@article{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_halliwell_2017, title={Co-sensitization and cross-reactivity between related and unrelated food allergens in dogs - a serological study}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Dermatology}, author={Bexley, J. and Nuttall, T. J. and Hammerberg, B. and Halliwell, R. E.}, year={2017}, pages={31-} }
 @article{hammerberg_eguiluz-hernandez_2017, title={Therapeutic anti-IgE monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) safety and immunomodulatory effects after one time injection in four dogs}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-3164"]}, DOI={10.1111/vde.12354}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe therapeutic monoclonal antibody omalizumab that is specific for IgE has proven to be an effective addition to the treatment of allergic disease in humans.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to demonstrate the safety and immunomodulating effects of a single injection of a monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragments (scFv) specific for canine IgE in normal dogs.AnimalsThree normal dogs were bled for EDTA whole blood samples for 112 days post‐injection (dpi). A fourth dog was monitored for 28 days.MethodsAnti‐IgE scFv was pegylated to minimize scFv dimerization. Four normal dogs were injected once subcutaneously with anti‐IgE scFv at 1 mg/kg. Flow cytometry was performed on whole blood. Plasma levels of IgE were measured by ELISA.ResultsNone of the four dogs showed signs of anaphylaxis. All dogs demonstrated decreases in IgE(+) cells in lymphocyte‐gated events by 14 dpi. Dogs C and D returned to pre‐injection levels by 21 days, whereas dogs A and B remained below pre‐injection levels until Day 112. Similar differences were seen in IgE‐bearing granulocyte‐gated cells. Free plasma IgE decreased below pre‐injection levels by 47% in Dog A and by 52% in Dog B at 112 days. Dogs C and D did not change by more than 32% from preinjection levels.ConclusionA single injection of monomeric, pegylated scFv with high affinity for dog IgE was demonstrated to be safe. Marked reduction in IgE‐bearing lymphocytes and granulocytes accompanied by reduced “free” plasma IgE level in two of four dogs is analogous to omalizumab in humans.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce and Eguiluz-Hernandez, Sitka}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={52-+} }
 @article{seals_kearney_del piero_hammerberg_pucheu-haston_2014, title={A study for characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in non-allergic domestic cats}, volume={159}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.007}, abstractNote={Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) mediated reactions can be induced by intradermal injection of anti-IgE antibodies in both humans and dogs. These reactions grossly and histologically mimic changes seen in naturally occurring allergic dermatitis in these species. Similar studies have not been conducted in the cat. Purified polyclonal rabbit-origin IgG specific for canine IgE (anti-IgE) and rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were injected intradermally in 7 non-allergic laboratory colony cats. Wheal measurements were obtained and biopsies collected before injection and at injection sites after 20 min, 6, 24, and 48 h. Injection of anti-IgE induced an immediate wheal response which was significantly larger than that seen after injection of rabbit IgG. Anti-IgE injected skin was also significantly thicker than IgG-injected skin. This corresponded with a significant increase in number of visibly degranulated mast cells in anti-IgE samples when compared to IgG samples. Injection of anti-IgE was associated with the rapid recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injected dermis. The number of inflammatory cells and mononuclear cells were significantly elevated after the injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG-injected skin. Both eosinophils and neutrophils were significantly increased in anti-IgE samples relative to IgG, although neutrophils were only transiently increased. The high eosinophil and relatively low neutrophil cell counts in these samples were consistent with previously documented histologic features of naturally occurring feline allergic skin disease. Immunohistochemistry identified a significantly overall increased CD1a(+) cells after the intradermal injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG and non-injected skin. CD3(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+) were also significantly increased overall in anti-IgE injected skin relative to IgG injected skin. These data document the gross and cellular response to injection of anti-IgE in the skin of healthy, non-allergic cats and support a possible role for IgE in the development of feline allergic dermatitis.}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Seals, Shanna L. and Kearney, Michael and Del Piero, Fabio and Hammerberg, Bruce and Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={41–49} }
 @article{woodward_andrews_kearney_del piero_hammerberg_pucheu-haston_2014, title={Characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in nonallergic horses}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.7.633}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To characterize the response of skin of nonallergic horses following ID injection of polyclonal rabbit anti-canine IgE (anti-IgE) and rabbit IgG.
Animals—6 healthy horses.
Procedures—Skin in the cervical area was injected ID with anti-IgE and IgG. Wheal measurements and skin biopsy specimens were obtained before and 20 minutes and 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Tissue sections were evaluated for inflammatory cells at 4 dermal depths. Immunohistochemical analysis for CD3, CD4, and CD8 was performed, and cell counts were evaluated.
Results—Anti-IgE wheals were significantly larger than IgG wheals at 20 minutes and 6 and 24 hours after injection. There were significantly more degranulated mast cells after anti-IgE injection than after IgG injection. There were significantly more eosinophils at 6, 24, and 48 hours and neutrophils at 6 hours after anti-IgE injection, compared with cell numbers at those same times after IgG injection. There were significantly more eosinophils in the deeper dermis of anti-IgE samples, compared with results for IgG samples. No significant differences between treatments were detected for CD3+, CD4+, or CD8+ cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Injection of anti-IgE antibodies was associated with the development of gross and microscopic inflammation characterized by mast cell degranulation and accumulation of inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils. This pattern appeared to be similar to that of horses with naturally developing allergic skin disease, although lymphocytes were not increased; thus, ID injection of anti-IgE in horses may be of use for evaluating allergic skin diseases of horses.}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Woodward, Michelle C. and Andrews, Frank M. and Kearney, Michael T. and Del Piero, Fabio and Hammerberg, Bruce and Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={633–641} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_kasparek_stout_kearney_hammerberg_2014, title={Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.2.152}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To characterize the effects of pentoxifylline on the gross and microscopic variables associated with immediate and late-phase inflammation following injection of IgE-specific antibodies in the skin of clinically normal dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Intradermal injections (0.1 mL each) of PBS solution, histamine phosphate, and cross-linking rabbit-origin anti-canine IgE antibodies (3 injections/dog) were administered at 0 hours on day 0; wheal sizes were evaluated at 20 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Biopsy specimens of injected and noninjected skin were collected 24 hours after injection. On day 2, treatment with pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) was initiated and continued until day 30. For each dog, injection, measurement, and biopsy procedures were repeated on days 30 to 31 and on days 37 to 38 (ie, after discontinuation of pentoxifylline administration).
