@article{dhungel_rossi_henderson_abt_sheffield_baker_2023, title={Critical Market Tipping Points for High-Grade White Oak Inventory Decline in the Central Hardwood Region of the United States}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvad005}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Dhungel, Gaurav and Rossi, David and Henderson, Jesse D. and Abt, Robert C. and Sheffield, Ray and Baker, Justin}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{rossi_baker_abt_2023, title={Quantifying additionality thresholds for forest carbon offsets in Mississippi pine pulpwood markets}, volume={156}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103059}, abstractNote={Concerns over the additionality of carbon sequestration achieved through voluntary carbon market have threatened offset market credibility and stability. There is an urgent need to examine additionality in a dynamic market context. To this end, our analysis focuses on the extent to which deferred harvests of pine roundwood as an offset source can achieve additionality under changing roundwood prices across a large wood-producing region. Specifically, we consider the potential for offset market activity itself and for unexpected demand shocks to adjust carbon baselines as they each have an impact on the relative prices observed for industrial roundwood. We use a bioeconomic model of the roundwood market to simulate harvest activity and estimate the economically feasible levels of carbon storage across four wood-producing basins in Mississippi. We then present estimates of the expected changes in carbon storage under a given change in timber prices and demonstrate how this information can be used to approximate the optimal reaction curve for an offset broker, dealer, or verification program manager seeking to ensure additionality with credits they exchange. The optimal reaction curve consists of a response to a change in the roundwood price state by either approving supplementary harvest deferral contracts or by restricting the supply of new contracts, depending on the direction of the observed price change. Alternatively, the results suggest that contracts could be structured to facilitate payment conditional on realized timber price outcomes, rather than solely on evidence of a delayed harvest.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Rossi, David J. and Baker, Justin S. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{duden_verweij_faaij_abt_junginger_hilst_2023, title={Spatially-explicit assessment of carbon stocks in the landscape in the southern US under different scenarios of industrial wood pellet demand}, volume={342}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118148}, abstractNote={Whether the use of industrial wood pellets for bioenergy is part of the problem of climate change or part of the solution to climate change has been heavily debated in the academic and political arena. The uncertainty around this topic is impeded by contradicting scientific assessments of carbon impacts of wood pellet use. Spatially explicit quantification of the potential carbon impacts of increased industrial wood pellet demand, including both indirect market and land-use change effects, is required to understand potential negative impacts on carbon stored in the landscape. Studies that meet these requirements are scarce. This study assesses the impact of increased wood pellet demand on carbon stocks in the landscape in the Southern US spatially explicitly and includes the effects of demand for other wood products and land-use types. The analysis is based on IPCC calculations and highly detailed survey-based biomass data for different forest types. We compare a trend of increased wood pellet demand between 2010 and 2030 with a stable trend in wood pellet demand after 2010, thereby quantifying the impact of increased wood pellet demand on carbon stocks in the landscape. This study shows that modest increases in wood pellets demand (from 0.5 Mt in 2010 to 12.1 Mt in 2030), compared to a scenario without increase in wood pellet demand (stable demand at 0.5 Mt), may result in carbon stock gains of 103-229 Mt in the landscape in the Southern US. These carbon stock increases occur due to a reduction in natural forest loss and an increase in pine plantation area compared to a stable-demand scenario. Projected carbon impacts of changes in wood pellet demand were smaller than carbon effects of trends in the timber market. We introduce a new methodological framework to include both indirect market and land-use change effects into carbon calculations in the landscape.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Duden, A. S. and Verweij, P. A. and Faaij, A. P. C. and Abt, R. C. and Junginger, M. and Hilst, F.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{sodiya_parajuli_abt_gray_2022, title={Spatial Analysis of Forest Product Manufacturers in North Carolina}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Sodiya, Olakunle E. and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C. and Gray, Joshua}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{abt_galik_baker_2022, title={When burning wood to generate energy makes climate sense}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1938-3282"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062941}, DOI={10.1080/00963402.2022.2062941}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Over the last 20 years, IPPC reports have made it clear that the world must move beyond simply reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere to actively removing it from the skies. (Solar and wind can reduce carbon emissions, but they do not remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere). New BioEnergy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technologies have been emerging that can remove carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere and sequester them permanently underground. Indeed, many long-term scenarios for transitioning from today’s fossil fuel-dependent society to a future net zero society hinge on BECCS. But a key question is what bioenergy feedstock to use. In some cases, powering these facilities by burning biomass that comes from plantations in the US South is an option. Consequently, the study of the origins, production, and use of the fuel consumed by the world’s largest biomass-fired power plant in Drax, England, provides a useful case study of the potential advantages and disadvantages of the burning of biomass – wood pellets made from trees, bark, roots, stumps, millwaste, sawdust, and other woody vegetation – in place of fossil fuel to generate power for processes such as BECCS.}, number={3}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS}, author={Abt, Robert and Galik, Christopher and Baker, Justin}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={152–157} }
 @article{henderson_parajuli_abt_2020, title={Biological and market responses of pine forests in the US Southeast to carbon fertilization}, volume={169}, ISSN={["1873-6106"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106491}, abstractNote={In the coming decades, climate change is projected to cause carbon dioxide fertilization effects in pine forests in the US Southeast. Resulting changes in pine (loblolly) growth will impact forest markets and regional carbon sequestration. We examine this impact in the context of baseline demand scenarios of increasing sophistication to determine the relative impact of growth and business as usual assumptions on forest growing stock volume, removals, prices and carbon sequestration. We use above-ground biomass data generated from the 3-PG forest growth model based on 20 climate models and Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios 4.5 and 8.5. We examine forest market and carbon sequestration impacts using the Sub-Regional Timber Supply model, with and without climate change-related growth. Results suggest that forest growing stock will increase under all climate change scenarios. Timber prices under carbon fertilization are projected to be lower over the long run.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Henderson, Jesse D. and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{mckeand_payn_heine_abt_2020, title={Economic Significance of Continued Improvement of Loblolly Pine Genetics and Its Efficient Deployment to Landowners in the Southern United States}, volume={119}, ISSN={0022-1201 1938-3746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa044}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa044}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={McKeand, Steven E and Payn, Kitt G and Heine, Austin J and Abt, Robert C}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={62–72} }
 @article{cubbage_kanieski_rubilar_bussoni_olmos_balmelli_donagh_lord_hernández_zhang_et al._2020, title={Global timber investments, 2005 to 2017}, volume={112}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102082}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102082}, abstractNote={We estimated timber investment returns for 22 countries and 54 species/management regimes in 2017, for a range of global timber plantation species and countries at the stand level, using capital budgeting criteria, without land costs, at a real discount rate of 8%. Returns were estimated for the principal plantation countries in the Americas—Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay, Mexico, and the United States—as well as New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, China, Vietnam, Laos, Spain, Finland, Poland, Scotland, and France. South American plantation growth rates and their concomitant returns were generally greater, at more than 12% Internal Rates of Return (IRRs), as were those in China, Vietnam, and Laos. These IRRs were followed by those for plantations in southern hemisphere countries of Australia and New Zealand and in Mexico, with IRRs around 8%. Temperate forest plantations in the U.S. and Europe returned less, from 4% to 8%, but those countries have less financial risk, better timber markets, and more infrastructure. Returns to most planted species in all countries except Asia have decreased from 2005 to 2017. If land costs were included in calculating the overall timberland investment returns, the IRRs would decrease from 3 percentage points less for loblolly pine in the U.S. South to 8 percentage points less for eucalypts in Brazil.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Kanieski, Bruno and Rubilar, Rafael and Bussoni, Adriana and Olmos, Virginia Morales and Balmelli, Gustavo and Donagh, Patricio Mac and Lord, Roger and Hernández, Carmelo and Zhang, Pu and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={102082} }
