity and its characterization in nonwovens}, booktitle={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Gupta, B.S.}, year={2003}, pages={2392–2398} }
 @book{chatterjee_gupta_2002, title={Absorbent technology}, ISBN={9780444500007}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier Science}, author={Chatterjee, P. K. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2002} }
 @article{afshari_kotek_kish_dast_gupta_2002, title={Effect of blend ratio on bulk properties and matrix-fibril morphology of polypropylene/nylon 6 polyblend fibers}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00689-9}, abstractNote={Ternary blends of polypropylene (PP), nylon 6 (N6) and polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP/N6/PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer with up to 50 wt% of N6 were investigated. PP-g-MAH content was varied from 2.5 to 10%. Blends of the two polymers PP/N6 (80/20) without the compatibilizer were also prepared using an internal batch mixer and studied. The ternary blends showed different rheological properties at low and high shear rates. The difference depended on the amount of N6 dispersed phase. Co-continuous morphology was observed for the blend containing 50% N6. This blend also exhibited higher viscosity at low shear rate and lower viscosity at high shear rates than the value calculated by the simple rule of mixture. At higher shear rates, viscosity was lower than that given by the rule of mixture for all blend ratios. An increase in viscosity was observed in the 80/20 PP/N6 blend after the concentration of the interfacial agent (PP-g-MAH) was increased. Polyblends containing up to 30% N6 could be successfully melt spun into fibers. DSC results showed that dispersed and matrix phases in the fiber maintained crystallinity comparable to or better than the corresponding values found in the neat fibers. The dispersed phase was found to contain fibrils. By using SEM and LSCM analyses we were able to show that the N6 droplets coalesced during melt spinning which led to the development of fibrillar morphology.}, number={4}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Afshari, M and Kotek, R and Kish, MH and Dast, HN and Gupta, BS}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={1331–1341} }
 @inbook{gupta_2002, title={Fluid absorption in high bulk nonwovens}, ISBN={9780444500007}, DOI={10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80006-8}, abstractNote={The component which is central to all absorbent products and which has been the subject of detailed studies for several years is the absorbent core. This chapter focuses on the fluid imbibing and holding behavior of the absorbent core. The chapter discusses the methodology used in conducting tests, the models employed in predicting behavior, and the results obtained in a number of experimental studies. The key requirement for absorbent core is the ability to imbibe rapidly and hold large amount of fluid under pressure. The total volume absorbed and held under pressure is largely determined by the interstitial space among the fibers, the absorbing and swelling characteristics of the material, and the resiliency of the web in the wet state. The chapter also discusses two parameters of major interest in characterizing absorbency—the absorbent capacity and the rate of absorbency.}, booktitle={Absorbent technology}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier Science}, author={Gupta, B.S.}, editor={P.K. Chatterjee and Gupta, B.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={93–128} }
 @inbook{gupta_chatterjee_2002, title={Measurement techniques for absorbent materials and products}, ISBN={9780444500007}, DOI={10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80014-7}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses different measurement techniques for absorbent materials and products. The chapter also illustrates the procedures employed in characterizing the properties of materials and fabrics used in absorbent products, and performance of final products. A comprehensive plan of characterization includes testing of materials at many different stages of development. It includes the characterization of polymers and fibers, characterization of each individual layer or component, and at the end, evaluation of the performance of the final product. Well-established test methods are published by standard organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Association for Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), the Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry (INDA), and the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry. These tests provide uniform orderly procedures for the determination of certain well defined properties of fibrous materials. The procedures involved are used in assessing properties for the purpose of process control, quality control, ranking of materials from different producers, and for research and development. A major use of the properties measured by these methods is also made in buying and selling of roll goods by manufacturers.}, booktitle={Absorbent technology}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier Science}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Chatterjee, P.K.}, editor={P.K. Chatterjee and Gupta, B.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={389–446} }
 @inbook{gupta_smith_2002, title={Nonwovens in absorbent materials}, ISBN={9780444500007}, DOI={10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80013-5}, abstractNote={Two characteristics of nonwovens make them particularly suitable for use in an absorbent structure—high bulk for imbibing and holding large amount of fluid per unit mass of material and low cost of converting raw material into final product. Several other properties that have significant impact on the use of nonwovens in an absorbent fabric are disposability, comfort, and ease of fabrication of the absorbent product. The important role played by nonwoven materials in commercial absorbent structures has resulted in increased consumption of disposable nonwovens and absorbent products in the recent years. In discussing nonwovens, consideration must be given to the interrelationships of the four major structural elements that influence absorbency—(1) constituent fiber, (2) assembly structure; the web properties resulting from the nature of the fiber assemblage, (3) type of bonding; the chemical or mechanical means of conveying integrity to the fibrous web, and (4) finish; chemical and/or mechanical treatments conveyed to the formed and bonded web. Each of these factors can have an effect on the absorbency of the resulting structure. The wetlaid or wet form nonwoven process is derived from the paper industry and bears a considerable resemblance to the normal Fordrinier paper manufacturing process.}, booktitle={Absorbent technology}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier Science}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Smith, K.K.}, editor={P.K. Chatterjee and Gupta, B.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={349–388} }