Results—Pentoxifylline administration was associated with a significant decrease in wheal size at 6 and 24 hours (but not at 20 minutes) after injection of anti-canine IgE. Repeated injections performed 1 week after drug discontinuation revealed partial recovery of the 6-hour cutaneous reaction and complete recovery of the 24-hour cutaneous reaction. Pentoxifylline administration was also associated with inhibition of mast cell degranulation and significant decreases in the total numbers of cutaneous inflammatory cells and eosinophils, compared with pretreatment findings.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In clinically normal dogs, pentoxifylline effectively impaired late-phase reactions but not immediate reactions at sites of intradermal injection of IgE-specific antibodies by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and recruitment of cutaneous inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M. and Kasparek, Kaitlin A. and Stout, Rhett W. and Kearney, Michael T. and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={152–160} }
 @inbook{hammerberg_2013, title={Canine IgE}, booktitle={Veterinary Allergy}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, editor={Noli, Ciara and Foster, Aiden and RosenKrantz, WayneEditors}, year={2013} }
 @inbook{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_fitzgerald_halliwell_2013, title={Serum Anti-Staphylococcus PseudintermediusIge and Igg Antibodies in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis and Nonatopic Dogs}, ISBN={9781118644317 9781118644874}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118644317.ch3}, DOI={10.1002/9781118644317.ch3}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements}, booktitle={Advances in Veterinary Dermatology}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Bexley, Jennifer and Nuttall, Timothy J. and Hammerberg, Bruce and Fitzgerald, J. Ross and Halliwell, Richard E.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={19–24} }
 @article{bexley_nuttall_hammerberg_fitzgerald_halliwell_2013, title={Serum anti-Staphylococcus pseudintermedius IgE and IgG antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis and nonatopic dogs}, volume={24}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Dermatology}, author={Bexley, J. and Nuttall, T. J. and Hammerberg, B. and Fitzgerald, J. R. and Halliwell, R. E.}, year={2013} }
 @article{ricci_hammerberg_paps_contiero_jackson_2010, title={A comparison of the clinical manifestations of feeding whole and hydrolysed chicken to dogs with hypersensitivity to the native protein}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1365-3164"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00871.x}, abstractNote={AbstractTwenty‐six dogs with known adverse food reactions were fed whole chicken for 14 days. From this group, 12 dogs with cutaneous manifestations following exposure to chicken meat were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n = 6). Each group was then fed hydrolysed chicken or hydrolysed soy for 14 days in a blinded crossover design with a 17‐day washout period between each diet. Assessments of a CADESI (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index) score and pruritus were performed throughout the entire study, and combined in a global score (GS). Serum was collected weekly for the measurement of chicken‐ and soy‐specific IgG and IgE. Dogs displayed the most severe clinical response when eating whole chicken compared to baseline (P < 0.001). The GS was significantly reduced in 11 of the 12 dogs when fed hydrolysed chicken were compared to those fed whole chicken (3.58 ± 2.81 versus 20.38 ± 14.65,P < 0.01). Serum immunoglobulin G and E responses were variable and did not show relationship with specific dietary exposure.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Ricci, Rebecca and Hammerberg, Bruce and Paps, Judy and Contiero, Barbara and Jackson, Hilary}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={358–366} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2009, title={Canine immunoglobulin E}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.009}, abstractNote={Canine IgE discovery and characterization historically closely paralleled that of human IgE. The reason for this would seem to be the early recognition of the spontaneous manifestation of allergic diseases in dogs that are nearly identical to human allergic diseases. The discovery and characterization of human IgE being dependent upon its biological activity in sensitizing mast cells and basophils was matched early on by analogous approaches readily applied to dogs. Following the early work on IgE, cloning and sequencing of the IgE heavy chain, epsilon, lagged well behind the human and rodent for want of IgE producing canine myelomas. As with human allergic diseases, measurement of allergen-specific and total IgE in canine tissues and body fluids revealed the same associations with various disease manifestations that some times defied discovery of straight-forward cause and effect relationships because of the complexity of pathogenesis in spontaneous allergic disease. However it is clear that research on IgE in spontaneously allergic dogs offers many opportunities to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the control of allergic disease that will benefit both dogs and humans.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={7–12} }
 @article{bexley_hogg_hammerberg_halliwell_2009, title={Levels of house dust mite-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in different cat populations using a monoclonal based anti-IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00840.x}, abstractNote={AbstractLevels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) specific for the house dust mites (HDMs)Dermatophagoides farinae(DF) andDermatophagoides pteronyssinus(DP) in 58 cats with clinical signs suggestive of atopic dermatitis (allergic dermatitis cats), 52 cats with no history of allergic or immunological disease (nonallergic cats) and 26 specific pathogen‐free (SPF) cats were measured using a monoclonal anti‐IgE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Reactivity to both native and reduced HDM allergens was compared. SPF cats had significantly lower levels of HDM‐specific serum IgE than cats with allergic dermatitis and nonallergic cats. The difference in levels of HDM‐specific IgE in the serum of cats with allergic dermatitis and nonallergic cats was significant for native DF allergen, but not for native DP allergen or reduced HDM allergens. The results suggest that DF in its native form may be a significant allergen in cats with allergic dermatitis. The clinical relevance of these reactions, however, remains to be proven.}, number={5-6}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Bexley, Jennifer and Hogg, Janice E. and Hammerberg, Bruce and Halliwell, Richard E. W.}, year={2009}, pages={562–568} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_jackson_olivry_dunston_hammerberg_2008, title={Epicutaneous sensitization with Dermatophagoides farinae induces generalized allergic dermatitis and elevated mite-specific immunoglobulin E levels in a canine model of atopic dermatitis}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0954-7894"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949126521&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02949.x}, abstractNote={SummaryBackground
