@article{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_halliwell_2017, title={Co-sensitization and cross-reactivity between related and unrelated food allergens in dogs - a serological study}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Dermatology}, author={Bexley, J. and Nuttall, T. J. and Hammerberg, B. and Halliwell, R. E.}, year={2017}, pages={31-} }
 @article{hammerberg_eguiluz-hernandez_2017, title={Therapeutic anti-IgE monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) safety and immunomodulatory effects after one time injection in four dogs}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-3164"]}, DOI={10.1111/vde.12354}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe therapeutic monoclonal antibody omalizumab that is specific for IgE has proven to be an effective addition to the treatment of allergic disease in humans.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce and Eguiluz-Hernandez, Sitka}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={52-+} }
 @article{seals_kearney_del piero_hammerberg_pucheu-haston_2014, title={A study for characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in non-allergic domestic cats}, volume={159}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.007}, abstractNote={Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) mediated reactions can be induced by intradermal injection of anti-IgE antibodies in both humans and dogs. These reactions grossly and histologically mimic changes seen in naturally occurring allergic dermatitis in these species. Similar studies have not been conducted in the cat. Purified polyclonal rabbit-origin IgG specific for canine IgE (anti-IgE) and rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were injected intradermally in 7 non-allergic laboratory colony cats. Wheal measurements were obtained and biopsies collected before injection and at injection sites after 20 min, 6, 24, and 48 h. Injection of anti-IgE induced an immediate wheal response which was significantly larger than that seen after injection of rabbit IgG. Anti-IgE injected skin was also significantly thicker than IgG-injected skin. This corresponded with a significant increase in number of visibly degranulated mast cells in anti-IgE samples when compared to IgG samples. Injection of anti-IgE was associated with the rapid recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injected dermis. The number of inflammatory cells and mononuclear cells were significantly elevated after the injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG-injected skin. Both eosinophils and neutrophils were significantly increased in anti-IgE samples relative to IgG, although neutrophils were only transiently increased. The high eosinophil and relatively low neutrophil cell counts in these samples were consistent with previously documented histologic features of naturally occurring feline allergic skin disease. Immunohistochemistry identified a significantly overall increased CD1a(+) cells after the intradermal injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG and non-injected skin. CD3(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+) were also significantly increased overall in anti-IgE injected skin relative to IgG injected skin. These data document the gross and cellular response to injection of anti-IgE in the skin of healthy, non-allergic cats and support a possible role for IgE in the development of feline allergic dermatitis.}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Seals, Shanna L. and Kearney, Michael and Del Piero, Fabio and Hammerberg, Bruce and Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={41–49} }
 @article{woodward_andrews_kearney_del piero_hammerberg_pucheu-haston_2014, title={Characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in nonallergic horses}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.7.633}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Woodward, Michelle C. and Andrews, Frank M. and Kearney, Michael T. and Del Piero, Fabio and Hammerberg, Bruce and Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={633–641} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_kasparek_stout_kearney_hammerberg_2014, title={Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.2.152}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M. and Kasparek, Kaitlin A. and Stout, Rhett W. and Kearney, Michael T. and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={152–160} }
 @inbook{hammerberg_2013, title={Canine IgE}, booktitle={Veterinary Allergy}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, editor={Noli, Ciara and Foster, Aiden and RosenKrantz, WayneEditors}, year={2013} }
 @inbook{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_fitzgerald_halliwell_2013, title={Serum Anti-Staphylococcus PseudintermediusIge and Igg Antibodies in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis and Nonatopic Dogs}, ISBN={9781118644317 9781118644874}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118644317.ch3}, DOI={10.1002/9781118644317.ch3}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements}, booktitle={Advances in Veterinary Dermatology}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Bexley, Jennifer and Nuttall, Timothy J. and Hammerberg, Bruce and Fitzgerald, J. Ross and Halliwell, Richard E.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={19–24} }