 @article{london-brown_hudson_tonelli_vigo_edwards_gupta_2001, title={A hybrid bioabsorbable wound dressing}, volume={792}, journal={ACS Symposium Series}, author={London-Brown, A. and Hudson, S. M. and Tonelli, A. and Vigo, T. and Edwards, R. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2001} }
 @article{macdonald_wolfe_gupta_moghe_hsu_reid_2001, title={Tissue engineering liver in a novel multi-coaxial hollow fiber bioreactor}, volume={31}, number={2001}, journal={Free Radical Biology & Medicine}, author={MacDonald, J. M. and Wolfe, S. P. and Gupta, B. and Moghe, A. and Hsu, E. and Reid, L. M.}, year={2001}, pages={432} }
 @article{whang_gupta_2000, title={Surface wetting characteristics of cellulosic fibers}, volume={70}, DOI={10.1177/004051750007000412}, abstractNote={Surface wetting behaviors of cotton and two rayons, one a regular crenulated and the other a trilobal (Galaxy), all stripped of topically applied finish, are determined using a sensitive Wilhelmy technique. The contact angles (advancing and receding), work of adhesion, and surface energies are assessed. For the latter, wetting tests are conducted in two dissimilar fluids, deionized ultra filtered water and methylene iodide, whose polar and dispersive contributions to surface tensions are known. Kaelble's model is used for surface energy, providing the magnitude of not only the total energy but also its division into the dispersion and polar components. The results show that the three cellulosic fibers have widely different contact angles and surface energies. They also have different hysteresis values, assessed by comparing the values obtained from measurements in the receding and advancing modes. These differences shed light on differences that exist in their chemical and physical structures.}, number={4}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Whang, H. S. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2000}, pages={351–358} }
 @article{martin_smith_gupta_1998, title={Identification of source emissions from finished textile fabrics}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Martin, V. B. and Smith, C. B. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={1998}, pages={15–19} }
 @article{gupta_1998, title={Medical textile structures: An overview}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Medical Plastics and Biomaterials}, author={Gupta, B.}, year={1998}, pages={16–30} }
 @article{sun_seyam_gupta_1997, title={A generalized model for predicting load-extension properties of woven fabrics}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759706701202}, abstractNote={ A method to predict the load-extension behavior of woven fabrics is proposed. Kawabata et al.'s finite deformation theory, which predicts load-extension properties of plain weave and 2/2 twill fabrics in terms of fabric construction parameters and yarn tensile properties, is the basis for the study. The model is generalized to predict the load-elongation behavior of any weave by introducing a parameter that characterizes the interlacing point distribution pattern of the weave. Using the biaxial and uniaxial strain modes, the load-deformation curves over an entire range of strains can be generated. The model applies to woven structures of different degrees of openness, of which the fabric jamming condition is an extreme case. }, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Sun, FN and Seyam, AM and Gupta, BS}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={866–874} }
 @inproceedings{moutos_gupta_1997, title={Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using engineered textile structures}, ISBN={9780780338692}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1997 16th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference : 4-6 April 1997, Broadwater Beach Resort and Hotel, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA}, publisher={Piscataway, NJ: IEEE}, author={Moutos, F. T. and Gupta, B. S.}, editor={J. D. Bumgardner and Puckett, A. D.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={131–134} }
 @article{gupta_kasyanov_1997, title={Biomechanics of human common carotid artery and design of novel hybrid textile compliant vascular grafts}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970305)34:3<341::aid-jbm9>3.0.co;2-k}, abstractNote={The mechanical properties and structure of a human common carotid artery were studied in order to develop criteria for designing and manufacturing compliant textile vascular grafts. The arterial wall comprised a composite of elastin and collagen fibers with the collagen fibers crimped. This structure led to a unique pressure-circumferential stretch ratio curve, the slope of which increased with an increase in strain. The increase in slope was particularly rapid at a stretch ratio above 1.4 or pressure above 120 mmHg. Based on the knowledge gained, a criteria for the design of biomechanically compliant arterial grafts was developed. An elastomeric prestretched polyurethane monofilament yarn with a low modulus of elasticity and a bulked polyester multifilament yarn with a high modulus of elasticity were combined and used as threads in the manufacture of grafts. Tubular structures of diameters in the range 4-6 mm were made by weaving. Transverse compliance and morphological and permeability properties of these grafts were determined and compared with those of a currently available woven commercial grafts and human carotid arteries. Results indicated that the compliance values of the hybrid grafts were comparable with those of the human carotid artery. Preliminary in vivo studies in dogs showed promising results: a thin, stable neointima developed within 6 months of implantation on the flow surface.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Biomedical Materials Research}, author={Gupta, B. R. S. and Kasyanov, V. A.}, year={1997}, pages={341–349} }
