@article{knowles_ju_sennik_mills_jur_2023, title={Simulation techniques for smart textile predictive design}, volume={1266}, ISBN={["*****************"]}, ISSN={["1757-8981"]}, DOI={10.1088/1757-899X/1266/1/012008}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Smart textiles must combine both textile and electronic systems into one product. This presents challenges as each industry has their own design and evaluation standards that are not compatible with one another. As such, smart textile designers tend to rely heavily on the production and iteration of physical prototypes to create a product that meets the specified design criteria. One emerging tool in the apparel industry that has potential to shorten the prototyping cycle is 3D CAD for textiles, also known as 3D garment simulation. While typically used for apparel design and e-commerce, this work presents two case studies that demonstrate how 3D garment simulation can be used as a tool for predictive design of smart textile products. In particular, how strain-dependent properties such as resistance and contact pressure can be predicted and how designs can be optimized to achieve certain performance metrics.}, journal={8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TEXTILES & MASS CUSTOMISATION}, author={Knowles, Caitlin G. and Ju, Beomjun and Sennik, Busra and Mills, Amanda C. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2023} }
 @article{youn_knowles_ju_sennik_mathur_mills_jur_2023, title={Simulation-Based Contact Pressure Prediction Model to Optimize Health Monitoring Using E-Textile Integrated Garment}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3293065}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2023.3293065}, abstractNote={Advancements in wearable technology have integrated textile sensors into garments for long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. However, optimizing biosignal quality, motion artifacts, and wearer comfort in electronic textiles (E-textiles) remains challenging. While designing appropriate contact pressure (CP) is crucial, there is a lack of guidance on proper material selection and sizing for achieving the desired CP. This article presents a novel CP prediction model that utilizes three-dimensional garment simulation (3DGS) to optimize knit textiles for health monitoring. First, a stress test method is devised in the simulator to examine the reliability of simulated stress. Based on understanding the simulated stress mechanism, the CP model is developed using simulation parameters. The model is validated against experimental CP values, exhibiting high accuracy ( ${R}^{{2}}= {0.9}$ ). The effectiveness of the CP model is validated through the demonstration of a customized ECG armband incorporating screen-printed dry electrodes on knit fabrics. Analyzing ECG signals, CP, and applied strains validates the benefits of strategically selected materials and sizing. Specifically, the knit sample with 90% polyester and 10% spandex (S-10) for the 15%–20% range and the knit sample with 85% polyester and 18% spandex (S-18) for the 10%–15% strain range significantly enhance ECG quality, resulting in higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of 33.45 (±1.72) and 34.57 (±0.84)−36.61(±1.81), respectively. These design parameters achieve the desired CP range of 1–1.5 kPa, optimizing the functionality and comfort of the ECG armband. The CP model sets a benchmark for the strategic manufacturing of health monitoring garments by integrating digital technology.}, number={16}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Youn, Seonyoung and Knowles, Caitlin G. and Ju, Beomjun and Sennik, Busra and Mathur, Kavita and Mills, Amanda C. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={18316–18324} }
 @article{hossain_li_sennik_jur_bradford_2022, title={Adhesive free, conformable and washable carbon nanotube fabric electrodes for biosensing}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2397-4621"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41528-022-00230-3}, abstractNote={AbstractSkin-mounted wearable electronics are attractive for continuous health monitoring and human-machine interfacing. The commonly used pre-gelled rigid and bulky electrodes cause discomfort and are unsuitable for continuous long-term monitoring applications. Here, we design carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based electrodes that can be fabricated using different textile manufacturing processes. We propose woven and braided electrode design using CNTs wrapped textile yarns which are highly conformable to skin and measure a high-fidelity electrocardiography (ECG) signal. The skin-electrode impedance analysis revealed size-dependent behavior. To demonstrate outstanding wearability, we designed a seamless knit electrode that can be worn as a bracelet. The designed CNT-based dry electrodes demonstrated record high signal-to-noise ratios and were very stable against motion artifacts. The durability test of the electrodes exhibited robustness to laundering and practicality for reusable and sustainable applications.}, number={1}, journal={NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS}, author={Hossain, Md. Milon and Li, Braden M. M. and Sennik, Busra and Jur, Jesse S. S. and Bradford, Philip D. D.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{wu_soltani_sennik_zhou_mackertich-sengerdy_whiting_werner_jur_2022, title={Design of Quasi-Endfire Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Leaky-Wave Textile Wearable Antennas}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2169-3536"]}, DOI={10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3218217}, abstractNote={A new design for a quasi-endfire spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented for wearable application. The antenna consists of an ultra-thin corrugated metallic structure screen-printed on a flexible textile substrate, which supports extremely confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons. To enable a highly directional leaky mode, two unit-cell designs with different surface impedances are incorporated to realize binary perturbations on the in-plane wavenumber. An auto-adaptive multi-objective optimizer (MOO) is utilized to intelligently design the surface impedance configuration, which achieves significant dimensional reduction compared to the periodically modified SSPP LWAs. A final miniaturized version with 28-unit-cells achieved about 70% size reduction in comparison to the longer design of 75 unit-cells. For proof of concept, the antenna is designed and optimized for operation at 6 GHz. A bandwidth of >200 MHz (5.90 GHz - 6.13 GHz) is achieved, centered around 6 GHz, for which the highly directional endfire pattern can be tilted to 22° and 14° for the 28 and 75 unit-call designs, respectively. The measured results agree well with the simulations. Meanwhile, experimental results show that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is lower than 1.6 W/kg standard when the antenna is 2 mm away from the human phantom. This textile-based antenna realized with advanced screen-printing technology is extremely suitable for garment integration due to its high flexibility, low-profile, good fabrication accuracy, and robustness in its performance.}, journal={IEEE ACCESS}, author={Wu, Yuhao and Soltani, Saber and Sennik, Busra and Zhou, Ying and Mackertich-Sengerdy, Galestan and Whiting, Eric B. and Werner, Douglas H. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2022}, pages={115338–115350} }
 @article{li_reese_ingram_huddleston_jenkins_zaets_reuter_grogg_nelson_zhou_et al._2022, title={Textile-Integrated Liquid Metal Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2192-2659"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202200745}, DOI={10.1002/adhm.202200745}, abstractNote={AbstractNext generation textile‐based wearable sensing systems will require flexibility and strength to maintain capabilities over a wide range of deformations. However, current material sets used for textile‐based skin contacting electrodes lack these key properties, which hinder applications such as electrophysiological sensing. In this work, a facile spray coating approach to integrate liquid metal nanoparticle systems into textile form factors for conformal, flexible, and robust electrodes is presented. The liquid metal system employs functionalized liquid metal nanoparticles that provide a simple “peel‐off to activate” means of imparting conductivity. The spray coating approach combined with the functionalized liquid metal system enables the creation of long‐term reusable textile‐integrated liquid metal electrodes (TILEs). Although the TILEs are dry electrodes by nature, they show equal skin‐electrode impedances and sensing capabilities with improved wearability compared to commercial wet electrodes. Biocompatibility of TILEs in an in vivo skin environment is demonstrated, while providing improved sensing performance compared to previously reported textile‐based dry electrodes. The “spray on dry—behave like wet” characteristics of TILEs opens opportunities for textile‐based wearable health monitoring, haptics, and augmented/virtual reality applications that require the use of flexible and conformable dry electrodes.}, journal={ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS}, author={Li, Braden M. and Reese, Brandon L. and Ingram, Katherine and Huddleston, Mary E. and Jenkins, Meghan and Zaets, Allison and Reuter, Matthew and Grogg, Matthew W. and Nelson, M. Tyler and Zhou, Ying and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }