@article{stoneburner_naughton_sherman_mathews_2021, title={Evaluation of a stimulus attenuation strategy to reduce stress in hospitalized cats}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2020.07.008}, abstractNote={Hospitalized cats are constantly exposed to unfamiliar and potentially anxiety-producing visual and auditory stimuli. Critical care areas may require heterospecific housing of dogs and cats. For boarding, many veterinary hospitals do not have feline-only wards. In all these conditions, cats are often housed in areas with high volumes of foot traffic and high levels of ambient noise. Attempts to reduce visual stimuli have been carried out. In veterinary hospitals, towels are often hung over the front of the cage. In the shelter environment, when a cardboard box “hide” was provided within the cage, a decrease in behavioral signs of stress has been documented. Unfortunately, these masking devices are not always a practical option in a medical setting because patients are not visible to the technical staff who need to monitor them on a frequent or continual basis. In addition, hiding structures may result in tangling of intravenous lines and monitoring devices. Boxes need to be discarded or sent home after each use; towels need to be disinfected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on cat behavior of a cage-front stimulus attenuation strategy that could be easily adapted to any cage. Thirty privately owned cats were individually placed in one of two conjoined cages (left and right), connected via a communicating tunnel inside an isolated study room. Each cage had a cage door. The left or right “start side” was randomly assigned. A previously recorded video of the sights and sounds of a veterinary inpatient ward was projected onto a screen directly in front of the cages for 70 minutes. During this time, starting at the same time each day for 6 consecutive days, each cat was video recorded the entire 70 minutes. On each day, cats could choose between 2 of the following cage front conditions in accordance with a predetermined protocol: unshielded cage front and cage front covered with either a clear plexiglass sheet, or an opaque plexiglass sheet. Time spent on each side was calculated from video recordings of the cats. Two cat-stress scores, established by Kessler and Turner's noninvasive Cat-Stress-Scoring system, were calculated based on each cat's behavior during the first and last 15 minutes of each observation period. The results revealed that, regardless of cage fronts being compared, cats with higher stress scores in the first 15 minutes of the observation spent significantly more time behind the cage front option that allowed for the greatest buffering of external stimuli. In addition, regardless of cage front, cats had a slight preference for the right-sided cage and for the cage they were placed in. Age, sex, and time of the day had no significant influence on cage front preference. These results indicate that cats that experienced elevated levels of stress in a veterinary hospital may benefit from the use of a simple stimulus abatement strategy to attenuate visual and auditory stimuli. Use of a plexiglass sheet at cage front still allows for visualization of the patient by the technical staff.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Stoneburner, Regan M. and Naughton, Brian and Sherman, Barbara and Mathews, Kyle G.}, year={2021}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{fogle_hudson_thomson_sherman_gruen_lacelles_colby_clary_longo_meeker_2021, title={Improved neurocognitive performance in FIV infected cats following treatment with the p75 neurotrophin receptor ligand LM11A-31}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1538-2443"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13365-021-00956-2}, abstractNote={HIV rapidly infects the central nervous system (CNS) and establishes a persistent viral reservoir within microglia, perivascular macrophages and astrocytes. Inefficient control of CNS viral replication by antiretroviral therapy results in chronic inflammation and progressive cognitive decline in up to 50% of infected individuals with no effective treatment options. Neurotrophin based therapies have excellent potential to stabilize and repair the nervous system. A novel non-peptide ligand, LM11A-31, that targets the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been identified as a small bioavailable molecule capable of strong neuroprotection with minimal side effects. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of LM11A-31 in a natural infection model, we treated cats chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) with 13 mg/kg LM11A-31 twice daily over a period of 10 weeks and assessed effects on cognitive functions, open field behaviors, activity, sensory thresholds, plasma FIV, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) FIV, peripheral blood mononuclear cell provirus, CD4 and CD8 cell counts and general physiology. Between 12 and 18 months post-inoculation, cats began to show signs of neural dysfunction in T maze testing and novel object recognition, which were prevented by LM11A-31 treatment. Anxiety-like behavior was reduced in the open field and no changes were seen in sensory thresholds. Systemic FIV titers were unaffected but treated cats exhibited a log drop in CSF FIV titers. No significant adverse effects were observed under all conditions. The data indicate that LM11A-31 is likely to be a potent adjunctive treatment for the control of neurodegeneration in HIV infected individuals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY}, author={Fogle, Jonathan E. and Hudson, Lola and Thomson, Andrea and Sherman, Barbara and Gruen, Margaret and Lacelles, B. Duncan and Colby, Brenda M. and Clary, Gillian and Longo, Frank and Meeker, Rick B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={302–324} }
 @article{foster_brugarolas_walker_mealin_cleghern_yuschak_clark_adin_russenberger_gruen_et al._2020, title={Preliminary Evaluation of a Wearable Sensor System for Heart Rate Assessment in Guide Dog Puppies}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2986159}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2020.2986159}, abstractNote={This paper details the development of a novel wireless heart rate sensing system for puppies in training as guide dogs. The system includes a harness with on-board electrocardiography (ECG) front-end circuit, inertial measurement unit and a micro-computer with wireless capability where the major research focus of this paper was on the ergonomic design and evaluation of the system on puppies. The first phase of our evaluation was performed on a Labrador Retriever between 12 to 26 weeks in age as a pilot study. The longitudinal weekly data collected revealed the expected trend of a decreasing average heart rate and increased heart rate variability as the age increased. In the second phase, we improved the system ergonomics for a larger scale deployment in a guide dog school (Guiding Eyes for the Blind (Guiding Eyes)) on seventy 7.5-week-old puppies (heart rate coverage average of 86.7%). The acquired ECG based heart rate data was used to predict the performance of puppies in Guiding Eyes’s temperament test. We used the data as an input to a machine learning model which predicted two Behavior Checklist (BCL) scores as determined by expert Guiding Eyes puppy evaluators with an accuracy above 90%.}, number={16}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Foster, Marc and Brugarolas, Rita and Walker, Katherine and Mealin, Sean and Cleghern, Zach and Yuschak, Sherrie and Clark, Julia Condit and Adin, Darcy and Russenberger, Jane and Gruen, Margaret and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={9449–9459} }