 @article{mizelle_gupta_1996, title={Development of biomechanically compliant arterial grafts}, ISBN={["0-7803-3131-1"]}, DOI={10.1109/sbec.1996.493125}, abstractNote={In the current project, the focus has been on designing and producing small diameter woven grafts which have stretch in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and on studying their in vitro performance. For construction of grafts, a model narrow fabric loom was set up. A polyester yarn containing 34 filaments each of 3.2 dtex was used as the warp. For weft insertion, a number of yarns based on polyurethane, differing in size, structure, and composition, and, thus, in properties, were procured. The properties of a woven fabric are known to vary with the denier and the properties of the yarn, the weave design, the weave tightness, and the heat setting treatment used to finish the fabric for the study. Hence, several levels of each of these parameters were incorporated to develop structures (sixty-four). The longitudinal and transverse properties of the grafts so produced were characterized using special in vitro methods and related to the differences In yarn properties and weave construction and tightness. The preliminary results obtained indicate that the grafts have transverse compliance which can be controlled by altering the yarn and fabric construction parameters. The work is in progress and a more complete study is expected to be available at the time of the conference.}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1996 FIFTEENTH SOUTHERN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE}, author={Mizelle, S and Gupta, B}, year={1996}, pages={110–113} }
 @article{gupta_hong_1995, title={Absorbent characteristics of nonwovens containing cellulosic fibers}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Gupta, B. and Hong, C.J.}, year={1995}, pages={34–43} }
 @inproceedings{mizelle_gupta_1995, title={Compliance of small diameter vascular grafts as determinant of patency}, ISBN={9780780320840}, DOI={10.1109/sbec.1995.514422}, abstractNote={The success of small diameter vascular grafts in determining long term patency is highly limited due to the lack of compliance associated with the structures currently produced. The mismatch in compliance between the graft and the host artery has been noted as the primary cause for graft failure. Currently, there are many methods used to measure compliance, however there still exists a great deal of ambiguity in the measurements obtained by these methods. It is essential that the currently available measurement techniques be reviewed so that a simple standardized method for compliance measurement may be identified and used. The availability of such a method would lead to a significant reduction in the amount of inconsistency currently encountered by researchers when comparing compliance values.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference : Shreveport, Louisiana, April 7-9, 1995}, publisher={Piscataway, NJ : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, author={Mizelle, S.W. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1995}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{gupta_mcdowall_stannett_1994, title={A MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF CERIC ION AND PREIRRADIATION ACRYLIC ACID-GRAFTED RAYON FIBERS}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1994.070530909}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={GUPTA, BS and MCDOWALL, DJ and STANNETT, VT}, year={1994}, month={Aug}, pages={1221–1236} }
 @article{gupta_hong_1994, title={Changes in web dimensions during fluid uptake and its impact on absorbency}, volume={77}, number={12}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Gupta, B. and Hong, C.J.}, year={1994}, pages={181–188} }
 @article{schiller_stone_gupta_1993, title={INVITRO LOSS OF TENSILE-STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY OF 5 ABSORBABLE SUTURE MATERIALS IN STERILE AND INFECTED CANINE URINE}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00383.x}, abstractNote={The loss of breaking strength and elasticity of five absorbable suture materials (polydioxanone [PDS‐II], polyglycolic acid [PGA], polyglactin 910 [PG‐910], polyglyconate [GTMC], and chromic gut) after in vitro incubation in sterile, Escherichia coli‐ and Proteus mirab/tfs‐inoculated canine urine was studied. Biomechanical testing, in a controlled environment, was performed during the 28‐day study period. Polydioxanone and chromic gut retained greater than 90% of their original strengths after 28 days of incubation in sterile urine and 87% of original strengths in E. co//‐inoculated urine. Polyglyconate retained 24% and 18% of original strength, respectively, after incubation in sterile and E. co/i‐inoculated urine for 28 days. Polyglycolic acid and PG‐910 retained less than 30% of original strength in sterile urine and only 7% in E. co/i‐inoculated urine after 21 days of incubation. In P. m/rabi/is‐inoculated urine, loss of tensile strength and elongation was significant for all suture materials. Polyglycolic acid and PG‐910 lost all strength after 24 hours of incubation. Polydioxanone lost all strength after 7 days of incubation, whereas GTMC retained 19% at day 7. Chromic gut retained 78% at day 7 and 16% after 21 days of incubation, however, the absence of normal phagocytic destruction of chromic gut in this in vitro study may have artificially elevated these values. In sterile urine with chemically modified pH, loss of strength and elongation was greater in alkaline urine than in neutral or acidic urine for all types of suture materials.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={SCHILLER, TD and STONE, EA and GUPTA, BS}, year={1993}, pages={208–212} }
 @article{barker_gupta_leek_buchanan_little_1992, title={Directional variations in fabric properties and seam qualification}, volume={4}, number={2/3}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Barker, R. and Gupta, B. S. and Leek, F. J. and Buchanan, D. R. and Little, T. J.}, year={1992}, pages={71–78} }
