@article{lequeux_maze_laroche_heim_2022, title={Non-woven textiles for medical implants: mechanical performances improvement}, ISSN={["1862-278X"]}, DOI={10.1515/bmt-2022-0017}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-BIOMEDIZINISCHE TECHNIK}, author={Lequeux, Amandine and Maze, Benoit and Laroche, Gaetan and Heim, Frederic}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{shirwaiker_fisher_anderson_schuchard_warren_maze_grondin_ligler_pourdeyhimi_2020, title={High-Throughput Manufacture of 3D Fiber Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1937-3392"]}, DOI={10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0098}, abstractNote={Engineered scaffolds used to regenerate mammalian tissues should recapitulate the underlying fibrous architecture of native tissue to achieve comparable function. Current fibrous scaffold fabrication processes, such as electrospinning and three-dimensional (3D) printing, possess application-specific advantages, but they are limited either by achievable fiber sizes and pore resolution, processing efficiency, or architectural control in three dimensions. As such, a gap exists in efficiently producing clinically relevant, anatomically sized scaffolds comprising fibers in the 1–100 μm range that are highly organized. This study introduces a new high-throughput, additive fibrous scaffold fabrication process, designated in this study as 3D melt blowing (3DMB). The 3DMB system described in this study is modified from larger nonwovens manufacturing machinery to accommodate the lower volume, high-cost polymers used for tissue engineering and implantable biomedical devices and has a fiber collection component that uses adaptable robotics to create scaffolds with predetermined geometries. The fundamental process principles, system design, and key parameters are described, and two examples of the capabilities to create scaffolds for biomedical engineering applications are demonstrated. Impact statement Three-dimensional melt blowing (3DMB) is a new, high-throughput, additive manufacturing process to produce scaffolds composed of highly organized fibers in the anatomically relevant 1–100 μm range. Unlike conventional melt-blowing systems, the 3DMB process is configured for efficient use with the relatively expensive polymers necessary for biomedical applications, decreasing the required amounts of material for processing while achieving high throughputs compared with 3D printing or electrospinning. The 3DMB is demonstrated to make scaffolds composed of multiple fiber materials and organized into complex shapes, including those typical of human body parts.}, number={7}, journal={TISSUE ENGINEERING PART C-METHODS}, author={Shirwaiker, Rohan A. and Fisher, Matthew B. and Anderson, Bruce and Schuchard, Karl G. and Warren, Paul B. and Maze, Benoit and Grondin, Pierre and Ligler, Frances S. and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={364–374} }
 @article{kiyak_maze_pourdeyhimi_2019, title={Microfiber Nonwovens as Potential Membranes}, volume={48}, ISBN={1542-2127}, DOI={10.1080/15422119.2018.1479968}, abstractNote={This article provides an overview of the membrane bioreactor technology where nonwovens can be applied as an alternative medium for separation. The main objective is to identify the nonwoven characteristics leading to higher removal efficiency, higher flux, and lower fouling behavior. The general limitations associated with common nonwoven separation media are related to the large pore and wide pore size distributions. Consequently, due to their large pore network, nonwovens often behave as a depth filter structure. Common nonwovens having large fibers cannot replace microfiltration membranes yet. Further refinements of these structures are necessary for developing a suitable replacement.}, number={4}, journal={SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS}, author={Kiyak, Yasar and Maze, Benoit and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2019}, pages={282–297} }
 @article{pourdeyhimi_maze_farukh_silberschmidt_2019, title={Nonwovens-Structure-process-property relationships}, ISBN={["978-0-08-102619-9"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-08-102619-9.00004-3}, abstractNote={The definition of nonwovens is even more complicated. The term nonwoven refers to web-like assemblages of fibers wherein fiber-to-fiber bonding replaces twisting and interlacing. We define a nonwoven as an engineered fabric structure that may contain fibrous and nonfibrous elements and that is often manufactured directly from fibers or filaments and may incorporate other types of fabrics. The difference primarily between a nonwoven and its more traditional counterparts (woven, knitted, and braided structures) is the structure. The fibers or filaments in a nonwoven are not interlaced or interlooped and are somewhat random layered assemblies of fibers held together by a variety of different means. The structure of a nonwoven is defined, therefore, as its fiber orientation distribution function (ODF). Another structural aspect important to consider is the basis weight (mass per unit area—g/m2 or more commonly referred to as gsm) and its uniformity. While ODF may dictate behavior, basis weight uniformity dictates failure. The structure-property relationships in a nonwoven cannot be decoupled from the process utilized to form the nonwoven. Therefore, below, we present a short review of the processes employed in the making of nonwovens followed by a discussion of the structure-process-property relationships and will make an attempt to describe the mechanical properties of one class of nonwovens.}, journal={STRUCTURE AND MECHANICS OF TEXTILE FIBRE ASSEMBLIES, 2ND EDITION}, author={Pourdeyhimi, Behnam and Maze, Benoit and Farukh, Farukh and Silberschmidt, Vadim V.}, year={2019}, pages={109–143} }
