@article{ray_korzeniewski_mohler_carroll_pozo_victor_huynh_hedden_2023, title={Spatiotemporal Analysis Exploring the Effect of Law Enforcement Drug Market Disruptions on Overdose, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2020-2021}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2023.307291}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To test the hypothesis that law enforcement efforts to disrupt local drug markets by seizing opioids or stimulants are associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering of overdose events in the surrounding geographic area.  Methods. We performed a retrospective (January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021), population-based cohort study using administrative data from Marion County, Indiana. We compared frequency and characteristics of drug (i.e., opioids and stimulants) seizures with changes in fatal overdose, emergency medical services nonfatal overdose calls for service, and naloxone administration in the geographic area and time following the seizures.  Results. Within 7, 14, and 21 days, opioid-related law enforcement drug seizures were significantly associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering of overdoses within radii of 100, 250, and 500 meters. For example, the observed number of fatal overdoses was two-fold higher than expected under the null distribution within 7 days and 500 meters following opioid-related seizures. To a lesser extent, stimulant-related drug seizures were associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering overdose.  Conclusions. Supply-side enforcement interventions and drug policies should be further explored to determine whether they exacerbate an ongoing overdose epidemic and negatively affect the nation’s life expectancy. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(7):750–758. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307291 ) }, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Ray, Bradley and Korzeniewski, Steven J. and Mohler, George and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Pozo, Brandon and Victor, Grant and Huynh, Philip and Hedden, BethanyJ.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={750–758} }
 @article{ray_dollar_thames_2011, title={Observations of reintegrative shaming in a mental health court}, volume={34}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Law and Psychiatry}, author={Ray, B. and Dollar, C. B. and Thames, K. M.}, year={2011}, pages={49–55} }
 @article{hiday_ray_2010, title={Arrests two years after exiting a well-established mental health court}, volume={61}, number={5}, journal={Psychiatric Services}, author={Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B.}, year={2010}, pages={463–468} }
 @article{wales_hiday_ray_2010, title={Procedural justice and the mental health court judge's role in reducing recidivism}, volume={33}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Law and Psychiatry}, author={Wales, H. W. and Hiday, V. A. and Ray, B.}, year={2010}, pages={265–271} }
 @article{scott_thomas_pollack_ray_2007, title={Observed patterns of illicit opiate overdose deaths in Chicago, 1999-2003}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1468-2869"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-007-9157-7}, abstractNote={This article explores trends and correlates of Chicago's opiate-related overdose (OD) deaths. We manually examined data from every death certificate filed between 1999 and 2003 to identify all Chicago residents' accidental deaths involving acute intoxication with illicit opiates, OD, or opiate poisoning. The analysis includes an examination of contextual characteristics in 77 Chicago neighborhoods. Negative binomial regression analysis permits the calculation of incidence rate ratios (IRR) associated with time trends. OD incidence peaked in 2000 and then declined markedly by 2003 [year 2000-2003 IRR = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.54, 0.78)]. Over the 2000-2003 period, overall incidence of fatal OD declined by 34%. Over this period, the sharpest observed declines occurred among African-Americans [IRR = 0.64, 95% CI (0.51, 0.81)] and Hispanics/Latinos [IRR = 0.53, 95% CI (0.32, 0.88)]. The opiate-related fatality incidence also declined among non-Hispanic whites [IRR = 0.743, 95% CI (0.52, 1.06)]. Even at the end of the study period, illicit opiate-related OD accounted for 35% of all accidental deaths to Chicago adults aged 18-64, with 45% of OD deaths occurring among African-American men. In summary, illicit opiate OD in Chicago peaked in 2000 and markedly declined by 2003. Opiate OD continues to pose a major threat of mortality to Chicago adults.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE}, author={Scott, Greg and Thomas, Sandra D. and Pollack, Harold A. and Ray, Bradley}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={292–306} }