@article{sullivan_brownie_2022, title={The Role of Wind and Semiochemicals in Mediating Switching Behavior in the Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvac006}, abstractNote={Abstract Aggressive bark beetles colonize and kill healthy conifers through pheromone-mediated mass aggregation. In several species, the focal point of aggregation moves progressively from mass-attacked ‘focus trees’ to adjacent, unattacked ‘recipient trees’, resulting in infestation growth. This process, termed ‘switching’, is hypothesized to be mediated in whole or in part by antiaggregation pheromones released by beetles as colonization intensifies on a focus tree. We tested this hypothesis with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), by using a windvane apparatus that maintained an unbaited, black, cylindrical trap (surrogate for a recipient tree) continuously 4 m downwind from an identical trap baited with synthetic aggregation attractant (surrogate for a focus tree). In two of three replicated trials, addition of pheromone components with antiaggregation activity, endo-brevicomin or verbenone, to the upwind trap caused a significant but small (<15%) increase in the proportion of beetles caught in the downwind trap. In one of two trials with endo-brevicomin, this shift was associated with a significant reduction in catches in the downwind trap and an overall reduction in catches of beetles by the trap pair. This suggests that an inhibitor-induced increase in landings on the recipient relative to the focus tree may be countered by the radial effects of the inhibitor, which at sufficiently high release may reduce responses to both the focus and recipient tree. We discuss spatial factors that might govern the role of antiaggregation pheromones in stimulating infestation growth as well as additional factors that likely govern switching behavior.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Brian T. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{sullivan_shepherd_nowak_clarke_merten_billings_upton_riggins_brownie_2021, title={Alternative Formulations of Trap Lures for Operational Detection, Population Monitoring, and Outbreak Forecasting of Southern Pine Beetle in the United States}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab062}, abstractNote={Abstract The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a major destructive pest of Pinus L. In the southeastern United States, numbers of this species and a major predator, Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), captured during an annual springtime trapping survey are used to make forecasts of the likelihood and severity of an outbreak during the following summer. We investigated responses by both species to six lure formulations to evaluate their suitability for the survey and allow integration of historical data sets produced with differing lure compositions. Trapping trials were performed at four locations across three states (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama) during spring, and at these and one additional location (North Carolina) in fall 2016. All lures included the pheromone component frontalin. Southern pine beetle preferred lures that additionally included the pheromone component endo-brevicomin and turpentine as a source of host odors (rather than a 7:3 mixture of monoterpenes alpha- and beta-pinene). Thanasimus dubius displayed little discrimination among lure compositions. Lure preferences by southern pine beetle did not differ significantly among locations in spring but were influenced by season. Gas chromatography (GC)-electroantennographic detection analyses with southern pine beetle and GC-mass spectrometry identified numerous known and potential semiochemicals that distinguished volatiles released by the tested host odor devices. The lure combination that included endo-brevicomin and alpha/beta-pinene is recommended for the trapping survey because of its high sensitivity for southern pine beetle and potential for greater data integrity resulting from its reproducible composition.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Brian T. and Shepherd, William P. and Nowak, John T. and Clarke, Stephen R. and Merten, Paul R. and Billings, Ronald F. and Upton, William W. and Riggins, John J. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1189–1200} }
 @article{sullivan_grady_hofstetter_pureswaran_brownie_cluck_coleman_graves_willhite_spiegel_et al._2021, title={Evidence for Semiochemical Divergence Between Sibling Bark Beetle Species: Dendroctonus brevicomis and Dendroctonus barberi}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-020-01233-y}, abstractNote={We investigated geographic variation in the semiochemistry of major disturbance agents of western North American pine forests, Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte and Dendroctonus barberi Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), species separated by the Great Basin in the USA that until recently were synonymous. At 15 sites in the western USA and northern Mexico, beetle populations were examined to determine (1) pheromone production by solitary, mining females, (2) male electroantennogram amplitudes in response to known semiochemicals for the genus, or (3) relative attractiveness of two female-produced pheromone components (endo- and exo-brevicomin) and two host odors (alpha-pinene and myrcene) to beetles in the field. Compared to female beetles collected east of the Great Basin (D. barberi), western females (D. brevicomis) produced a consistently higher proportion of, and male antenna were correspondingly more sensitive to, the exo- than the endo-isomer of brevicomin. With the exception of one sampling location (where no preference was observed), beetles west of the Great Basin were more attracted to exo- than endo- brevicomin trap lures, whereas eastern beetles displayed the reverse preference. In contrast, there was not a consistent difference between these populations regarding relative attraction or olfactory response to myrcene or alpha-pinene, although some geographic variability was evident. These data show that the semiochemical systems of D. brevicomis and D. barberi have diverged and corroborate genetic and morphological evidence that they are distinct, allopatric species.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Brian T. and Grady, Amanda M. and Hofstetter, Richard W. and Pureswaran, Deepa S. and Brownie, Cavell and Cluck, Daniel and Coleman, Tom W. and Graves, Andrew and Willhite, Elizabeth and Spiegel, Lia and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={10–27} }
 @article{sullivan_brownie_2021, title={Some Effects of endo-Brevicomin Background on Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Aggregation Behavior}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvab092}, abstractNote={Semiochemical background in the environment can influence insect orientation to release points of the same or different semiochemicals. endo-Brevicomin is a pheromone component of the tree-killing bark beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that has a biphasic dose-response curve, enhancing attraction at low release rates but reducing attraction at high rates. We investigated the effect of artificial manipulation of background levels of endo-brevicomin on D. frontalis responses to sources of aggregation attractant in the field. Traps baited with the aggregation pheromone component frontalin and the host odor alpha-pinene were deployed either with or without a background of endo-brevicomin produced by three surrounding dispensers of this semiochemical each located 20 m away. Two tested levels of endo-brevicomin background caused catches to increase by an order of magnitude above those in the absence of background. Presence of background also altered the beetles' biphasic dose-response when endo-brevicomin dispensers were added to traps. Background reduced or concealed attraction-enhancement otherwise observed for low-release dispensers added to traps, and it decreased the release rate necessary to produce reductions in catches. We propose that spatial variability in abundance of natural, background sources of endo-brevicomin in the environment (i.e., infested trees) is a cause of the observed variability in effects of endo-brevicomin dispensers on southern pine beetle behavior in the field. Furthermore, our results illustrate the potential complexity of the density-dependent effects of biphasic pheromone components on bark beetle mass attack and colonization behavior.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Brian T. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1304–1310} }
 @article{ulyshen_horn_brownie_strickland_wurzburger_zanne_2020, title={Comparison of decay rates between native and non-native wood species in invaded forests of the southeastern US: a rapid assessment}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1573-1464"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-020-02276-8}, number={8}, journal={BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}, author={Ulyshen, Michael D. and Horn, Scott and Brownie, Cavell and Strickland, Michael S. and Wurzburger, Nina and Zanne, Amy}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2619–2632} }
 @article{lindley_jennings_monks_chaudhari_schultheis_waldschmidt_brownie_2020, title={Effect of bicyclopyrone herbicide on sweetpotato and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2020.13}, abstractNote={Abstract Management options are needed to limit sweetpotato yield loss due to weeds. Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2018 in Greensboro, NC, and in the field from 2016 to 2018 in Clinton, NC, to evaluate the effect of bicyclopyrone on sweetpotato and Palmer amaranth (field only). In greenhouse studies, Covington and NC04-531 clones were treated with bicyclopyrone (0, 25, 50, 100, or 150 g ai ha–1) either preplant (PP; i.e., immediately before transplanting) or post-transplant (PT; i.e., on the same day after transplanting). Sweetpotato plant injury and stunting increased, and vine length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rate of bicyclopyrone regardless of clone or application timing. In field studies, Beauregard (2016) or Covington (2017 and 2018) sweetpotato clones were treated with bicyclopyrone at 50 g ha–1 PP, flumioxazin at 107 g ai ha–1 PP, bicyclopyrone at 50 or 100 g ha–1 PP followed by (fb) S-metolachlor at 800 g ai ha–1 PT, flumioxazin at 107 g ha–1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha–1 PT, flumioxazin at 107 g ha–1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha–1 PT fb bicyclopyrone at 50 g ha–1 PT-directed, and clomazone at 420 g ai ha–1 PP fb S-metolachlor at 800 g ha–1 PT. Bicyclopyrone PP at 100 g ha–1 fb S-metolachlor PT caused 33% or greater crop stunting and 44% or greater marketable yield reduction compared with the weed-free check in 2016 (Beauregard) and 2017 (Covington). Bicyclopyrone PP at 50 g ha–1 alone or fb S-metolachlor PT resulted in 12% or less injury and similar no. 1 and jumbo yields as the weed-free check in 2 of 3 yr. Injury to Covington from bicyclopyrone PT-directed was 4% or less at 4 or 5 wk after transplanting and marketable yield was similar to that of the weed-free check in 2017 and 2018. Nomenclature: Bicyclopyrone; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson; sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lindley, Jennifer J. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Chaudhari, Sushila and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Waldschmidt, Matthew and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={552–559} }
 @article{grosman_eskalen_brownie_2019, title={Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate and Propiconazole for Management of a New Invasive Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea nr. fornicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Symbiotic Fungi in California Sycamores}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy423}, abstractNote={Abstract The polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea nr. fornicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an exotic and invasive ambrosia beetle, was recently found attacking a number of tree species in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Diego Counties in southern California. Their colonization and subsequent inoculation of a suite of symbiotic fungi that cause Fusarium Dieback, has resulted in extensive mortality of some tree species, including, California sycamore (Platanus racemose Nutt.). There are no sustainable control options for polyphagous shot hole borer other than maintaining tree vigor and removal of severely infested host material. The effectiveness of therapeutic treatments of an injected systemic insecticide containing emamectin benzoate (EB) alone and in combination with a systemic fungicide, propiconazole (P), was evaluated over a 4-yr period for maintaining the health of individual sycamore trees infested by polyphagous shot hole borer. All treatments containing EB reduced levels of polyphagous shot hole borer colonization and associated sap flow at attack sites compared to untreated controls. A second trial evaluated preventative treatments of EB and P alone or combined to protect individual sycamore from colonization by polyphagous shot hole borer. After 45 mo posttreatment, all treatments significantly reduced polyphagous shot hole borer attack levels and successful attacks compared to untreated controls (EB + P > EB alone > P alone). We concluded that EB alone or combined with P are acceptable therapeutic and preventative treatments for management of polyphagous shot hole borer in California sycamore in southern California.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Grosman, Donald M. and Eskalen, Akif and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1267–1273} }