 @article{amid_maze_flickinger_pourdeyhimi_2017, title={Dynamic adsorption of ammonia: apparatus, testing conditions, and adsorption capacities}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1361-6501"]}, DOI={10.1088/1361-6501/aa6236}, abstractNote={There is a growing need for adsorbents with high capacities for adsorption of toxic gas molecules. Methods and conditions to test these materials introduce large discrepancies and overestimates (~90%) in the reported literature. This study describes a simple apparatus utilizing hand-held inexpensive gas sensors for testing adsorbents and hybrid adsorbent materials, explains possible sources for the observed discrepancies based on how the measurements are made, and provides guidelines for accurate measurements of adsorption capacity. Ammonia was the model gas and Ammonasorb™ activated carbon was the model commercial adsorbent. Inlet ammonia concentration, residence time, adsorbent pre-treatment (baking) and humidity, affected the measured adsorption capacities. Results suggest that the time lag in gas detection sensors leads to overestimated capacities. Monitoring both inlet and outlet concentrations using two calibrated sensors solved this issue. There was a direct relationship between adsorption capacity and residence time and capacities were higher at higher inlet concentrations. The size of the adsorbent particles did not show a significant effect on adsorption breakthrough, and the apparatus was able to quantify how humidity reduced the adsorption capacity.}, number={5}, journal={MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Amid, Hooman and Maze, Benoit and Flickinger, Michael C. and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @article{leary_maze_pourdeyhimi_2017, title={Investigating activation of carbon fiber nonwovens for use as supercapacitor electrodes}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2016.1260424}, abstractNote={Abstract Double-layer supercapacitors rely on the high specific surface area (SSA) of activated carbons. Typically, granular-activated carbon held together by polymer binder is used. As a potential alternative, this paper focuses on the potential use of commercially available carbon fiber nonwovens. A commercially available binder-free carbon fiber nonwoven was used initially, but surface area analysis revealed that no microporosity developed following the CO2 activation treatment. In order to investigate how the structure of the original carbon material impacted subsequent activation, polyacrylonoitrile (PAN) nonwovens were fabricated and carbonized in-house under controlled conditions (695, 895, and 1095 °C). Carbonization temperature was found to be a limiting factor, where higher carbonization temperatures led to lower potential for activation. Since commercially available materials are typically carbonized at unknown temperatures, and are likely carbonized at high temperatures to develop electrical conductivity, it is found that they are unlikely to form high SSA materials.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Leary, Jennifer D. and Maze, Benoit and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2017}, pages={1528–1536} }
 @misc{amid_maze_flickinger_pourdeyhimi_2016, title={Hybrid adsorbent nonwoven structures: a review of current technologies}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1573-4803"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-016-9741-x}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Amid, Hooman and Maze, Benoit and Flickinger, Michael C. and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={4173–4200} }
 @article{kolbasov_sinha-ray_joijode_hassan_brown_maze_pourdeyhimi_yarin_2016, title={Industrial-Scale Solution Blowing of Soy Protein Nanofibers}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04277}, abstractNote={Solution blowing is one of the most industrially viable processes for mass production of nanofibers without significant change of trade practices. In this work a novel industrially scalable approach to nanofiber production by solution blowing is demonstrated using Biax die. Blends of biopolymer soy protein isolate Clarisoy 100 and poly(ethylene oxide) (Mw = 600 kDa) were solution blown as aqueous solutions using a spinneret with 8 rows with 41 concentric annular nozzles. Nanofiber mats were collected on a drum, and samples with an area of the order of 0.1–1 m2 were formed in about 10 s. Nanofibers were relatively uniform with the diameters of about 500–600 nm. Theoretical aspects of capillary instability, dripping, and fly formation in solution blowing relevant from the experimental point of view are discussed, as well as ways of their prevention are revealed.}, number={1}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kolbasov, Alexander and Sinha-Ray, Suman and Joijode, Abhay and Hassan, Mohammad Abouelreesh and Brown, Douglas and Maze, Benoit and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam and Yarin, Alexander L.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={323–333} }
 @article{leary_hamouda_maze_pourdeyhimi_2016, title={Preparation of pseudocapacitor electrodes via electrodeposition of polyaniline on nonwoven carbon fiber fabrics}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.43315}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={16}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Leary, Jennifer D. and Hamouda, Farah and Maze, Benoit and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dasdemir_maze_anantharamaiah_pourdeyhimi_2015, title={Reactive compatibilization of polyamide 6/polyethylene nonwoven based thermoplastic composites}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1873-1945"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.12.019}, abstractNote={The interface of polyamide 6/polyethylene (PA6/PE) was altered with compatibilizers in an effort to promote adhesion between PA6 reinforcement and PE matrix in nonwoven based thermoplastic composites. The compatibilizers chosen were triblock copolymer of styrene and ethylene/butylene (SEBS) and maleic anhydride (MA) functionalized SEBS with 1 wt% (SEBS-g-MA1) and 2 wt% (SEBS-g-MA2) MA contents. The interfacial adhesion in PA6/PE + Compatibilizer laminates was characterized using asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) test. The effects of compatibilizer type, functional group content and concentration on the interfacial fracture toughness were determined. Also, the influence of lamination temperature and time on the interface enhancement was studied. After performing the compatibilization at composite fabrication stage, tensile responses of PA6/PE composites were greatly improved in the presence of functional compatibilizers. The best improvement on the overall tensile properties was achieved with SEBS-g-MA2 at the lowest compatibilizer concentration level of 2 wt%. The examination of fractured surfaces showed the clear evidence of the enhanced adhesion of matrix polymer to reinforcement fiber for the composites including SEBS-g-MA1 and SEBS-g-MA2. These results suggest that reactive compatibilization was achieved during composite fabrication stage and improved the adhesion between PA6 and PE resulting in a higher load transfer and better mechanical properties.}, journal={EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL}, author={Dasdemir, Mehmet and Maze, Benoit and Anantharamaiah, Nagendra and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={194–206} }
 @article{suvari_ulcay_maze_pourdeyhimi_2013, title={Acoustical absorptive properties of spunbonded nonwovens made from islands-in-the-sea bicomponent filaments}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2012.740330}, abstractNote={In this paper, we report on the acoustical absorptive behavior of spunbonded nonwovens that contain bicomponent islands-in-the-sea filaments. Nylon 6 (PA6) and polyethylene were used as the islands and the sea polymers, respectively. Spunbonded webs made with islands-in-the-sea bicomponent filaments with island counts of 1, 7, 19, 37, and 108 were produced at the Nonwovens Institute’s pilot facilities at NC State University. The filaments were fibrillated by hydroentangling, where high-speed water jets were used to fibrillate the fiber and ‘free’ the islands. The influence of the number of islands on acoustical absorptive behavior of the spunbonded nonwovens was investigated. A comparison of acoustical absorptive properties of multi-layer islands-in-the-sea nonwoven and high loft nonwoven was also performed to evaluate the potential use of spunbonded nonwovens made from islands-in-the-sea bicomponent filaments in place of bulky fibrous sound absorbers. Results have shown that multi-layer 108 nonwoven islands were better acoustic absorbers at nearly half of the frequency range. Spunbonded nonwovens made from islands-in-the-sea bicomponent filaments can be a good alternative in applications where there is desire to replace bulky fibrous sound absorbers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Suvari, Fatih and Ulcay, Yusuf and Maze, Benoit and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={438–445} }
 @article{dasdemir_maze_anantharamaiah_pourdeyhimi_2012, title={Influence of polymer type, composition, and interface on the structural and mechanical properties of core/sheath type bicomponent nonwoven fibers}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0022-2461"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-012-6499-7}, number={16}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Dasdemir, Mehmet and Maze, Benoit and Anantharamaiah, Nagendra and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={5955–5969} }
 @article{dasdemir_maze_anantharamaiah_pourdeyhimi_2011, title={Formation of novel thermoplastic composites using bicomponent nonwovens as a precursor}, volume={46}, ISSN={0022-2461 1573-4803}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10853-010-5214-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-010-5214-9}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Materials Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dasdemir, Mehmet and Maze, Benoit and Anantharamaiah, Nagendra and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={3269–3281} }
 @article{maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2008, title={Case studies of air filtration at microscales: Micro- and nanofiber media}, volume={3}, ISBN={1558-9250}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. V. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2008} }
 @article{jaganathan_maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2008, title={Simulating Liquid Flow through Virtual Glass Fiber Mats}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52949145262&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0040517507085195}, abstractNote={ The focus of this paper is on simulating the in-plane and through-plane penetration of liquid water in virtual non-wovens. We consider a series of unsteady state two-phase (air—water) simulations performed in two-dimensional geometries obtained from a simulated three-dimensional glass fiber mat. The simulation planes are the cross-sectional planes in the horizontal and vertical directions. Simulations revealed that liquid penetration and spread depend strongly on the fiber orientation distribution as well as on the hydrophilic properties of the fibers. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with the available experimental data. }, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Jaganathan, S. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={903–910} }