 @article{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_fitzgerald_halliwell_2013, title={Serum anti-Staphylococcus pseudintermedius IgE and IgG antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis and nonatopic dogs}, volume={24}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Dermatology}, author={Bexley, J. and Nuttall, T. J. and Hammerberg, B. and Fitzgerald, J. R. and Halliwell, R. E.}, year={2013} }
 @article{ricci_hammerberg_paps_contiero_jackson_2010, title={A comparison of the clinical manifestations of feeding whole and hydrolysed chicken to dogs with hypersensitivity to the native protein}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1365-3164"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00871.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Ricci, Rebecca and Hammerberg, Bruce and Paps, Judy and Contiero, Barbara and Jackson, Hilary}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={358–366} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2009, title={Canine immunoglobulin E}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.009}, abstractNote={Canine IgE discovery and characterization historically closely paralleled that of human IgE. The reason for this would seem to be the early recognition of the spontaneous manifestation of allergic diseases in dogs that are nearly identical to human allergic diseases. The discovery and characterization of human IgE being dependent upon its biological activity in sensitizing mast cells and basophils was matched early on by analogous approaches readily applied to dogs. Following the early work on IgE, cloning and sequencing of the IgE heavy chain, epsilon, lagged well behind the human and rodent for want of IgE producing canine myelomas. As with human allergic diseases, measurement of allergen-specific and total IgE in canine tissues and body fluids revealed the same associations with various disease manifestations that some times defied discovery of straight-forward cause and effect relationships because of the complexity of pathogenesis in spontaneous allergic disease. However it is clear that research on IgE in spontaneously allergic dogs offers many opportunities to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the control of allergic disease that will benefit both dogs and humans.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={7–12} }
 @article{bexley_hogg_hammerberg_halliwell_2009, title={Levels of house dust mite-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in different cat populations using a monoclonal based anti-IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00840.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5-6}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Bexley, Jennifer and Hogg, Janice E. and Hammerberg, Bruce and Halliwell, Richard E. W.}, year={2009}, pages={562–568} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_jackson_olivry_dunston_hammerberg_2008, title={Epicutaneous sensitization with Dermatophagoides farinae induces generalized allergic dermatitis and elevated mite-specific immunoglobulin E levels in a canine model of atopic dermatitis}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0954-7894"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949126521&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02949.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY}, author={Pucheu-Haston, C. M. and Jackson, H. A. and Olivry, T. and Dunston, S. M. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={667–679} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2008, title={Immunoglobulin E detection in mammalian species}, volume={7,470,773}, number={2008 Dec. 30}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, year={2008} }
 @article{olivry_dunston_pluchino_porter_hammerberg_2008, title={Lack of detection of circulating skin-specific IgE autoantibodies in dogs with moderate or severe atopic dermatitis}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39549096018&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.11.003}, abstractNote={Human patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) commonly exhibit IgE reactivity to cutaneous self-antigens. The presence of serum IgE autoantibodies appears to correlate with disease severity, and it is suspected to reflect or contribute to tissue damage. The objective of this study was to determine whether IgE autoantibodies specific for cutaneous antigens could be detected in the serum of dogs with AD. Serum was collected from 19 dogs with untreated moderate to severe AD and four specific-pathogen free (SPF) dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using normal canine skin collected at four different locations (concave ear, nose, medial thigh and lateral thorax), while Western immunoblotting was done using normal canine ear pinna epidermal and dermal extracts and reducing conditions. In both methods, IgE was detected using a monoclonal antibody specific for heat stable epitopes of canine IgE. At 1:10 dilution, specific IgE autoantibodies against cutaneous autoantigens were not detected, with either method, in AD and SPF canine sera. Either IgE autoreactivity is not associated with moderate to severe AD in dogs, or the methods employed herein were not sensitive enough to permit IgE autoantibody detection.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Olivry, Thierry and Dunston, Stanley A. and Pluchino, Kristen and Porter, Kyleigh and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={182–187} }