 @article{basinger_jennings_monks_jordan_everman_hestir_waldschmidt_smith_brownie_2019, title={Interspecific and intraspecific interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) in sweetpotato}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2019.16}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Basinger, Nicholas T. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Jordan, David L. and Everman, Wesley J. and Hestir, Erin L. and Waldschmidt, Matthew D. and Smith, Stephen C. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={426–432} }
 @article{basinger_jennings_monks_jordan_everman_hestir_bertucci_brownie_2019, title={Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) intraspecific and interspecific interference in soybean}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1017/wsc.2019.43}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Clinton, NC, to quantify the effects of season-long interference of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) on ‘AG6536’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Weed density treatments consisted of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants m–2 for A. palmeri and 0, 1, 2, 4, and 16 plants m–2 for D. sanguinalis with (interspecific interference) and without (intraspecific interference) soybean to determine the impacts on weed biomass, soybean biomass, and seed yield. Biomass per square meter increased with increasing weed density for both weed species with and without soybean present. Biomass per square meter of D. sanguinalis was 617% and 37% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean, for 1 and 16 plants m–2 respectively. Biomass per square meter of A. palmeri was 272% and 115% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean for 1 and 8 plants m–2, respectively. Biomass per plant for D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri grown without soybean was greatest at the 1 plant m–2 density. Biomass per plant of D. sanguinalis plants across measured densities was 33% to 83% greater when grown without soybean compared with biomass per plant when soybean was present for 1 and 16 plants m–2, respectively. Similarly, biomass per plant for A. palmeri was 56% to 74% greater when grown without soybean for 1 and 8 plants m–2, respectively. Biomass per plant of either weed species was not affected by weed density when grown with soybean due to interspecific competition with soybean. Yield loss for soybean grown with A. palmeri ranged from 14% to 37% for densities of 1 to 8 plants m–2, respectively, with a maximum yield loss estimate of 49%. Similarly, predicted loss for soybean grown with D. sanguinalis was 0 % to 37% for densities of 1 to 16 m–2 with a maximum yield loss estimate of 50%. Soybean biomass was not affected by weed species or density. Results from these studies indicate that A. palmeri is more competitive than D. sanguinalis at lower densities, but that similar yield loss can occur when densities greater than 4 plants m–2 of either weed are present.}, number={6}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Basinger, Nicholas T. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Jordan, David L. and Everman, Wesley J. and Hestir, Erin L. and Bertucci, Matthew B. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={649–656} }
 @article{ulyshen_shefferson_horn_taylor_bush_brownie_seibold_strickland_2017, title={Below- and above-ground effects of deadwood and termites in plantation forests}, volume={8}, number={8}, journal={Ecosphere}, author={Ulyshen, M. D. and Shefferson, R. and Horn, S. and Taylor, M. K. and Bush, B. and Brownie, C. and Seibold, S. and Strickland, M. S.}, year={2017} }
 @article{friedrichs_burton_brownie_2016, title={Heterosis and genetic variance in soybean recombinant inbred line populations}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Friedrichs, M. R. and Burton, J. W. and Brownie, C.}, year={2016}, pages={2072–2079} }
 @article{sullivan_brownie_barrett_2016, title={Intra-Annual Variation in Responses by Flying Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Pheromone Component endo-Brevicomin}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow078}, abstractNote={Abstract The southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is attracted to an aggregation pheromone that includes the multifunctional pheromone component endo-brevicomin. The effect of endo-brevicomin on attractive lures varies from strong enhancement to reduction of beetle attraction depending upon release rate, lure component spacing, and proximity of beetle infestations. Anecdotal observations have further suggested that the effects of endo-brevicomin vary during the year. We investigated this possibility under nonoutbreak conditions in southwestern Mississippi where for two-and-a-half years we monitored traps baited with frontalin and the host odor alpha-pinene either (a) alone, or with an endo-brevicomin release device either (b) located directly on the trap, or (c) displaced 6 m away. The endo-brevicomin devices in our tests increased D. frontalis catches during all times of year, and 6 m displacement of the endo-brevicomin release device from the trap did not significantly alter responses except during the spring flight peak when displacement increased catches. Our data suggest that flying D. frontalis have a stronger tendency to avoid the immediate proximity of a release point of endo-brevicomin during their springtime dispersal flight when catches are greatest. Catches of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a major predator of D. frontalis, were not altered by endo-brevicomin, and ratios of D. frontalis to T. dubius changed over the course of the year. We discuss the possible effects of intra-annual variation in D. frontalis response to endo-brevicomin both on beetle attack behavior and use of endo-brevicomin as a lure adjuvant in D. frontalis population monitoring.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Brian T. and Brownie, Cavell and Barrett, JoAnne P.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1720–1728} }
 @article{green_brownie_boos_lu_krucoff_2016, title={Maximum likelihood estimation of time to first event in the presence of data gaps and multiple events}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1477-0334"]}, DOI={10.1177/0962280212466089}, abstractNote={ We propose a novel likelihood method for analyzing time-to-event data when multiple events and multiple missing data intervals are possible prior to the first observed event for a given subject. This research is motivated by data obtained from a heart monitor used to track the recovery process of subjects experiencing an acute myocardial infarction. The time to first recovery, T1, is defined as the time when the ST-segment deviation first falls below 50% of the previous peak level. Estimation of T1 is complicated by data gaps during monitoring and the possibility that subjects can experience more than one recovery. If gaps occur prior to the first observed event, T, the first observed recovery may not be the subject’s first recovery. We propose a parametric gap likelihood function conditional on the gap locations to estimate T1. Standard failure time methods that do not fully utilize the data are compared to the gap likelihood method by analyzing data from an actual study and by simulation. The proposed gap likelihood method is shown to be more efficient and less biased than interval censoring and more efficient than right censoring if data gaps occur early in the monitoring process or are short in duration. }, number={2}, journal={STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH}, author={Green, Cynthia L. and Brownie, Cavell and Boos, Dennis D. and Lu, Jye-Chyi and Krucoff, Mitchell W.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={775–792} }
 @article{pureswaran_hofstetter_sullivan_grady_brownie_2016, title={Western Pine Beetle Populations in Arizona and California Differ in the Composition of Their Aggregation Pheromones}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-016-0696-9}, abstractNote={We compared pheromone production and response for populations of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, from sites in northern Arizona and northern California. Volatiles were collected from individuals of both sexes that had mined as a pair in a Pinus ponderosa log for 1 d, and they were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry. Principal component analysis of quantities of Dendroctonus pheromone components indicated strong site-associated clustering of blend composition for females but not males. Much of the clustering in females evidently was due to differences in the production of endo- and exo-brevicomin, which occurred in average ratios of 0.1:1 and 19:1 for populations in the California and Arizona sites, respectively. In the California site, exo- was better than endo-brevicomin in enhancing trap catches of both sexes to lures containing the host-tree odor α-pinene and the male-produced aggregation pheromone component frontalin. In an identical test in the Arizona site, endo- was a better adjuvant than exo-brevicomin for male attraction, whereas females did not show a significant preference. At neither location were the isomers antagonistic to one another in activity. Thus, one aggregation pheromone has apparently diverged between these populations, concurrent with published evidence that D. brevicomis on either side of the Great Basin are genetically distinct and are possibly different species. Furthermore, production of and response to the isomers of brevicomin by flying Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann in the Arizona site were similar to those of sympatric D. brevicomis. This interspecific signal overlap is likely sustainable since joint species mass-attacks may assist both species in overcoming host defenses, thereby increasing host availability.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Pureswaran, Deepa S. and Hofstetter, Richard W. and Sullivan, Brian T. and Grady, Amanda M. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={404–413} }
 @article{pureswaran_hofstetter_sullivan_grady_brownie_2016, title={Western Pine Beetle Populations in Arizona and California Differ in the Composition of Their Aggregation Pheromones (vol 42, pg 404, 2016)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-016-0710-2}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Pureswaran, Deepa S. and Hofstetter, Richard W. and Sullivan, Brian T. and Grady, Amanda M. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={552–552} }
 @article{johnson_macrae_brownie_virgets_allison_2015, title={Observations of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) phenology and variation in its buprestid prey in Louisiana}, volume={98}, DOI={10.1653/024.098.0415}, abstractNote={Abstract The non-native emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), threatens extirpation of susceptible ash (Fraxinus species; Lamiales: Oleaceae) in North America. Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), a ground-nesting wasp that preys on Buprestidae in eastern North America, is used as a survey tool for the emerald ash borer in the northeastern U.S. and Canada. The recent detection of the emerald ash borer in Louisiana provides an opportunity to complement trapping surveys with the use of C. fumipennis, but knowledge of C. fumipennis in the region is lacking. From 2011 to 2014, we conducted searches at 155 sites and located C. fumipennis aggregations at 25% (n = 39) of these sites; 36% (n = 14) of these were located at forest harvests, an aggregation habitat not previously reported in the literature. We collected 1,559 buprestids representing 35 species from 2 aggregations in Louisiana between May and Aug 2012. Buprestid collections at these aggregations and observations of C. fumipennis activity at a 3rd aggregation indicated the number of buprestid species and individuals collected declined significantly from May to Jul. We collected significantly more Agrilus difficilis Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the afternoon than morning hours and observed similar diurnal patterns among other buprestid species during the early weeks following aggregation activation. We also discuss evidence suggesting a portion of the regional C. fumipennis population is bivoltine. Although A. planipennis was not collected during this study, our results suggest that C. fumipennis is a feasible sampling tool and a useful addition to ongoing emerald ash borer surveys in the region.}, number={4}, journal={Florida Entomologist}, author={Johnson, C. W. and MacRae, T. C. and Brownie, C. and Virgets, W. and Allison, J. D.}, year={2015}, pages={1106–1113} }
 @article{mayfield_brownie_2013, title={The Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Uses Stem Silhouette Diameter as a Visual Host-Finding Cue}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en12341}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 The redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff) is an invasive pest and vector of the pathogen that causes laurel wilt disease in Lauraceous tree species in the eastern United States. This insect uses olfactory cues during host finding, but use of visual cues by X. glabratus has not been previously investigated and may help explain diameter-related patterns in host tree mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether X. glabratus females visually detect silhouettes of tree stems during host finding and are more likely to land on large diameter stems than smaller ones. Three field experiments were conducted in which stem silhouettes (black cylinders or standing nonhost pines) of varying diameters and identical capture surface areas were baited with essential oil lures. The Log10-transformed number of X. glabratus trapped per week increased as a function of silhouette diameter in 2011 and 2012, using artificial silhouette diameters ranging 2–18 and 3–41 cm, respectively. When lures and capture surfaces were attached to standing pines ranging 4–37 cm in diameter, a positive relationship between Log10(X. glabratus trap catch) and stem diameter was modeled using nonlinear quadratic plateau regression and indicated a diameter above which visual attraction was not enhanced; however, there was not a maximum diameter for enhanced X. glabratus attraction that was generally consistent across all experiments. These results 1) indicate that X. glabratus incorporates visual information during host finding, 2) help explain diameter-related patterns of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel) mortality observed during laurel wilt epidemics, and 3) are applicable to the management of this forest pest.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Mayfield, Albert E., III and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={743–750} }