 @article{silva_cubbage_gonzalez_abt_2019, title={Assessing market power in the US pulp and paper industry}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85063393559&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2019.03.009}, abstractNote={This paper assesses the market power of pulpwood mills in different regions of the U.S. We estimated the conjectural elasticity, elasticities of substitution and price elasticities for the delivered price at the mill in Southeast and North U.S. and the stumpage in the Southeast. We assembled data composed of price and quantity of Labor, Energy, Chemical Products and Wood at firms' level from Q4/2016 to Q4/2017, and applied a variety of econometric models that measure the influence of firms and resource characteristics on market competition. The results indicate moderate levels of oligopsony power in all markets, with the highest effect at the mill in the North, and lowest in the stumpage market in the South. Market power in the pulpwood market is strongly driven by industry concentration and local company size, and decreases as the estimated wood procurement radius from a mill increases in size.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Silva, Bruno Kanieski and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Gonzalez, Ronalds and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={138–150} }
 @article{nepal_abt_skog_prestemon_abt_2019, title={Projected Market Competition for Wood Biomass between Traditional Products and Energy: A Simulated Interaction of US Regional, National, and Global Forest Product Markets}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxy031}, abstractNote={Using a partial market equilibrium framework, this study evaluated the US regional timber and wood products market impacts of a projected national level expansion in wood biomass consumption for energy. By restricting logging residue use, we focus on the impacts on timber harvests and paper production from increased pulpwood consumption and focus on the impacts on lumber production from increased mill residue consumption. Analyses showed that increased consumption of wood for energy led to diversion of about 37 million m3 of pulpwood away from pulpwood-using traditional products (e.g., panels and paper), reducing production and net exports of paper and paperboard by up to 3 million tonnes. Increased wood energy consumption also led to increased timber harvests (up to 40 million m3 or 8 percent), increased prices (up to 31 percent), and increased lumber production and net exports by up to 9 million m3. The South was projected to supply the majority of the energy feedstock (47 m3 or 77 percent) and to experience the resultant effects on forests and wood products sectors. The findings highlight the importance of market linkages at local, national, and global levels in evaluating the impacts of increased wood energy consumption and the importance of identifying feedstock sources.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Abt, Karen L. and Skog, Kenneth E. and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={14–26} }
 @article{kanieski da silva_cubbage_abt_2019, title={Structural Changes on Pulpwood Market in the US South: Wood Pellets Investments and Price Dynamics}, volume={65}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz043}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxz043}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanieski da Silva, Bruno and Cubbage, Frederick W and Abt, Robert C}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={675–687} }
 @article{coulston_westfall_wear_edgar_prisley_treiman_abt_smith_2018, title={Annual Monitoring of US Timber Production: Rationale and Design}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxy010}, abstractNote={Understanding roundwood production in the United States at fine spatial and temporal scales is needed to support a range of analyses for decision making. Currently, estimates of county-level roundwood production are available at various time intervals for different regions of the country and for different products. Here we present our reasoning for moving to an annual timber products monitoring program and further present a comparison of sample designs to facilitate an annual program without increased effort. We found that both probability proportional to size and stratified simple random sampling designs were viable options, but the stratified simple random sampling design provided more flexibility. This flexibility was deemed important to target emerging markets and to enable sampling with certainty of specific firms. Our results lay the foundations for moving to an annual timber products output monitoring design in support of market, sustainability, and policy analyses as well as projections.}, number={5}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Coulston, John W. and Westfall, James A. and Wear, David N. and Edgar, Christopher B. and Prisley, Steven P. and Treiman, Thomas B. and Abt, Robert C. and Smith, W. Brad}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={533–543} }
 @article{prestemon_wear_abt_abt_2018, title={Projecting housing starts and softwood lumber consumption in the United States}, volume={64}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Prestemon, J. P. and Wear, D. N. and Abt, K. L. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2018}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{lopez_abt_dvorak_hodge_phillips_2018, title={Tree breeding model to assess financial performance of pine hybrids and pure species: deterministic and stochastic approaches for South Africa}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-017-9609-1}, number={1}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Lopez, Juan L. and Abt, Robert C. and Dvorak, William S. and Hodge, Gary R. and Phillips, Richard}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={123–142} }
 @article{duden_verweij_junginger_abt_henderson_dale_kline_karssenberg_verstegen_faaij_et al._2017, title={Modeling the impacts of wood pellet demand on forest dynamics in southeastern United States}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-1031"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029431513&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/bbb.1803}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR}, author={Duden, Anna S. and Verweij, Pita A. and Junginger, H. Martin and Abt, Robert C. and Henderson, Jesse D. and Dale, Virginia H. and Kline, Keith L. and Karssenberg, Derek and Verstegen, Judith A. and Faaij, Andre P. C. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1007–1029} }
 @article{parish_dale_kline_abt_2017, title={Reference scenarios for evaluating wood pellet production in the Southeastern United States}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2041-840X"]}, DOI={10.1002/wene.259}, abstractNote={Wood pellet exports from the Southeastern United States (SE US) to Europe have been increasing in response to European Union member state policies to displace coal with renewable biomass for electricity generation. An understanding of the interactions among SE US forest markets, forest management, and forest ecosystem services is required to quantify the effects of pellet production compared to what would be expected under a reference case or ‘counterfactual scenario’ without pellet production. Inconsistent methods to define and justify the counterfactual scenario result in conflicting estimates and large uncertainties about the impacts of pellet production on SE US forests. Guidelines to support more consistent and transparent counterfactual scenarios are proposed. The guidelines include identifying major influences on current SE US forest conditions, developing potential futures that clearly document underlying assumptions and associated uncertainties, identifying the most likely alternative feedstock fates, and estimating the effects of no pellet demand on future forest conditions. The guidelines can help modelers to more accurately reflect the past and current forest dynamics and to consider the implications for SE US forest landscapes of future scenarios with and without pellet production. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e259. doi: 10.1002/wene.259}, number={6}, journal={WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Parish, Esther S. and Dale, Virginia H. and Kline, Keith L. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2017} }
 @article{henderson_abt_2016, title={An Agent-Based Model of Heterogeneous Forest Landowner Decisionmaking}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84983004007&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.15-018}, abstractNote={The Forest Agent-Based Landowner Economy (FABLE) model simulates a market where private forest landowner agents with heterogeneous preferences cast bids using normative decisionmaking rules. In doing so, the model connects two areas of study important to the forest economics literature: market behavior and behavior of individual forest landowners. The model constructs heterogeneity by separating agents into those who bid based on a valuation of timber and those who bid based on an amenity value. Furthermore, discount rates vary among agents and stand age is drawn from an empirical age class distribution of North Carolina's southern coastal plain. Model outputs include price, removals, average harvest age, and age class structure. A sensitivity analysis on demand curve and amenity value scenarios shows expected economic relationships as exhibited by model outputs and by implicit supply and inventory elasticities. For the majority of scenarios, these elasticity estimates, which are not predetermined but represent an emergent property of the model, are consistent with empirical estimates. Equilibrium dynamics mimic long-wave inventory cycles found historically, rather than simple steady-state solutions.}, number={4}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Henderson, Jesse D. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={364–376} }