 @article{maze_tafreshi_wang_pourdeyhimi_2007, title={A simulation of un-steady-state filtration via nanofiber media at reduced operating pressures}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1879-1964"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249003346&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.03.008}, abstractNote={In this work, 3-D structures resembling nanofiber (df<200nm) filter media are simulated and challenged with nanoparticle aerosols at reduced operating pressures. For the range of fiber diameters considered in this paper, the free molecular flow regime is dominant. Therefore, the disturbances to the air flow field caused by the fibers are neglected. Nanoparticle capture efficiency of nanofiber webs, due to Brownian diffusion and interception, is calculated for particle diameters ranging from 50 to 500 nm. Our simulations show that by decreasing the fiber diameter, the minimum collection efficiency of filtration media having identical pressure drops increases. This effect is accompanied by a decrease in the particle diameter associated with these minimum efficiencies—the most penetrating particle diameter. Moreover, it is demonstrated that increasing the flow temperature enhances the nanoparticle capture efficiency of nanofiber filters. Allowing the particles to deposit on the fibers as well as each other, the caking process of such nanofiber filters is simulated for different monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols at different temperatures. The statistical information regarding the composition of nanoparticle cakes formed at high and low temperatures is presented and discussed.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE}, author={Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Wang, Q. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={550–571} }
 @article{maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2007, title={Geometrical modeling of fibrous materials under compression}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1089-7550"]}, DOI={10.1063/1.2794476}, abstractNote={Many fibrous materials such as nonwovens are consolidated via compaction rolls in a so-called calendering process. Hot rolls compress the fiber assembly and cause fiber-to-fiber bonding resulting in a strong yet porous structure. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for generating three dimensional virtual fiberwebs and simulating the geometrical changes that happen to the structure during the calendering process. Fibers are assumed to be continuous filaments with square cross sections lying randomly in the x or y direction. The fibers are assumed to be flexible to allow bending over one another during the compression process. Lateral displacement is not allowed during the compaction process. The algorithm also does not allow the fibers to interpenetrate or elongate and so the mass of the fibers is conserved. Bending of the fibers is modeled either by considering a constant “slope of bending” or constant “span of bending.” The influence of the bending parameters on the propagation of compression through the material’s thickness is discussed. In agreement with our experimental observations, it was found that the average solid volume fraction profile across the thickness becomes U shaped after the calendering. The application of these virtual structures in studying transport phenomena in fibrous materials is also demonstrated.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS}, author={Maze, Benoit and Tafreshi, Hooman Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2007}, month={Oct} }
 @article{wang_maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2007, title={On the pressure drop modeling of monofilament-woven fabrics}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1873-4405"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547431624&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2007.06.001}, abstractNote={Pressure drop of monofilament-woven fabrics is often calculated via the so-called orifice model in which a discharge coefficient is assigned to the weave's unit cell. In all previous models of woven fabrics, the filaments were assumed to have circular cross-sections—an assumption which is not entirely accurate especially when there is a considerable tension in the warps and wefts. Following the methodology developed by Lu et al. [1996. Fluid flow through basic weaves of monofilament filter cloth. Textile Research Journal 66 (5), 311–323], a new set of expressions are derived for calculating the most constricted open area, and so the discharge coefficient, of plain-woven monofilament fabrics having filaments with elliptical cross-sections. Conducting numerical simulations for computing the pressure drop of such fabrics, we observed a logarithmic relationship between the discharge coefficient and the Reynolds number. It was also shown that the discharge coefficient decreases by increasing the aspect ratio of the filaments’ cross-section.}, number={17}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Wang, Q. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={4817–4821} }
 @article{zobel_maze_tafreshi_wang_pourdeyhimi_2007, title={Simulating permeability of 3-D calendered fibrous structures}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1873-4405"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34848892122&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2007.07.007}, abstractNote={Many fibrous materials such as nonwoven materials are often consolidated by means of hot calenders, i.e., hot compaction rolls. Hot calendering compresses the fiber assembly and can cause changes in the structure. In nonwovens, calendering has an added function of thermally bonding the fibers at their respective crossovers to form a strong but yet somewhat porous material. Calendering causes a significant increase in the solid volume fraction (SVF) of the media and therefore, affects their permeability. To our knowledge, no work in the literature has been dedicated to modeling the permeability of calendered nonwovens. In this study, virtual nonwoven structures are generated and compressed from top and bottom to resemble the hot