 @article{benda_brownie_schal_gould_2011, title={Field Observations of Oviposition by a Specialist Herbivore on Plant Parts and Plant Species Unsuitable as Larval Food}, volume={40}, ISSN={0046-225X 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN09335}, DOI={10.1603/en09335}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Where a female places her eggs can have a major impact on the fitness of her offspring, especially for insects in which the winged adults are far more mobile than the neonates. Larvae of Heliothis subfiexa (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a specialist moth phylogenetically nested within a generalist clade, feed only on fruit of some Physalis species. Field observations of the oviposition behavior of H. subfiexa revealed that 1) females laid most of their eggs on leaves of the Physalis plant, despite the larvae's frugivorous diet, and 2) females laid nearly 20% of the eggs on nonhost plant species. Most eggs oviposited on nonhosts were placed close to the host plant—88% were within 15 cm of the Physalis plant. However, in a study of neonate movement, we found that a distance of 2 cm from the hatch site to the host plant significantly decreased the ability of neonates to establish on the host plant. The estimated fitness cost, quantified as reduced neonate survival, for females ovipositing on nonhosts is 8–17%. Many ecological and evolutionary factors could result in oviposition on less suitable host parts and on nonhosts. One possibility is that specialization on Physalis has recently evolved in H. subfiexa, and females have not fully optimized their oviposition behavior. However, the fitness cost of oviposition on nonhosts may be balanced by fitness benefits of such behavior, such as faster decision-making and reduced predation.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Benda, Nicole D. and Brownie, Cavell and Schal, Coby and Gould, Fred}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1478–1486} }
 @article{feng_burton_carter_miranda_st martin_brownie_2011, title={Genetic Analysis of Populations Derived from Matings of Southern and Northern Soybean Cultivars}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.12.0718}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Feng, L. and Burton, J. W. and Carter, T. E., Jr. and Miranda, L. M. and St Martin, S. K. and Brownie, C.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2479–2488} }
 @article{yoshizaki_brownie_pollock_link_2011, title={Modeling misidentification errors that result from use of genetic tags in capture-recapture studies}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1573-3009"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10651-009-0116-1}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS}, author={Yoshizaki, Jun and Brownie, Cavell and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Link, William A.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={27–55} }
 @article{greenwood_barbercheck_brownie_2011, title={Short term response of soil microinvertebrates to application of entomopathogenic nematode-infected insects in two tillage systems}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0031-4056"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.02.003}, abstractNote={Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae occur naturally in the soil and are produced commercially for the management of soil-dwelling pests. EPN infected cadavers also represent a potential resource for other soil organisms. We examined the short-term (24 h) response in abundance, diversity and community composition of localized soil microinvertebrates to the presence of EPN-infected insect cadavers in no-till and conventional-till maize. We hypothesized that the response of soil microinvertebrates to the EPN-infected cadavers would vary by soil management practices and EPN species. We expected to observe greater numbers and diversity of arthropods in no-till compared with conventional-till soil, and in the vicinity of steinernematid-infected insect cadavers compare to what would be found in the vicinity of heterorhabditid-infected cadavers. 45,606 invertebrates were collected and identified to 134 morphotaxa. Tillage regime accounted for the majority of the variation observed (84.6%), whereas nematode treatment accounted for 7.5%. Taxonomic richness of invertebrates was greater in treatments with Steinernema carpocapsae-infected cadavers than with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-infected cadavers. Some invertebrates increased in abundance where EPN were applied whereas others decreased, regardless of tillage practice. Applications of Galleria cadavers infected with steinernematids elicited positive responses from two mite taxa, Galumnidae and Scheloribates spp., while negative responses were elicited from three mite (Histiostomatidae, Scheloribates spp., Eupodes spp.), taxa and Entomobryidae (Collembola) in response to applications of Heterorhabditis-infected cadavers.}, number={3}, journal={PEDOBIOLOGIA}, author={Greenwood, C. Marie and Barbercheck, M. E. and Brownie, C.}, year={2011}, pages={177–186} }
 @article{petzold_brownie_gould_2009, title={Effect of Heliothis subflexa herbivory on fruit abscission by Physalis species: the roles of mechanical damage and chemical factors}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01109.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.}, number={5}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Petzold, Jennifer and Brownie, Cavell and Gould, Fred}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={603–613} }
 @article{bachlava_burton_brownie_wang_auclair_cardinal_2008, title={Heritability of oleic acid content in soybean seed oil and its genetic correlation with fatty acid and agronomic traits}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2008.01.0049}, abstractNote={Oleate content is important for the nutritional value and oxidative stability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed oil. Response to selection for higher oleate content depends on its heritability in breeding populations, and correlated responses of other fatty acid and agronomic traits to selection for oleate content depend on their genetic correlations with oleate. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of oleate content and to determine the correlation of oleate with other fatty acid and agronomic traits in three soybean populations segregating for major and minor oleate genes grown in multiple environments. One of the populations consisted of 721 lines, providing excellent precision for estimation of the genetic parameters. The results of this study indicated that heritability for oleate content was sufficiently high that early generation selection can be effective when practiced on unreplicated lines grown at a single environment. Significant negative correlations were observed between oleate and linoleate, oleate and linolenate, as well as oleate and palmitate in all three populations. Significant positive correlations were detected between palmitate and stearate in one population segregating for oleate genes and fapnc and fap1 alleles, which reduce palmitate content. In the same population we also observed a significant negative correlation between yield and oleate content, and positive correlations between yield and linoleate, and linolenate and palmitate contents.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Bachlava, Eleni and Burton, Joseph W. and Brownie, Cavell and Wang, Sanbao and Auclair, Jerome and Cardinal, Andrea J.}, year={2008}, pages={1764–1772} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_odle_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2008, title={Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation holstein cows}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42449121850&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0721}, abstractNote={Eighty lactating Holstein cows from 21 to 91 d in milk were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) formulated with the Met content limited (42 g/ d) to investigate the impact of supplementing rumen-protected (RP) forms of Met, betaine, and choline on performance and metabolism. One of 4 supplements was blended into the TMR to produce 4 dietary treatments: 1) control, 2) 20 g/d of RP-Met, 3) 45 g/d of RP-betaine, and 4) 40 g/d of RP-choline. Calcium salts of fatty acids were used to protect both RP-betaine and RP-choline supplements. A similar amount of Ca salts of fatty acids was included in both control and RP-Met supplements to provide equal amounts of fat to all treatments. Overall, no differences in intake, milk yield, or milk composition were observed in primiparous cows. Average dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not different among treatments in multiparous cows. Milk yield was higher in multiparous cows fed RP-choline compared with the other treatments. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk protein yield than cows fed control or RP-betaine but was not different from cows fed RP-Met. Multiparous cows fed RP-choline had higher milk fat yield than cows fed RP-Met but was not different from cows fed control or RP-betaine. There were no beneficial effects of RP-betaine supplementation to a Met-limited TMR.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S. and Hopkins, B. A. and Odle, J. and Brownie, C. and Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={1552–1559} }
 @article{reed_dickey_burkholder_kinder_brownie_2008, title={Water level variations in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries, North Carolina due to local and remote forcing}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.049}, abstractNote={Water level time series records from the Neuse and Pamlico River Estuaries were statistically compared to local and distant wind field data, water level records within the Pamlico Sound and also coastal ocean sites to determine the relative contribution of each time series to water levels in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries. The objectives of this study were to examine these time series data using various statistical methods (i.e. autoregressive, empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF), exploratory data analysis (EDA)) to determine short- and long-time-scale variability, and to develop predictive statistical models that can be used to estimate past water level fluctuations in both the Neuse Estuary (NE) and Pamlico Estuary (PE). Short- and long-time-scale similarities were observed in all time series of estuarine, Pamlico Sound and subtidal coastal ocean water level and wind component data, due to events (nor'easters, fronts and tropical systems) and seasonality. Empirical orthogonal function analyses revealed a strong coastal ocean and wind field contribution to water level in the NE and PE. Approximately 95% of the variation was captured in the first two EOF components for water level data from the NE, sound and coastal ocean, and 70% for the PE, sound and coastal ocean. Spectral density plots revealed strong diurnal signals in both wind and water level data, and a strong cross correlation and coherency between the NE water level and the North/South wind component. There was good agreement between data and predictions using autoregressive statistical models for the NE (R2 = 0.92) and PE (R2 = 0.76). These methods also revealed significant autoregressive lags for the NE (days 1 and 3) and for the PE (days 1, 2 and 3). Significant departures from predictions are attributed to local meteorological and hydrological events. The autoregressive techniques showed significant predictive improvement over ordinary least squares methods. The results are considered within the context of providing long time-scale hindcast data for the two estuaries, and the importance of these data for multidisciplinary researchers and managers.}, number={2}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Reed, Robert E. and Dickey, David A. and Burkholder, Joann M. and Kinder, Carol A. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={431–446} }
 @article{jiang_pollock_brownie_hightower_hoenig_hearn_2007, title={Age-dependent tag return models for estimating fishing mortality, natural mortality, and selectivity}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1537-2693"]}, DOI={10.1198/108571107x197382}, abstractNote={Tag return studies play an important role in providing estimates of mortality rates needed for management of many fisheries, but current methods of estimation do not allow age dependence of instantaneous mortality rates. We present models that allow age-dependent fishing and natural mortality rates, an important advance, because there is often substantial variation in age (and size) of fish at tagging. Age dependence of fishing mortality is modeled by assuming that availability to the fishery, that is, selectivity, depends on age but is constant over years. We assume that all age classes are tagged each year, and allow for incomplete mixing of newly tagged fish and for fisheries that are year-long or limited to a fishing season. We investigate parameter redundancy and estimator performance using analytic and simulation methods, and show that estimator properties are poor if the tag reporting rate is estimated (without auxiliary data such as planted tags). We analyzed multiple age class tag return data from a 13-year study on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and saw clear evidence that selectivity increases with age. Assuming that the tag reporting rate is constant and known, results also demonstrate age dependence of natural mortality rates, and an increase in natural mortality rates from about 1999 coinciding with observation of a bacterial disease in the fish.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS}, author={Jiang, Honghua and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Brownie, Cavell and Hightower, Joseph E. and Hoenig, John M. and Hearn, William S.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={177–194} }