 @inbook{stokes_rials_johnson_abt_nepal_skog_abt_he_english_2016, title={At the roadside: Forest resources}, booktitle={2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstock}, publisher={Oak Ridge National Laboratory}, author={Stokes, B. and Rials, T.G. and Johnson, L.R. and Abt, K.L. and Nepal, P. and Skog, K.E. and Abt, R.C. and He, L. and English, B.C.}, year={2016} }
 @article{costanza_abt_mckerrow_collazo_2016, title={Bioenergy production and forest landscape change in the southeastern United States}, volume={9}, ISSN={1757-1693}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12386}, DOI={10.1111/gcbb.12386}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={GCB Bioenergy}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Costanza, Jennifer K. and Abt, Robert C. and McKerrow, Alexa J. and Collazo, Jaime A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={924–939} }
 @article{nepal_skog_mckeever_bergman_abt_abt_2016, title={Carbon Mitigation Impacts of Increased Softwood Lumber and Structural Panel Use for Nonresidential-Construction in the United States}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0015-7473"]}, DOI={10.13073/fpj-d-15-00019}, abstractNote={Abstract More wood use in the United States to construct low-rise nonresidential (NR) buildings would increase consumption and production of softwood (SW) lumber, engineered wood products, and structural and nonstructural wood panels. Using a consequential life-cycle analysis, we estimated the change in net CO2 emissions that would be caused by increased use of SW lumber and structural panels in NR construction. Carbon (C) storage and emissions were projected over 50 years for baseline and increased wood use scenarios using the US Forest Products Module operating within the Global Forest Products Model (USFPM/GFPM) and the Southern region timber supply model (SRTS). Increased wood use in NR construction (C content of 428 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent [tCO2e]) could provide an emissions reduction of 870 million tCO2e over 50 years or a net emissions reduction of 2.03 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in NR buildings over 50 years. The CO2 savings varied for products provided in the South, North, a...}, number={1-2}, journal={FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Skog, Kenneth E. and McKeever, David B. and Bergman, Richard D. and Abt, Karen L. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2016}, pages={77–87} }
 @misc{singh_cubbage_gonzalez_abt_2016, title={Locational determinants for wood pellet plants: A review and case study of North and South America}, volume={11}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Singh, D. and Cubbage, F. and Gonzalez, R. and Abt, R.}, year={2016}, pages={7928–7952} }
 @article{galik_abt_latta_méley_henderson_2016, title={Meeting renewable energy and land use objectives through public–private biomass supply partnerships}, volume={172}, ISSN={0306-2619}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2016.03.047}, DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.047}, abstractNote={Bioenergy is a significant source of renewable energy in the U.S. and internationally. We explore whether creation of localized bioenergy markets near existing military installations in the southeastern U.S. could simultaneously address military renewable energy generation objectives while reducing urban encroachment. We model the use of public–private partnerships to stimulate the creation of these markets, in which stable installation demand is paired with stable supply from surrounding landowners. We employ two economic models – the SubRegional Timber Supply (SRTS) model and the Forest and Agricultural Sector Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) – to assess how markets influence forest and agriculture land use, renewable energy production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation at the regional and national levels. When all selected installations increase bioenergy capacity simultaneously, we find increased preservation of forest land area, increased forest carbon storage in the region, and increased renewable energy generation at military installations. Nationally, however, carbon stocks are depleted as harvests increase, increasing GHG emissions even after accounting for potential displaced emissions from coal- or natural gas-fired generation. Increasing bioenergy generation on a single installation within the southeast has very different effects on forest area and composition, yielding greater standing timber volume and higher forest carbon stock. In addition to demonstrating the benefits of linking two partial equilibrium models of varying solution technique, sectoral scope, and resource detail, results suggest that a tailored policy approach may be more effective in meeting local encroachment reduction and renewable energy generation objectives while avoiding negative GHG mitigation consequences.}, journal={Applied Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Galik, Christopher S. and Abt, Robert C. and Latta, Gregory and Méley, Andréanne and Henderson, Jesse D.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={264–274} }
 @article{tarr_rubino_costanza_mckerrow_collazo_abt_2016, title={Projected gains and losses of wildlife habitat from bioenergy-induced landscape change}, volume={9}, ISSN={1757-1693}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12383}, DOI={10.1111/gcbb.12383}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={GCB Bioenergy}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Tarr, Nathan M. and Rubino, Matthew J. and Costanza, Jennifer K. and McKerrow, Alexa J. and Collazo, Jaime A. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={909–923} }
 @article{galik_abt_2016, title={Sustainability guidelines and forest market response: an assessment of European Union pellet demand in the southeastern United States}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1757-1707"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930267745&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/gcbb.12273}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Galik, Christopher S. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={658–669} }
 @article{wang_dwivedi_abt_khanna_2015, title={Carbon savings with transatlantic trade in pellets: accounting for market-driven effects}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114019}, abstractNote={Exports of pellets from the United States (US) are growing significantly to meet the demand for renewable energy in the European Union. This transatlantic trade in pellets has raised questions about the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of these pellets and their effects on conventional forest product markets in the US. This paper examines the GHG intensity of pellets exported from the US using either forest biomass only or forest and agricultural biomass combined. We develop an integrated dynamic, price-endogenous, partial equilibrium model of the forestry, agricultural, and transportation sectors in the US to investigate not only the direct life-cycle GHG intensity of pellets but also the accompanying indirect market and land use effects induced by changes in prices of forest and agricultural products over the 2007–2032 period. Across different scenarios of high and low pellet demand that can be met with either forest biomass only or with forest and agricultural biomass, we find that the GHG intensity of pellet based electricity is 74% to 85% lower than that of coal-based electricity. We also find that the GHG intensity of pellets produced using agricultural and forest biomass is 28% to 34% lower than that of pellets produced using forest biomass only. GHG effects due to induced direct and indirect changes in forest carbon stock caused by changes in harvest rotations, changes in land use and in conventional wood production account for 11% to 26% of the overall GHG intensity of pellets produced from forest biomass only; these effects are negative with the use of forest and agricultural biomass.}, number={11}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Wang, Weiwei and Dwivedi, Puneet and Abt, Robert and Khanna, Madhu}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @article{costanza_abt_mckerrow_collazo_2015, title={Linking state-and-transition simulation and timber supply models for forest biomass production scenarios}, volume={2}, ISSN={2372-0352}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2015.2.180}, DOI={10.3934/environsci.2015.2.180}, abstractNote={We linked state-and-transition simulation models (STSMs) with an economics-based timber supply model to examine landscape dynamics in North Carolina through 2050 for three scenarios of forest biomass production. Forest biomass could be an important source of renewable energy in the future, but there is currently much uncertainty about how biomass production would impact landscapes. In the southeastern US, if forests become important sources of biomass for bioenergy, we expect increased land-use change and forest management. STSMs are ideal for simulating these landscape changes, but the amounts of change will depend on drivers such as timber prices and demand for forest land, which are best captured with forest economic models. We first developed state-and-transition model pathways in the ST-Sim software platform for 49 vegetation and land-use types that incorporated each expected type of landscape change. Next, for the three biomass production scenarios, the SubRegional Timber Supply Model (SRTS) was used to determine the annual areas of thinning and harvest in five broad forest types, as well as annual areas converted among those forest types, agricultural, and urban lands. The SRTS output was used to define area targets for STSMs in ST-Sim under two scenarios of biomass production and one baseline, business-as-usual scenario. We show that ST-Sim output matched SRTS targets in most cases. Landscape dynamics results indicate that, compared with the baseline scenario, forest biomass production leads to more forest and, specifically, more intensively managed forest on the landscape by 2050. Thus, the STSMs, informed by forest economics models, provide important information about potential landscape effects of bioenergy production.}, number={2}, journal={AIMS Environmental Science}, publisher={American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)}, author={Costanza, Jennifer K. and Abt, Robert C. and McKerrow, Alexa J. and Collazo, Jaime A.}, year={2015}, pages={180–202} }