calendering process. In agreement with our experimental observations, it was found that the average SVF profile across the material's thickness turns into a U-shape profile after the calendering. In this work, the dimensionless permeability of the calendered media is computed using CFD tools and reported for different compaction ratios. Results of our simulations are compared with the experiment as well as the available empirical and/or analytical permeability models in the literature and good agreement, depending upon the SVF, is observed. We also studied the influence of orientation distribution of the fibers on the dimensionless permeability of the fabric and noticed that permeability decreases by increasing the directionality of the fibers. This is found to be primarily due to the fact that highly oriented uncompressed fiber-webs tend to have a higher SVF. Fiber-webs of identical SVF, however, exhibited almost identical permeabilities regardless of their fiber orientations.}, number={22}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Zobel, S. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Wang, Q. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={6285–6296} }
 @article{wang_maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2007, title={Simulating through-plane permeability of fibrous materials with different fiber lengths}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0965-0393"]}, DOI={10.1088/0965-0393/15/8/003}, abstractNote={Assuming that fibers can be represented as straight cylinders, an algorithm for generating virtual 3D layered fibrous media made up of fibers having identical diameters but different lengths is presented. It is shown that for a given basis weight and computational box (sample size), reducing the fiber length causes the solid volume fraction (SVF) to increase as the fibers pack next to one another more efficiently. The air permeability of these media is numerically simulated and discussed in detail with respect to the available 2D and 3D studies in the literature. Our permeability calculations show an excellent agreement with the predictions of the empirical equation of Davies [1] as well as the analytical model of Spielman and Goren [2]. Such an agreement indicates that, within the range of dimensions considered, the fiber length has no significant influence on the materials' through-plane permeability as long as the SVF remains constant. While this concept has been empirically observed in the past, our work is the first numerical simulation devised to confirm it.}, number={8}, journal={MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING}, author={Wang, Q. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={855–868} }
 @article{wang_maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2006, title={A case study of simulating submicron aerosol filtration via lightweight spun-bonded filter media}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1873-4405"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2006.03.039}, abstractNote={The most common method of filtration is via fibrous nonwoven media. Fibrous filters are generally characterized by their collection efficiency and pressure drop. Traditional computational studies in this area are typically based on unrealistic 2-D geometries with the fibers simply placed in a lattice (regular array) perpendicular to the flow. The traditional approaches however, do not permit studying the relation between the 3-D structure of a filter media and its performance. In this study, for the first time, a virtual 3-D web is generated based on the fiber orientation information obtained from analyzing microscopic images of lightweight spun-bonded filter media. Pressure drop and collection efficiency of our virtual filter are simulated and compared with the previous 2-D analytical and numerical models as well as experiment. Our pressure drop calculation, unlike the previous models, showed a perfect agreement with the predictions of the Davies’ empirical equation. The collection efficiencies obtained from simulating a thin spun-bonded filter media challenged with submicron particles having diameters ranging from 50 to 500 nm showed a similar trend as that of the previous 2-D models. For the solid volume fraction (SVF), filter thickness, and the fiber and particle diameters considered in this study, we found collection efficiencies higher than that of the above mentioned 2-D models with a relatively good agreement with experimental data obtained from a TSI 8130 filter tester.}, number={15}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Wang, Q. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={4871–4883} }
 @article{wang_maze_tafreshi_pourdeyhimi_2006, title={A note on permeability simulation of multifilament woven fabrics}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1873-4405"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2006.09.043}, abstractNote={A conventional approach for modeling permeability of multifilament fabrics is to consider their warps and wefts to be individual thick filament made of homogeneous porous media and solve the flow equations for such monofilament fabrics. In this work, for the first time, the full 3-D geometry of an idealized multifilament woven fabric, wherein the filaments are packed in hexagonal arrangement, is generated to compute its permeability and compare with the homogeneous anisotropic lumped model of Gebart (1992. Permeability of unidirectional reinforcements for RTM. Journal of Composite Materials 26(8), 1100–1133). While a relatively good agreement is obtained, our results indicate that Gebart's model slightly underestimate the permeability of multifilament fabrics even at high yarn's solid volume fractions.}, number={24}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Wang, Q. and Maze, B. and Tafreshi, H. Vahedi and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={8085–8088} }