 @article{orton_arasu_hammerberg_2007, title={A novel gene from Brugia sp that encodes a cytotoxic fatty acid binding protein allergen recognized by canine monoclonal IgE and serum IgE from infected dogs}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.1645/GE-1217.1}, abstractNote={Brugia pahangi infection of dogs is a well characterized model of human lymphatic filariasis in which sera consistently show IgG or IgE reactivity to a 35-kDa antigen. Using dog lymph node B cells, we previously established a heterohybridoma cell line producing canine monoclonal IgE (cmAb 2.39) that activates and degranulates canine mast cells, and specifically recognizes a 35-kDa B. pahangi antigen. By affinity purification and sequencing of the native protein from B. pahangi adults, a 19-amino acid sequence was obtained; the derived nucleotide sequence showed homology to a Brugia malayi and 2 related Onchocerca volvulus expressed sequence tag (EST) clones from the Filarial Genome Project database. Consensus primers amplified a 244-bp product from adult and infective larval stage cDNA libraries of B. malayi, O. volvulus, and Wuchereria bancrofti, but not from those of nonfilarial nematodes. The B. malayi EST clone only showed nucleotide sequence homology to O. volvulus EST sequences. A 684-bp region from the open reading frame was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein designated BmAl-1. CmAb 2.39, as well as serum IgE from dogs infected with B. pahangi and canine filarial heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, recognized BmAl-1 on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots. BmAl-1 showed high binding affinity for a fatty acid; however, a search for sequence homology with known fatty acid binding proteins indicated that BmAl-1 is a unique fatty acid binding protein. This 35-kDa protein seems to be highly conserved in different stages and species of filarids, and it represents a previously unknown allergen that is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of filarial disease.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Orton, Susan M. and Arasu, Prema and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={1378–1387} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_shuster_olivry_brianceau_lockwood_mcclanahan_malefyt_mattson_hammerberg_2006, title={A canine model of cutaneous late-phase reactions: prednisolone inhibition of cellular and cytokine responses}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1365-2567"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645064542&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02276.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Pucheu-Haston, CM and Shuster, D and Olivry, T and Brianceau, P and Lockwood, P and McClanahan, T and Malefyt, RD and Mattson, JD and Hammerberg, B}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={177–187} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2006, title={Immunoglobulin E detection in mammalian species}, volume={7,148,023}, number={2006 Dec. 12}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, year={2006} }
 @article{tater_jackson_paps_hammerberg_2005, title={Effects of routine prophylactic vaccination or administration of aluminum adjuvant alone on allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG responses in allergic dogs}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1572}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Tater, KC and Jackson, HA and Paps, J and Hammerberg, B}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1572–1577} }
 @inproceedings{olivry_marsella_maeda_pucheu-haston_hammerberg_2005, title={Mechanism of lesion formation in canine atopic dermatitis: 2004 hypothesis}, volume={5}, ISBN={1405131969}, booktitle={Advances in veterinary dermatology:
proceedings of the fifth World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology, Vienna, Austria, 25-28 August 2004}, publisher={Oxford : Blackwell Publishing}, author={Olivry, T. and Marsella, R. and Maeda, S. and Pucheu-Haston, C. M. and Hammerberg, B.}, editor={A. Hillier, A. P. Foster and Kwochka, K. W.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{hammerberg_jackson_burks_paps_2005, title={Spontaneous, IgE-associated food allergy in dogs as a model of human peanut allergy}, volume={115}, ISSN={0091-6749}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.153}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.153}, abstractNote={RATIONALE: The objective of this study was to determine whether dogs from a colony having high risk of allergic disease would manifest allergic reactions to oral challenge with peanut allergen following a diet that included roasted peanuts. METHODS: Four five-month-old puppies were sensitized to roasted peanut by oral administration of 200 mg/kg whole peanut once weekly for 6 weeks and once at 9 months of age. Dogs were challenged at 12 months of age with 2g/kg peanut flour and monitored for clinical signs and pruritis at 35 different sites on the skin, eyes and ears at 15, 30, 45 minutes, one, 12, 24 48 120, and 216 hours after challenge. Peanut-specific serum IgE was measured weekly during sensitization and at 24 and 48 hours after challenge. In addition, peanut-specific IgE was measured in feces of first and second bowel movements after challenge. RESULTS: Peri-orbital and pinnal erythema and edema as well as lacrimation and scleral and conjunctival congestion were observed at 15 minutes post challenge and continued to be more intense up to 60 minutes. These signs subsided by 24 hours. Between 60 and 120 minutes erythematous macules developed on the antebrachial flexures, sternum and inguinal skin. Peanut-specific serum IgE levels increased during sensitization. Peanut-specific fecal IgE was markedly reduced in the first bowel movement following challenge and returned to elevated pre-challenge levels by 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Naturally occurring, immediate hypersensitivity associated with elevated IgE levels to peanut-specific allergen in dogs with genetic predisposition to allergic disease was documented by this study.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hammerberg, B. and Jackson, H.A. and Burks, W. and Paps, J.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={S34} }
 @article{kimber_dearman_penninks_knippels_buchanan_hammerberg_jackson_helm_2003, title={Assessment of protein allergenicity on the basis of immune reactivity: Animal models}, volume={111}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.5813}, abstractNote={Because of the public concern surrounding the issue of the safety of genetically modified organisms, it is critical to have appropriate methodologies to aid investigators in identifying potential hazards associated with consumption of foods produced with these materials. A recent panel of experts convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization suggested there is scientific evidence that using data from animal studies will contribute important information regarding the allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. This view has given further impetus to the development of suitable animal models for allergenicity assessment. This article is a review of what has been achieved and what still has to be accomplished regarding several different animal models. Progress made in the design and evaluation of models in the rat, the mouse, the dog and in swine is reviewed and discussed.}, number={8}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Kimber, I. and Dearman, R. J. and Penninks, A. H. and Knippels, L. M. J. and Buchanan, R. B. and Hammerberg, B. and Jackson, H. A. and Helm, R. M.}, year={2003}, pages={1125–1130} }
 @inbook{hammerberg_2003, title={Canine Immune System}, ISBN={9780849313912 9780203490884}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203490884-7}, DOI={10.3109/9780203490884-7}, booktitle={Animal Models of Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={79–89} }
 @article{jackson_jackson_coblentz_hammerberg_2003, title={Evaluation of the clinical and allergen specific serum immunoglobulin E responses to oral challenge with cornstarch, corn, soy and a soy hydrolysate diet in dogs with spontaneous food allergy}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3164.2003.00338.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Fourteen dogs with known clinical hypersensitivity to soy and corn were maintained on a limited antigen duck and rice diet until cutaneous manifestations of pruritus were minimal (78 days). Sequential oral challenges with cornstarch, corn and soy were then performed. Subsequently, the dogs were fed a diet containing hydrolysed soy protein and cornstarch. Throughout the study period the dogs were examined for cutaneous manifestations of pruritus and, additionally, serum was collected for measurement of allergen‐specific and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E concentrations. Intradermal testing with food antigens was performed prior to entry into the study and after 83 days. A statistically significant clinical improvement was measured between days 0 and 83. Significant pruritus was induced after oral challenge with cornstarch, corn and soy (P = 0.04, 0.002, 0.01, respectively) but not with the hydrolysed diet (P = 0.5). The positive predictive value of the skin test for soy and corn allergy was reduced after feeding a soy and corn free diet. Although increases in soy and corn‐specific serum IgE concentrations were measured in individual dogs post challenge they were not statistically significant and could not be used to predict clinical hypersensitivity.