 @article{brugarolas_yuschak_adin_roberts_sherman_bozkurt_2019, title={Simultaneous Monitoring of Canine Heart Rate and Respiratory Patterns During Scent Detection Tasks}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2018.2883066}, abstractNote={Man-made technological odor detection systems continue to improve but still cannot match the tracking efficiency, mobility, and selectivity in the presence of interfering odors achieved by detector dogs. The reliability of dogs as olfactory detectors does not depend solely on their performance but also on the handler’s skill in interpreting the behavior of the dog that signals the detection of the target odor. We present our efforts on a wireless wearable system combining electrocardiogram (ECG) and an electronic stethoscope for direct monitoring of cardiopulmonary events in dogs toward enabling cybernetic dog–machine interfaces. This is, to our knowledge, the first cyber-physical attempt to simultaneously record heart rate, heart rate variability, and continuous auscultation of respiratory behavior in a wearable form factor during scent-detection tasks. In this paper, we present: 1) a method to automate the detection of sniffing episodes based on power spectral density of the respiratory sounds; 2) proof-of-concept extraction and quantification of the ECG and respiratory sounds features that would enable the discovery of physiological patterns associated to scent-detection tasks; and 3) proof-of-concept correlation of such patterns with the presence/absence of target odors. These contributions pave the way for a novel real-time cybernetic olfactory detection monitoring system to provide decision support for handlers in the field in addition to enabling future computer-sniffing dog interfaces.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Brugarolas, Rita and Yuschak, Sherrie and Adin, Darcy and Roberts, David L. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1454–1462} }
 @article{kennedy_thomson_griffith_fogle_lascelles_meeker_sherman_gruen_2018, title={Enrichment Preferences of FIV-Infected and Uninfected Laboratory-Housed Cats}, volume={10}, ISSN={1999-4915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10070353}, DOI={10.3390/v10070353}, abstractNote={Environmental enrichment is critical for alleviating stress in laboratory felines. However, there is a paucity of information about suitable enrichment for cats. This study aimed to determine preferred enrichment options of individually-housed, castrated male domestic short hair cats (Felis catus) used in a longitudinal study of the effects of chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, and to determine if the FIV status of the cats affected enrichment preferences. Preference testing was performed with two types of grooming brushes, three different interactive play options, including a laser, ball, and petting interaction with a familiar investigator, and two types of toenail conditioning objects. We found that cats elected to be brushed, preferred social interaction and play with the laser to the ball, and preferred to scratch on an inclined-box toenail conditioning object compared to a horizontal, circular toenail conditioning object. There were individual preferences for enrichment opportunities. There were no differences in preferences between FIV-infected and sham-infected cats. These enrichment preferences may be used to advise laboratory animal facilities and researchers about how to best accommodate the behavioral needs of laboratory cats.}, number={7}, journal={Viruses}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kennedy, Claudia and Thomson, Andrea and Griffith, Emily and Fogle, Jonathan and Lascelles, B. and Meeker, Rick and Sherman, Barbara and Gruen, Margaret}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={353} }
 @article{pankratz_ferris_griffith_sherman_2018, title={Use of single-dose oral gabapentin to attenuate fear responses in cage-trap confined community cats: a double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17719399}, abstractNote={Objectives This double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the safety and efficacy of single-dose oral gabapentin administered for the attenuation of fear responses in cage-trap confined community cats. Methods Community cats presented in cage traps for trap–neuter–return (TNR) were recruited and screened for inclusion. Each enrolled cat was randomly assigned and administered one of three equal-volume, single-dose treatments: placebo, low-dose gabapentin (50 mg) or high-dose gabapentin (100 mg). At baseline, 1, 2, 3 and 12 h post-administration, a single, blinded observer scored each cat for signs of fear and sedation using published paradigms, calculated the respiratory rate and documented any observable facial injuries. Results Fifty-three cats met the inclusion criteria and completed the study. Cat stress score (a measure of fear) was lower in cats that received gabapentin (50 or 100 mg) than in cats that received placebo (50 mg: P = 0.027; 100 mg: P = 0.029), with the greatest reduction at 2 h post-treatment (P = 0.0007). Respiratory rates did not differ between treatment groups. There was no difference in sedation scores between the groups (P = 0.86) at any time point (P = 0.09). Cat facial injuries did not vary by treatment group or over time. No adverse effects were detected specific to gabapentin administration. At 1 h, hypersalivation was observed in four cats across all treatment groups. All cats recovered from surgery and anesthesia uneventfully. Conclusions and relevance This study supports the hypothesis that 50 mg or 100 mg gabapentin (9.2–47.6 mg/kg per cat) reduces fear responses in confined community cats without measurable sedation over 3 h post-administration vs placebo. Gabapentin treatment was well tolerated in this population of cats. Further studies are recommended to investigate the use of oral gabapentin earlier in the TNR process, such as immediately after trapping or prior to transport for the prevention of confinement-related injuries.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Pankratz, Katherine E. and Ferris, Kelli K. and Griffith, Emily H. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={535–543} }
