@article{bellis_osazuwa-peters_maschinski_keir_parsons_kaye_kunz_possley_menges_smith_et al._2023, title={Identifying predictors of translocation success in rare plant species}, ISSN={["1523-1739"]}, DOI={10.1111/cobi.14190}, abstractNote={AbstractThe fundamental goal of a rare plant translocation is to create self‐sustaining populations with the evolutionary resilience to persist in the long term. Yet, most plant translocation syntheses focus on a few factors influencing short‐term benchmarks of success (e.g., survival and reproduction). Short‐term benchmarks can be misleading when trying to infer future growth and viability because the factors that promote establishment may differ from those required for long‐term persistence. We assembled a large (n = 275) and broadly representative data set of well‐documented and monitored (7.9 years on average) at‐risk plant translocations to identify the most important site attributes, management techniques, and species’ traits for six life‐cycle benchmarks and population metrics of translocation success. We used the random forest algorithm to quantify the relative importance of 29 predictor variables for each metric of success. Drivers of translocation outcomes varied across time frames and success metrics. Management techniques had the greatest relative influence on the attainment of life‐cycle benchmarks and short‐term population trends, whereas site attributes and species’ traits were more important for population persistence and long‐term trends. Specifically, large founder sizes increased the potential for reproduction and recruitment into the next generation, whereas declining habitat quality and the outplanting of species with low seed production led to increased extinction risks and a reduction in potential reproductive output in the long‐term, respectively. We also detected novel interactions between some of the most important drivers, such as an increased probability of next‐generation recruitment in species with greater seed production rates, but only when coupled with large founder sizes. Because most significant barriers to plant translocation success can be overcome by improving techniques or resolving site‐level issues through early intervention and management, we suggest that by combining long‐term monitoring with adaptive management, translocation programs can enhance the prospects of achieving long‐term success.}, journal={CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}, author={Bellis, Joe and Osazuwa-Peters, Oyomoare and Maschinski, Joyce and Keir, Matthew J. and Parsons, Elliott W. and Kaye, Thomas N. and Kunz, Michael and Possley, Jennifer and Menges, Eric and Smith, Stacy A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{unks_shear_krings_braham_2014, title={Environmental Controls of Reproduction and Early Growth of Lindera melissifolia (Lauraceae)}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/14-034}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Lindera melissifolia is a federally endangered endemic shrub of the southeastern United States. Numerous populations are gender-biased. The goal of this study was to determine environmental conditions most appropriate for establishment and growth of seedlings and adult females. Seedlings were grown under varied moisture and light to compare growth rates and morphological ratios. Seedlings were clipped to simulate two levels of disturbance, and their shoot sprouting ability was assessed. Densities of adult flowering stems, co-occurring species, and solar transmittance were analyzed within two North Carolina populations. The lowest levels of light resulted in decreased growth, but light and moisture did not interact to affect seedling growth rate significantly. Morphological ratios and growth responses followed patterns expected for plants exhibiting plasticity in response to varied light levels, but not to moisture. Clipping immature plants below root collars decreased survivorship to 31%. Growth rates of new shoots when clipped below and above the root collar were 40% and 58% percent lower, respectively (p < 0.001). Percent cover of Lindera melissifolia explained 52% of the variation in the number of male flowering stems per plot and 14% of the variation in female stems per plot. No relation of stem density to percent transmittance was found. Indicator species analysis revealed association of males with facultative wetland species and a weak association of females with wetland obligates, but overall difference in vegetation composition between plots with or without females present was slight (MRPP: A = 0.02, p = 0.016). We concluded hydrology should be a primary concern for future studies.}, number={4}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Unks, Ryan R. and Shear, Theodore H. and Krings, Alexander and Braham, Richard R.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={266–277} }
 @article{henderson_r._2014, title={Monitoring Michaux's sumac requires more systematic approaches}, volume={32}, DOI={10.3368/er.32.1.9}, number={1}, journal={Ecological Restoration}, author={Henderson, M. S. and R., Braham R.}, year={2014}, pages={9–11} }