 @article{wear_dixon_abt_singh_2015, title={Projecting Potential Adoption of Genetically Engineered Freeze-Tolerant Eucalyptus in the United States}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.14-089}, abstractNote={Development of commercial Eucalyptus plantations has been limited in the United States because of the species’ sensitivity to freezing temperatures. Recently developed genetically engineered clones of a Eucalyptus hybrid, which confer freeze tolerance, could expand the range of commercial plantations. This study explores how freeze-tolerant Eucalyptus might be adopted as a preferred land use based on comparative returns and a real options land-use switching model. Climate factors other than freezing are assumed to limit potential adoption to the southeastern region of the United States. Comparison of returns indicates that Eucalyptus would probably not compete with cropland but could be competitive with forest uses, especially planted pine. Real options analysis, using both geometric Brownian motion and mean reverting models of stochastic returns, indicates that switching could be expected on a portion of planted pine forestland. Models predict about 0.8 –1.4 million acres of Eucalyptus plantations (5–9% of the current area of planted pine). Extending the analysis to also consider the current area of naturally regenerated pine results in as much as 2.8 million acres of Eucalyptus. Actual adoption will probably depend on uncertain future markets for cellulose, especially for bioenergy feedstock.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Wear, David N. and Dixon, Ernest and Abt, Robert C. and Singh, Navinder}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={466–480} }
 @article{galik_abt_latta_vegh_2015, title={The environmental and economic effects of regional bioenergy policy in the southeastern U.S.}, volume={85}, ISSN={0301-4215}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2015.05.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.018}, abstractNote={The unique generation, landownership, and resource attributes of the southeastern United States make the region an important test bed for implementation of novel renewable energy policy interventions. This study evaluates the environmental and economic implications of one such intervention, a hypothetical region-wide renewable portfolio standard (RPS) with biomass carve-outs. It utilizes the Forest and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) to assess the multi-sector and interregional allocation of forest harvest activity, and then uses the Sub-Regional Timber Supply (SRTS) model to assess intraregional variation in forest composition and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential. The analysis finds that existing resource conditions influence the regional distribution of land use and harvest changes, resulting in a spatially and temporally diverse forest carbon response. Net forest carbon in the Southeast is greater in the RPS Scenario than in the No RPS Scenario in all but the final years of the model run. Accounting for displaced fossil emissions yields net GHG reductions in all time periods. Both research methodology and findings are also applicable to a broader suite of domestic and international policies, including European Union renewable energy initiatives and GHG mitigation under Section 111 of the U.S. Clean Air Act.}, journal={Energy Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Galik, Christopher S. and Abt, Robert C. and Latta, Gregory and Vegh, Tibor}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={335–346} }
 @article{jeuck_cubbage_abt_bardon_mccarter_coulston_renkow_2014, title={Assessing Independent Variables Used in Econometric Modeling Forest Land Use or Land Cover Change: A Meta-Analysis}, volume={5}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5071532}, DOI={10.3390/f5071532}, abstractNote={We conducted a meta-analysis on 64 econometric models from 47 studies predicting forestland conversion to agriculture (F2A), forestland to development (F2D), forestland to non-forested (F2NF) and undeveloped (including forestland) to developed (U2D) land. Over 250 independent econometric variables were identified from 21 F2A models, 21 F2D models, 12 F2NF models, and 10 U2D models. These variables were organized into a hierarchy of 119 independent variable groups, 15 categories, and 4 econometric drivers suitable for conducting simple vote count statistics. Vote counts were summarized at the independent variable group level and formed into ratios estimating the predictive success of each variable group. Two ratios estimates were developed based on (1) proportion of times the independent variables had statistical significance and (2) proportion of times independent variables met the original study authors’ expectations. In F2D models, we confirmed the success of popular independent variables such as population, income, and urban proximity estimates but found timber rents and site productivity variables less successful. In F2A models, we confirmed success of popular explanatory variables such as forest and agricultural rents and costs, governmental programs, and site quality, but we found population, income, and urban proximity estimates less successful. In U2D models, successful independent variables found were urban rents and costs, zoning issues concerning forestland loss, site quality, urban proximity, population, and income. In F2NF models, we found poor success using timber rents but high success using agricultural rents, site quality, population, and income. Success ratios and discussion of new or less popular, but promising, variables was also included. This meta-analysis provided insight into the general success of econometric independent variables for future forest-use or -cover change research.}, number={7}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Jeuck, James and Cubbage, Frederick and Abt, Robert and Bardon, Robert and McCarter, James and Coulston, John and Renkow, Mitch}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1532–1564} }
 @article{daystar_gonzalez_reeb_venditti_treasure_abt_kelley_2014, title={Economics, environmental impacts, and supply chain analysis of cellulosic biomass for biofuels in the Southern US: pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, switchgrass, and sweet sorghum}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.1.393-444}, abstractNote={The production of six regionally important cellulosic biomass feedstocks, including pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, switchgrass, and sweet sorghum, was analyzed using consistent life cycle methodologies and system boundaries to identify feedstocks with the lowest cost and environmental impacts. Supply chain analysis was performed for each feedstock, calculating costs and supply requirements for the production of 453,592 dry tonnes of biomass per year. Cradle-to-gate environmental impacts from these modeled supply systems were quantified for nine mid-point indicators using SimaPro 7.2 LCA software. Conversion of grassland to managed forest for bioenergy resulted in large reductions in GHG emissions due to carbon uptake associated with direct land use change. By contrast, converting forests to cropland resulted in large increases in GHG emissions. Production of forest-based feedstocks for biofuels resulted in lower delivered cost, lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and lower overall environmental impacts than the agricultural feedstocks studied. Forest residues had the lowest environmental impact and delivered cost per dry tonne. Using forest-based biomass feedstocks instead of agricultural feedstocks would result in lower cradle-to-gate environmental impacts and delivered biomass costs for biofuel production in the southern U.S.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Daystar, J. and Gonzalez, R. and Reeb, C. and Venditti, R. and Treasure, T. and Abt, R. and Kelley, Stephen}, year={2014}, pages={393–444} }
 @misc{miner_abt_bowyer_buford_malmsheimer_o'laughlin_oneil_sedjo_skog_2014, title={Forest Carbon Accounting Considerations in US Bioenergy Policy}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.5849/jof.14-009}, abstractNote={Four research-based insights are essential to understanding forest bioenergy and “carbon debts.” (1) As long as wood-producing land remains in forest, long-lived wood products and forest bioenergy reduce fossil fuel use and long-term carbon emission impacts. (2) Increased demand for wood can trigger investments that increase forest area and forest productivity and reduce carbon impacts associated with increased harvesting. (3) The carbon debt concept emphasizes short-term concerns about biogenic CO2 emissions, although it is long-term cumulative CO2 emissions that are correlated with projected peak global temperature, and these cumulative emissions are reduced by substituting forest bioenergy for fossil fuels. (4) Considering forest growth, investment responses, and the radiative forcing of biogenic CO2 over a 100-year time horizon (as used for other greenhouse gases), the increased use of forest-derived materials most likely to be used for bioenergy in the United States results in low net greenhouse gas emissions, especially compared with those for fossil fuels.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Miner, Reid A. and Abt, Robert C. and Bowyer, Jim L. and Buford, Marilyn A. and Malmsheimer, Robert W. and O'Laughlin, Jay and Oneil, Elaine E. and Sedjo, Roger A. and Skog, Kenneth E.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={591–606} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_abt_2014, title={Global timber investments and trends, 2005-2011}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Planted Forests}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Abt, Robert}, year={2014} }
 @article{frey_mercer_cubbage_abt_2013, title={A real options model to assess the role of flexibility in forestry and agroforestry adoption and disadoption in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1574-0862"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00633.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Frey, Gregory E. and Mercer, D. Evan and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={73–91} }
 @article{nepal_grala_grebner_abt_2013, title={Impact of Harvest-Level Changes on Carbon Accumulation and Timber Stumpage Prices in Mississippi}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0148-4419"]}, DOI={10.5849/sjaf.12-020}, abstractNote={increased demand for carbon offsets leading to higher carbon prices and, therefore, encourage forest landowners to enter into forest carbon offset contracts. As a result, qualifying forest tracts might be withdrawn from harvest during the contract leading to decreased timber supply in the short term. Timber markets will respond to such a situation with increased timber stumpage prices (Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). However, in the long term, timber harvests might increase as carbon contracts are completed allowing landowners to harvest their forests. Consequently, timber stumpage prices would then decrease (Sohngen et al. 2008) assuming that other factors related to timber supply remain unchanged. Potential impacts of implementing carbon policies and programs on timber supply and timber stumpage prices were demonstrated by several studies. Sohngen et al. (2008) analyzed the effect of carbon policy on carbon accumulation and timber supply at the global level using the Dynamic Timber Supply Model. They showed that carbon policy would induce owners of hardwood forests in the southern United States to withhold their forests from harvest in the short term, which would result in increased timber prices. However, they also showed that additional land supply, longer rotations, and improved forest management would increase timber supply in the long term, causing timber prices eventually to fall. In another study, Sohngen and Mendelsohn (2003) indicated that implementation of the least cost strategy (minimizing the present value of the total costs of greenhouse gas damage and its abatement) to control greenhouse gases would result in global carbon sequestration of 102 billion metric tons. During the same time, global timber supply would increase by up to 785 million cubic meters (m) resulting in lower global timber prices in the long term. Other studies indicated that payments for carbon sequestered by forests will lead to longer forest rotations (Nepal et al. 2009, Sohngen et al. 2008, Gutrich and Howarth 2007, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002, van Kooten et al. 1995) and reduced timber supply in the short term (Sohngen et al. 2008, Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). Several studies have indicated that current US carbon prices do not pay enough to make forest-based carbon sequestration financially viable (Nepal et al. 2012, Latta et al. 2011, Malmsheimer et al. 2008). Consequently, under current carbon market conditions, landowners are more likely to retain their right to sell timber rather than enroll their forest stands into carbon contracts. However, if the United States implements a mandatory carbon policy, it is expected that demand for carbon will increase leading to higher carbon prices (Green Assets 2012, US EPA 2009) and improved financial viability of forestry-based carbon sequestration strategies (Malmsheimer et al. 2008). This study investigated how future carbon accumulation in Mississippi’s forests and harvested wood products will be impacted by changes in future harvest levels during 2006–2051. In addition, the study examined the impact of such changes in harvest levels on timber stumpage prices and quantified the resulting changes in timber and carbon revenues in Mississippi. Mississippi was selected as the study area because it is considered to have a great potential to increase carbon sequestration both in standing trees and harvested wood products due to its large area under timberland (8 million ha) and a large quantity of annual timber harvest (30 million m) (USDA Forest Service 2010). Other neighboring states in the southern United States, including Alabama, Arkansas, and Louisiana, share similar forest sector characteristics such as timberland area and ownership, timber inventory, harvest levels, and timber products output (Smith et al. 2009). Therefore, we expect that our analysis of statewide impacts of harvest-level changes in Mississippi can provide useful benchmark information, not only for Mississippi, but also for these neighboring states as well as other states in the southern United States. Methods and Materials The Model The Subregional Timber Supply (SRTS) model (Abt et al. 2009) was used to examine a business-as-usual (BAU) and four alternative timber-harvest scenarios in terms of carbon accumulation, timber stumpage prices, and timber and carbon revenues in Mississippi during 2006–2051. The year 2006 was selected as a starting point for the analysis because it was the most recent year for which forest inventory data were available for Mississippi, whereas the year 2051 represents the end of harvest projection available for the BAU scenario. The SRTS is a partial market equilibrium model that combines economic and forest inventory information to determine impacts of changes in timber demand and supply on timber inventory and timber stumpage markets (Abt et al. 2009). The original version of the model was designed to simulate market for only one single product of two species groups and estimating the total timber volume for softwoods and hardwoods. The model has been updated and can be used to project timber supply for multiple products and subregions (Abt et al. 2009). The earlier versions of this timber market model were used to project timber supply in the US South and Northeast (e.g., Bingham et al. 2003, Sendak et al. 2003, Prestemon and Abt 2002, Abt et al. 2000, Pacheco et al. 1997, Abt et al. 1993). The model has also been used to project impacts of climate change on timber supply in the US South (Abt and Murray 2001) and analyze impacts of nonmarket forest values on timber supply decisions of nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) landowners (Pattanayak et al. 2002). Modeling Timber Demand and Supply Demand for timber was modeled as a function of stumpage price and a demand shifter, whereas supply of timber was modeled as a function of stumpage price, forest inventory, and a supply shifter using the SRTS market module. The statewide equilibrium harvest in year t was determined by interaction of the following timber demand and supply functions (Abt et al. 2000):}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Grala, Robert K. and Grebner, Donald L. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={160–168} }
 @article{abt_abt_2013, title={Potential Impact of Bioenergy Demand on the Sustainability of the Southern Forest Resource}, volume={32}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.652044}, DOI={10.1080/10549811.2011.652044}, abstractNote={The use of woody biomass for the production of domestic bioenergy to meet policy-driven demands could lead to significant changes in the forest resource. These impacts may be limited if woody biomass from forests is defined as only the residues from logging. Yet, if only residue is used, the contribution of woody biomass to a renewable energy portfolio will also be limited. As the definition of woody biomass is expanded, the impacts on the forest resource increase, as does the contribution of woody biomass to the renewable portfolio. A combination of markets and policies will determine the extent to which woody biomass can be used to meet renewable electricity requirements. This article develops two hypothetical demand scenarios based on the use of woody biomass in renewable electricity generation and uses these scenarios in a model of timber supply in the U.S. South to evaluate the effects on both timber markets and forest resource sustainability. The demands for woody biomass are met by a combination of residues from logging on private forests and increased harvest of pine pulpwood. We identify the dynamics of key characteristics of the southern forest resource, including forest type and age class distributions that vary under these demand scenarios.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Abt, Robert C. and Abt, Karen L.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={175–194} }
 @article{abt_abt_galik_2012, title={Effect of Bioenergy Demands and Supply Response on Markets, Carbon, and Land Use}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0015-749X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867414646&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.11-055}, abstractNote={An increase in the demand for wood for energy, including liquid fuels, bioelectricity, and pellets, has the potential to affect traditional wood users, forestland uses, management intensities, and, ultimately, carbon sequestration. Recent studies have shown that increases in bioenergy harvests could lead to displacement of traditional wood-using industries in the short run and intensive management, land use change, and sawtimber market impacts in the long-run. We simulate timber markets, as well as land use response and carbon outcomes resulting from projections of both traditional and bioenergy wood use in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida under differing levels of market supply responses. Increased logging residue recovery had a moderating effect on prices, although increased planting response led to higher carbon sequestration, and smaller effects on prices. Increased forest productivity led to lower prices, but also led to reduced timberland and thus lower forest carbon sequestration. Supply responses will be crucial to moderating market responses to increases in bioenergy wood demands. FOR. SCI. 58(5):523–539.}, number={5}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Society of American Foresters}, author={Abt, Karen L. and Abt, Robert C. and Galik, Christopher}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={523–539} }