					 Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a cutaneous hypersensitivity associated with elevated levels of antigen‐specific IgE, commonly to house dust mites (HDMs). It remains controversial as to whether sensitization and clinical disease are induced by cutaneous exposure to HDM.Objectives
					 The objectives of this study were to determine whether repeated applications of Dermatophagoides farinae slurry to intact skin of Maltese–Beagle atopic (MAB) dogs would result in the development of clinical signs or lesions resembling spontaneous canine AD, to determine whether repeated slurry applications would induce elevations in mite‐specific IgE and/or IgG, and to determine whether mite antigens could be demonstrated within the dermis of application sites.Methods
					 Dogs received weekly slurry applications to the axilla and groin, and were patch tested at 120 days, or were patch tested at days 1, 60 and 120, but did not receive further slurry applications. Skin biopsies and serum samples were obtained on days 1, 60 and 120.Results
					 Pruritic dermatitis was seen in all dogs by day 60. D. farinae‐specific IgE was elevated by day 60. Histologic examination of early application sites revealed mild, mononuclear perivascular dermatitis. Later application sites were characterized by a dense inflammatory infiltrate and oedema in both the dermis and the epidermis. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the presence of D. farinae antigens in the dermis.Conclusions
					 This study demonstrated that epicutaneous application of HDM slurry to MAB dogs results in elevations of HDM‐specific IgE, localized and generalized pruritic dermatitis resembling spontaneous canine AD, and histologic changes typical of IgE‐driven inflammation. We feel that these results suggest that epicutaneous exposure to allergen may play an important role during both the sensitization and the perpetuation of AD, and provide support for the use of a canine model in the investigation of the pathogenesis of AD.}, number={4}, journal={CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY}, author={Pucheu-Haston, C. M. and Jackson, H. A. and Olivry, T. and Dunston, S. M. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={667–679} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2008, title={Immunoglobulin E detection in mammalian species}, volume={7,470,773}, number={2008 Dec. 30}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, year={2008} }
 @article{olivry_dunston_pluchino_porter_hammerberg_2008, title={Lack of detection of circulating skin-specific IgE autoantibodies in dogs with moderate or severe atopic dermatitis}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39549096018&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.11.003}, abstractNote={Human patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) commonly exhibit IgE reactivity to cutaneous self-antigens. The presence of serum IgE autoantibodies appears to correlate with disease severity, and it is suspected to reflect or contribute to tissue damage. The objective of this study was to determine whether IgE autoantibodies specific for cutaneous antigens could be detected in the serum of dogs with AD. Serum was collected from 19 dogs with untreated moderate to severe AD and four specific-pathogen free (SPF) dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using normal canine skin collected at four different locations (concave ear, nose, medial thigh and lateral thorax), while Western immunoblotting was done using normal canine ear pinna epidermal and dermal extracts and reducing conditions. In both methods, IgE was detected using a monoclonal antibody specific for heat stable epitopes of canine IgE. At 1:10 dilution, specific IgE autoantibodies against cutaneous autoantigens were not detected, with either method, in AD and SPF canine sera. Either IgE autoreactivity is not associated with moderate to severe AD in dogs, or the methods employed herein were not sensitive enough to permit IgE autoantibody detection.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Olivry, Thierry and Dunston, Stanley A. and Pluchino, Kristen and Porter, Kyleigh and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={182–187} }
 @article{orton_arasu_hammerberg_2007, title={A novel gene from Brugia sp that encodes a cytotoxic fatty acid binding protein allergen recognized by canine monoclonal IgE and serum IgE from infected dogs}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.1645/GE-1217.1}, abstractNote={Brugia pahangi infection of dogs is a well characterized model of human lymphatic filariasis in which sera consistently show IgG or IgE reactivity to a 35-kDa antigen. Using dog lymph node B cells, we previously established a heterohybridoma cell line producing canine monoclonal IgE (cmAb 2.39) that activates and degranulates canine mast cells, and specifically recognizes a 35-kDa B. pahangi antigen. By affinity purification and sequencing of the native protein from B. pahangi adults, a 19-amino acid sequence was obtained; the derived nucleotide sequence showed homology to a Brugia malayi and 2 related Onchocerca volvulus expressed sequence tag (EST) clones from the Filarial Genome Project database. Consensus primers amplified a 244-bp product from adult and infective larval stage cDNA libraries of B. malayi, O. volvulus, and Wuchereria bancrofti, but not from those of nonfilarial nematodes. The B. malayi EST clone only showed nucleotide sequence homology to O. volvulus EST sequences. A 684-bp region from the open reading frame was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein designated BmAl-1. CmAb 2.39, as well as serum IgE from dogs infected with B. pahangi and canine filarial heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, recognized BmAl-1 on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots. BmAl-1 showed high binding affinity for a fatty acid; however, a search for sequence homology with known fatty acid binding proteins indicated that BmAl-1 is a unique fatty acid binding protein. This 35-kDa protein seems to be highly conserved in different stages and species of filarids, and it represents a previously unknown allergen that is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of filarial disease.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Orton, Susan M. and Arasu, Prema and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={1378–1387} }
 @misc{hammerberg_2006, title={Immunoglobulin E detection in mammalian species}, volume={7,148,023}, number={2006 Dec. 12}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hammerberg, B.}, year={2006} }