 @article{davis_hardie_martin_zhu_brownie_2007, title={Correlation between perioperative factors and successful outcome in fibrosarcoma resection in cats}, volume={161}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.161.6.199}, abstractNote={FELINE fibrosarcoma (FSA) is one of the most common subcutaneous neoplasms in cats. Typically, FSA is a locally aggressive tumour, with a moderate metastatic rate of 11 to 22·5 per cent (Brown and others 1978, Cronin and others 1998, Hershey and others 2000, Cohen and others 2001, Kobayashi and others 2002) and recurrence rates as high as 67 per cent (Davidson and others 1997). Aggressive surgical excision and radiation therapy are the recommended treatments for FSA (Davidson and others 1997, Cronin and others 1998, Hershey and others 2000, Kobayashi and others 2002). Despite advances that have improved long-term outcomes, little research has been conducted to address the effects of various forms of perioperative support on acute morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this short communication was to identify perioperative factors affecting immediate surgical outcome in cats undergoing wide or radical en bloc reconstructive surgery for fibrosarcoma. This retrospective study evaluated 153 cats with histologically confirmed fibrosarcoma that were presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between October 1990 and November 2004. Inclusion criteria were a histological diagnosis of FSA and en bloc surgical resection of the mass. Success was defined as the absence of perioperative complications or death. Fisher’s exact test was used for qualitative variables. Unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the potential effects of qualitative clinical variables on the success of surgery. Success was recorded in 123 cats (80·4 per cent). Twentyfour cats (15·7 per cent) experienced non-fatal complications identified as causes of postoperative morbidity: 24 had wound complications, two had pain, one had hypovolaemic shock with central nervous system ischaemia and one had acute renal failure. Four cats had multiple complications. Seroma was the most common wound complication (10 cats), followed by dehiscence in six, infection in five and subcutaneous emphysema in two. Seven cats (4·6 per cent) died: two as a result of cardiac arrest, two of peritonitis, two of pancreatitis and one because of haemolysis. The median age of all the cats was eight years. Forty-eight cats (31·4 per cent) had coexistent non-neoplastic disease. No vital parameters (age, sex, breed, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, packed-cell volume, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and glucose) were significantly correlated with success. In total, 127 cats (83 per cent) had a previously resected fibrosarcoma. The tumours were found at various sites: 58 were intrascapular, 31 were in a limb, 25 were in a flank, 21 were paraspinal, 15 were in the chest, two were in both the intrascapular and scapular regions and one was in the head. Previous resection and tumour location were not significantly correlated with success. Fourteen cats did not receive any preoperative neoadjunctive treatment. All neoadjunctive therapy was administered before surgery. Of those that did receive neoadjunctive therapy, 73 received radiation alone, 55 had radiation combined with chemotherapy and 11 had chemotherapy alone. No variables associated with neoadjunctive therapy were significantly correlated with success. The mean length of surgery was 106·5 minutes. Length of surgery was the only surgical factor that was significantly correlated with increased wound complications (P<0·005). Length of surgery was also positively correlated with length of hospitalisation, with longer surgeries resulting in longer hospitalisations (P<0·005). Most cats (81) received two types of analgesic perioperatively, while 41 cats received three types of analgesic. Narcotics were the most common analgesics administered (in 149 cats), followed by ketamine in 111, local anaesthetics in 43, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 42 and α2-adrenoceptor agonists in 20. Local analgesic wound infusion catheters were used in 19 cases. Using a wound infusion catheter significantly decreased the length of hospitalisation (P=0·039). The choice of analgesics and the numbers of analgesics administered (multimodality) did not correlate with success. The mean length of time to eating after surgery was 28·6 hours. The mean length of hospitalisation was 3·2 days. One large epidemiological veterinary study demonstrated a significant risk of postoperative wound infection with prolonged surgical and anaesthetic times (Nicholson and others 2002). Animals undergoing a 90-minute surgical procedure are twice as likely to develop wound infections as animals undergoing a 60-minute procedure (Brown and others 1997). Cats in the present study had a mean operative time of 106·5 minutes, which would have predisposed them to developing wound complications. Longer surgery was also correlated with a longer duration of hospitalisation. However, longer surgery time is an indicator of the complexity of the resection. In such cases, longer hospitalisation may have been due to a prolonged need for analgesia or more time required to manage wound complications. Cats receiving local analgesics infused through wound catheters (Wolfe and Muir 2003) spent significantly less time in hospital than those that did not, suggesting that the cats became mobile more quickly and took less time to start eating than those on other analgesic regimens. Further investigation is needed to evaluate this potentially beneficial effect in cats. In conclusion, wound complications and longer hospitalisation periods were most frequent in cats that underwent prolonged surgery. Using a wound infusion catheter significantly decreased the length of hospitalisation.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Davis, K. M. and Hardie, E. M. and Martin, F. R. and Zhu, J. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={199–200} }
 @article{groot_santangelo_ricci_brownie_gould_schal_2007, title={Differential attraction of Heliothis subflexa males to synthetic pheromone lures in eastern US and western Mexico}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-006-9233-6}, abstractNote={The mate attraction signal of Heliothis subflexa (Hs) females consists of a multicomponent sex pheromone blend. In this study, we assessed the intraspecific importance of three groups of compounds found in Hs pheromone glands: three acetate esters (Z7-16:OAc, Z9-16:OAc, and Z11-16:OAc), two 14-carbon aldehydes (14:Ald and Z9-14:Ald), and one 16-carbon alcohol (Z11-16:OH). Because the relative importance of pheromone components may vary in different regions, we conducted experiments in Eastern US (North Carolina) and Western Mexico (Jalisco). Our experiments in Eastern US showed that when the acetates were omitted from a 7-component blend in rubber septa, fewer males were caught in cone traps. Subsequent experiments conducted both in Eastern US and Western Mexico indicated that the addition of Z9-16:OAc alone does not increase attraction of male Hs, while Z11-16:OAc does. The Hs male response to Z7-16:OAc differed between the two regions. In Eastern US, significantly more males were attracted to a minimal three-component blend to which Z7-16:OAc was added, but this was not the case in Western Mexico. The two 14-carbon aldehydes also showed differential attraction between the two regions. 14:Ald and Z9-14:Ald appeared not to play any role in the sexual communication of Hs in Eastern US, but reduced trap catches in Western Mexico. The alcohol Z11-16:OH was tested in two concurrent dose-response studies with Hs males in Western Mexico, one using a minimal blend and one using a complete blend. The minimal three-component blend provided a more discriminating tool for delineating dose-response effects of Z11-16:OH than the seven-component blend. In the minimal blend, the optimal dose of Z11-16:OH was 1%, while in the complete blend similar numbers of males were caught when the alcohol ranged from 1 to 25%.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Groot, A. T. and Santangelo, R. G. and Ricci, E. and Brownie, C. and Gould, F. and Schal, Coby}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={353–368} }
 @article{fleming_stucky_brownie_2007, title={Effects and importance of soil wetness and neighbor vegetation on Solidago verna M. A. Curtis ex Torrey & A. Gray (spring-flowering goldenrod) [Asteraceae] transplant survivorship and growth}, volume={72}, DOI={10.2179/06-35.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Solidago verna M. A. Curtis ex Torrey & A. Gray (spring-flowering goldenrod) [Asteraceae] is threatened in North Carolina, a species of federal concern, endemic to fire– adapted longleaf pine flatwoods in the Carolinas, and is in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants. Highway construction threatens the largest known population of S. verna. We conducted a transplant study to provide information for the plan being developed to mitigate for the impact of the highway. Plants of the threatened population were transplanted into study plots on seven Coastal Plain soils varying in wetness. Half of the plots on each soil were controls with unclipped neighbor vegetation; the others were experimental plots with clipped vegetation. Soil was the most important factor affecting transplant survival. Survival was lowest on soils that experienced ponding or flooding. Neighbor vegetation clipping tended to improve survival, with the greatest improvement on soils of intermediate wetness. Soil wetness and vegetation treatment (clipped or unclipped) accounted for only 16% of transplant growth variation. We recommend establishing a mitigation transplant population on moderately well drained or somewhat poorly drained soils such as Craven or Lenoir. Managing the transplant population could utilize mowing during those periods when fire is not practical.}, number={4}, journal={Castanea}, author={Fleming, M. S. and Stucky, J. M. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, pages={205–213} }
 @article{jiang_brownie_hightower_pollock_2007, title={Estimating fishing mortality, natural mortality, and selectivity using recoveries from tagging young fish}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0275-5947"]}, DOI={10.1577/M06-127.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT}, author={Jiang, Honghua and Brownie, Cavell and Hightower, Joseph E. and Pollock, Kenneth H.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={773–781} }
 @article{touchette_burkholder_allen_alexander_kinder_brownie_james_britton_2007, title={Eutrophication and cyanobacteria blooms in run-of-river impoundments in North Carolina, USA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1040-2381"]}, DOI={10.1080/07438140709353921}, abstractNote={Abstract We compared monthly data taken during the dry summer growing season of 2002 in 11 potable water supply reservoirs (19–85 years old based on year filled) within the North Carolina Piedmont, including measures of watershed land use, watershed area, reservoir morphometry (depth, surface area, volume), suspended solids (SS), nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, TN; total Kjeldahl nitrogen, TKN; nitrate + nitrite, NO3− + NO2−; total phosphorus, TP; total organic carbon), phytoplankton chlorophyll a (chla) concentrations, cyanobacteria assemblages, and microcystin concentrations from monthly data taken during the dry summer 2002 growing season. The reservoirs were considered collectively or as two subgroups by age as “mod.” (moderate age, 19–40 years post-fill, n = 5) and “old” (74–85 yr post-fill, n = 6). The run-of-river impoundments were meso-/eutrophic and turbid (means 25–125 μg TP/L, 410–1,800 μg TN/L, 3–70 μg chla/L and 5.7–41.9 mg SS/L). Under drought conditions in these turbid systems, there was a positive relationship between chla and both TN and TP, supported by correlation analyses and hierarchical ANOVA models. The models also indicated significant positive relationships between TN and TP, and between SS and both TP and TN. Agricultural land use was positively correlated with TKN for the reservoirs considered collectively, and with TN, TKN, TP, and chla in mod. reservoirs. In models considering the reservoirs by age group, TN:TP ratios were significantly lower and NO3− + NO2− was significantly higher in old reservoirs, and these relationships were stronger when reservoir age was used as a linear predictor. Cyanobacteria assemblages in the two reservoir age groups generally were comparable in abundance and species composition, and comprised 60–95% (up to 1.9 × 106 cells/mL) of the total phytoplankton cell number. Potentially toxic taxa were dominated by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and C. philippinensis. Although known microcystin producers were low in abundance, microcystin (< 0.8 μg/L) was detected in most samples. TP and chla were significant predictors of total cyanobacterial abundance. The data suggest that at present these turbid, meso-/eutrophic reservoirs have moderate cyanobacteria abundance and low cyanotoxin (microcystin) levels over the summer growing season, even in low-precipitation seasons that favor cyanobacteria. Accelerated eutrophication from further watershed development is expected to promote increased cyanobacterial abundance and adversely affect the value of these reservoirs as potable water supplies.}, number={2}, journal={LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT}, author={Touchette, Brant W. and Burkholder, Joann M. and Allen, Elie H. and Alexander, Jessica L. and Kinder, Carol A. and Brownie, Cavell and James, Jennifer and Britton, Clay H.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={179–192} }