 @article{galik_abt_2012, title={The effect of assessment scale and metric selection on the greenhouse gas benefits of woody biomass}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1873-2909"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862747547&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.04.009}, abstractNote={Recent attention has focused on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of using woody biomass to produce energy. In particular, a great deal of controversy has erupted over the appropriate manner and scale at which to evaluate these GHG effects. Here, we conduct a comparative assessment of six different assessment scales and four different metric calculation techniques against the backdrop of a common biomass demand scenario. We evaluate the net GHG balance of woody biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired facilities in the state of Virginia, finding that assessment scale and metric calculation technique do in fact strongly influence the net GHG balance yielded by this common scenario. Those assessment scales that do not include possible market effects attributable to increased biomass demand, including changes in forest area, forest management intensity, and traditional industry production, generally produce less-favorable GHG balances than those that do. Given the potential difficulty small operators may have generating or accessing information on the extent of these market effects, however, it is likely that stakeholders and policy makers will need to balance accuracy and comprehensiveness with reporting and administrative simplicity.}, journal={BIOMASS & BIOENERGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Galik, Christopher S. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{gonzalez_phillips_saloni_jameel_abt_pirraglia_wright_2011, title={Biomass to energy in the southern united states: supply chain and delivered cost}, volume={6}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Gonzalez, R. and Phillips, R. and Saloni, D. and Jameel, H. and Abt, R. and Pirraglia, A. and Wright, J.}, year={2011}, pages={2954–2976} }
 @article{gonzalez_treasure_phillips_jameel_saloni_abt_wright_2011, title={Converting Eucalyptus biomass into ethanol: Financial and sensitivity analysis in a co-current dilute acid process. Part II}, volume={35}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.025}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.025}, abstractNote={The technical and financial performance of high yield Eucalyptus biomass in a co-current dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis process was simulated using WinGEMS® and Excel®. Average ethanol yield per dry Mg of Eucalyptus biomass was approximately 347.6 L of ethanol (with average carbohydrate content in the biomass around 66.1%) at a cost of $0.49 L−1 of ethanol, cash cost of ∼ $0.46 L−1 and CAPEX of $1.03 L−1 of ethanol. The main cost drivers are: biomass, enzyme, tax, fuel (gasoline), depreciation and labor. Profitability of the process is very sensitive to biomass cost, carbohydrate content (%) in biomass and enzyme cost. Biomass delivered cost was simulated and financially evaluated in Part I; here in Part II the conversion of this raw material into cellulosic ethanol using the dilute acid process is evaluated.}, number={2}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gonzalez, R. and Treasure, T. and Phillips, R. and Jameel, H. and Saloni, D. and Abt, R. and Wright, J.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={767–772} }
 @article{huang_abt_kindermann_ghosh_2011, title={EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0890-8575"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80255138844&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00098.x}, abstractNote={AbstractFew studies have empirically examined climate change impacts on managed forests in the southern United States. In this paper, we use the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Database to fit two growth models across the South and apply the four Hadley III climate scenarios developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report to project future growth and site productivity on loblolly pine plantations. The static growth model provides a direct test of whether a significant climate influence on forest growth can be statistically derived, while the dynamic growth model estimates climate effects through site productivity. Results indicate considerable spatial variation in potential future growth and productivity change on loblolly pine plantations due to climate change in the southern United States, while overall regional effects are projected to be marginal. The pattern of climate change impacts is consistent across the growth models and climate scenarios. These findings have several implications for climate change adaptation policies.}, number={4}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING}, author={Huang, Jin and Abt, Bob and Kindermann, Georg and Ghosh, Sujit}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={445–476} }
 @article{gonzalez_treasure_wright_saloni_phillips_abt_jameel_2011, title={Exploring the potential of Eucalyptus for energy production in the Southern United States: Financial analysis of delivered biomass. Part I}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0961-9534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650762982&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.011}, abstractNote={Eucalyptus plantations in the Southern United States offer a viable feedstock for renewable bioenergy. Delivered cost of eucalypt biomass to a bioenergy facility was simulated in order to understand how key variables affect biomass delivered cost. Three production rates (16.8, 22.4 and 28.0 Mg ha−1 y−1, dry weight basis) in two investment scenarios were compared in terms of financial analysis, to evaluate the effect of productivity and land investment on the financial indicators of the project. Delivered cost of biomass was simulated to range from $55.1 to $66.1 per delivered Mg (with freight distance of 48.3 km from plantation to biorefinery) depending on site productivity (without considering land investment) at 6% IRR. When land investment was included in the analysis, delivered biomass cost increased to range from $65.0 to $79.4 per delivered Mg depending on site productivity at 6% IRR. Conversion into cellulosic ethanol might be promising with biomass delivered cost lower than $66 Mg−1. These delivered costs and investment analysis show that Eucalyptus plantations are a potential biomass source for bioenergy production for Southern U.S.}, number={2}, journal={BIOMASS & BIOENERGY}, author={Gonzalez, R. and Treasure, T. and Wright, J. and Saloni, D. and Phillips, R. and Abt, R. and Jameel, H.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={755–766} }
 @article{guo_hodges_abt_2011, title={Forest biomass supply for bioenergy production and its impacts on roundwood markets in Tennessee}, volume={35}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Guo, Z. M. and Hodges, D. G. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2011}, pages={80–86} }
 @book{furiness_cowling. e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for poultry manure application}, volume={AG-739}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling. E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for swine manure application}, volume={AG-740}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling_allen_r. frederick_zering_campbell_2011, title={Using animal manures in forest fertilization}, volume={AG-738}, journal={Technical Report}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling, E. and Allen, L. Abt and R. Frederick, D. and Zering, K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @article{frey_mercer_cubbage_abt_2010, title={Economic potential of agroforestry and forestry in the lower mississippi alluvial valley with incentive programs and carbon payments}, volume={34}, number={4}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Frey, G. E. and Mercer, D. E. and Cubbage, F. W. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2010}, pages={176–185} }
 @article{abt_abt_cubbage_henderson_2010, title={Effect of policy-based bioenergy demand on southern timber markets: A case study of North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.007}, abstractNote={Key factors driving renewable energy demand are state and federal policies requiring the use of renewable feedstocks to produce energy (renewable portfolio standards) and liquid fuels (renewable fuel standards). However, over the next decade, the infrastructure for renewable energy supplies is unlikely to develop as fast as both policy- and market-motivated renewable energy demands. This will favor the use of existing wood as a feedstock in the first wave of bioenergy production. The ability to supply wood over the next decade is a function of the residual utilization, age class structure, and competition from traditional wood users. Using the North Carolina Renewable Portfolio Standard as a case study, combined with assumptions regarding energy efficiency, logging residual utilization, and traditional wood demands over time, we simulate the impacts of increased woody biomass demand on timber markets. We focus on the dynamics resulting from the interaction of short-run demand changes and long-term supply responses. We conclude that logging residuals alone may be unable to meet bioenergy demands from North Carolina’s Renewable Portfolio Standard. Thus, small roundwood (pulpwood) may be used to meet remaining bioenergy demands, resulting in increased timber prices and removals; displacement of traditional products; higher forest landowner incomes; and changes in the structure of the forest resource.}, number={12}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Abt, Robert C. and Abt, Karen L. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Henderson, Jesse D.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1679–1686} }