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Jackson, HA and Jackson, MW and Coblentz, L and Hammerberg, B}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{little_flowers_hammerberg_gardner_2003, title={Management of drug-resistant cyathostominosis on a breeding farm in central North Carolina}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516403776148264}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Little, D and Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, BH and Gardner, SY}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={246–251} }
 @article{wang_walfield_fang_hammerberg_ye_li_shen_shen_alexander_macglashan_2003, title={Synthetic IgE peptide vaccine for immunotherapy of allergy}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00732-6}, abstractNote={An immunotherapeutic vaccine for allergy was produced by designing IgE-based synthetic peptide immunogens and selecting them for functional immunogenicity. The vaccine targets the binding site on IgE for the high affinity receptor Fc epsilon RI, by active immunization. The peptide target site on IgE heavy chain was selected from among the amino acid sequences for the C epsilon 2, C epsilon 3, and C epsilon 4 domains. These were characterised by epitope mapping studies for cross-reactivity to IgE and functional antigenicity. A peptide, modified from positions 413-435 of a loop region of C epsilon 3 and subjected to conformational constraint, elicited anti-IgE antibodies that blocked IgE-mediated histamine release. It was immunopotentiated by linkage to a promiscuous T helper site to produce a wholly synthetic chimaeric immunogen. This immunogen was shown to induce polyclonal site-specific anti-IgE antibodies that obstruct binding to Fc epsilon RI, inhibit histamine release by IgE-sensitised basophils, inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and do not signal degranulation. Immunized dogs experienced significant reductions in total serum IgE.}, number={15}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Wang, CY and Walfield, AM and Fang, XD and Hammerberg, B and Ye, J and Li, ML and Shen, F and Shen, M and Alexander, V and MacGlashan, DW}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1580–1590} }
 @article{jackson_smith_hammerberg_2002, title={Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of IgE mediated food hypersensitivity: dynamic changes in serum, faecal and allergen-specific IgE relative to dietary change}, volume={52}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Jackson, H.A. and Smith, C. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2002}, pages={316–321} }
 @article{jackson_hammerberg_2002, title={Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of immunoglobulin E- mediated food hypersensitivity: Dynamic changes in serum and fecal allergen-specific immunoglobulin E values relative to dietary change}, volume={52}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Jackson, H. A. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2002}, pages={316–321} }
 @article{flowers_hammerberg_wood_malarkey_dam_levy_mclawhorn_2002, title={Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.193}, abstractNote={A 7-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever cross was evaluated because of intermittent blood-tinged diarrhea, severe weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy of 2 months' duration; the dog was unresponsive to antimicrobial and standard anthelmintic treatment. Results of fecal flotations for parasite ova were negative. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities and total protein and globulin conentrations were greater than reference ranges. Biopsy specimens were obtained during laparotomy and examination revealed multiple granulomatous lesions with helminth ova nidi in the intestine, pancreas, liver, and mesenteric lymph node. Saline solution direct smear and saline solution sedimentation of feces yielded trematode ova that were morphologically consistent with Heterobilharzia americana. Identification was confirmed when miracidia were hatched from these ova and produced characteristic cercariae from infected snails. An antigen capture ELISA, typically used for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans, was performed, and schistosome circulating anodic antigen was detected. Treatment with 30 mg of praziquantel/kg (14 mg/lb) of body weight stopped ova shedding, removed detectable circulating antigens, and caused the dog's body weight and attitude to return to normal. Although this is the first report of canine heterobilharziasis in North Carolina, it suggests that heterobilharziasis is underdiagnosed in dogs that have contact with water frequented by raccoons. Inappropriate diagnostic procedures can foil accurate detection of this parasitic disease.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, B and Wood, SL and Malarkey, DE and Dam, GJ and Levy, MG and McLawhorn, LD}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={193–196} }