 @article{majikes_brugarolas_winters_yuschak_mealin_walker_yang_sherman_bozkurt_roberts_2017, title={Balancing noise sensitivity, response latency, and posture accuracy for a computer-assisted canine posture training system}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1095-9300"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.010}, abstractNote={This paper describes a canine posture detection system composed of wearable sensors and instrumented devices that detect the postures sit, stand, and eat. The system consists of a customized harness outfitted with wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and a base station for processing IMU data to classify canine postures. Research in operant conditioning, the science of behavior change, indicates that successful animal training requires consistent and accurate feedback on behavior. Properly designed computer systems excel at timeliness and accuracy, which are two characteristics most amateur trainers struggle with and professionals strive for. Therefore, in addition to the system being ergonomically designed to ensure the dog׳s comfort and well-being, it is engineered to provide posture detection with timing and accuracy on par with a professional trainer. We contend that providing a system with these characteristics will one day aid dogs in learning from humans by overcoming poor or ineffective timing during training. We present the initial steps in the development and validation of a computer-assisted training system designed to work outside of laboratory environments. The main contributions of this work are (a) to explore the trade-off between low-latency responses to changes in time-series IMU data representative of posture changes while maintaining accuracy and timing similar to a professional trainer, and (b) to provide a model for future ACI technologies by documenting the user-centered approach we followed to create a computer-assisted training system that met the criteria identified in (a). Accordingly, in addition to describing our system, we present the results of three experiments to characterize the performance of the system at capturing sit postures of dogs and providing timely reinforcement. These trade-offs are illustrated through the comparison of two algorithms. The first is Random Forest classification and the second is an algorithm which uses a Variance-based Threshold for classification of postures. Results indicate that with proper parameter tuning, our system can successfully capture and reinforce postures to provide computer-assisted training of dogs.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES}, author={Majikes, John and Brugarolas, Rita and Winters, Michael and Yuschak, Sherrie and Mealin, Sean and Walker, Katherine and Yang, Pu and Sherman, Barbara and Bozkurt, Alper and Roberts, David L.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={179–195} }
 @article{fish_foster_gruen_sherman_dorman_2017, title={Effect of wearing a Telemetry jacket on behavioral and physiologic parameters of dogs in the open-field test}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Fish, R. E. and Foster, M. L. and Gruen, M. E. and Sherman, B. L. and Dorman, D. C.}, year={2017}, pages={382–389} }
 @article{stevens_frantz_orlando_griffith_harden_gruen_sherman_2016, title={Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety}, volume={249}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.249.2.202}, DOI={10.2460/javma.249.2.202}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of trazodone for reducing anxiety in cats during transport to a veterinary hospital and facilitating handling during veterinary examination. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. ANIMALS 10 healthy client-owned cats (2 to 12 years of age) with a history of anxiety during transport or veterinary examination. PROCEDURES Each cat was randomly assigned to first receive trazodone hydrochloride (50 mg) or a placebo PO. The assigned treatment was administered, and each cat was placed in a carrier and transported by car to a veterinary clinic, where it received a structured veterinary examination. Owners scored their cat's signs of anxiety before, during, and after transport and examination. The veterinarian also assessed signs of anxiety during examination. After a 1- to 3-week washout period, each cat received the opposite treatment and the protocol was repeated. RESULTS Compared with placebo, trazodone resulted in a significant improvement in the cats' signs of anxiety during transport. Veterinarian and owner scores for ease of handling during veterinary examination also improved with trazodone versus the placebo. No significant differences were identified between treatments in heart rate or other physiologic variables. The most common adverse event related to trazodone administration was signs of sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of a single dose of trazodone to cats prior to a veterinary visit resulted in fewer signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety than did a placebo and was generally well tolerated by most cats. Use of trazodone in this manner may promote veterinary visits and, consequently, enhance cat welfare.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Stevens, Brenda J. and Frantz, Eva and Orlando, Jillian M. and Griffith, Emily and Harden, Lyndy and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={202–207} }
 @inproceedings{majikes_mealin_rita_walker_yuschak_sherman_bozkurt_roberts_2016, title={Smart connected canines: IoT design considerations for the lab, home, and mission-critical environments (invited paper)}, DOI={10.1109/sarnof.2016.7846739}, abstractNote={The canine-human relationship continues to grow as dogs become an increasingly critical part of our society. As reliance on dogs has increased from simple companionship, to service dogs, urban security, and national defense, the opportunities for enhanced communications between the working canine and their handler increase. Wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) can extend traditional canine-human communication to integrate canines into the cyber-enabled world. This is what we call the Smart Connected Canine (SCC). Canine-computer interaction is sufficiently different from human-computer interaction so as to present some challenging research and design problems. There are physical and performance limits to what a dog will naturally tolerate. There are communications requirements for monitoring dogs, monitoring the environment, and for canine-human communications. Depending on the working environment there are different performance, security, and ergonomic considerations. This paper summarizes three example canine-human systems we presented earlier along with their Ion data characteristics and design criteria in order to explore how smart connected canines can improve our lives, the future of smart connected canines, and the requirements on IoT technologies to facilitate this future.}, booktitle={2016 ieee 37th sarnoff symposium}, author={Majikes, J. J. and Mealin, S. and Rita, B. and Walker, K. and Yuschak, S. and Sherman, B. and Bozkurt, A. and Roberts, D. L.}, year={2016}, pages={118–123} }
 @inproceedings{brugarolas_agcayazi_yuschak_roberts_sherman_bozkurt_2016, title={Towards a wearable system for continuous monitoring of sniffing and panting in dogs}, DOI={10.1109/bsn.2016.7516276}, abstractNote={Although numerous advances have been made in instrumental odor detection systems, these still cannot match the efficient sampling, odor discrimination, agile mobility and the olfactory acuity of odor detection dogs. A limiting step in using dogs to detect odors is the subjectivity of the translation of odor information processed by the dog to its handler. We present our preliminary efforts towards a wireless wearable system for continuous auscultation of respiratory behavior by recording internal sounds at the neck and chest by means of a commercially available electronic stethoscope to provide objective decision support for handlers. We have identified discrete features of sniffing and panting in the time domain and utilize event duration, event rate, event mean energy, and the number of consecutive events in a row to build a decision tree classifier. Since feature extraction requires segmentation of individual sniffing and panting events, we developed an adaptive method using short-time energy contour and an adaptive threshold. The performance of the system was evaluated on recordings from a Greyhound and a Labrador Retriever and achieved high classification accuracies.}, booktitle={International conference on wearable and implantable body sensor}, author={Brugarolas, R. and Agcayazi, T. and Yuschak, S. and Roberts, D. L. and Sherman, B. L. and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2016}, pages={292–295} }