 @article{pucheu-haston_shuster_olivry_brianceau_lockwood_mcclanahan_malefyt_mattson_hammerberg_2006, title={A canine model of cutaneous late-phase reactions: prednisolone inhibition of cellular and cytokine responses}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1365-2567"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645064542&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02276.x}, abstractNote={SummaryImmunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated late‐phase reactions can be induced in atopic humans by intradermal injection of relevant allergens or anti‐IgE antibodies. The histology of these reactions resembles that of naturally occurring atopic dermatitis. Strikingly similar responses can be induced in dogs, suggesting that a canine model could prove valuable for preclinical investigation of drugs targeting late‐phase reactions. This study was designed to characterize the cellular, cytokine and chemokine responses after intradermal anti‐IgE injection in untreated and prednisolone‐treated dogs. Normal beagles were untreated or treated with prednisolone before intradermal injection of polyclonal rabbit anti‐canine IgE or normal rabbit IgG. Biopsies were taken before injection and 6, 24 and 48 hr after injection. Samples were evaluated by histological and immunohistochemical staining, as well as by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dermal eosinophil and neutrophil numbers increased dramatically within 6 hr after injection of rabbit anti‐canine IgE, and remained moderately elevated at 48 hr. The numbers of CD1c+ and CD3+ mononuclear cells were also increased at 6 hr. The real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated marked increases in mRNA expression for interleukin‐13 (IL‐13), CCL2, CCL5 and CCL17. Levels of mRNA for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IFN‐γ did not change within the limits of detection. Prednisolone administration suppressed the influx of neutrophils, eosinophils, CD1c+ and CD3+ cells, as well as expression of IL‐13, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL17. These data document the cytokine and chemokine responses to anti‐IgE injection in canine skin, and they demonstrate the ability of the model to characterize the anti‐inflammatory effects of a known therapeutic agent.}, number={2}, journal={IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Pucheu-Haston, CM and Shuster, D and Olivry, T and Brianceau, P and Lockwood, P and McClanahan, T and Malefyt, RD and Mattson, JD and Hammerberg, B}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={177–187} }
 @article{tater_jackson_paps_hammerberg_2005, title={Effects of routine prophylactic vaccination or administration of aluminum adjuvant alone on allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG responses in allergic dogs}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1572}, abstractNote={Abstract
				
					Objective—To determine the acute corn-specific
serum IgE and IgG, total serum IgE, and clinical
responses to SC administration of prophylactic vaccines
and aluminum adjuvant in corn-allergic dogs.
				
					Animals—20 allergic and 8 nonallergic dogs.
				
					Procedure—17 corn-allergic dogs were vaccinated.
Eight clinically normal dogs also were vaccinated as
a control group. Serum corn-specific IgE, corn-specific
IgG, and total IgE concentrations were measured
in each dog before vaccination and 1 and 3
weeks after vaccination by use of an ELISA. The
corn-allergic dogs also had serum immunoglobulin
concentrations measured at 8 and 9 weeks after
vaccination. Twenty allergic dogs received a SC
injection of aluminum adjuvant, and serum
immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in
each dog 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after injection. The
allergic dogs were examined during the 8 weeks
after aluminum administration for clinical signs of
allergic disease.
				
					Results—The allergic dogs had significant increases
in serum corn-specific IgE and IgG concentrations 1
and 3 weeks after vaccination but not 8 or 9 weeks
after vaccination. Control dogs did not have a significant
change in serum immunoglobulin concentrations
after vaccination. After injection of aluminum adjuvant,
the allergic dogs did not have a significant
change in serum immunoglobulin concentrations or
clinical signs.
				
					Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Allergen-specific
IgE and IgG concentrations increase after prophylactic
vaccination in allergic dogs but not in clinically
normal dogs. Prophylactic vaccination of dogs
with food allergies may affect results of serologic
allergen-specific immunoglobulin testing performed
within 8 weeks after vaccination. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1572–1577)}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Tater, KC and Jackson, HA and Paps, J and Hammerberg, B}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1572–1577} }
 @inproceedings{olivry_marsella_maeda_pucheu-haston_hammerberg_2005, title={Mechanism of lesion formation in canine atopic dermatitis: 2004 hypothesis}, volume={5}, ISBN={1405131969}, booktitle={Advances in veterinary dermatology:
proceedings of the fifth World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology, Vienna, Austria, 25-28 August 2004}, publisher={Oxford : Blackwell Publishing}, author={Olivry, T. and Marsella, R. and Maeda, S. and Pucheu-Haston, C. M. and Hammerberg, B.}, editor={A. Hillier, A. P. Foster and Kwochka, K. W.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{hammerberg_jackson_burks_paps_2005, title={Spontaneous, IgE-associated food allergy in dogs as a model of human peanut allergy}, volume={115}, ISSN={0091-6749}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.153}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.153}, abstractNote={RATIONALE: The objective of this study was to determine whether dogs from a colony having high risk of allergic disease would manifest allergic reactions to oral challenge with peanut allergen following a diet that included roasted peanuts. METHODS: Four five-month-old puppies were sensitized to roasted peanut by oral administration of 200 mg/kg whole peanut once weekly for 6 weeks and once at 9 months of age. Dogs were challenged at 12 months of age with 2g/kg peanut flour and monitored for clinical signs and pruritis at 35 different sites on the skin, eyes and ears at 15, 30, 45 minutes, one, 12, 24 48 120, and 216 hours after challenge. Peanut-specific serum IgE was measured weekly during sensitization and at 24 and 48 hours after challenge. In addition, peanut-specific IgE was measured in feces of first and second bowel movements after challenge. RESULTS: Peri-orbital and pinnal erythema and edema as well as lacrimation and scleral and conjunctival congestion were observed at 15 minutes post challenge and continued to be more intense up to 60 minutes. These signs subsided by 24 hours. Between 60 and 120 minutes erythematous macules developed on the antebrachial flexures, sternum and inguinal skin. Peanut-specific serum IgE levels increased during sensitization. Peanut-specific fecal IgE was markedly reduced in the first bowel movement following challenge and returned to elevated pre-challenge levels by 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Naturally occurring, immediate hypersensitivity associated with elevated IgE levels to peanut-specific allergen in dogs with genetic predisposition to allergic disease was documented by this study.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hammerberg, B. and Jackson, H.A. and Burks, W. and Paps, J.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={S34} }