 @article{jackson_orton_hammerberg_2002, title={IgE is present on peripheral blood monocytes and B cells in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis but there is no correlation with serum IgE concentrations}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00003-X}, abstractNote={Blood was collected from 29 dogs, 14 with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 15 controls. Total serum IgE was quantitated. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested and labeled with leucocyte markers and anti-canine IgE before analysis by flow cytometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the atopic and control groups when the mean number of cells in the monocyte (CD14), antigen presenting cell (CD1c) or B cell (CD21) populations were examined. However, the variation in cell numbers was significant and much greater in the atopic group for CD1c and CD14 labeled cells. The mean percentage of double labeled cells, CD1c/IgE and CD14/IgE was significantly lower in the atopic population compared with the controls. More variation was observed in the numbers of monocytes of atopic dogs (CD14/IgE) and antigen presenting cells (CD1c/IgE) of control dogs. The mean percentage of B cells expressing IgE was 65 and 51% in the atopic and control groups respectively which is greater than that reported in humans. There was no statistically significant difference. Total serum IgE concentrations were similar in each group and did not correlate with cell bound IgE in any of the leucocyte populations studied. Canine AD is associated with more variability in circulating monocyte numbers and lower numbers of monocytes expressing IgE than control dogs. Unlike in humans, there is no correlation between circulating and cell bound IgE. Furthermore, high levels of IgE in the dog may be related to a greater number of B cells in the circulation committed to IgE production.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Jackson, HA and Orton, SM and Hammerberg, B}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={225–232} }
 @article{hammerberg_olivry_orton_2001, title={Skin mast cell histamine release following stem cell factor and high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor cross-linking in dogs with atopic dermatitis}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035749975&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00273.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Olivry, T and Orton, SM}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={339–346} }
 @article{vaden_hammerberg_davenport_orton_trogdon_melgarejo_vancamp_williams_2000, title={Food hypersensitivity reactions in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers with protein-losing enteropathy or protein-losing nephropathy or both: Gastroscopic food sensitivity testing, dietary provocation, and fecal immunoglobulin E}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0060:FHRISC>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) or both for allergy to food. We performed gastroscopic food-sensitivity testing, a provocative dietary trial, and measurement of fecal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 6 SCWTs affected with PLE or PLN or both. Positive gastroscopic food-sensitivity test reactions were noted in 5 of 6 dogs. Positive reactions were found to milk in 4 dogs, to lamb in 2 dogs, and to wheat and chicken each in 1 dog. Adverse reactions to food (diarrhea, vomiting, or pruritus) were detected in all 6 dogs during the provocative dietary trial. Adverse reactions were found to corn in 5 dogs, to tofu in 3 dogs, to cottage cheese in 2 dogs, to milk in 2 dogs, to farina cream of wheat in 2 dogs, and to lamb in 2 dogs. Serum albumin concentrations significantly decreased and fecal alpha1-protease inhibitor concentration significantly increased 4 days after the provocative trial when compared with baseline values. Antigen-specific fecal IgE varied throughout the provocative trial, with peak levels following ingestion of test meals. We conclude that food hypersensitivities are present in SCWTs affected with the syndrome of PLE/PLN. Mild inflammatory bowel disease was already established in the 6 SCWTs of this report at the time of study, making it impossible to determine if food allergies were the cause or result of the enteric disease.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Hammerberg, B and Davenport, DJ and Orton, SM and Trogdon, MM and Melgarejo, LT and VanCamp, SD and Williams, DA}, year={2000}, pages={60–67} }