 @article{orlando_case_thomson_griffith_sherman_2016, title={Use of oral trazodone for sedation in cats: a pilot study}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x15587956}, abstractNote={Objectives Resistance to transportation and stressful veterinary visits are major causes for a decrease in feline veterinary care. Few options exist for oral sedatives to reduce cats’ anxiety prior to veterinary visits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral trazodone for use as a single dose agent for sedation in cats. Methods Six laboratory cats were given single 50, 75 and 100 mg doses of trazodone and placebo. Trazodone 100 mg and placebo treatments were randomized. Pre- and post-study laboratory values and physical examinations were compared. During each 4 h period post-treatment, sedation was measured via accelerometers and video observations scored by an observer blinded to treatment. Examinations were performed on the cats 90 mins after treatment, and their behavioral responses scored by the same blinded observer. Results No adverse effects or changes in physical examinations or laboratory values were detected as a result of trazodone administration. Accelerometer data showed trazodone 50, 75 and 100 mg caused sedation as measured by activity reduction (83%, 46% and 66%, respectively). In contrast, there was a 14% activity increase after placebo. There was a significant reduction in video observation scores when cats were given trazodone 100 mg compared with placebo. Mean latency to peak sedation for trazodone 100 mg occurred at 2 h. Scores for behavioral response to examination, performed at 90 mins post-treatment, were not significantly different between cats receiving trazodone 100 mg and placebo. Conclusions and relevance Trazodone was well tolerated in this population of cats and caused appreciable sedation at all doses. Behavior during examination was not significantly different when cats received trazodone 100 mg compared with placebo. Further studies are recommended to investigate the use of oral trazodone in cats for the purpose of decreasing anxiety assocaited with transportation and examination.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Orlando, Jillian M. and Case, Beth C. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={476–482} }
 @article{brugarolas_latif_dieffenderfer_walker_yuschak_sherman_roberts_bozkurt_2016, title={Wearable Heart Rate Sensor Systems for Wireless Canine Health Monitoring}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2015.2485210}, abstractNote={There is an increasing interest from dog handlers and veterinarians in an ability to continuously monitor dogs' vital signs (heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate) outside laboratory environments, with the aim of identifying physiological correlations to stress, distress, excitement, and other emotional states. We present a non-invasive wearable sensor system combining electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), and inertial measurement units (IMU) to remotely and continuously monitor the vital signs of dogs. To overcome the limitations imposed by the efficiently insulated skin and dense hair layers of dogs, we investigated the use of various styles of ECG electrodes and the enhancements of these by conductive polymer coatings. We also studied the incorporation of light guides and optical fibers for an efficient optical coupling of PPG sensors to the skin. Combined with our parallel efforts to use IMUs to identify dog behaviors, these physiological sensors will contribute to a canine-body area network to wirelessly and continuously collect data during canine activities with a long-term goal of effectively capturing and interpreting dogs' behavioral responses to environmental stimuli that may yield measurable benefits to handlers' interactions with their dogs.}, number={10}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Brugarolas, Rita and Latif, Tahmid and Dieffenderfer, James and Walker, Katherine and Yuschak, Sherrie and Sherman, Barbara L. and Roberts, David L. and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={3454–3464} }
 @article{sherman_gruen_case_foster_fish_lazarowski_depuy_dorman_2015, title={A test for the evaluation of emotional reactivity in Labrador retrievers used for explosives detection}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2014.12.007}, abstractNote={The United States Marine Corps (USMC) uses Labrador retrievers as improvised explosive device detection dogs (IDDs). Of critical importance is the selection of dogs that are emotionally suited for this highly specialized application. The goal of our study was to develop an emotional reactivity test (ERT) as a screening tool for the selection of IDDs. The ERT included a series of subtasks that expose each dog sequentially to visual, auditory, and experiential stimuli with an associated grading scale used by trained observers to rate individual dog responses. In this study, 16 Labrador retrievers that met initial selection criteria as candidate IDDs were assessed using the ERT, measurement of plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations (pre- and post-ERT), and an independent open-field test of anxiety in response to sound stimuli. Based on the sum of its responses, each dog was assigned an aggregate ERT score. Aggregate ERT scores from independent trained observers were highly concordant [Shrout-Fleiss's intraclass correlation (2,1) = 0.96] suggesting excellent inter-rater reliability. The aggregate ERT scores were also negatively correlated with the dogs' scores on the open-field anxiety test (Spearman rank correlation, n = 16, r = −0.57, P = 0.0214). In addition, there were significant increases in salivary (Wilcoxon signed rank, n = 16, S = 38.5, P = 0.0458) and plasma (Wilcoxon signed rank, n = 16, S = 68, P < 0.0001) cortisol levels after the ERT, compared with baseline, suggesting that exposure to the ERT test elements produced a physiological stress response. We conclude that the ERT is a useful pre-training screening test that can be used to identify dogs with a low threshold of emotional reactivity for rejection, and dogs with a high threshold of emotional reactivity for entry into the IDD training program.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Case, Beth C. and Foster, Melanie L. and Fish, Richard E. and Lazarowski, Lucia and DePuy, Venita and Dorman, David C.}, year={2015}, pages={94–102} }