 @article{kimber_dearman_penninks_knippels_buchanan_hammerberg_jackson_helm_2003, title={Assessment of protein allergenicity on the basis of immune reactivity: Animal models}, volume={111}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.5813}, abstractNote={Because of the public concern surrounding the issue of the safety of genetically modified organisms, it is critical to have appropriate methodologies to aid investigators in identifying potential hazards associated with consumption of foods produced with these materials. A recent panel of experts convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization suggested there is scientific evidence that using data from animal studies will contribute important information regarding the allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. This view has given further impetus to the development of suitable animal models for allergenicity assessment. This article is a review of what has been achieved and what still has to be accomplished regarding several different animal models. Progress made in the design and evaluation of models in the rat, the mouse, the dog and in swine is reviewed and discussed.}, number={8}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Kimber, I. and Dearman, R. J. and Penninks, A. H. and Knippels, L. M. J. and Buchanan, R. B. and Hammerberg, B. and Jackson, H. A. and Helm, R. M.}, year={2003}, pages={1125–1130} }
 @inbook{hammerberg_2003, title={Canine Immune System}, ISBN={9780849313912 9780203490884}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203490884-7}, DOI={10.3109/9780203490884-7}, booktitle={Animal Models of Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={79–89} }
 @article{jackson_jackson_coblentz_hammerberg_2003, title={Evaluation of the clinical and allergen specific serum immunoglobulin E responses to oral challenge with cornstarch, corn, soy and a soy hydrolysate diet in dogs with spontaneous food allergy}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3164.2003.00338.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Fourteen dogs with known clinical hypersensitivity to soy and corn were maintained on a limited antigen duck and rice diet until cutaneous manifestations of pruritus were minimal (78 days). Sequential oral challenges with cornstarch, corn and soy were then performed. Subsequently, the dogs were fed a diet containing hydrolysed soy protein and cornstarch. Throughout the study period the dogs were examined for cutaneous manifestations of pruritus and, additionally, serum was collected for measurement of allergen‐specific and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E concentrations. Intradermal testing with food antigens was performed prior to entry into the study and after 83 days. A statistically significant clinical improvement was measured between days 0 and 83. Significant pruritus was induced after oral challenge with cornstarch, corn and soy (P = 0.04, 0.002, 0.01, respectively) but not with the hydrolysed diet (P = 0.5). The positive predictive value of the skin test for soy and corn allergy was reduced after feeding a soy and corn free diet. Although increases in soy and corn‐specific serum IgE concentrations were measured in individual dogs post challenge they were not statistically significant and could not be used to predict clinical hypersensitivity.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Jackson, HA and Jackson, MW and Coblentz, L and Hammerberg, B}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{little_flowers_hammerberg_gardner_2003, title={Management of drug-resistant cyathostominosis on a breeding farm in central North Carolina}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516403776148264}, abstractNote={Summary Reasons for performing study: Possible anthelmintic resistance on a breeding farm where a rapid rotation anthelmintic programme had been implemented for 9 years was investigated. Cyathostomins resistant to fenbendazole and pyrantel were documented by faecal worm egg count reduction test (FWECRT). Objectives: To 1) manage small strongyle transmission in a herd of horses in which resistance to both pyrantel pamoate and fenbendazole was identified and thereby reduce the risk of clinical disease in the individual animal, 2) monitor the change in resistance patterns over time and 3) monitor the efficacy of ivermectin over the study period. Methods: Targeted ivermectin treatment of horses on the farm was instituted formature horses with faecal worm egg counts (FWEC) >200 eggs/g (epg) and for horses <age 2 years with FWEC >100 epg. Results: Over a 30 month period, targeted ivermectin treatment achieved acceptable control in mares, as judged by FWEC, and improved control of patent cyathostome infection in consecutive foal crops. Egg reappearance time (ERT) after treatment with ivermectin was <8 weeks in mares and foals more frequently in the second year of the study than in the first year. Numbers of anthelmintic treatments were reduced by 77.6 and 53.3% in the mare and foal group, respectively. Conclusions: Targeted ivermect in treatment may be an economically viable method of managing multiple drug resistant cyathostominosis. Potential relevance: Use of ivermectin should be monitored closely for development of resistance.}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Little, D and Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, BH and Gardner, SY}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={246–251} }
 @article{wang_walfield_fang_hammerberg_ye_li_shen_shen_alexander_macglashan_2003, title={Synthetic IgE peptide vaccine for immunotherapy of allergy}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00732-6}, abstractNote={An immunotherapeutic vaccine for allergy was produced by designing IgE-based synthetic peptide immunogens and selecting them for functional immunogenicity. The vaccine targets the binding site on IgE for the high affinity receptor FcεRI, by active immunization. The peptide target site on IgE heavy chain was selected from among the amino acid sequences for the Cε2, Cε3, and Cε4 domains. These were characterised by epitope mapping studies for cross-reactivity to IgE and functional antigenicity. A peptide, modified from positions 413–435 of a loop region of Cε3 and subjected to conformational constraint, elicited anti-IgE antibodies that blocked IgE-mediated histamine release. It was immunopotentiated by linkage to a promiscuous T helper site to produce a wholly synthetic chimaeric immunogen. This immunogen was shown to induce polyclonal site-specific anti-IgE antibodies that obstruct binding to FcεRI, inhibit histamine release by IgE-sensitised basophils, inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and do not signal degranulation. Immunized dogs experienced significant reductions in total serum IgE.}, number={15}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Wang, CY and Walfield, AM and Fang, XD and Hammerberg, B and Ye, J and Li, ML and Shen, F and Shen, M and Alexander, V and MacGlashan, DW}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1580–1590} }