 @article{unruh snyder_mueller_luginbuhl_brownie_2007, title={Growth characteristics and allometry of Robinia pseudoacacia as a silvopastoral system component}, volume={70}, ISSN={0167-4366 1572-9680}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-007-9035-Z}, DOI={10.1007/s10457-007-9035-z}, number={1}, journal={Agroforestry Systems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Unruh Snyder, L. J. and Mueller, J. P. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={41–51} }
 @article{english_hopkins_stroud_davidson_smith_brownie_whitlow_2007, title={Lactoferrin supplementation to holstein calves during the preweaning and postweaning phases}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0361}, abstractNote={Sixty Holstein calves (30 bulls, 30 heifers) were used to examine the effects of supplemental lactoferrin on feed intake, growth, and health during the preweaning and postweaning periods. One of 3 levels of lactoferrin was supplemented from 3 to 56 d in either whole milk or water to produce 3 dietary treatments: 1) 0 g/d, 2) 0.5 g/d, and 3) 1 g/d. Whole milk (3.8 L/d) containing lactoferrin supplements was fed from bottles until weaning at 35 d. From d 36 to 56, lactoferrin supplements were added to water (15 to 25 mL) and fed from bottles. Lactoferrin supplementation had no effect on feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, body temperature, fecal scores, respiratory scores, or haptoglobin concentrations. Calves were housed in individual pens in either an open-sided barn or hutches. Calves raised in the barn consumed more calf starter and therefore grew better than calves raised in hutches. Under the conditions of this study, lactoferrin supplementation was not beneficial. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of lactoferrin, and possible benefits during different feeding conditions or milk sources.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={English, E. A. and Hopkins, B. A. and Stroud, J. S. and Davidson, S. and Smith, G. and Brownie, C. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={5276–5281} }
 @article{jiang_pollock_brownie_hoenig_latour_wells_hightower_2007, title={Tag return models allowing for harvest and catch and release: Evidence of environmental and management impacts on striped bass fishing and natural mortality rates}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0275-5947"]}, DOI={10.1577/M06-089.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT}, author={Jiang, Honghua and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Brownie, Cavell and Hoenig, John M. and Latour, Robert J. and Wells, Brian K. and Hightower, Joseph E.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={387–396} }
 @article{inman_wentworth_groom_brownie_lea_2007, title={Using artificial canopy gaps to restore Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) habitat in tropical timber plantations}, volume={243}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.003}, abstractNote={Timber plantations have the potential to catalyze regeneration of natural forest on degraded land. However, effective management methods to restore native tree diversity and wildlife habitat in areas planted with non-native timber species are needed. Our study investigated the effectiveness of creating artificial canopy gaps within timber plantations to increase germination, growth, and survival of native tree species that may be important food plants for the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata). Seedling growth increased significantly in gaps; however, there were no differences in percent germination or survival between gap and closed (control) plots. Percent cover of grasses, shrubs, and vines increased in gaps, but the increased growth of competitors did not prevent tree seedlings from growing significantly more rapidly in gaps. Removing leaf litter at time of sowing had no effect on germination, growth, or survival of direct seeded species. Creation of canopy gaps by girdling timber trees reduced basal area of non-native tree species to levels comparable with those of native trees. Both local and landscape level diversity were predicted to increase in canopy gaps; however, plantations will continue to be dominated by non-native and timber tree species because advance regeneration of these species is common in plantation understories. Our results suggest that restoration of native tree diversity and wildlife habitat in plantations will require continued management to remove non-native species and to promote growth of tree species with high wildlife habitat value.}, number={2-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Inman, Faith M. and Wentworth, Thomas R. and Groom, Martha and Brownie, Cavell and Lea, Russ}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{vibart_washburn_fellner_poore_green_brownie_2007, title={Varying endophyte status and energy supplementation of fresh tall fescue in continuous culture}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.002}, abstractNote={Eight dual-flow continuous culture vessels (700 ml) were used to compare in vitro effects of toxic, endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E−), and non-toxic, endophyte-infected (EN) Jesup tall fescue (vegetative stage) on ruminal fermentation at 4 levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 g kg−1 DM) of concentrate supplementation (ground corn) for a total of 12 experimental diets in a randomized incomplete block design with 2 replicates. Each culture vessel was offered a total of 15 g DM d−1. Forage was fed in four equal portions (fed at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00 h); and corn was fed in two equal portions (fed at 09:00 and 21:00 h). Headspace gas and liquid samples were analyzed for methane, ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, and volatile fatty acid production. Ammonia–N output (g d−1) varied by grass; EN had lower values compared to those of E+ and E−. Increasing the level of grain linearly decreased ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, acetate production, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio, whereas propionate and butyrate production increased with higher grain supplementation. Ruminal fermentation was minimally altered by the presence of the endophyte; however, for the highest level of grain fed (450 g kg−1 DM fed) the methane production pattern for all three grasses was altered. In addition to having the lowest ruminal ammonia–N accumulation, the non-toxic, endophyte-infected fescue resulted in the lowest methane production measured.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Vibart, R. E. and Washburn, S. P. and Fellner, V. and Poore, M. H. and Green, J. T., Jr. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={123–136} }
 @misc{burkholder_dickey_kinder_reed_mallin_mciver_cahoon_melia_brownie_smith_et al._2006, title={Comprehensive trend analysis of nutrients and related variables in a large eutrophic estuary: A decadal study of anthropogenic and climatic influences}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1939-5590"]}, DOI={10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0463}, abstractNote={We used a decadal data set, with weekly to biweekly sampling in April—October and monthly sampling in November—March, to characterize climatic (hurricane‐level storms, a sustained 3‐yr drought) and anthropogenic influences on N and P concentrations and loadings to a large eutrophic, poorly flushed estuary, the Neuse Estuary of the Albemarle—Pamlico Estuarine System. Mass volume transport data were obtained with cross‐estuary transect flow measurements taken near the entrance to the estuary. Although trends were minimally influenced by hurricanes, analyses were significantly affected by the sustained drought near the end of the study. As examples, decreasing trends in total N (TN), total P (TP), and bottom‐water dissolved oxygen concentrations, and in TN loadings were significant considering all data, but these trends were not significant when the sustained drought was excluded from analysis. In addition, the trend in TN loading was especially sensitive to the initial sampling period. NH4+ concentrations dramatically increased (overall by ~500%) as a persistent trend regardless of attempts to control for climatic events. An increasing trend in NH4+ also was documented in an adjacent, rapidly flushed Coastal Plain estuary, the Cape Fear. The NH4+ data suggest a regional‐scale effect of high inputs from inadequately controlled, increasing nonpoint sources. The fragility of TN loading trends, the striking increase in NH4+ concentrations, and the lack of management emphasis on controlling nonpoint sources such as “new” industrialized swine production collectively do not support recent reports of achievement of a 30% reduction in TN loading to the Neuse. Nonpoint sources remain a critical target for reduction to alleviate the negative effects of cultural eutrophication in this system, as in many estuaries throughout the world.}, number={1}, journal={LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Dickey, David A. and Kinder, Carol A. and Reed, Robert E. and Mallin, Michael A. and McIver, Matthew R. and Cahoon, Lawrence B. and Melia, Greg and Brownie, Cavell and Smith, Joy and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={463–487} }
 @article{sheck_groot_ward_gemeno_wang_brownie_schal_gould_2006, title={Genetics of sex pheromone blend differences between Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa: a chromosome mapping approach}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1420-9101"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00999.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Sheck, AL and Groot, AT and Ward, CM and Gemeno, C and Wang, J and Brownie, C and Schal, C and Gould, F}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={600–617} }
 @article{burton_brownie_2006, title={Heterosis and inbreeding depression in two soybean single crosses}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0156}, abstractNote={Heterosis is considered to be of little importance in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) because the crop is produced as “pure‐line” cultivars or blends of inbred lines. The F1 generations Holladay/Hutcheson (Cross 1) and Brim/Boggs (Cross 2) were generated by hand pollinations. Inbred generations were generated by bulk selfing. The F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 generations were yield‐tested in replicated bordered single row plots in multiple years and locations. The average yield of Cross 1 F1 was 16% greater than that of the highest‐yielding parent and the average yield of the Cross 2 F1 was 5% greater than the highest‐yielding parent. Cross 1 showed significant inbreeding depression when regressed on percentage inbreeding which is clear evidence of dominance for yield. Possible genetic bases for heterosis in soybean include gene complementation or interaction of duplicate favorable loci in repulsion, linked dominant alleles that are inherited as a unit, a greater number of dominant alleles in the F1 than either parent separately, multiple dosage‐dependant regulatory loci, and/or overdominance. The existence of heterosis should be evidence that superior gene combinations are possible. The magnitude of yield heterosis may be a useful criterion for selection among biparental crosses.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Burton, Joseph W. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2006}, pages={2643–2648} }
 @article{franklin_stucky_wentworth_brownie_roulston_2006, title={Limitations to fruit and seed production by Lysimachia asperulifolia Poir. (Primulaceae), a rare plant species of the Carolinas}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1940-0616"]}, DOI={10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[403:LTFASP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Lysimachia asperulifolia Poir., rough–leaf loosestrife, is a federally endangered species that is restricted to longleaf pine savanna – pocosin ecotones in North and South Carolina. Potential causes of the limited fruit and seed production typical of this species and possible effects of prescribed fire on these causes were examined. It was determined that insects rarely visit flowers and that the visitors, Augochlorella spp. and Lasioglossum spp., are not effective pollinators. However, results of artificial pollinations do not support the hypothesis that pollinator limitation alone restricts seed production. Levels of fertility and S allele diversity may vary across natural populations and, combined with ineffective pollination, enforce restricted fruit and seed production. Pollen fertility, amount of flowering, and number of fruits produced in natural populations did not increase following prescribed fire. Restricted seed germination further limits recruitment of genetic variation into populations. Pollinations and propagule dispersal among populations are precluded by habitat fragmentation. Alternative courses of action designed to increase fruit and seed production and seedling recruitment are recommended to those developing loosestrife conservation plans.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY}, author={Franklin, M. A. and Stucky, J. M. and Wentworth, T. R. and Brownie, C. and Roulston, T.}, year={2006}, pages={403–411} }