 @article{winters_brugarolas_majikes_mealin_yuschak_sherman_bozkurt_roberts_2015, title={Knowledge Engineering for Unsupervised Canine Posture Detection from IMU Data}, DOI={10.1145/2832932.2837015}, abstractNote={Training animals is a process that requires a significant investment of time and energy on the part of the trainer. One of the most basic training tasks is to train dogs to perform postures on cue. While it might be easy for a human trainer to see when an animal has performed the desired posture, it is much more difficult for a computer to determine this. Most work in this area uses accelerometer and/or gyroscopic data to produce data from an animal's current state, but this has limitations. Take for example a normal standing posture. From an accelerometer's perspective, it closely resembles the "laying down" posture, but the posture can look very different if the animal is standing still, versus walking, versus running, and might look completely different from a "standing on incline" posture. A human trainer can instantly tell the difference between these postures and behaviors, but the process is much more difficult for a computer. This paper demonstrates several algorithms for recognizing canine postures, as well as a system for building a computational model of a canine's potential postures, based solely on skeletal measurements. Existing techniques use labeled data, which can be difficult to acquire. We contribute a new technique for unsupervised posture detection, and compare the supervised technique to our new, unsupervised technique. Results indicate that the supervised technique performs with a mean 82.06% accuracy, while our unsupervised approach achieves a mean 74.25% accuracy, indicating that in some cases, our new unsupervised technique is capable of achieving comparable performance.}, journal={12TH ADVANCES IN COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE (ACE15)}, author={Winters, Michael and Brugarolas, Rita and Majikes, John and Mealin, Sean and Yuschak, Sherrie and Sherman, Barbara L. and Bozkurt, Alper and Roberts, David}, year={2015} }
 @article{lazarowski_foster_gruen_sherman_fish_milgram_dorman_2015, title={Olfactory discrimination and generalization of ammonium nitrate and structurally related odorants in Labrador retrievers}, volume={18}, ISSN={1435-9448 1435-9456}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0894-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10071-015-0894-9}, number={6}, journal={Animal Cognition}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lazarowski, Lucia and Foster, Melanie L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Fish, Richard E. and Milgram, Norton W. and Dorman, David C.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1255–1265} }
 @article{gruen_case_foster_lazarowski_fish_landsberg_depuy_dorman_sherman_2015, title={The use of an open-field model to assess sound-induced fear and anxiety-associated behaviors in Labrador retrievers}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2015.03.007}, abstractNote={Previous studies have shown that the playing of thunderstorm recordings during an open-field task elicits fearful or anxious responses in adult beagles. The goal of our study was to apply this open field test to assess sound-induced behaviors in Labrador retrievers drawn from a pool of candidate improvised explosive devices (IED)-detection dogs. Being robust to fear-inducing sounds and recovering quickly is a critical requirement of these military working dogs. This study presented male and female dogs, with 3 minutes of either ambient noise (Days 1, 3 and 5), recorded thunderstorm (Day 2), or gunfire (Day 4) sounds in an open field arena. Behavioral and physiological responses were assessed and compared to control (ambient noise) periods. An observer blinded to sound treatment analyzed video records of the 9-minute daily test sessions. Additional assessments included measurement of distance traveled (activity), heart rate, body temperature, and salivary cortisol concentrations. Overall, there was a decline in distance traveled and heart rate within each day and over the five-day test period, suggesting that dogs habituated to the open field arena. Behavioral postures and expressions were assessed using a standardized rubric to score behaviors linked to canine fear and anxiety. These fear/anxiety scores were used to evaluate changes in behaviors following exposure to a sound stressor. Compared to control periods, there was an overall increase in fear/anxiety scores during thunderstorm and gunfire sound stimuli treatment periods. Fear/anxiety scores were correlated with distance traveled, and heart rate. Fear/anxiety scores in response to thunderstorm and gunfire were correlated. Dogs showed higher fear/anxiety scores during periods after the sound stimuli compared to control periods. In general, candidate IED-detection Labrador retrievers responded to sound stimuli and recovered quickly, although dogs stratified in their response to sound stimuli. Some dogs were robust to fear/anxiety responses. The results suggest that the open field sound test may be a useful method to evaluate the suitability of dogs for IED-detection training.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Case, Beth C. and Foster, Melanie L. and Lazarowski, Lucia and Fish, Richard E. and Landsberg, Gary and Depuy, Venita and Dorman, David C. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2015}, pages={338–345} }
 @article{mealin_winters_dominguez_marrero-garcia_bozkurt_sherman_roberts_2015, title={Towards the Non-Visual Monitoring of Canine Physiology in Real-Time by Blind Handlers}, DOI={10.1145/2832932.2837018}, abstractNote={One of the challenges to working with canines is that whereas humans are primarily vocal communicators, canines are primarily postural and behavioral communicators. It can take years to gain some level of proficiency at reading canine body language, even under the best of circumstances. In the case of guide dogs and visually-impaired handlers, this task is even more difficult. Luckily, new technology designed to help monitor canines may prove useful in helping handlers, especially those with visual impairments, to better understand and interpret what their working partners are feeling or saying. In prior work a light-weight, wearable, wireless physiological monitoring system was shown to be accurate for measuring canines' heart and respiratory rates [6]. In this paper, we consider the complementary problem of communicating physiological information to handlers. We introduce two non-visual interfaces for monitoring a canine's heart and respiratory rates, an audio interface and a vibrotactile interface. We also present the results of two initial studies to evaluate the efficacy of the interfaces. In the first study we found that many participants were more confident in detecting changes in heart and respiratory rate using the audio interface, however most of the time they were just as accurate with the vibrotactile interface with only a slight increase in detection latency.}, journal={12TH ADVANCES IN COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE (ACE15)}, author={Mealin, Sean and Winters, Mike and Dominguez, Ignacio X. and Marrero-Garcia, Michelle and Bozkurt, Alper and Sherman, Barbara L. and Roberts, David L.}, year={2015} }
 @article{lazarowski_foster_gruen_sherman_case_fish_milgram_dorman_2014, title={Acquisition of a visual discrimination and reversal learning task by Labrador retrievers}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1435-9456"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10071-013-0712-1}, abstractNote={Optimal cognitive ability is likely important for military working dogs (MWD) trained to detect explosives. An assessment of a dog’s ability to rapidly learn discriminations might be useful in the MWD selection process. In this study, visual discrimination and reversal tasks were used to assess cognitive performance in Labrador retrievers selected for an explosives detection program using a modified version of the Toronto General Testing Apparatus (TGTA), a system developed for assessing performance in a battery of neuropsychological tests in canines. The results of the current study revealed that, as previously found with beagles tested using the TGTA, Labrador retrievers (N = 16) readily acquired both tasks and learned the discrimination task significantly faster than the reversal task. The present study confirmed that the modified TGTA system is suitable for cognitive evaluations in Labrador retriever MWDs and can be used to further explore effects of sex, phenotype, age, and other factors in relation to canine cognition and learning, and may provide an additional screening tool for MWD selection.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL COGNITION}, author={Lazarowski, Lucia and Foster, Melanie L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Case, Beth C. and Fish, Richard E. and Milgram, Norton W. and Dorman, David C.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={787–792} }