 @article{little_gupta_leek_farker_buchanan_1992, title={Directional variations in fabric properties and seam quality}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1108/eb002996}, abstractNote={Examines the effects of directional variations in woven fabric properties on the behaviour of fabrics as they are plied and sewn together to form a seam. This is an important practical consideration, since garment manufacturing frequently involves the sewing of two fabric plies of completely different and constantly changing bias angles — none of which is along the grain line. Examines the variations in the properties of five woven materials, all lightweight and commonly used in women's summer apparel. The Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) was used to measure the mechanical and surface properties of strips, cut at different angles, from the test materials. To investigate the effect of orientation on seam quality, two plies cut from the same fabric but at different angles were sewn together under selected conditions. The resulting seams were characterized for seam quality using AATCC standards.}, number={2/3}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Little, T. and Gupta, B. S. and Leek, F. J. and Farker, R. L. and Buchanan, D. R.}, year={1992}, pages={71–78} }
 @inbook{gupta_1992, title={Manufactured textile fibers}, ISBN={9780442001759}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4757-6431-4_21}, booktitle={Riegel's handbook of industrial chemistry (9th ed.)}, publisher={New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold}, author={Gupta, B.}, year={1992}, pages={735–799} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shim_gupta_1992, title={Test method for bond strength measurement: A proposal}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 92 :  book of papers : the International Nonwovens Technical Conference, April 7-10, 1992, Bonaventure Resort & Spa, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida}, publisher={Cary, NC:  INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry,}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shim, H. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shim_gupta_1992, title={Use of multiple needle penetration test for characterizing bond strength potential of resin/binder systems}, ISBN={9780898528343}, booktitle={Proceedings :  1992 Nonwovens Conference : Marriott's Marco Island Hotel, Marco Island, FL, May 10-14}, publisher={Atlanta, GA :  TAPPI Press}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shim, H.J. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1992} }
 @article{gupta_elmogahzy_1991, title={FRICTION IN FIBROUS MATERIALS .1. STRUCTURAL MODEL}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759106100907}, abstractNote={ The classical laws of friction adequately describe the behavior of materials that deform plastically but fail to do so in fibers that deform viscoelastically. This paper presents a structural model that characterizes friction in fibrous materials. The theory is general and can account for the behavior of a wide range of materials. The model provides a theoretical base for the empirical equation F = aNn, which has been fitted successfully to experimental data from previous investigations. It gives theoretical meaning to the indices a and n, which heretofore were empirical constants, and brings out the factors, structural as well as procedural, that affect their values. The factors affecting friction in fibers are shown to fall in two main groups, one governing the morphology of contact and the other the mechanical properties of the junctions. A detailed discussion of these factors is given in this paper. The results of an experimental investigation, where acrylic and polypropylene yarns varying systematically in structure were the materials, will be submitted for publication later. Friction is measured in dry and wet media using both line and point contact methods. The effects of structural factors are examined and interpreted in light of the model. }, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GUPTA, BS and ELMOGAHZY, YE}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={547–555} }
 @article{schiller_stone_gupta_1991, title={Tensile strength of five absorbable suture materials in sterile and infected canin urine}, volume={20}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Schiller, T. D. and Stone, T. A. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={1991}, pages={346} }
 @article{gupta_milam_patty_1990, title={USE OF CARBON-DIOXIDE LASER IN IMPROVING KNOT SECURITY IN POLYESTER SUTURES}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1045-4861"]}, DOI={10.1002/jab.770010204}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMATERIALS}, author={GUPTA, BS and MILAM, BL and PATTY, RR}, year={1990}, pages={121–125} }
 @misc{lim_gupta_george_1989, title={THE POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE FIBER FROM NYLON 6}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0079-6700"]}, DOI={10.1016/0079-6700(89)90009-9}, abstractNote={A review has been attempted in this article of the multidisciplinary character of the development of high performance fibrous materials. The effort has focused on both the theoretical recognition of the possibility of such materials and a recounting of significant aspects of the art for producing fiber with high performance characteristics. A knowledge of the primary valence bonds in a basic molecule, the atom configuration along the backbone of the molecule and the valence angles permits one to utilize spectroscopic inputs to compute the theoretical maximum modulus of elasticity in a given ideal fiber structure. An infinite replication of such molecules, all parallel one with the other is envisioned as this ideal structure. In order to obtain the ultimate modulus values, it is necessary to know the three-dimensional arrangements between chains, knowledge which is usually derived from X-ray diffraction studies. The ultimate tenacity, on the other hand, is dependent on some approximation of the intermolecular potential between polymer chains. The Morse