 @article{tu_louws_creamer_mueller_brownie_fager_bell_hu_2006, title={Responses of soil microbial biomass and N availability to transition strategies from conventional to organic farming systems}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013}, abstractNote={Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs—synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems.}, number={1-4}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Tu, C and Louws, FJ and Creamer, NG and Mueller, JP and Brownie, C and Fager, K and Bell, M and Hu, SJ}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={206–215} }
 @article{groot_fan_brownie_jurenka_gould_schal_2005, title={Effect of PBAN on pheromone production by mated Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa females}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-005-0970-8}, abstractNote={Mated female Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa were induced to produce sex pheromone during the photophase by injection of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). When injected with 1 pmol Hez-PBAN, the total amount of pheromone that could be extracted from glands of mated females during the photophase was similar to that extracted from virgin females in the scotophase. The PBAN-induced profile of pheromone components was compared between mated, PBAN-injected females and virgin females during spring and fall. Virgin females exhibited some differences in the relative composition of the pheromone blend between spring and fall, but no such temporal differences were detected in PBAN-injected, mated females. Because the temporal variation in pheromone blend composition was greater for virgin females than for PBAN-injected females, PBAN can be used to determine a female's native pheromone phenotype. This procedure has the advantages that pheromone glands can be extracted during the photophase, from mated females that have already oviposited.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Groot, AT and Fan, YL and Brownie, C and Jurenka, RA and Gould, F and Schal, C}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={14–28} }
 @article{groot_gemeno_brownie_gould_schal_2005, title={Male and female antennal responses in Heliothis virescens and H subflexa to conspecific and heterospecific sex pheromone compounds}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.256}, abstractNote={Abstract To determine whether Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa, two closely related sympatrically occurring species, differ in their antennal responses to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone compounds, we recorded electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female antennae of both species to eight different compounds loaded on filter paper dispensers. If antennal responses were found to differ in the two species, EAG-recordings from F1 hybrids and backcrosses between these species could be used in developing an understanding of the genetic architecture of variation in olfactory signal perception. However, all compounds elicited EAG responses in all male antennae tested, and no quantitative differences in response were found between the two species, except for the response to 1 mg (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11–16:OH), which elicited larger EAG responses in H. subflexa than in H. virescens males. This difference is consistent with the idea that this pheromone component is less important in the biology of H. virescens. Female antennae of both species were less responsive to the major sex pheromone compound, (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald), than male antennae; 10 μg Z11–16:Ald, which elicited strong EAG responses in males, produced female EAGs similar to control puffs of air. However, higher doses of Z11–16:Ald elicited significant EAG responses in female antennae of both species. Female antennae of both species also responded to most other pheromone compounds, except Z11–16:OH. These results support the hypothesis that autodetection of sex pheromones occurs in females of both H. virescens and H. subflexa. Whether females behaviorally respond to any, or to combinations, of these compounds remains to be elucidated.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Groot, A and Gemeno, C and Brownie, C and Gould, F and Schal, C}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={256–263} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2005, title={Role of visual contrast in the alighting behavior of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) at overwintering sites}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.425}, abstractNote={Abstract The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, CA and Kennedy, GG and Brownie, C}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={425–431} }
 @article{hill_hopkins_davidson_bolt_diaz_brownie_brown_huntington_whitlow_2005, title={Technical note: Technique for dissection and analysis of the rumen in young calves}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72691-6}, abstractNote={This paper discusses a technique used to evaluate rumen development in young calves, including removal, dissection, and analysis of tissue. The method allowed for examination of the different sacs of the rumen (dorsal, ventral, cranial, and caudal) using scanning electron microscopy to measure papillae denseness and histology slides to measure papillae length and width. Computer software was used to produce accurate measurements of papillae. The rumens of young calves were dissected, and samples were taken from the cranial, caudal, ventral, and dorsal sections. Calves were part of a nutrition research study, and dietary treatments did have an effect on development measurements such as length, width, and papillae denseness.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Hill, SR and Hopkins, BA and Davidson, S and Bolt, SM and Diaz, DE and Brownie, C and Brown, T and Huntington, GB and Whitlow, LW}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={324–326} }
 @article{crooks_burton_york_brownie_2005, title={Vegetative growth and competitiveness of common cocklebur resistant and susceptible to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides}, volume={9}, ISBN={1524-3303}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science (Online)}, author={Crooks, H. L. and Burton, M. G. and York, A. C. and Brownie, C.}, year={2005}, pages={229} }
 @article{burkholder_eggleston_glasgow_brownie_reed_janowitz_posey_melia_kinder_corbett_et al._2004, title={Comparative impacts of two major hurricane seasons on the Neuse River and western Pamlico Sound ecosystems}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0306842101}, abstractNote={Ecosystem-level impacts of two hurricane seasons were compared several years after the storms in the largest lagoonal estuary in the U.S., the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine System. A segmented linear regression flow model was developed to compare mass-water transport and nutrient loadings to a major artery, the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), and to estimate mean annual versus storm-related volume delivery to the NRE and Pamlico Sound. Significantly less water volume was delivered by Hurricane Fran (1996), but massive fish kills occurred in association with severe dissolved oxygen deficits and high contaminant loadings (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended solids, and fecal bacteria). The high water volume of the second hurricane season (Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene in 1999) delivered generally comparable but more dilute contaminant loads, and no major fish kills were reported. There were no discernable long-term adverse impacts on water quality. Populations of undesirable organisms, such as toxic dinoflagellates, were displaced down-estuary to habitats less conducive for growth. The response of fisheries was species-dependent: there was no apparent impact of the hurricanes on commercial landings of bivalve molluscs or shrimp. In contrast, interacting effects of hurricane floodwaters in 1999 and intensive fishing pressure led to striking reductions in blue crabs. Overall, the data support the premise that, in shallow estuaries frequently disturbed by hurricanes, there can be relatively rapid recovery in water quality and biota, and benefit from the scouring activity of these storms.}, number={25}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Burkholder, J and Eggleston, D and Glasgow, H and Brownie, C and Reed, R and Janowitz, G and Posey, M and Melia, G and Kinder, C and Corbett, R and et al.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={9291–9296} }
 @article{boos_brownie_2004, title={Comparing variances and other measures of dispersion}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1214/08834230400000503}, number={4}, journal={Statistical Science}, author={Boos, D. D. and Brownie, C.}, year={2004}, pages={571–578} }
 @article{anderson_brownie_luginbuhl_mobley_2004, title={Drug use survey and evaluation of quality assurance training for meat goat producers}, volume={2}, ISBN={1542-2666}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Brownie, C. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Mobley, M.}, year={2004}, pages={261} }
 @article{clemmer_york_brownie_2004, title={Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) control in imidazolinone-resistant wheat}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-017R}, abstractNote={Imazamox ammonium salt at 53 g ae/ha applied postemergence in the fall to imidazolinone-resistant wheat controlled Italian ryegrass 98 to 100% 10 wk after treatment (WAT). Control 22 WAT was 88 to 98% at two locations and 55% at a third location. Imazamox was more effective applied in fall to three- to four-leaf Italian ryegrass than when applied in spring to one- to three-tiller Italian ryegrass. Split applications, with 27 g/ha applied in fall and spring, were no more effective than 53 g/ha applied in fall. Pendimethalin preemergence in combination with fall-applied imazamox increased control 22 WAT 10 to 33 percentage points at two of three locations. Imazethapyr ammonium salt plus imazapyr isopropylamine salt applied at 47 plus 16 g ae/ha and imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha were similarly effective, whereas imazethapyr at 70 g/ha was ineffective. Control by imazapic ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha was equal to or greater than control by imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. Imazamox, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, and imazapic controlled diclofop-resistant and -susceptible Italian ryegrass. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixed with imazamox increased Italian ryegrass control in field and greenhouse experiments, whereas dicamba reduced control compared with imazamox applied alone. Control by imazamox plus 2,4-D was similar to or greater than control by imazamox alone.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clemmer, KC and York, AC and Brownie, C}, year={2004}, pages={481–489} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2004, title={Orientation of multicolored Asian lady beetles to buildings}, volume={50}, number={3}, journal={American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.)}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Kennedy, G. G. and Brownie, C.}, year={2004}, pages={174–175} }
 @article{reed_glasgow_burkholder_brownie_2004, title={Seasonal physical–chemical structure and acoustic Doppler current profiler flow patterns over multiple years in a shallow, stratified estuary, with implications for lateral variability}, volume={60}, ISSN={0272-7714}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.02.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2004.02.010}, abstractNote={The overall goal of this study was to strengthen understanding of the hydrographic structure in shallow estuaries as influenced by seasonal and depth-dependent variability, and by variability from extreme meteorological events. The mesohaline Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A., which was the focus, receives surface inputs from upriver and tributary freshwater sources and bottom inputs from downriver high-salinity sound water sources, resulting in varying degrees of stratification. To assess depth-dependent, estuary-wide changes in salinity, a multiple time series was created using data from four discrete depths (surface and 1, 2, and 3m±0.25m). The database was developed from weekly to biweekly sampling of the entire water column, and included side-channel as well as mid-channel data. We characterized seasonal differences in halocline depth affecting the hydrographic structure of the mesohaline estuary and site-specific variation in nutrient concentrations, based on a comprehensive eight-year physical/chemical database. The first two years of the record showed an expected seasonal signal and included events that impacted the surface layer from freshwater inputs. Remaining years had greater variability over seasons and depths, with freshening events that affected all depths. Halocline depth was compared at specific locations, and a “snapshot” view was provided of the relative depth of these water masses within the estuary by season. We also examined flow patterns at the same cross-estuary sites over a three-year period, using a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) with bottom-tracking capability. Composite visualizations constructed with single-transect ADCP data revealed a classical estuarine circulation pattern of outflow at the surface/southern shore and inflow at the bottom/northern shore. Although this pattern deviated under extreme climatological events and was sometimes variable, the estuary generally exhibited a high probability of direction of flow. Wind fields, hurricanes, and small-scale, high-precipitation events represented significant forcing variables.}, number={4}, journal={Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Reed, Robert E. and Glasgow, Howard B. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={549–566} }