 @article{bozkurt_roberts_sherman_brugarolas_mealin_majikes_yang_loftin_2014, title={Toward Cyber-Enhanced Working Dogs for Search and Rescue}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1941-1294"]}, DOI={10.1109/mis.2014.77}, abstractNote={The authors introduce the fundamental building blocks for a cyber-enabled, computer-mediated communication platform to connect human and canine intelligence to achieve a new generation of Cyber-Enhanced Working Dog (CEWD). The use of monitoring technologies provides handlers with real-time information about the behavior and emotional state of their CEWDs and the environments they're working in for a more intelligent canine-human collaboration. From handler to dog, haptic feedback and auditory cues are integrated to provide remote command and feedback delivery. From dog to handler, multiple inertial measurement units strategically located on a harness are used to accurately detect posture and behavior, and concurrent noninvasive photoplethysmogram and electrocardiogram for physiological monitoring. The authors also discuss how CEWDs would be incorporated with a variety of other robotic and autonomous technologies to create next-generation intelligent emergency response systems. Using cyber-physical systems to supplement and augment the two-way information exchange between human handlers and dogs would amplify the remarkable sensory capacities of search and rescue dogs and help them save more lives.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS}, author={Bozkurt, Alper and Roberts, David L. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Brugarolas, Rita and Mealin, Sean and Majikes, John and Yang, Pu and Loftin, Robert}, year={2014}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{gruen_roe_griffith_hamilton_sherman_2014, title={Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.3.296}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To investigate the safety and efficacy of oral administration of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor trazodone hydrochloride to facilitate confinement and calming after orthopedic surgery in dogs.


DESIGN
Prospective open-label clinical trial.


ANIMALS
36 client-owned dogs that underwent orthopedic surgery.


PROCEDURES
Starting the day after surgery, dogs were administered trazodone (approx 3.5 mg/kg [1.6 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) with tramadol (4 to 6 mg/kg [1.8 to 2.7 mg/lb], PO, q 8 to 12 h) for pain management. After 3 days, administration of tramadol was discontinued, and the trazodone dosage was increased (approx 7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) and maintained for at least 4 weeks. If needed, trazodone dosage was increased (7 to 10 mg/kg [3.2 to 4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h). Owners completed electronic surveys rating their dogs' confinement tolerance, calmness or hyperactivity level, and responses to specific provocative situations prior to surgery and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery and at the postsurgery evaluation (at 8 to 12 weeks).


RESULTS
Most (32/36 [89%]) of owners reported that their dogs, when given trazodone during the 8 to 12 weeks following orthopedic surgery, improved moderately or extremely with regard to confinement tolerance and calmness. Trazodone was well tolerated, even in combination with NSAIDs, antimicrobials, and other medications; no dogs were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. Owner-reported median onset of action of trazodone was 31 to 45 minutes, and median duration of action was ≥ 4 hours.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that oral administration of trazodone was safe and efficacious and may be used to facilitate confinement and enhance behavioral calmness of dogs during the critical recovery period following orthopedic surgery.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Roe, Simon C. and Griffith, Emily and Hamilton, Alexandra and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={296–301} }
 @misc{roe_sherman_gruen_hamilton_griffith_2014, title={Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs Response}, volume={245}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Roe, S. C. and Sherman, B. L. and Gruen, M. E. and Hamilton, A. and Griffith, E.}, year={2014}, pages={629–630} }
 @article{gruen_thomson_clary_hamilton_hudson_meeker_sherman_2013, title={Conditioning laboratory cats to handling and transport}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1548-4475"]}, DOI={10.1038/laban.361}, abstractNote={As research subjects, cats have contributed substantially to our understanding of biological systems, from the development of mammalian visual pathways to the pathophysiology of feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for human immunodeficiency virus. Few studies have evaluated humane methods for managing cats in laboratory animal facilities, however, in order to reduce fear responses and improve their welfare. The authors describe a behavioral protocol used in their laboratory to condition cats to handling and transport. Such behavioral conditioning benefits the welfare of the cats, the safety of animal technicians and the quality of feline research data.}, number={10}, journal={LAB ANIMAL}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Clary, Gillian P. and Hamilton, Alexandra K. and Hudson, Lola C. and Meeker, Rick B. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={385–389} }
 @article{sherman_gruen_meeker_milgram_dirivera_thomson_clary_hudson_2013, title={The use of a T-maze to measure cognitive-motor function in cats (Felis catus)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1558-7878"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2012.03.001}, abstractNote={Few tests have been developed to test the cognitive and motor capabilities of domestic cats, in spite of the suitability of cats for specific studies of neuroanatomy, infectious diseases, development, aging, and behavior. The present study evaluated a T-maze apparatus as a sensitive and reliable measure of cognition and motor function of cats. Eighteen purpose-bred, specific-pathogen-free, male, neutered domestic shorthair cats (Felis catus), 1-2 years of age, were trained and tested to a T-maze protocol using food rewards. The test protocol consisted of positional discrimination training (left arm or right arm) to criterion followed by two discrimination reversal tests. The two reversal tests documented the ability of the subjects to respond to a new reward location, and switch arms of the T-maze. Data were collected on side preference, number of correct responses, and latency of responses by the subjects. Aided by a customized computer program (CanCog Technologies), data were recorded electronically as each cat progressed from the start box to the reward arm. The protocol facilitated rapid training to a high and consistent level of performance during the discrimination training. This learning was associated with a decrease in the latency to traverse the maze to a mean of 4.80 ± 0.87 s indicating strong motivation and consistent performance. When the rewarded side was reversed in the test phase, cats required more trials to reach criterion, as expected, but again showed reliable learning. The latency to reward in the first session of reversal increased 86% from the first to the last trial indicating that it may provide a useful index of cognitive processing. Latencies subsequently decreased as the new reversal paradigm was learned. This paradigm provides a relatively rapid and reliable test of cognitive motor performance that can be used in various settings for evaluation of feline cognitive and motor function.