 @article{cubbage_koesbandana_mac donagh_rubilar_balmelli_morales olmos_de la torre_murara_hoeflich_kotze_et al._2010, title={Global timber investments, wood costs, regulation, and risk}, volume={34}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.008}, abstractNote={We estimated financial returns and wood production costs in 2008 for the primary timber plantation species. Excluding land costs, returns for exotic plantations in almost all of South America – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Paraguay – were substantial. Eucalyptus species returns were generally greater than those for Pinus species in each country, with most having Internal Rates of Return (IRRs) of 20% per year or more, as did teak. Pinus species in South America were generally closer to 15%, except in Argentina, where they were 20%. IRRs were less, but still attractive for plantations of coniferous or deciduous species in China, South Africa, New Zealand, Indonesia, and the United States, ranging from 7% to 12%. Costs of wood production at the cost of capital of 8% per year were generally cheapest for countries with high rates of return and for pulpwood fiber production, which would favor vertically integrated firms in Latin America. But wood costs at stumpage market prices were much greater, making net wood costs for open market wood more similar among countries. In the Americas, Chile and Brazil had the most regulatory components of sustainable forest management, followed by Misiones, Argentina and Oregon in the U.S. New Zealand, the United States, and Chile had the best rankings regarding risk from political, commercial, war, or government actions and for the ease of doing business. Conversely, Venezuela, Indonesia, Colombia, and Argentina had high risk ratings, and Brazil, Indonesia, and Venezuela were ranked as more difficult countries for ease of business.}, number={12}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Koesbandana, Sadharga and Mac Donagh, Patricio and Rubilar, Rafael and Balmelli, Gustavo and Morales Olmos, Virginia and De La Torre, Rafael and Murara, Mauro and Hoeflich, Vitor Afonso and Kotze, Heynz and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1667–1678} }
 @article{galik_abt_wu_2009, title={Forest biomass supply in the southeastern United States-implications for industrial roundwood and bioenergy production}, volume={107}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Galik, C. S. and Abt, R. and Wu, Y.}, year={2009}, pages={69–77} }
 @article{abt_cubbage_abt_2009, title={Projecting southern timber supply for multiple products by subregion}, volume={59}, number={7-8}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Abt, R. C. and Cubbage, F. W. and Abt, K. L.}, year={2009}, pages={7–16} }
 @article{vokoun_wear_abt_2009, title={testing for change in structural elements of forest inventories}, volume={55}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Vokoun, M. and Wear, D. and Abt, R.}, year={2009}, pages={455–466} }
 @article{ahn_abt_2006, title={Productivity measurement with improved index numbers: Application to the sawmills and planing mills industry of the US: 1947-2000}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1389-9341"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2005.02.006}, abstractNote={The objective of this study is an empirical application of improved index numbers to the computation of total factor productivity growth (TFPG). We calculate our price, quantity, and TFPG index numbers employing chain-type Fisher index formula. Fisher index is consistent with a flexible aggregator function and has the property of self-duality. Self-duality warrants that direct Fisher quantity index which is based on actual observed quantity is the same as the indirect quantity index derived by deflating the values with Fisher price index. In practice, the self-duality is particularly desirable since the available forms of data are most likely values not actual quantity levels. Our application is to the sawmills and planing mills industry of the U.S. (1987 Standard Industry Classification 242) using national annual time series data covering periods of 1947–2000. The results show that TFPG has increased from 1.00 in 1948 to 1.43 in 2000, indicating a 43% increase of productivity growth in the industry during the past 50 years.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Ahn, S and Abt, RC}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={323–335} }
 @article{mckeand_abt_allen_li_catts_2006, title={What are the best loblolly pine genotypes worth to landowners?}, volume={104}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Abt, R. C. and Allen, H. L. and Li, B. L. and Catts, G. P.}, year={2006}, pages={352–358} }
 @article{beach_pattanayak_yang_murray_abt_2005, title={Econometric studies of non-industrial private forest management a review and synthesis}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(04)00065-0}, number={3}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, author={Beach, R. H. and Pattanayak, S. K. and Yang, J. C. and Murray, B. C. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2005}, pages={261–281} }
 @article{beach_pattanayak_yang_murray_abt_2005, title={Econometric studies of non-industrial private forest management: a review and synthesis}, volume={7}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00065-0}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00065-0}, abstractNote={Forest policies and management increasingly rely on economic models to explain behaviors of landowners and to project forest outputs, inventories and land use. However, it is unclear whether the existing econometric models offer general conclusions concerning non-industrial private forest (NIPF) management or whether the existing results are case-specific. In this paper, we systematically review the empirical economics literature on NIPF timber harvesting, reforestation, and timber stand improvements (TSI). We confirm four primary categories of management determinants: market drivers, policy variables, owner characteristics and plot/resource conditions. We rely on the most basic form of meta-analysis, vote counting, to combine information from many studies to produce more general knowledge concerning the key determinants of harvesting, reforestation and TSI within these four categories. Despite substantial differences in the variables used across models, the use of meta-analysis enables the systematic identification of the factors that are most important in explaining NIPF management. We conclude with some methodological and policy suggestions.}, number={3}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Beach, Robert H. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Yang, Jui-Chen and Murray, Brian C. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={261–281} }
 @article{schaberg_aruna_cubbage_hess_abt_richter_warren_gregory_snider_sherling_et al._2005, title={Economic and ecological impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina: an integrated assessment and subsequent applications}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00029-7}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Wood Chip Mill Study represents an integrated assessment of the economic and ecological impacts associated with production of wood chips at satellite chip mills in the state of North Carolina (NC), USA. Mandated by the Governor of NC, the study was attended by a high degree of public scrutiny. We report principal findings, and describe the processes by which we dealt with uncertainty resulting from limited data availability, methods used to foster public involvement and efforts to reconcile public concerns over forest harvests with our narrower mandate to examine chip mills. We considered the hypotheses that chip mills fostered widespread industrial clearcutting, increased utilization of previously noncommercial timber (especially small hardwoods), depleted future growing stocks of sawtimber, and might create adverse ecological consequences or impair aesthetics important to recreational forest users. NC wood-based industries are a major component of the state's economy, but lagged the state in economic growth from 1977 to 1996. Over the same period, the nature-based tourism sector grew rapidly. Forest land losses in North Carolina from 1982 to 1997 totaled more than one million acres. We used an econometric model to adjust timber land base and project timber supply dynamics to 2020. The simulation indicated that softwood removals exceeded growth from 1990 onward. Hardwood removals exceed growth by 2005, causing inventory levels to decline slightly by the end of the projection period. Wood chip mills processed approximately 27% of the state's chipwood harvest and 12% of the state's total timber harvest. They were statistically correlated with increased timber harvests in the state, especially in the Piedmont and the Mountains. Chip mills have effective storm water management plans and do not show visible signs of adversely affecting water quality. Higher levels of timber harvest alter forest structures in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, generally creating less habitat for bird, amphibian and reptile species of conservation concern. Fewer species are adversely affected in the Mountains. Public opinion about chip mills is polarized, and controversy exists principally in the western portion of the state. Overall, public acceptance of study findings was favorable, and selected elements of the research findings have been used to support a variety of advocacy positions.}, number={2}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Schaberg, RH and Aruna, PB and Cubbage, FW and Hess, GR and Abt, RC and Richter, DD and Warren, ST and Gregory, JD and Snider, AG and Sherling, S and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={157–174} }
 @article{cubbage_siry_abt_2005, title={Fast-grown plantations, forest certification, and the U.S. South: Environmental benefits and economic sustainability}, volume={35}, ISBN={0048-0134}, number={2}, journal={New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Siry, J. P. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2005}, pages={266} }
 @article{pattanayak_abt_sommer_cubbage_murray_yang_wear_alm_2004, title={Forest forecasts: does individual heterogeneity matter for market and landscape outcomes?}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2004.03.017}, abstractNote={Recent econometric analyses have shown that timber supply choices reflect heterogeneous preferences for amenities and management of forests in the US South. However, this evidence is insufficient to determine whether timber market models that rely on conventional timber supply specifications will suffer from significant forecasting biases. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the nature and extent of such bias by (a) modifying the Sub-Regional Timber Supply (SRTS) model to reflect landowner heterogeneity; and (b) using estimated parameters to tie timber markets to heterogeneous individual supply choices. We find that conventional models will underestimate the ending period inventory volume in the younger age classes of all forest management types, except planted pines. These aggregate results mask interesting sub-regional patterns, as exemplified by mixed-pine forests of Virginia mountains, Florida panhandle, and North Carolina mountains, and natural pine forests of North Carolina piedmont. Compared to empirically valid models, conventional models will also estimate (a) lower timber prices, higher harvests and substantially higher inventory for softwood species; and (b) higher prices, lower harvests, and higher inventory for hardwood species. A case study from North Carolina also indicates significant differences in habitat forecasts for 61 species of birds, amphibians, and reptiles. We conclude with a synthesis of the key underlying forces that supplement or mitigate the heterogeneity impact, and a discussion of the bias-vs.-efficiency tradeoffs confronting policy makers and policy analysts who rely on forest sector projection models.}, number={3-4}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Pattanayak, SK and Abt, RC and Sommer, AJ and Cubbage, F and Murray, BC and Yang, JC and Wear, D and Alm, S}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={243–260} }