potential,61 a strictly empirical relation describing the force of separation of polymer segments, has proved to be one of the simpler methods for obtaining an estimate of ultimate tenacity. Other intermolecular potentials may or may not provide similar estimates. The Morse potential provides an explicit elongation at the point of break if this is based on maximum force of separation. It varies with the value of U0, the dissociation energy, and a parameter a, characteristic of an inverse length which is determined in turn by spectroscopic data. Based on the initial work of Flory, lattice techniques may be utilized for understanding and describing the development of order in infinite molecules when the ordering process is subjected to an external biasing probability imposed by the presence of some type of an ordering field. One could envision the macroscopic picture of extensional and stretching flows and similar macroscopic processes as resulting in the presence of this microscopic biasing probability. This probability influences the conditions for the formation of mesophases as a function of polymer concentration. Polymer nucleation has been described as being due to the development of a sequence of nuclei along a predetermined aligned structure. This structure is perhaps brought about by a particularly long molecular component accidentally extended in a particular direction due to some aspect of the microscopic processes. These processes are responsible for initiating and maintaining phase separation in the polymer solution or melt. Phase transformation of the ordered structures is carried out by the empirical art, leading to practical processes for the development of extended chain structures within the solidfying polymeric system. Quiescent crystallization from solutions of nylon 6 and similar polymers is often found to produce “lath-like” crystals. These are distinguished from the dynamically induced fibrous crystals known as shish kebabs. The latter had been found earlier in simpler polymeric systems that have led to high performance fibers, notably polyethylene. A casual examination of the crystal structures of nylon 6 formed by various extrusion and other proceses may suggest to the reader that the fibrous crystals of nylon 6 involve a structure where the hydrogen bonds between molecules tend to be aligned with the axis of the fibrillar structure. The molecules are oriented at right angles to the fibril axis. However, closer reading of this literature and review of the work by at least one author131 suggest that another backbone habitat can be formed, at least in the case of nylon 4. The work of Pennings98 involves a strong solvent which permits, in quiescent crystallization, the formation of lath-like crystals which have the hydrogen bonding coinciding with the axis of the lath, which was also reported by Kyotani.124 This is to be contrasted with the work of the present authors,157 involving the shearing of a highly concentrated polymer solution in meta-cresol, which suggests that fibrillar crystals may be obtained quickly in a threadline, producing a reasonably good fiber or filament which will have the proper orientation. This should involve an orientation of the primary backbone of the molecule parallel to the fibrillar axis. If this possibility exists, as one would expect from the theoretical work of Vasilenko,73 we are led to believe that fibrils with the molecules oriented parallel to the fibril axis will be the dominant features in such fibers. Given that this is feasible, then one can lean on the results obtained in the commercial products known as Kevlar® and Spectra®, and conclude that a nylon 6 filament containing fibrils with microstructure of the kind suggested will, in fact, have a good chance to exhibit high performance characteristics. This is further supported by the Toyobo patent19 and the more recent results of Pennings21 which involved a different solvent from the ones used earlier,98 suggesting that there is a possibility of producing a filament which has a tenacity of up to 1.16 GPa and modulus of up to 19 GPa. It is clear that a preferred process for the production of a high performance fiber may well involve a substantial departure from any traditional extrusion process, as evidenced by the work of Pennings on polyethylene. Even that early work on polyethylene has been further modified by Penning in an attempt to produce high performance properties in nylon 6. As further evidence of the use of nontraditional processes in forming high performance fibers we cite the work of Allied in producing high performance Spectra® and of du Pont in producing high performance Kevlar®. It, therefore, seems necessary that one should attempt to modify either a melt process or a solution process in trying to produce high performance fibers from nylon 6. Recently George162,163 and Lim164 have suggested that all high performance fibers involve at least a two-element sequence in which an initial fibril is converted into a chain-extended, close-packed form near the end of the total process of formation by a load induced phase change. Pennings165 has shown this as well as Sawyer.84 Very early work by Kauffman and George166 deduced a change in the fiber diameter in the later stages of deformation of a drawn nylon 6,6 filament. In our opinion, the area that presents the most promise is the extrusion of plasticized melt. A similar sort of preliminary probe was reported by Sawyer in his Ph.D. thesis in 1984 involving polyethylene terephthalate, wherein he heavily plasticized the polymer and then melt extruded the result. The resulting fibers, while amorphous to X-ray diffraction, produced, when stretched and annealed in a restrained condition, extremely high birefringence. Small sections of this fiber also showed sonic moduli of 10 to 20 GPa. The principal result of this work seems to be that given an adequate molecular weight and a properly modified extrusion process it should be possible to obtain a high performance fiber having microfibrillar structure from the nylon 6 polymer system.}, number={6}, journal={PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={LIM, JG and GUPTA, BS and GEORGE, W}, year={1989}, pages={763–809} }