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Meeker, Rick B. and Milgram, Bill and DiRivera, Christina and Thomson, Andrea and Clary, Gillian and Hudson, Lola}, year={2013}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{hopfensperger_messenger_papich_sherman_2013, title={The use of oral transmucosal detomidine hydrochloride gel to facilitate handling in dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2012.10.004}, abstractNote={Safe and humane handling in the veterinary clinic can be challenging when dealing with fearful or anxious dogs. Historically, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have been used via parenteral routes to facilitate handling of difficult canine subjects. Detomidine hydrochloride is an alpha-2 agonist sedative commercially available in an oral transmucosal (OTM) formulation (Dormosedan Gel; Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ) approved for sedation and restraint in horses. The usefulness of this detomidine formulation has not been previously reported in dogs. This study evaluated the behavioral and physiological effects of OTM detomidine gel administration in dogs to assess its efficacy and safety for facilitation of handling canine subjects. Six healthy institution-owned adult dogs were administered detomidine gel at a dose of 0.35 mg/m2 via OTM route. Behavioral and physiological assessments were performed pretreatment and repeated every 15–30 minutes for 5 hours after administration. Behavioral assessments included global sedation (GS), composite sedation (CS), global anxiolysis (GA), and ease of handling (EH) scores. Physiological assessments included heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, mucous membrane color, indirect blood pressure, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, and capillary refill time. Posttreatment GS, CS, GA, and EH scores were improved for all 6 subjects as compared with pretreatment. For 4 of 6 dogs, maximal GS scores occurred at 45 minutes posttreatment, and duration of maximal GS scores was 30 minutes. Five of 6 dogs achieved adequate GS scores. EH scores were significantly higher during time points of adequate GS scores as compared with time points when adequate GS scores were not achieved. The physiological measures revealed transient bradycardia in 5 of 6 dogs and intermittent second-degree atrioventricular block in 1 dog. No other significant adverse events were noted, and all dogs recovered uneventfully. OTM detomidine gel was safely administered to 6 dogs at a dose of 0.35 mg/m2 and resulted in measurable sedation, anxiolysis, and improved EH in all subjects. Although further evaluation is warranted for use in client-owned dogs, OTM detomidine gel offers a novel sedative and anxiolytic option to facilitate handling of canine subjects.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Hopfensperger, Marie J. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Papich, Mark G. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2013}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{gruen_sherman_2012, title={Animal Behavior Case of the Month}, volume={241}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.241.10.1293}, number={10}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={1293–1295} }
 @article{mansmann_currie_correa_sherman_orde_2011, title={Equine Behavior Problems-Around Farriery: Foot Pain in 11 Horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.018}, abstractNote={Although foot pain may clearly be the cause when a horse with foot pathology does not tolerate farriery, it may be overlooked or underappreciated as the cause of this behavioral problem when the pathology is mild and/or chronic. In this study, the records of 11 adult horses whose behavior for farriery initially warranted sedation for trimming and shoeing were reviewed. All 11 horses had a history of chronic lameness that was mild to moderate, but foot pain was the presenting complaint in only seven horses - all with chronic laminitis. The other four horses had abnormal foot conformation (long-toe, low-heel, or “club foot), but the lameness had not been attributed to the foot. All 11 horses showed improvement in gait with corrective trimming and shoeing. In each case, sedation for farriery could be discontinued after one to six visits, concurrent with the improvements in gait and foot pathology. On the basis of the survey results from 17 professional farriers, an ethogram of farriery-related undesirable horse behavior was developed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Mansmann, Richard A. and Currie, M. Claire and Correa, Maria T. and Sherman, Barbara and Orde, Kurt}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={44–48} }
 @article{sherman_mills_2008, title={Canine anxieties and phobias: An update on separation anxiety and noise aversions}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.012}, abstractNote={Companion dogs commonly experience states of anxiety, fears, and phobias. Separation anxiety and noise aversions, as discussed in this article, are especially prevalent. Veterinarians are encouraged to recognize and treat such conditions on first presentation to address welfare issues and optimize successful management. New data suggest new treatment modalities, including behavioral management, pharmacotherapy, and species-specific pheromone use. Failure to treat can result in disruption of the human-animal bond and subsequent abandonment, relinquishment, or even euthanasia of the affected dog.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Mills, Daniel S.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={1081-+} }
 @article{landsberg_metese_sherman_neilson_zimmerman_clarke_2008, title={Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2007.09.001}, abstractNote={The most common signs associated with separation anxiety (SA) are destruction/rearranging behavior, vocalization, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, and urination. To assess a treatment for SA, this multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized parallel-arm study was undertaken with 208 client-owned dogs diagnosed with SA. After a 14-day pre-treatment period in which dog owners recorded the occurrence of 4 SA behaviors (destruction/rearranging behavior, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, inappropriate urination) daily treatment with either fluoxetine chewable tablets (FCT) at 1–2 mg/kg or placebo was given for 6 weeks. Owners scored and recorded the severity of overall (overall severity score, OSS) and individual SA behaviors weekly. At any weekly treatment interval, ≥58% of FCT-treated dogs had improved OSS versus pre-treatment, and compared with placebo dogs had a higher incidence of improved OSS at each week (significant at Weeks 1 and 4; P ≤ 0.044). FCT-treated dogs showed significant improvement in incidence of destructive/rearranging behavior (P ≤ 0.038 at Weeks 4–6) and inappropriate urination (P = 0.045 at Week 3). Serious adverse events consisted of seizures in 1 FCT-treated dog and 1 placebo-treated dog. Neither incident had a clear association with FCT treatment. In conclusion, FCT at 1–2 mg/kg/day showed some efficacy in improving overall SA severity scores in dogs, even when used in patients not receiving behavior modification training. However, other controlled studies have shown optimal benefits from FCT administration in conjunction with behavior modification. FCT represent a viable therapy for a condition that veterinary behaviorists rank as the second most common canine behavioral disorder.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Landsberg, Gary M. and Metese, Patrick and Sherman, Barbara L. and Neilson, Jacqueline C. and Zimmerman, Alan and Clarke, Terrence P.}, year={2008}, pages={12–19} }