 @article{jackson_smith_hammerberg_2002, title={Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of IgE mediated food hypersensitivity: dynamic changes in serum, faecal and allergen-specific IgE relative to dietary change}, volume={52}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Jackson, H.A. and Smith, C. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2002}, pages={316–321} }
 @article{jackson_hammerberg_2002, title={Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of immunoglobulin E- mediated food hypersensitivity: Dynamic changes in serum and fecal allergen-specific immunoglobulin E values relative to dietary change}, volume={52}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Jackson, H. A. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={2002}, pages={316–321} }
 @article{flowers_hammerberg_wood_malarkey_dam_levy_mclawhorn_2002, title={Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.193}, abstractNote={A 7-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever cross was evaluated because of intermittent blood-tinged diarrhea, severe weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy of 2 months' duration; the dog was unresponsive to antimicrobial and standard anthelmintic treatment. Results of fecal flotations for parasite ova were negative. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities and total protein and globulin conentrations were greater than reference ranges. Biopsy specimens were obtained during laparotomy and examination revealed multiple granulomatous lesions with helminth ova nidi in the intestine, pancreas, liver, and mesenteric lymph node. Saline solution direct smear and saline solution sedimentation of feces yielded trematode ova that were morphologically consistent with Heterobilharzia americana. Identification was confirmed when miracidia were hatched from these ova and produced characteristic cercariae from infected snails. An antigen capture ELISA, typically used for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans, was performed, and schistosome circulating anodic antigen was detected. Treatment with 30 mg of praziquantel/kg (14 mg/lb) of body weight stopped ova shedding, removed detectable circulating antigens, and caused the dog's body weight and attitude to return to normal. Although this is the first report of canine heterobilharziasis in North Carolina, it suggests that heterobilharziasis is underdiagnosed in dogs that have contact with water frequented by raccoons. Inappropriate diagnostic procedures can foil accurate detection of this parasitic disease.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, B and Wood, SL and Malarkey, DE and Dam, GJ and Levy, MG and McLawhorn, LD}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={193–196} }
 @article{jackson_orton_hammerberg_2002, title={IgE is present on peripheral blood monocytes and B cells in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis but there is no correlation with serum IgE concentrations}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00003-X}, abstractNote={Blood was collected from 29 dogs, 14 with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 15 controls. Total serum IgE was quantitated. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested and labeled with leucocyte markers and anti-canine IgE before analysis by flow cytometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the atopic and control groups when the mean number of cells in the monocyte (CD14), antigen presenting cell (CD1c) or B cell (CD21) populations were examined. However, the variation in cell numbers was significant and much greater in the atopic group for CD1c and CD14 labeled cells. The mean percentage of double labeled cells, CD1c/IgE and CD14/IgE was significantly lower in the atopic population compared with the controls. More variation was observed in the numbers of monocytes of atopic dogs (CD14/IgE) and antigen presenting cells (CD1c/IgE) of control dogs. The mean percentage of B cells expressing IgE was 65 and 51% in the atopic and control groups respectively which is greater than that reported in humans. There was no statistically significant difference. Total serum IgE concentrations were similar in each group and did not correlate with cell bound IgE in any of the leucocyte populations studied. Canine AD is associated with more variability in circulating monocyte numbers and lower numbers of monocytes expressing IgE than control dogs. Unlike in humans, there is no correlation between circulating and cell bound IgE. Furthermore, high levels of IgE in the dog may be related to a greater number of B cells in the circulation committed to IgE production.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Jackson, HA and Orton, SM and Hammerberg, B}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={225–232} }
 @article{hammerberg_olivry_orton_2001, title={Skin mast cell histamine release following stem cell factor and high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor cross-linking in dogs with atopic dermatitis}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035749975&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00273.x}, abstractNote={AbstractStem cell factor (SCF) influences mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator release, and is elevated in tissues undergoing allergic inflammation. Wheal formation in response to the injection of SCF or anti‐immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody injection was compared between normal (n = 10) and nonlesional atopic (n = 10) canine skin. In situ SCF secretion was compared between lesional and nonlesional skin using immunohistochemistry. Histamine release by skin cell suspensions after stimulation with SCF, concanavalin A (ConA) or rabbit anticanine IgE antibodies was compared between normal and atopic dogs. All dogs exhibited strong responses to intradermal SCF injection at 10 and 50 ng mL−1. Atopic dogs had significantly (P = 0.002) larger wheal responses to anti‐IgE than normal dogs; but there was no difference in numbers of skin mast cells bearing IgE as detected by immunohistochemistry. Only atopic dogs exhibited interstitial deposition of SCF in both lesional and nonlesional skin specimens. Median histamine release stimulated by SCF in the absence of IgE from lesional skin cells was higher in atopic than normal dogs (P = 0.04). These experiments suggest that dermal SCF secretion could potentiate histamine release following IgE receptor cross‐linking and thus, could be one of the explanations for the inherent mast cell hyperexcitability observed in canine atopic dermatitis.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Olivry, T and Orton, SM}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={339–346} }