 @article{gupta_1988, title={Effect of structural factors on absorbent characteristics of nonwovens}, volume={71}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Gupta, B.S.}, year={1988}, pages={147–152} }
 @article{gupta_mittal_sharma_gupta_1987, title={INTERFACIAL SHEAR-STRESS IN A SHORT GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE SHEET}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0266-3538"]}, DOI={10.1016/0266-3538(87)90061-3}, abstractNote={The interfacial shear stress, τ, in an extruded short glass fibre-reinforced polypropylene sheet having good fibre alignment is evaluated using two approaches. The first approach considers the matrix to be elastic and results in τ increasing linearly with composite strain. The second approach assumes that the interfacial shear stress is directly proportional to the composite stress. On this scheme, up to 0·8% composite strain, τ is quantitatively identical to that predicted by the first model and it also increases linearly with composite strain. At higher strains, however, the rate of increase of τ is smaller. It is observec that the dependence of τ on composite strain is very similar to the tensile stress-strain behaviour of the homopolymer extruded sheet. The possible implications of this observation are briefly discussed.}, number={1}, journal={COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={GUPTA, VB and MITTAL, RK and SHARMA, PK and GUPTA, BS}, year={1987}, pages={45–56} }
 @article{lim_george_gupta_1987, title={STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIBRILLAR STRUCTURE IN NYLON-6}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1987.070330326}, abstractNote={Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceVolume 33, Issue 3 p. 989-996 NoteFree Access Studies of the development of fibrillar structure in nylon 6 Jong G. Lim, Jong G. Lim School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this authorWaller George, Waller George School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this authorBhupender S. Gupta, Bhupender S. Gupta School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this author Jong G. Lim, Jong G. Lim School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this authorWaller George, Waller George School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this authorBhupender S. Gupta, Bhupender S. Gupta School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 20 February 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330326Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 A. J. Rosenthal, Text. Res. J., 36, 593 (1966). 10.1177/004051756603600701 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 T. W. George and B. S. Gupta, Appl. Polym. Symp. 33, 73 (1978). CASGoogle Scholar 3 A. E. Zachariades and R. S. Porter, Polym. News, 5, 230 (1979). Google Scholar 4 C. Whitley, Master's thesis, North Carolina State University (1979). Google Scholar 5 J. A. Odell, D. T. Grubb, and A. Keller, Polymer, 19, 617 (1978). 10.1016/0032-3861(78)90113-1 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6 G. A. Gordon, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 9, 1693 (1971). 10.1002/pol.1971.160090911 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7 A. Jeziorny, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 1025 (1983). 10.1002/app.1983.070280310 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8 H. D. Keith, F. J. Padden, Jr., and R. G. Vadimsky, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 18, 2307 (1980). 10.1002/pol.1980.180181117 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9 J. Rietveld and A. J. McHugh, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 21, 919 (1983). 10.1002/pol.1983.130211110 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10 J. Smook and A. J. Pennings, Polym. Bull., 10, 29 (1983). 10.1007/BF00281938 Web of Science®Google Scholar 11 T. W. George and P. Tucker, Polym. Eng. Sci., 15, 510 (1975). 10.1002/pen.760150609 Web of Science®Google Scholar 12 H. Artunc and G. Egbers, Chemiefasern/Textilindustrie, 26, 510 (1976). CASGoogle Scholar 13 J. Smook and A. J. Pennings, Coll. Polym. Sci., 262, 712 (1984). 10.1007/BF01451543 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14 T. Kunugi, T. Ikuta, and M. Hashimoto, Polymer, 23, 1983 (1982). 10.1016/0032-3861(82)90228-2 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15 M. Kyotani, J. Macromol. Sci., B21(2), 275 (1982). 10.1080/00222348208204940 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16 J. E. Stamhuis, A. J. Pennings, and H. D. Chanzy, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 17, 1033 (1979). 10.1002/pol.1979.180170611 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17 J. E. Stamhuis, S. D. Sjoerdsma, and A. J. Pennings, J. Macromol. Sci., B22 (3), 383 (1983). 10.1080/00222348308215197 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume33, Issue320 February 1987Pages 989-996 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={LIM, JG and GEORGE, W and GUPTA, BS}, year={1987}, month={Feb}, pages={989–996} }
 @article{fair_gupta_1987, title={The chlorine-hair interaction. II. Effect of chlorination at varied pH levels on hair properties}, volume={38}, journal={Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists}, author={Fair, N. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={1987}, pages={371–384} }
 @article{gupta_wolf_postlethwait_1985, title={Effect of lubrication on frictional properties of sutures}, volume={161}, journal={Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Wolf, K.W. and Postlethwait, R.W.}, year={1985}, pages={416–418} }
 @article{gupta_wolf_postlethwait_1985, title={Effect of suture materials and construction on frictional properties of sutures}, volume={161}, journal={Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Wolf, K.W. and Postlethwait, R.W.}, year={1985}, pages={416–418} }
 @article{fair_gupta_1985, title={Mechanisms describing reactions of halogens with keratin fibers}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1016/0079-6700(85)90001-2}, abstractNote={Approche par etapes: reaction des halogenes avec des disulfures d'alkyle et d'aryle simples pour determiner les mecanismes impliques dans l'oxydation du groupe disulfure; les reactions plus compliquees des halogenes avec des aminoacides et des peptides relativement simples sont ensuite examinees; enfin, l'effet des halogenes sur la structure et les proprietes des fibres de keratine est revu}, journal={Progress in Polymer Science}, author={Fair, N. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1985}, pages={167–200} }