 @article{sherman_2008, title={Separation anxiety in dogs}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Sherman, B. L.}, year={2008}, pages={27-} }
 @article{alpi_sherman_2008, title={The well-behaved dog}, volume={133}, number={18}, journal={Library Journal}, author={Alpi, K. M. and Sherman, B. L.}, year={2008}, pages={38–39} }
 @article{sherman_serpell_2008, title={Training Veterinary Students in Animal Behavior to Preserve the Human-Animal Bond}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.4.496}, abstractNote={Knowledge of animal behavior is an extremely important component of modern veterinary practice. Appreciation of species-typical behavior helps to ensure that veterinary patients are handled safely and humanely, and plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of health and welfare problems in animals, including the recognition of pain and distress. Veterinary students who acquire a good understanding of animal behavior will be better clinicians and will be best able to promote and repair the "human-animal bond," that important connection between people and their pets. Animal behavior problems can negatively impact this critical relationship, leading to abandonment, re-homing, relinquishment to an animal shelter, and sometimes premature euthanasia of the animal. Therefore, identifying, preventing, and treating behavior problems is important in maintaining the human-animal bond. Education in animal behavior should be an essential part of the veterinary curriculum; a board-certified veterinary behaviorist should be an integral member of the veterinary college faculty.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Serpell, James A.}, year={2008}, pages={496–502} }
 @article{gruen_sherman_2008, title={Use of trazodone as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of canine anxiety disorders: 56 cases (1995-2007)}, volume={233}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.12.1902}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate efficacy of trazodone hydrochloride as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders as well as treatment protocol, dose range, concurrent drug use, adverse events, and therapeutic response in dogs unresponsive to other pharmacologic agents.


DESIGN
Retrospective case series.


ANIMALS
56 dogs with anxiety disorders treated at a referral veterinary behavior clinic.


PROCEDURES
Medical records of dogs with anxiety disorders adjunctively treated with trazodone were retrospectively evaluated with respect to signalment, primary and secondary behavioral diagnoses, physical examination results, hematologic data (CBC and serum biochemical panel), pharmacologic management, and outcome.


RESULTS
Overall, trazodone, used as an adjunctive agent in combination with other behavioral drugs, was well tolerated over a wide dose range and enhanced behavioral calming when administered on a daily or as-needed basis.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Although further controlled studies of dose range, efficacy, and safety are needed, trazodone may provide an additional therapeutic option for use in dogs that are unresponsive to conventional treatment.}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={1902–1907} }
 @article{simpson_landsberg_reisner_ciribassi_horwitz_houpt_kroll_luescher_moffat_douglass_et al._2007, title={Effects of reconcile (fluoxetine) chewable tablets plus behavior management for canine separation anxiety}, volume={8}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Therapeutics}, author={Simpson, B. S. and Landsberg, G. M. and Reisner, I. R. and Ciribassi, J. J. and Horwitz, D. and Houpt, K. A. and Kroll, T. L. and Luescher, A. and Moffat, K. S. and Douglass, G. and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={18–31} }
 @article{simpson_papich_2003, title={Pharmacologic management in veterinary behavioral medicine}, volume={33}, ISSN={0195-5616}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00130-4}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00130-4}, abstractNote={Non-selective α2-adrenoreceptor (AR) stimulation delivers favourable sedative, analgesic, muscle relaxant and anxiolytic actions in companion animals, but is associated with cardiovascular and respiratory side effects. Anxiety conditions underscore monoamine disturbances amenable to α2-AR modulation. We investigated sub-chronic (14 day s.c.) treatment with the selective α2C-AR antagonist, ORM-10921 (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg/d) on hippocampal noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their turnover levels in stress sensitive Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats versus Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) controls, using high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of ORM-10921 were compared to the non-selective α2-AR antagonist, idazoxan (IDAZ; 3 mg/kg/d), and to imipramine (IMI; 15 mg/kg/d), a reference antidepressant in this model. FSL rats displayed significantly reduced 5-HT (p = 0.03) and DA (p = 0.02) levels vs. FRL controls, while NA levels showed a similar trend. ORM-10921 significantly increased NA (all doses p ≤ 0.02), 5-HT (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg p ≤ 0.03) and DA levels (all doses p ≤ 0.03), which correlated with decreased monoamine turnover. In contrast, IDAZ significantly elevated NA (p < 0.005) and DA (p < 0.004) but not 5-HT levels. IMI also significantly increased 5-HT (p < 0.009), with a tendency to increase NA (p = 0.09) but not DA. ORM-10921 exerts similar albeit broader effects on hippocampal monoamines than IDAZ, explaining earlier established efficacy associated with α2C-AR antagonism in animal models of depression and cognitive dysfunction. These and the current studies encourage application of ORM-10921 in depression in humans, as well as raise the intriguing possibility that selective α2C-AR antagonists may be beneficial in anxiety and stress-related disorders in companion animals. Both warrant further study.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Simpson, Barbara Sherman and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={365–404} }
 @article{simpson_2000, title={Canine separation anxiety}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Simpson, B. S.}, year={2000}, pages={328–338} }
 @article{simpson_1998, title={Feline housesoiling. Part I. Inappropriate elimination}, volume={20}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Simpson, B. S.}, year={1998}, pages={1319} }