 @article{watson_hammerberg_2000, title={Identification of a collectin-like protein in pig serum that binds a component in perienteric fluid from Ascaris suum}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0147-9571"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00067-3}, abstractNote={A collectin-like protein (CLP) of the acute phase protein family that binds the polysaccharides mannan and alpha-1-6 dextran was isolated from the serum of pigs infected with Ascaris suum. A monoclonal antibody generated against this protein and used to characterize the CLP revealed on SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis that the protein had a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa under reducing conditions and greater than 100 kDa under nonreducing conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the CLP bound to substances in the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum (APF). Molecular weight fractionation of APF demonstrated that CLP binds primarily to APF substances of greater than 100 kDa. Binding of CLP to APF was partially blocked by phosphatidylinositol. This is the first report of a porcine CLP and the binding of a CLP to components of the common nematode Ascaris suum.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Watson, BI and Hammerberg, B}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={113–124} }
 @article{ediriwickrema_tonkonogy_hammerberg_2000, title={Natural killer cell-dependent immunoglobulin G2a anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) response elicited by high molecular weight dextran-BSA conjugates associated with dextran-mediated macrophage-natural killer cell interaction}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1365-2567"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00135.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Ediriwickrema, CP and Tonkonogy, SL and Hammerberg, B}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={474–483} }
 @article{orton_weinstock_hammerberg_1998, title={Association of elevated lymph node cell release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor with genetic predisposition to limb edema formation in dogs infected with Brugia pahangi}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0002-9637"]}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.695}, abstractNote={Brugia pahangi infection in the canine rear limb results in marked lymphatic duct and popliteal lymph node pathologic changes. Limb edema is variably associated with infection and does not correlate well with duct or node lesions. To understand the mechanisms of limb edema, lymph node cells were collected by sequential biopsy following infection and examined for production of inflammatory mediators. Lymph node cells from a litter of dogs selectively bred with a high incidence of edema formation (82%) demonstrated spontaneously released histamine and prostaglandin E2 levels higher than those of closely related nonedema-forming dogs (0-20%) and/or control dogs. These edema-forming dogs also showed elevated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha when cells were cultured with Brugia antigen. Toluidine blue staining of infected lymph node sections revealed that the edema-forming dogs had higher numbers of mast cells than infected lymph nodes of nonedema-forming dogs.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}, author={Orton, S and Weinstock, D and Hammerberg, B}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={695–704} }
 @article{balwin_bristol_deaver_hammerberg_heath_mallapragada_naylor_richardson_wilson_1998, title={Case studies in organ transplantation}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Ag Bioethics Forum}, author={Balwin, C. and Bristol, D. and Deaver, E. and Hammerberg, B. and Heath, C. and Mallapragada, S. and Naylor, G. and Richardson, E. and Wilson, J.}, year={1998}, pages={2–6} }
 @article{hammerberg_bevier_deboer_olivry_orton_gebhard_vaden_1997, title={Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG x IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis.}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031565919&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-0}, abstractNote={Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disease manifestation in dogs; however, there is no correlation between clinical disease and detectable total serum IgE. Auto antibodies of the IgG subclass against IgE may affect the detection of serum IgE by immunoassay and may be important in the regulation of IgE production by B cells. ELISA were developed to detect serum antibodies specific for IgE using a newly available canine monoclonal IgE of known antigen specificity, generated from a canine × murine heterohybridoma. To test for correlation of auto IgG anti-IgE levels with manifestation of atopic dermatitis, the sera from 101 atopic dogs were compared with sera from non-atopic dogs of various breeds, foxhounds manifesting clinical signs of demodectic acariasis and helminth parasitized random bred dogs for quantities of IgG anti-IgE measured in units/ml compared to a high titer standard serum. To test for serum effects on quantitation of IgE, known amounts of canine monoclonal IgE were added to various sera and measured by capture ELISA with detecting monoclonal antibodies specific for heat labile or heat stabile epitopes. Unheated sera from dogs manifesting clinical atopic dermatitis and helminth parasitized dogs had levels of IgG anti-IgE that were significantly lower than various