 @article{nasution_brownie_pollock_powell_2004, title={The effect on model identifiability of allowing different relocation rates for live and dead animals in the combined analysis of telemetry and recapture data}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1085-7117"]}, DOI={10.1198/1085711043181}, abstractNote={Models are described for the joint analysis of live-trapping and radio telemetry data from a study on black bears (Ursus americanus) in which all animals received ear tags and a subset also received radio tags. Concerns about bias in survival estimates led to investigation of identifiability and estimator precision for a series of models that allowed differenttelemetry relocation rates for living and dead animals, in addition to emigration and seasonal variation in survival. Identifiability was determined by showing that the expected information matrix was nonsingular. Models with fidelity constant across time, and with the same degree of time specificity for survival rates and relocation rates for dead animals, were determined to be nonidentifiable. More general models, with a greater degree of time specificity for survival rates, were near-singular, and estimators under these near-singular models had poor precision. Analysis of data from the study on black bears illustrated that estimates of survival have poor precision when relocation rates are estimated separately for live and dead animals. It is recommended that the effort expended to relocate both living and dead animals be consistently high in each telemetry survey, so that relocation rates will be high and constant across time and mortality status.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS}, author={Nasution, MD and Brownie, C and Pollock, KH and Powell, RA}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={27–41} }
 @article{barbercheck_wang_brownie_2003, title={Adaptation of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, to insect food plant}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00187-1}, abstractNote={Abstract We conducted assays to determine if characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes vary in response to continued exposure to a particular insect/host plant combination, and whether selection results in changed performance on other insect/host plant combinations. Three isolates of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Agriotos, Mexican, and Hybrid) were continuously cultured in corn-fed ( Zea mays L.) or squash-fed ( Cucurbita pepo L.) southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber for 25 passages. The rootworm-selected nematodes were compared to the same isolates maintained on Galleria mellonella (L.) (“unselected”). There was no increase in the ability to kill rootworms in selected nematodes compared to unselected nematodes. Among rootworm-selected nematodes, there were changes based on the host plant on which the rootworms had fed. The ability of nematodes selected on corn-fed rootworms to kill corn-fed rootworms compared to squash-fed rootworms improved in the Mexican and Agriotos isolates. The squash-selected Mexican isolate lost virulence against rootworms. Virulence of the Hybrid isolate did not change in response to selection on rootworms or host plant/rootworm combination. In general, changes in infective juvenile (IJ) production were not related to number of passages through rootworms. Using computer-aided image analysis, we measured the effects of selection on length and neutral lipid density and area in IJ. IJ selected on corn-fed rootworms were longer than those selected on squash-fed rootworms or maintained in G. mellonella . Length of IJ was positively correlated with the area of stained neutral lipids. The Hybrid isolate had a greater area and density of stained lipids than the Agriotos or Mexican isolates. IJ from nematodes selected on corn-fed rootworms tended to have a greater area of stained lipids, but not lipid density, compared with IJ selected on squash-fed rootworms or maintained in G. mellonella . There was a pattern for an inverse relationship between numbers of IJ produced and measures of lipid content. This pattern is discussed with reference to trade-offs in life history characteristics. Our results suggest that some characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes can respond to selection on insect host plant, but that changes are dependent on the nematode isolate and the particular host plant on which the insect feeds.}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Barbercheck, ME and Wang, J and Brownie, C}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={81–94} }
 @article{davidson_hopkins_diaz_bolt_brownie_fellner_whitlow_2003, title={Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73754-0}, abstractNote={Five treatment diets varying in crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) were calculated to supply a postruminal lysine to methionine ratio of about 3:1. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration to 65 Holstein cows that were either primiparous (n = 28) or multiparous (n = 37) from 21 to 120 d in milk to determine effects on lactation and nitrogen utilization. Crude protein % and calculated RUP (% of CP) of diets [on a dry matter (DM) basis] were: 1) 19.4, 40 (HPMU), 2) 16.5, 34 (LPLU), 3) 16.8, 40 (LPMU), 4) 16.8, 46 (LPHU), 5) 17.2, 43 (LPHU + UREA), which is the result of adding 0.4% of the diet DM as urea to LPHU. The corn silage-based treatment diets contained an average of 24% acid detergent fiber and 1.6 Mcal/kg net energy of lactation. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations and body weights (BW) were used to calculate predicted amounts of urinary nitrogen (N) using the relationship: urinary N (g/d) = 0.0259 x BW (kg) x MUN (mg/dl). Cows fed HPMU had greater CP and RUP intakes, which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen, rumen ammonia, MUN, and predicted urinary N. Milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, protein yield, and protein percent were not significantly different among treatments. Parity primarily affected parameters that were related to body size and not measurements of N utilization. The interaction of treatment and parity was not significant for any measurements taken. In this study, cows fed LPHU had significantly lower MUN and predicted urinary N without limiting production. These results demonstrate the potential to optimize milk production while minimizing N excretion in lactating dairy cattle.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Davidson, S and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Bolt, SM and Brownie, C and Fellner, V and Whitlow, LW}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={1681–1689} }
 @article{gray_wentworth_brownie_2003, title={Extinction, colonization, and persistence of rare vascular flora in the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem: Responses to fire frequency and population size}, volume={23}, number={3}, journal={Natural Areas Journal}, author={Gray, J. B. and Wentworth, T. R. and Brownie, C.}, year={2003}, pages={210–219} }
 @article{brownie_glasgow_burkholder_reed_tang_2003, title={Re-evaluation of the relationship between Pfiesteria and estuarine fish kills}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1435-0629"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-002-0194-5}, number={1}, journal={ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Brownie, C and Glasgow, HB and Burkholder, JM and Reed, R and Tang, YQ}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{mueller_barbercheck_bell_brownie_creamer_hitt_hu_king_linker_louws_et al._2002, title={Development and implementation of a long-term agricultural systems study: Challenges and opportunities}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Mueller, J. P. and Barbercheck, M. E. and Bell, M. and Brownie, C. and Creamer, N. G. and Hitt, A. and Hu, S. and King, L. and Linker, H. M. and Louws, F. J. and et al.}, year={2002}, pages={362–368} }
 @article{isgrigg_yelverton_brownie_warren_2002, title={Dinitroaniline resistant annual bluegrass in North Carolina}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0086:DRABIN]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Annual bluegrass control was reduced following 7 yr of continuous fall application of dinitroaniline (DNA) herbicides. Annual bluegrass control was < 40% on two fairways in year eight following prodiamine applied at 1.1 kg ai ha−1. In dose–response studies conducted in growth chambers, this annual bluegrass population exhibited 105-fold resistance in shoot growth to prodiamine compared with a known susceptible population. A 6.4-fold resistance to prodiamine was found when comparing annual bluegrass root growth to the known susceptible biotype. Spring-applied oxadiazon did not affect shoot or root growth between annual bluegrass biotypes. Equivalent levels of control were attained with pronamide. The presence of DNA-resistant annual bluegrass, in addition to previously confirmed triazine-resistant biotypes on North Carolina golf courses, indicates a need for resistance management strategies to be integrated into golf turf management practices. Nomenclature: Oxadiazon; prodiamine; pronamide; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. POANN.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Isgrigg, J and Yelverton, FH and Brownie, C and Warren, LS}, year={2002}, pages={86–90} }
 @article{blum_king_brownie_2002, title={Effects of wheat residues on dicotyledonous weed emergence in a simulated no-till system}, volume={9}, number={2}, journal={Allelopathy Journal}, author={Blum, U. and King, L. D. and Brownie, C.}, year={2002}, pages={159–176} }
 @article{nasution_brownie_pollock_2002, title={Optimal allocation of sample sizes between regular banding and radio-tagging for estimating annual survival and emigration rates}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0266-4763"]}, DOI={10.1080/02664760120108863}, abstractNote={Many authors have shown that a combined analysis of data from two or more types of recapture survey brings advantages, such as the ability to provide more information about parameters of interest. For example, a combined analysis of annual resighting and monthly radio-telemetry data allows separate estimates of true survival and emigration rates, whereas only apparent survival can be estimated from the resighting data alone. For studies involving more than one type of survey, biologists should consider how to allocate the total budget to the surveys related to the different types of marks so that they will gain optimal information from the surveys. For example, since radio tags and subsequent monitoring are very costly, while leg bands are cheap, the biologists should try to balance costs with information obtained in deciding how many animals should receive radios. Given a total budget and specific costs, it is possible to determine the allocation of sample sizes to different types of marks in order to minimize the variance of parameters of interest, such as annual survival and emigration rates. In this paper, we propose a cost function for a study where all birds receive leg bands and a subset receives radio tags and all new releases occur at the start of the study. Using this cost function, we obtain the allocation of sample sizes to the two survey types that minimizes the standard error of survival rate estimates or, alternatively, the standard error of emigration rates. Given the proposed costs, we show that for high resighting probability, e.g. 0.6, tagging roughly 10-40% of birds with radios will give survival estimates with standard errors within the minimum range. Lower resighting rates will require a higher percentage of radioed birds. In addition, the proposed costs require tagging the maximum possible percentage of radioed birds to minimize the standard error of emigration estimates.}, number={1-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS}, author={Nasution, MD and Brownie, C and Pollock, KH}, year={2002}, pages={443–457} }
 @article{kelly_wentworth_brownie_2002, title={Scaling species dynamics in Pinus palustris communities: Effects of pine straw raking}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1100-9233"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02105.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  In the southeastern USA, harvest of pine straw sometimes involves mechanical raking of natural Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) communities. Little is known about the effects of raking nor how these effects may vary in time and space. In a two yr experiment, we examined the effects of mechanized raking on Pinus palustris dominated communities (scrub oak, dry savanna, and mesic savanna) by monitoring vegetation at seven spatial scales (0.01–100 m2). We measured floristic similarity and the proportion of species initially present that were gained (i.e. new species) or lost during four sampling periods. Relationships between spatial scale and these community attributes were analyzed using a repeated measures approach and functional response curves. Spatial scale clearly affected observed rates of species loss and floristic similarity; losses declined and floristic similarity increased as scale increased. We relate these patterns to expanding population sizes with scale and our inability to detect species reductions in large populations. Scale had little influence on species gains. The effects of raking did not differ across scales, but raking caused greater mean losses of species and greater mean changes in floristic similarity when mean values were calculated over all scales. Raking also increased the mean rate of species gains in the mesic savanna during one period. Otherwise, interaction effects of community and raking were largely absent from both mean values and response curves. Despite significant short‐term effects of raking, changes in species richness were minor.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE}, author={Kelly, LA and Wentworth, TR and Brownie, C}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={755–764} }