 @article{porter_deperno_krings_krachey_braham_2014, title={Vegetative Impact of Feral Horses, Feral Pigs, and White-tailed Deer on the Currituck National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/13-037}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  The Currituck National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) in North Carolina is inhabited by feral horses (Equus caballus), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The impact of these species on the vegetation of CNWR is unknown. To assess impact, we created two replicate exclosure plots within maritime forests, brackish marshes, and maritime grasslands. An electric fence divided each habitat into two sections: including or excluding horses. On each side of the electric fence within each habitat, we sampled three different 5 × 5 m plots (i.e., 36 plots). The first was a fenced exclosure 3 m high, the second a fenced exclosure raised 1 m above the ground and extended to 3 m, and the third, a control, was not fenced. Within plots, we created two 1 m transects, and randomly selected and tagged grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. We measured the distances from base to tip of herbs and from branching point to terminal bud in shrubs. We used a linear model to analyze plant growth rate. We used a length ratio adjusted by the number of days as the response variable. Out of 1,105 tagged plants, we detected 87 disturbances; 80 where horses were present and 7 where horses were excluded. Overall, horses were responsible for 84% of disturbances. Most disturbances occurred in brackish marshes on Schoenoplectus pungens. We detected a significant effect of exclosure treatment on plant growth rate where horses were present (p = 0.035), but not where they were excluded (p = 0.32).}, number={1}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Porter, Kimberly M. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Krings, Alexander and Krachey, Matthew and Braham, Richard}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={8–17} }
 @book{braham_2011, title={First lessons in dendrology the structure and terminology of woody plants}, publisher={Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt}, author={Braham, Richard R.}, year={2011} }
 @article{gregory_braham_blank_stucky_2010, title={Habitat and Search Criteria of the Rare Sandhills Lily, Lilium pyrophilum M. W. Skinner and Sorrie}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/09-026.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Thirty populations of Sandhills lily (Lilium pyrophilum) in North Carolina and Virginia were studied to understand the habitat requirements and develop search criteria to find new populations. In each population a study plot containing lily individuals was compared with a nearby plot lacking the lily. Lilium pyrophilum habitat occurred on floodplains and adjacent side slopes that supported four Coastal Plain plant community types and maintained rights-of-way and had an open canopy with an understory dominated by herbs and shrubs. Lily individuals occurred on a range of organic to mineral-organic soils but not on sandy soils and lily soils had higher sulfur levels. Relative to plots lacking lily individuals, Lilium pyrophilum plots had a higher wetness index. Since 97% of plots were in jurisdictional wetlands, a wetland indicator of FACW+ was recommended for L. pyrophilum. Search criteria for finding new populations were developed on the basis of the habitat features elucidated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Gregory, Cheryl and Braham, Richard and Blank, Gary and Stucky, Jon}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={198–204} }
 @article{braham_thrush_2008, title={Supplemental irrigation and fertilization of Michaux?s sumac may not be a restoration panacea}, volume={26}, DOI={10.3368/er.26.4.300}, journal={Ecological Restoration}, author={Braham, R. and Thrush, L.}, year={2008}, pages={300–301} }
 @article{braham_murray_boyer_2006, title={Mitigating impacts to Michaux's sumac (Rhus michauxii Sarg.): a case study of transplanting an endangered shrub}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0008-7475"]}, DOI={10.2179/0008-7475(2006)71[265:MITMSR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT As part of a mitigation plan, we transplanted a clone of the endangered Michaux's sumac (Rhus michauxii) from an imperiled site to two lightly-forested sites. Using hand trowels, we removed 96 above-ground shoots with adjacent roots and 120 m of connecting root material. We wanted to determine whether Michaux's sumac can be successfully transplanted both from above-ground shoots with roots and from roots-only, whether direct out-planting or recovery in a greenhouse prior to out-planting provided higher survivorship, and whether transplanting is viable for mitigation. Planting above-ground shoots with roots and roots-only gave similar first-year survivorship both in the forest and in the greenhouse. Allowing plants to recover in a greenhouse prior to out-planting gave higher survivorship after one year. After 7–8 years, the number of above-ground shoots at the two sites increased to 203 and 262, an increase of 37 and 219% respectively, indicating that transplanting is a viable option for mitigation.}, number={4}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Braham, Richard and Murray, Christopher and Boyer, Marjorie}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={265–271} }