 @article{batra_hersh_barker_buchanan_gupta_george_mohamed_1985, title={Neither woven nor knit: A new system for classifying textiles}, volume={16}, number={9}, journal={Nonwovens Industry}, author={Batra, S. K. and Hersh, S. P. and Barker, R. L. and Buchanan, D. R. and Gupta, B. S. and George, T. W. and Mohamed, M. H.}, year={1985} }
 @misc{hong_gupta_1984, title={LOAD-ELONGATION BEHAVIOR OF CRIMPED FILAMENTS}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758405401013}, abstractNote={1. Bancroft, W. D., and Lawrence, C. A., "Progress in OE Spinning," World Literature Survey 1964-74, Shirley Institute Manchester publication S16, 86, 1975. 2. Cromack, D., Grosberg, P., and Ho, H. K., The Yarn Twist Inside the Rotor in OE spinning, J. Textile Inst. 9, 70, 380 ( 1979). 3. Grosberg, P., and Ho, K. H., The Geometry and Strength of Yarns with Special Reference to Rotor Spun Yams, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 31, 83-89 (1977). 4. Jayram, V. S., Studies on Twist in Ring Spinning, Doctoral thesis, Bombay University, Bombay, 1973. 5. Kampen, W., and Lunenschloss, J., Influencing the Structure of OE Rotor Yarn Possibilities and Limits, Int. Textile Bull. 3, 373-498 (1979). 6. Kasparek, J. V., The Structure and Properties of Rotor Spun Yam, Textile Mon., 52-55 (Aug. 1977). 7. Louis, Gain L., Determining OE Yarn Twist by the Striped Yarn Method. Textile Res. J. 48, 293-295 (1978). 8. Singh, V. P., "Proceedings of Seminar on Rotor Spinning," IIT Delhi, India, Sept. 1981, p. 41. 9. Tooka, T., Directors Report, Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd. Toyoda Cho, Kariya-Shi, Aichiken, Japan.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HONG, P and GUPTA, BS}, year={1984}, pages={694–696} }
 @inbook{gupta_postlethwait_1982, title={An analysis of surgical knot security in sutures}, ISBN={9780471101260}, booktitle={Biomaterials 1980: proceedings of the First World Biomaterials Congress held in Baden, Vienna, Austria, in April 1980, in conjunction with the 12th International Biomaterials Symposium, and the 6th annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, USA}, publisher={New York: Wiley}, author={Gupta, B.S. and Postlethwait, R.W.}, editor={G. D. Winter, D. F. Gibbons and Plenk, H., Jr.Editors}, year={1982} }
 @article{needham_buchanan_gupta_horton_1982, title={ENZYMATIC REMOVAL OF FORMALIN-FIXED TISSUES FROM POLYESTER ARTERIES, AND ITS EFFECT ON PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF FIBERS}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0021-9304"]}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.820160513}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH}, author={NEEDHAM, DK and BUCHANAN, DR and GUPTA, BS and HORTON, HR}, year={1982}, pages={659–668} }
 @article{fair_1982, title={Effects of chlorine on friction and morphology of human hair}, volume={33}, journal={Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists}, author={Fair, N.}, year={1982}, pages={229–242} }
 @article{gupta_greene_walsh_1982, title={STABILIZATION OF BULK IN NYLON CARPET YARNS USING RADIATION CURABLE RESINS}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758205200705}, abstractNote={ Low viscosity, radiation-curable resins were applied to textured nylon continuous filament yarn and polymerized to give deposits that stabilized the yarn with respect to mechanical removal of bulk. Scanning electron microscope studies of single yarns, along with mechanical measurements in tension and lateral compression, were made for a resin system giving a rigid coating and an oligomer system giving a soft elastic coating. Carpets whose face yarns had been treated in this manner underwent an apparent increase in pile height. Increases in fiber bending rigidity and interfiber bonding caused increases in crimp removal forces which, in turn, caused an apparent increase in bulk of yarn, giving a feeling of increased richness and luxuriousness. A new parameter, "sensible thickness," is introduced and defined as the difference in height, in a compression test, between a reference point, at which the yarn is first felt, and the point at which it becomes completely compressed. This parameter, which should be related to carpet luxuriousness, was shown to be influenced by crimp stabilization conferred by various types and levels of polymer treatments. }, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GUPTA, BS and GREENE, JD and WALSH, WK}, year={1982}, pages={457–465} }
 @article{semenov_hersh_gupta_1981, title={MAXIMUM FIBER-PACKING DENSITY IN ELECTROSTATIC FLOCKING}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758105101204}, abstractNote={ The maximum fiber-packing density expected in electrostatic flocking or any process involving random impingement of fibers onto a substrate has been calculated using a Monte Carlo technique. This value was determined by generating random numbers to select the coordinates of points representing the location of fiber centers on a circular target, subject to the restriction that no two fibers overlap. The process was terminated after a specified number of trials failed to locate an unoccupied space large enough to accommodate an additional fiber. The fiber-packing density was then computed in terms of the number of fibers per unit area n and the fraction of total available space on the target occupied by fibers F. It is found that F is independent of fiber diameter and has a value of 0.531 with a standard deviation of 0.0038. This value (∼53% of available space occupied) is considerably less than the value of 90.7% expected for close-packed circles but much greater than those reported experimen tally. }, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={SEMENOV, VA and HERSH, SP and GUPTA, BS}, year={1981}, pages={768–773} }
 @article{george_gupta_1978, title={Aspects of extrusion instability with reference to fibrous crystallization}, volume={22}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={George, T. W. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={1978}, pages={73–89} }