 @article{nasution_brownie_pollock_bennetts_2001, title={Estimating survival from joint analysis of resighting and radiotelemetry capture-recapture data for wild animals}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1085-7117"]}, DOI={10.1198/10857110152946839}, abstractNote={Biologists often use more than one marking technique in wildlife studies. For each of the mark types, it is common to conduct a separate analysis of the recapture data to estimate parameters of interest, such as survival rates. Two data types that can be used in estimating survival rates are resighting and radiotelemetry data. The Cormack-Jolly-Seber model is commonly used to analyze the resighting data, while the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator, modified for staggered entry of animals, is used to analyze the radi otelemetry data. In a study where some animals receive two types of tags and others receive just one tag type, the separate Cormack-Jolly-Seber and Kaplan-Meier analyses do not exploit all of the information in the combined data sets. In this article, we propose a model and likelihood for the combined analysis of resighting and radi otelemetry data. In comparison with the separate analyses, this richer model provides more information about the biology and sampling processes. For example, the richer model permits assessment of assumptions required by the separate analyses and allows estimation of additional parameters. We apply the model to annual resighting and monthly telemetry data from a population of snail kites in Florida. The snail kite is a threatened species of bird in the United States, and our results on survival are very important. In this example, all birds are marked using leg bands and some of them receive radios.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS}, author={Nasution, MD and Brownie, C and Pollock, KH and Bennetts, RE}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={461–478} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_brownie_2000, title={Datura stramonium interference and seed rain in Gossypium hirsutum}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0613:DSIASR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, to evaluate density-dependent effects of Datura stramonium on weed growth and seed rain and Gossypium hirsutum growth and yield. Datura stramonium height was not affected by density in either year. Crop height never exceeded weed height during the growing season, indicating that competition for light occurred between the two species. Eight weeks after planting or later, G. hirsutum height decreased as D. stramonium density increased. An increase in D. stramonium density from 1 to 32 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 resulted in a decrease in capsule production per plant of 92 and 60 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Total D. stramonium dry weight per 9.1 m of row increased via a quadratic relationship as weed density increased. Gossypium hirsutum lint yields decreased as D. stramonium biomass and density increased in both years. Estimated yield losses of 10 and 25% were caused by D. stramonium at 0.5 and 1.5 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 (572 and 1,716 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1998 and 0.6 and 1.8 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 (690 and 2,060 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1999. Nomenclature: Datura stramonium L. DATST, jimsonweed; Gossypium hirsutum L., ‘Deltapine 51’, cotton.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Brownie, C}, year={2000}, pages={613–617} }
 @article{noftsger_hopkins_diaz_brownie_whitlow_2000, title={Effect of whole and expanded-expelled cottonseed on milk yield and blood gossypol}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75146-0}, abstractNote={Thirty-two primiparous and 12 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatments to determine the effects of type and amount of cottonseed product on plasma gossypol, milk production, and composition, and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat. Rations consisted of corn silage, corn grain, soybean meal, and cottonseed hulls, and contained on average 16.8% crude protein and 25.3% acid detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. On a dry matter basis, diets contained one of the following: 1) 14% whole cottonseed; 2) 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed; 3) 21% expanded-expelled cottonseed; or 4) 28% expanded-expelled cottonseed. Cows remained on treatment from 30 through 120 d in milk. Dry matter intakes were not significantly different, but intakes of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and fat were higher for multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed. Multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed had higher yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, crude protein, fat and solids-not-fat than those fed any level of expanded-expelled cottonseed. Concentrations of milk fat, protein, and SNF were not affected by treatment. Although there were treatment differences in fat intake, there were no production differences in primiparous cows. Milk production efficiency (fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was not affected by treatment for either multiparous or primiparous cows. Cows fed 14% whole or 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed had similar levels of total plasma gossypol and plasma levels of the negative isomer of gossypol. Increasing the level of expanded-expelled cottonseed in the diet increased both total plasma gossypol and the negative isomer. In this experiment, multiparous but not primiparous cows fed whole cottonseed produced more milk than those fed expanded-expelled cottonseed at 14 to 28% of the diet dry matter, however, feed efficiencies were similar for all treatments.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Noftsger, SM and Hopkins, BA and Diaz, DE and Brownie, C and Whitlow, LW}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={2539–2547} }
 @article{kelly_wentworth_brownie_2000, title={Short-term effects of pine straw raking on plant species richness and composition of longleaf pine communities}, volume={127}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00133-4}, abstractNote={Pine straw is commonly used as landscaping material throughout the southeastern USA, but little is known regarding the effects of raking and removal of straw in natural longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) communities. In a 2–year experiment, we tested the effects of community type (scrub oak, dry savanna, and mesic savanna) and number of mechanized rakings (0–4 times over a 2-year period) on species richness and floristic composition of vascular plants at spatial scales of 1 and 100 m2. Multiple rakings caused richness to decline in the scrub oak community (1 m2) and to increase in the more heavily-vegetated mesic savanna (1 and 100 m2). Changes in richness were not proportional to the number of rakings, perhaps because (1) vegetation injury was minimal, (2) regrowth was possible owing to a largely perennial flora, and (3) the first litter removal removed the greatest amount of vegetation. In the mesic savanna, the only significant decline in richness, relative to initial values, occurred immediately after the first raking. Some seasonal variations were observed in species richness and in the quantity of vegetation removed by raking. Although raking may selectively injure shrubs and wiregrass, raking did not allow the introduction of non-native plants and generally had little effect on floristic composition.}, number={1-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Kelly, LA and Wentworth, TR and Brownie, C}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={233–247} }
 @article{branch_chernoff_brownie_francis_1999, title={5-AZA-2 '-deoxycytidine-induced dysmorphogenesis in the rat}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0270-3211"]}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1520-6866(1999)19:5<329::aid-tcm3>3.3.co;2-j}, abstractNote={5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (d-AZA) causes temporally related defects in the developing mouse. Treatment of 1.0 mg/kg on gestation day (GD) 8 results in axial skeletal defects; on GD9, cleft palate and vertebral defects; on GD10, hindlimb phocomelia; and on GD11, digital defects. An unusual aspect of d-AZA teratogenicity in mice is that the phocomelia appears to be specific to the hindlimb, and the forelimb is not similarly affected regardless of treatment day. The current study was initiated to evaluate the embryonic response of another species, the rat, to this unique teratogen. Pregnant Sprague Dawley (CD) rats were treated with d-AZA or vehicle control. The compound was administered i.p. on GD9, 10, 11, or 12 to parallel developmental staging of the mouse. The highest dose (1.0 mg/kg) elicited effects indicating increased sensitivity to the compound in the rat as compared to the mouse. GD9 treatment was characterized by massive resorptions; GD10, by a predominance of axial skeletal defects and cleft palate; GD11, by a predominance of forelimb phocomelia and missing ribs; and GD12 by hindlimb phocomelia and forelimb digit defects. These data indicate significant differences in the developmental responses to d-AZA of the mouse and the rat. This may reflect interspecies differences in the temporal expression of genes involved in morphogenesis and/or the methylation patterns of such genes. Molecular data generated in the mouse will be compared to that of the rat to further characterize the developmental dynamics responsible for the interspecies differences. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:329–338, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, number={5}, journal={TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS}, author={Branch, S and Chernoff, N and Brownie, C and Francis, BM}, year={1999}, pages={329–338} }
 @article{tsai_pollock_brownie_1999, title={Effects of violation of assumptions for survival analysis methods in radiotelemetry studies}, volume={63}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Tsai, K. and Pollock, K. H. and Brownie, C.}, year={1999}, pages={1369–1375} }
 @article{culpepper_york_brownie_1999, title={Influence of bromoxynil on annual grass control by graminicides}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={Weed Science}, author={Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C. and Brownie, C.}, year={1999}, pages={123–128} }
 @article{tsai_brownie_nychka_pollock_1999, title={Smoothing hazard functions for telemetry survival data in wildlife studies}, volume={46}, number={1999}, journal={Bird Study}, author={Tsai, K. and Brownie, C. and Nychka, D. W. and Pollock, K. H.}, year={1999}, pages={47–54} }
 @article{colbert_stoskopf_brownie_scott_levine_1998, title={Anatomic site and interanimal variability in morphologic characteristics of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin likely to affect dermal absorption studies}, volume={59}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Colbert, A. A. and Stoskopf, M. and Brownie, C. and Scott, G. I. and Levine, J.}, year={1998}, pages={1398–1403} }
 @article{brownie_gumpertz_1997, title={Validity of spatial analyses for large field trials}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics}, author={Brownie, C. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={1997}, pages={1–23} }
 @article{brownie_hines_nichols_pollock_hestbeck_1993, title={CAPTURE-RECAPTURE STUDIES FOR MULTIPLE STRATA INCLUDING NON-MARKOVIAN TRANSITIONS}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0006-341X"]}, DOI={10.2307/2532259}, abstractNote={We consider capture-recapture studies where release and recapture data are available from each of a number of strata on every capture occasion. Strata may, for example, be geographic locations or physiological states. Movement of animals among strata occurs with unknown probabilities, and estimation of these unknown transition probabilities is the objective. We describe a computer routine for carrying out the analysis under a model that assumes Markovian transitions and under reducedparameter versions of this model. We also introduce models that relax the Markovian assumption and allow "memory" to operate (i.e., allow dependence of the transition probabilities on the previous state). For these models, we suggest an analysis based on a conditional likelihood approach. Methods are illustrated with data from a large study on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) banded in three geographic regions. The assumption of Markovian transitions is rejected convincingly for these data, emphasizing the importance of the more general models that allow memory.}, number={4}, journal={BIOMETRICS}, author={BROWNIE, C and HINES, JE and NICHOLS, JD and POLLOCK, KH and HESTBECK, JB}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={1173–1187} }
 @article{pollock_nichols_brownie_hines_1990, title={Statistical-inference for capture-recapture experiments}, number={107}, journal={Wildlife Monographs}, author={Pollock, K. H. and Nichols, J. D. and Brownie, C. and Hines, J. E.}, year={1990}, pages={1–97} }