 @article{schaberg_abt_2004, title={Vulnerability of Mid-Atlantic forested watersheds to timber harvest disturbance}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016882.72472.e1}, abstractNote={Forested watersheds of the Mid-Atlantic Region are an important economic resource. They are also critical for maintaining water quality, sustaining important ecological services, and providing habitat to many animal and plant species of conservation concern. These forests are vulnerable to disturbance and fragmentation from changing patterns of land use in the Mid-Atlantic Region, and from harvests of commercially mature and relatively inexpensive timber. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA-FS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) compiles data on forest condition by state and county. We have transformed these FIA data to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 6-digithdrologic unit code (HUC 6) watershed base, and projected trends in timber growth, inventory, and harvest to 2025 using a timber economics forecasting model (SRTS). We consider forest sustainability from the perspective of timber production, and from the perspective of landscape stability important to conservation values. Simulation data is combined with FIA planted pine acreage data to form a more complete picture of forest extent, composition, and silvicultural practice. Early recognition of prevailing economic trends which encourage the fragmentation of mature forests due to increasing timber harvests may provide managers and policy makers with a planning tool to mitigate undesirable impacts.}, number={1-3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Schaberg, RH and Abt, RC}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={101–113} }
 @inbook{abt_ahn_2003, title={Timber demand}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_9}, abstractNote={Forest economics’ existence as a distinct subdiscipline is usually attributed to the unique characteristics of the forest resource (Gregory 1987). The issues of longer production period, opportunity cost of land, and trees as factory and product, along with Faustmann’s subsequent insight, are generally the beginning and end of the forest economics section of broader resource economics courses. Thus, the focus of forest economics has been understandably supply-sided. Once the assessment of forest resources goes beyond stand management to include prices and markets, however, demand analysis plays an equally important role.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Abt, R. C. and Ahn, S.}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @article{sendak_abt_turner_2003, title={Timber supply projections for northern new England and New York: Integrating a market perspective}, volume={20}, number={4}, journal={Northern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Sendak, P. E. and Abt, R. C. and Turner, R. J.}, year={2003}, pages={175–185} }
 @article{pattanayak_murray_abt_2002, title={How joint is joint forest production? An econometric analysis of timber supply conditional on endogenous amenity values}, volume={48}, number={3}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Pattanayak, S. K. and Murray, B. C. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2002}, pages={479–491} }
 @article{prestemon_abt_2002, title={The Southern timber market to 2040}, volume={100}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Prestemon, J. P. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2002}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{dodrill_cubbage_schaberg_abt_2002, title={Wood chip mill harvest volume and area impacts in North Carolina}, volume={52}, number={11-12}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Dodrill, J. D. and Cubbage, F. W. and Schaberg, R. H. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2002}, pages={29–37} }
 @article{murray_abt_2001, title={Estimating price compensation requirements for eco-certified forestry}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0921-8009"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00224-X}, abstractNote={Eco-certified forestry (ECF) is defined as forest management that incorporates ecological concerns into commercial timber production. In this paper, we link the adoption of ECF practices to shifts in the timber supply function. We use a spatially disaggregated model of southeastern US timber supply to simulate the empirical relationship between variations in the price premium offered for timber produced under ECF regimes and producer surplus-maximizing rates of ECF. The simulation results suggest that a large share of nonindustrial private timber suppliers in the region may have relatively small compensation requirements, but complete adoption by the sector would require a large premium.}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Murray, BC and Abt, RC}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={149–163} }
 @inproceedings{cubbage_siry_moffat_wear_abt_2000, title={Southern forest resource assessment and linkages to the National RPA}, booktitle={Portland '99, pioneering new trails: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 1999 National Convention, Portland, Oregon, September 11-15, 1999}, publisher={Bethesda, Maryland: Society of American Foresters}, author={Cubbage, F. and Siry, J. and Moffat, S. and Wear, D. and Abt, R.}, year={2000}, pages={344–349} }
 @article{abt_cubbage_pacheco_2000, title={Southern forest resource assessment using the subregional timber supply (SRTS) model}, volume={50}, number={4}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Abt, R. C. and Cubbage, F. W. and Pacheco, G.}, year={2000}, pages={25–33} }
 @article{schaberg_holmes_lee_abt_1999, title={Ascribing value to ecological processes: an economic view of environmental change}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00363-6}, abstractNote={Decisions made by individual landowners and public land managers can have a significant impact on the rates of ecological change. Interdisciplinary cooperation is desirable if economists and ecologists are to correctly interpret the impacts of individual choices for landscape management. This paper reports results from two studies of the residents of North Carolina which contrast individual preferences for utilitarian forest benefits and financial returns with less tangible benefits of forest amenities and ecosystem stability. One study reports preliminary findings from a forest-benefit mail survey on the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests; the second study presents an analysis of harvest decisions by private landowners. Economic methods pertinent to valuation of environmental goods are briefly considered. Individual behavior is described which suggests that segments of the public recognize welfare benefits specifically from forest amenities, and from `natural' production of environmental goods and services. The two studies suggest how economic tools may be extended to help quantify complex social and biological values associated with ecological processes.}, number={2-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Schaberg, RH and Holmes, TP and Lee, KJ and Abt, RC}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={329–338} }
 @inbook{serow_hess_abt_ukpabi_1998, title={Evaluating a web-based course}, ISBN={0536010536}, booktitle={Program evaluation handbook}, publisher={Needham Heights, Mass.: Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing}, author={Serow, R. C. and Hess, G. R. and Abt, R. C. and Ukpabi, C. V.}, year={1998}, pages={57–60} }
 @article{hess_abt_serow_1998, title={Reshaping expectations for web-based collaborative learning}, volume={7}, number={1998}, journal={Natural Resources and Environmental Issues}, author={Hess, G. R. and Abt, R. and Serow, R.}, year={1998}, pages={104–109} }
 @article{abt_brunet_murray_roberts_1994, title={PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND PRICE TRENDS IN THE NORTH-AMERICAN SAWMILLING INDUSTRIES - AN INTERREGIONAL COMPARISON}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x94-019}, abstractNote={ This paper applies nonparametric superlative index techniques to measure productivity growth in the sawmilling industries of the United States and Canada. Six geographic regions are examined: British Columbia (Coast and Interior), Ontario, Quebec, U.S. South, and U.S. West. The results indicate significant adjustment of resources both within and across regional industries over time. Over the long-term, labor has been the input that has experienced the highest growth in productivity: 3–4% per annum in the commodity-oriented regions. This result likely reflects the significant increases in capital stock throughout most of the North American industry. From 1980 to 1988 there have been significant differences in the annualized growth rates in total factor productivity across regions: U.S. West (3.3%), B.C. Interior (2.7%), Quebec (1.9%), U.S. South (1.4%), B.C. Coast (1.3%), and Ontario (1.1%). However, growth in total factor productivity over the 24-year period from 1965 to 1988 is relatively uniform across most regions (1.2% per annum). }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={ABT, RC and BRUNET, J and MURRAY, BC and ROBERTS, DG}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={139–148} }