 @article{vaden_hammerberg_davenport_orton_trogdon_melgarejo_vancamp_williams_2000, title={Food hypersensitivity reactions in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers with protein-losing enteropathy or protein-losing nephropathy or both: Gastroscopic food sensitivity testing, dietary provocation, and fecal immunoglobulin E}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0060:FHRISC>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) or both for allergy to food. We performed gastroscopic food-sensitivity testing, a provocative dietary trial, and measurement of fecal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 6 SCWTs affected with PLE or PLN or both. Positive gastroscopic food-sensitivity test reactions were noted in 5 of 6 dogs. Positive reactions were found to milk in 4 dogs, to lamb in 2 dogs, and to wheat and chicken each in 1 dog. Adverse reactions to food (diarrhea, vomiting, or pruritus) were detected in all 6 dogs during the provocative dietary trial. Adverse reactions were found to corn in 5 dogs, to tofu in 3 dogs, to cottage cheese in 2 dogs, to milk in 2 dogs, to farina cream of wheat in 2 dogs, and to lamb in 2 dogs. Serum albumin concentrations significantly decreased and fecal α1-protease inhibitor concentration significantly increased 4 days after the provocative trial when compared with baseline values. Antigen-specific fecal IgE varied throughout the provocative trial, with peak levels following ingestion of test meals. We conclude that food hypersensitivities are present in SCWTs affected with the syndrome of PLE/PLN. Mild inflammatory bowel disease was already established in the 6 SCWTs of this report at the time of study, making it impossible to determine if food allergies were the cause or result of the enteric disease.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Hammerberg, B and Davenport, DJ and Orton, SM and Trogdon, MM and Melgarejo, LT and VanCamp, SD and Williams, DA}, year={2000}, pages={60–67} }
 @article{watson_hammerberg_2000, title={Identification of a collectin-like protein in pig serum that binds a component in perienteric fluid from Ascaris suum}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0147-9571"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00067-3}, abstractNote={A collectin-like protein (CLP) of the acute phase protein family that binds the polysaccharides mannan and alpha-1-6 dextran was isolated from the serum of pigs infected with Ascaris suum. A monoclonal antibody generated against this protein and used to characterize the CLP revealed on SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis that the protein had a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa under reducing conditions and greater than 100 kDa under nonreducing conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the CLP bound to substances in the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum (APF). Molecular weight fractionation of APF demonstrated that CLP binds primarily to APF substances of greater than 100 kDa. Binding of CLP to APF was partially blocked by phosphatidylinositol. This is the first report of a porcine CLP and the binding of a CLP to components of the common nematode Ascaris suum.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Watson, BI and Hammerberg, B}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={113–124} }
 @article{ediriwickrema_tonkonogy_hammerberg_2000, title={Natural killer cell-dependent immunoglobulin G2a anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) response elicited by high molecular weight dextran-BSA conjugates associated with dextran-mediated macrophage-natural killer cell interaction}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1365-2567"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00135.x}, abstractNote={SummaryThe roles of the interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) produced during natural killer (NK) cell interaction with macrophages (Mφ) were investigated as the basis for the induction of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) anti‐bovine serum albumin (BSA) responses by high molecular weight dextran conjugated to BSA (HMW‐DEX–BSA). BALB/c mice immunized with HMW‐DEX–BSA produced significantly higher levels of both IgG1 and IgG2a anti‐BSA than did mice immunized with BSA alone. Both IgG1 and IgG2a anti‐BSA levels were higher in mice immunized with BSA conjugated to dextran of molecular weight (MW) 5 000 000–40 000 000 compared with dextran of MW 10 000–60 000. The enhancement of anti‐BSA IgG2a levels but not of anti‐BSA IgG1 levels was inhibited when free BSA was added to the HMW‐DEX–BSA conjugate. NK cell depletion during HMW‐DEX–BSA immunization of mice resulted in significantly lower anti‐BSA IgG2a levels without affecting anti‐BSA IgG1 levels. Naive splenocytes or Mφ + NK cell co‐cultures incubated with HMW‐DEX or HMW‐DEX–BSA produced higher IFN‐γ levels than splenocytes or co‐cultures incubated with BSA alone. HMW‐DEX stimulated both IFN‐γ and IL‐12 production by Mφ + NK cell co‐cultures in a dose‐dependent manner. DEX‐induced IFN‐γ production by NK cells was dependent upon the presence of IL‐12, and IL‐12 production by Mφ was dependent upon the presence of IFN‐γ in these co‐cultures. Both Mφ and NK cells bound DEX to their surfaces. These data demonstrate that BSA linked to HMW‐DEX enhanced both T‐helper‐1‐ and T‐helper‐2‐associated antibody responses to BSA. The results also indicate an IL‐12‐dependent positive feedback interaction between NK cells and Mφ that supports a NK cell/IFN‐γ‐dependent mechanism for enhancement of anti‐BSA IgG2a antibody responses in mice immunized with HMW‐DEX–BSA protein conjugates.}, number={4}, journal={IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Ediriwickrema, CP and Tonkonogy, SL and Hammerberg, B}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={474–483} }
 @article{orton_weinstock_hammerberg_1998, title={Association of elevated lymph node cell release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor with genetic predisposition to limb edema formation in dogs infected with Brugia pahangi}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0002-9637"]}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.695}, abstractNote={Brugia pahangi infection in the canine rear limb results in marked lymphatic duct and popliteal lymph node pathologic changes. Limb edema is variably associated with infection and does not correlate well with duct or node lesions. To understand the mechanisms of limb edema, lymph node cells were collected by sequential biopsy following infection and examined for production of inflammatory mediators. Lymph node cells from a litter of dogs selectively bred with a high incidence of edema formation (82%) demonstrated spontaneously released histamine and prostaglandin E2 levels higher than those of closely related nonedema-forming dogs (0-20%) and/or control dogs. These edema-forming dogs also showed elevated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha when cells were cultured with Brugia antigen. Toluidine blue staining of infected lymph node sections revealed that the edema-forming dogs had higher numbers of mast cells than infected lymph nodes of nonedema-forming dogs.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}, author={Orton, S and Weinstock, D and Hammerberg, B}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={695–704} }