 @article{walsh_barbery_gupta_1977, title={Analysis of adhesion of radiation curable compositions to polyester substrate}, volume={4}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Radiation Curing}, author={Walsh, W.K. and Barbery, J. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1977}, pages={17–24} }
 @article{gupta_kayaman_1976, title={MODIFIED APPROACH TO STUDY OF BLENDED YARN STRUCTURES}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757604601210}, abstractNote={ The paper describes a method by which two different but important aspects of blended yarn structures could be studied together by a common procedure and set of parameters. These two aspects are: fiber helix migration, the importance of the study of which has been generally overlooked in blended yarns, and preferential radial migration. The present work is largely a theoretical attempt to relate a fiber helix migration parameter, the mean fiber position [Formula: see text], with a preferential radial migration parameter, the linear migration index V. The latter is a new parameter that is introduced in this paper, and although quite similar to Hamilton's migration index M in its general properties, it characterizes the preferential radial migration on a linear scale and bears, under uniform packing conditions, an exact and a simple relationship with [Formula: see text]. An appendix included at the end gives the treatment relating [Formula: see text]with M. The results of a small experiment carried out on a binary blend, 50/50 by weight of 3- and 6-denier, 21/2-in. staple, Kodel® polyester fibers, are also described. These provided a limited but useful means of checking the theoretical relations. }, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GUPTA, BS and KAYAMAN, M}, year={1976}, pages={904–915} }
 @article{gupta_1974, title={STRUCTURAL STUDIES IN CONTINUOUS FILAMENT YARNS .1. STUDIES IN MODEL RIBBON YARNS}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757404400207}, abstractNote={ In this, the first of a series of papers on fiber migration in continuous filament yarns, the broad objectives of the entire program of research are described. The experimental investigation included in this entire series is based on yarns produced under carefully controlled conditions which provided a bundle of either parallel filaments, for preparing yarns by the ideal ribbon method, or co-axial filaments, for yarns by the ideal circular method, prior to final twisting. It is shown that by a detailed study of migration in these extreme examples of carefully twisted yarns, it has been possible to obtain a much greater understanding of the nature and origin of migration which is generally observed in commercially prepared yarns than has been possible from the studies described thus far. Some of the important objectives emphasized in this study are: The proportion of total migration which cannot be assigned to any of the known and analysable causes of migration and thus must be of random nature; the extent of migration which can be assigned to the known and analysable causes; and the nature of the local variations in migration. The experimental investigation described in this first paper was restricted to the study of the yarns made by the ribbon method wherein the variables contre the positions of the tracers in the parent sheet of filaments, the initial twist in the strand, and the final twist and the twisting tension of the yarns being produced. }, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GUPTA, BS}, year={1974}, pages={125–135} }
 @article{gupta_1972, title={FIBER MIGRATION IN STAPLE YARNS .3. ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION FORCE AND INFLUENCE OF VARIABLES IN YARN STRUCTURE}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757204200310}, abstractNote={ A detailed study is made of the effects of yarn size and twist on fiber migration in staple yarns. A simple theoretical model is developed to calculate migration force in a surface fiber as a function of yarn size, twist and processing tension. The theoretical model proved useful, not only in explaining the experimental results, but also in providing some unex pected additional information. In particular, it demonstrates that some scatter of data in experimental results can be expected theoretically. Among all the variables considered thus far in this series of papers [1, 2], yarn size and twist appear to be the most influential variables controlling fiber migration in staple yarns. }, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GUPTA, BS}, year={1972}, pages={181-&} }
 @article{hearle_gupta_goswami_1965, title={MIGRATION OF FIBERS IN YARNS .5. COMBINATION OF MECHANISMS OF MIGRATION}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051756503501102}, abstractNote={= 0.21 ) with acidic catalysts. No effect on crease recovery angles caused by the vinylation process was noted except for a depressed wet crease recovery angle, and, therefore, very little crosslinking occurred during vinylation. 5. Most vinylated cloth samples had breaking strengths 55 % to 85 % of the control cloth and showed 20% to 50% elongation at break. Cotton slivers vinylated with ethylene dibromide showed little or no loss in tenacity. Acknowledgments}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HEARLE, JWS and GUPTA, BS and GOSWAMI, GC}, year={1965}, pages={972-&} }
 @article{hearle_gupta_merchant_1965, title={MIGRATION OF FIBERS IN YARNS .I. CHARACTERIZATION AND IDEALIZATION OF MIGRATION BEHAVIOR}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051756503500407}, abstractNote={The rates of absorption of saturated and unsaturated vapors of some model compounds and disperse dyes by secondary cellulose acetate film have been determined. Initial and integral diffusion coefficients for both types of system and the activation energy of diffusion of azobenzene have been calculated. Low initial rates of absorption from saturated vapor are attributed to a time-dependent surface concentration. Extrapolation of diffusion data for two disperse dyes to higher temperatures gives times of half-dyeing of the same order as those observed in dyeing by dry-heat fixation methods.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HEARLE, JWS and GUPTA, BS and MERCHANT, VB}, year={1965}, pages={329-&} }