 @book{krings_r. braham_2005, title={Guide to the tendrillate climbers of Costa Rican mountains}, ISBN={9780813807584}, DOI={10.1002/9780470292082}, abstractNote={Description: Climbers, such as lianas and vines, are important constituents of tropical forests and perhaps the single most important physiognomic characteristic differentiating tropical from temperate forests, occurring on nearly 50% of forest trees in Central and South America. Despite their widespread nutritional and medicinal use, lianas remain poorly understood ecologically. Tendrillate Climbers offers comprehensive coverage of all of the tendrillate lianas of Costa Rica and most of the tendrillate lianas of Central America. This unique reference provides Excellent keys to families and separate keys to genera and species State–of–the–art nomenclature and lists of synonymy when other scientific names have been published or used informally Each species illustrated by the author s hand–drawn line art An invaluable addition to our understanding of tropical forests, the book offers new information as well as information brought together from dispersed publications and unpublished lists and reports. In these times of habitat fragmentation and species loss, this data is a significant contribution to the biological research that is thriving in Central America, especially Costa Rica. Tendrillate Climbers fills a major gap in the botanical literature. Its high level of scholarship and comprehensive coverage will astonish the tropical botanists, forestry scientists, ecologists, biologists, and horticulturalists who will want it as a reference for their continued work on this neglected group of plants.}, publisher={Ames, Iowa : Blackwell Publishing}, author={Krings, A. and R. Braham, R. R.}, year={2005} }
 @book{preston_braham_2002, title={North American trees}, ISBN={0813815266}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press}, author={Preston, R. J. and Braham, R. R.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{young_braham_jones_1997, title={Major alluvial floodplains}, ISBN={9781566702287}, booktitle={Southern forested wetlands: Ecology and management}, publisher={Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers}, author={Young, M. J. and Braham, R. R. and Jones, E. J.}, editor={Messina, Michael G. and Conner, William H.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={291–323} }
 @book{braham_1992, title={Woody plants of Hill Forest. An annotated checklist, containing notes on the occurrence of trees, shrubs, and woody vines at Hill Demonstration Forest, Durham County, NC}, number={68}, journal={Woody plants of Hill Forest. An annotated checklist, containing notes on the occurrence of trees, shrubs, and woody vines at Hill Demonstration Forest, Durham County, NC}, publisher={Raleigh, NC : Dept. of Forestry, College of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University}, author={Braham, R. R.}, year={1992}, pages={75} }
 @article{dills_braham_1988, title={Effects of soil media  on the  growth  and survival of micro-propagated black cherry}, volume={39}, number={3}, journal={Tree Planters' Notes}, author={Dills, K. L. and Braham, R. R.}, year={1988}, pages={31–34} }
 @article{braham_1987, title={Field-testing the propagation of yellow-poplar seedlings by longitudinal splitting}, volume={38}, number={4}, journal={Tree Planters' Notes}, author={Braham, R. R.}, year={1987}, pages={10} }
 @article{braham_kellison_1987, title={Suppressed buds in yellow-poplar}, volume={103}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Braham, R. R. and Kellison, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={47–55} }
 @article{braham_witter_1978, title={CONSUMPTION OF FOLIAGE OF JUVENILE AND MATURE RED OAK TREES BY LATE INSTAR GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA-LYMANTRIIDAE) LARVAE}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/71.3.425}, abstractNote={By using sleeve cages, daily consumption of red oak foliage, Quercus rubra L., by 4th, 5th, and 6th larval instars of Lymantria dispar (L.) was found to average 3.5, 7,6, and 9.5 cm2, respectively. Older larvae consumed more foliage, although consumption differences between 5th and 6th instars were not significant.

A regression describing sleeve-cage consumption was developed: Y = −8.20 + 3.00X, when Y = mean daily consumption of a larva in cm2 of foliage, and X = the larval instar (R2 = 0.61). A 2nd regression that also considered precipitation during the feeding trial was developed: Y1 = −12,22 + 3.97X, −270X2 when Y1 = the mean daily consumption of a larva, X1 = the larval instal, and X2 = the amount of precipitation (R2 =0.71). Addition of the precipitation term explained an additional 10% of the observed variation; this suggests that less feeding occurs during rainy weather.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BRAHAM, RR and WITTER, JA}, year={1978}, pages={425–426} }
 @article{braham_1977, title={Crown position and heterophylly in white oak}, volume={16}, journal={Michigan Botanist}, author={Braham, R. R.}, year={1977}, pages={141–147} }