 @article{balwin_bristol_deaver_hammerberg_heath_mallapragada_naylor_richardson_wilson_1998, title={Case studies in organ transplantation}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Ag Bioethics Forum}, author={Balwin, C. and Bristol, D. and Deaver, E. and Hammerberg, B. and Heath, C. and Mallapragada, S. and Naylor, G. and Richardson, E. and Wilson, J.}, year={1998}, pages={2–6} }
 @article{hammerberg_bevier_deboer_olivry_orton_gebhard_vaden_1997, title={Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG x IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis.}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031565919&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-0}, abstractNote={Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disease manifestation in dogs; however, there is no correlation between clinical disease and detectable total serum IgE. Auto antibodies of the IgG subclass against IgE may affect the detection of serum IgE by immunoassay and may be important in the regulation of IgE production by B cells. ELISA were developed to detect serum antibodies specific for IgE using a newly available canine monoclonal IgE of known antigen specificity, generated from a canine × murine heterohybridoma. To test for correlation of auto IgG anti-IgE levels with manifestation of atopic dermatitis, the sera from 101 atopic dogs were compared with sera from non-atopic dogs of various breeds, foxhounds manifesting clinical signs of demodectic acariasis and helminth parasitized random bred dogs for quantities of IgG anti-IgE measured in units/ml compared to a high titer standard serum. To test for serum effects on quantitation of IgE, known amounts of canine monoclonal IgE were added to various sera and measured by capture ELISA with detecting monoclonal antibodies specific for heat labile or heat stabile epitopes. Unheated sera from dogs manifesting clinical atopic dermatitis and helminth parasitized dogs had levels of IgG anti-IgE that were significantly lower than various breeds of dogs not manifesting dermatologic lesions and foxhounds manifesting demodectic acariasis. Heating sera at 56°C for 3 h to denature the high affinity binding site on the IgE heavy chain caused a marked increase over non-heated sera in detectable IgG angi-IgE in almost all dogs. This increase was most profound in helminth-infected dogs and foxhounds manifesting demodectic mange with 7 fold increases each, respectively, and in atopic dogs with a 5 fold increase compared to 3 fold increases for clinically-normal springer spaniels and all soft coated wheaten terriers. The terriers demonstrated an association of lower heated serum values of IgG anti-IgE with manifestation of a familial syndrome of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy. The ability of mouse anti-canine IgE monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stabile epitopes to detect canine monoclonal IgE added to sera in known amounts varied from serum to serum and at different concentrations of the same serum, but did not correlate with IgG anti-IgE values for these sera. The range of absolute levels of serum IgE in dogs showing little or no inhibition of detection of added IgE was < 0.5 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml. It was concluded that the increase in detectable IgG anti-IgE after heating sera indicates that IgG × IgE immune complexes are normally present in most dogs; however, the increase over uncomplexed IgG anti-IgE was most pronounced in dogs manifesting atopic dermatitis and demodectic acariasis. A quantitative comparison of IgG anti-IgE or IgG × IgE to total serum IgE was not made because the ability of monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stable epitopes on the IgE heavy chain to detect IgE added to serum, as well as innate serum IgE, was highly variable in different dilutions of serum from individual to individual.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Bevier, D and DeBoer, DJ and Olivry, T and Orton, SM and Gebhard, D and Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={33–46} }
 @article{schreuer_hammerberg_1996, title={Inhibition by platelets of in vitro blastogenic responses of canine PBMC by a PAF-dependent mechanism}, volume={52}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05549-5}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(95)05549-5}, abstractNote={It was demonstrated that platelets can inhibit in vitro blastogenic responses by a platelet activating factor (PAF)-dependent mechanism. A procedure for the isolation of virtually platelet-free canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation followed by Percoll density centrifugation, was developed to investigate the mechanism by which platelets inhibit the in vitro blastogenic response of PBMC. It was shown that PBMC purified on Ficoll gradients alone are contaminated with platelets and proliferate weakly compared with platelet-free PBMC purified on an additional Percoll gradient. Addition of platelets to PBMC cultures in the presence of PAF receptor antagonist resulted in a proliferative response similar in intensity to that of platelet-free PBMC cultures, whereas the addition of platelets to PBMC cultures in the absence of PAF receptor antagonist resulted in marked inhibition of the mitogen-induced proliferative response. Therefore, PAF is likely to be involved in the inhibition of in vitro proliferative responses of platelet-contaminated canine PBMC.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schreuer, Damien and Hammerberg, Bruce}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={135–145} }
 @article{gebhard_orton_edmiston_nakagaki_deboer_hammerberg_1995, title={Canine IgE monoclonal antibody specific for a filarial antigen: production by a canine X murine heterohybridoma using B cells from a clinically affected lymph node}, volume={85}, journal={Immunology}, author={Gebhard, D. and Orton, S. and Edmiston, D. and Nakagaki, K. and DeBoer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1995}, pages={429–434} }
 @article{schreuer_hammerberg_1993, title={Modulation of cellular and humoral immunity, and disease manifestation during onset of patency in Brugia pahangi-infected dogs}, volume={79}, journal={Immunology}, author={Schreuer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1993}, pages={658–666} }
 @article{miller_schreuer_hammerberg_1991, title={Inhibition of antigen-driven proliferative responses and enhancement of antibody production during infection with Brugia pahangi}, volume={147}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, author={Miller, S. and Schreuer, D. and Hammerberg, B.}, year={1991}, pages={1007–1013} }
 @article{hammerberg_nogami_nakagaki_hayashi_tanaka_1989, title={Protective immunity against Brugia malayi infective larvae in mice. II. Induction by a T cell-dependent antigen isolated by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE}, volume={143}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, author={Hammerberg, B. and Nogami, S. and Nakagaki, K. and Hayashi, Y. and Tanaka, H.}, year={1989}, pages={4201} }