breeds of dogs not manifesting dermatologic lesions and foxhounds manifesting demodectic acariasis. Heating sera at 56°C for 3 h to denature the high affinity binding site on the IgE heavy chain caused a marked increase over non-heated sera in detectable IgG angi-IgE in almost all dogs. This increase was most profound in helminth-infected dogs and foxhounds manifesting demodectic mange with 7 fold increases each, respectively, and in atopic dogs with a 5 fold increase compared to 3 fold increases for clinically-normal springer spaniels and all soft coated wheaten terriers. The terriers demonstrated an association of lower heated serum values of IgG anti-IgE with manifestation of a familial syndrome of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy. The ability of mouse anti-canine IgE monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stabile epitopes to detect canine monoclonal IgE added to sera in known amounts varied from serum to serum and at different concentrations of the same serum, but did not correlate with IgG anti-IgE values for these sera. The range of absolute levels of serum IgE in dogs showing little or no inhibition of detection of added IgE was < 0.5 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml. It was concluded that the increase in detectable IgG anti-IgE after heating sera indicates that IgG × IgE immune complexes are normally present in most dogs; however, the increase over uncomplexed IgG anti-IgE was most pronounced in dogs manifesting atopic dermatitis and demodectic acariasis. A quantitative comparison of IgG anti-IgE or IgG × IgE to total serum IgE was not made because the ability of monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stable epitopes on the IgE heavy chain to detect IgE added to serum, as well as innate serum IgE, was highly variable in different dilutions of serum from individual to individual.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Bevier, D and DeBoer, DJ and Olivry, T and Orton, SM and Gebhard, D and Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={33–46} }
 @article{schreuer_hammerberg_1996, title={Inhibition by platelets of in vitro blastogenic responses of canine PBMC by a PAF-dependent mechanism}, volume={52}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05549-5}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(95)05549-5}, abstractNote={It was demonstrated that platelets can inhibit in vitro blastogenic responses by a platelet activating factor (PAF)-dependent mechanism. A procedure for the isolation of virtually platelet-free canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation followed by Percoll density centrifugation, was developed to investigate the mechanism by which platelets inhibit the in vitro blastogenic response of PBMC. It was shown that PBMC purified on Ficoll gradients alone are contaminated with platelets and proliferate weakly compared with platelet-free PBMC purified on an additional Percoll gradient. Addition of platelets to PBMC cultures in the presence of PAF receptor antagonist resulted in a proliferative response similar in intensity to that of platelet-free PBMC cultures, whereas the addition of platelets to PBMC cultures in the absence of PAF receptor antagonist resulted in marked inhibition of the mitogen-induced proliferative response. Therefore, PAF is likely to be involved in the inhibition of in vitro proliferative responses of platelet-contaminated canine PBMC.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schreuer, Damien and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={135–145} }
 @article{gebhard_orton_edmiston_nakagaki_deboer_hammerberg_1995, title={Canine IgE monoclonal antibody specific for a filarial antigen: production by a canine X murine heterohybridoma using B cells from a clinically affected lymph node}, volume={85}, journal={Immunology}, author={Gebhard, D. and Orton, S. and Edmiston, D. and Nakagaki, K. and DeBoer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1995}, pages={429–434} }
 @article{schreuer_hammerberg_1993, title={Modulation of cellular and humoral immunity, and disease manifestation during onset of patency in Brugia pahangi-infected dogs}, volume={79}, journal={Immunology}, author={Schreuer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1993}, pages={658–666} }
 @article{miller_schreuer_hammerberg_1991, title={Inhibition of antigen-driven proliferative responses and enhancement of antibody production during infection with Brugia pahangi}, volume={147}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, author={Miller, S. and Schreuer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1991}, pages={1007–1013} }
 @article{hammerberg_nogami_nakagaki_hayashi_tanaka_1989, title={Protective immunity against Brugia malayi infective larvae in mice. II. Induction by a T cell-dependent antigen isolated by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE}, volume={143}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, author={Hammerberg, B. and Nogami, S. and Nakagaki, K. and Hayashi, Y. and Tanaka, H.}, year={1989}, pages={4201} }