@article{vargantwar_mittal_hauser_smith_hashem_2014, title={Novel treatment route for preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose}, volume={1}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.1.1.1}, abstractNote={A novel route of partial carboxymethylation, termed pad-dry-pad-cure, was investigated using conventional fabric processing equipment. The effect of process parameters such as concentration of sodium hydroxide, curing time, and concentration of ammonium monochloroacetate on the carboxymethylation content was probed. The treatment was characterized for uniformity by laser scanning confocal microscopy and for changes in fiber cross-sectional geometry by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Confocal micrographs revealed the occurrence of treatment uniformly across the fiber cross sections, whereas SEM showed the resultant oval cross sections of the treated fibers.}, number={1}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, author={Vargantwar, P. H. and Mittal, K. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B. and Hashem, M.}, year={2014}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{hashem_refaie_goli_smith_hauser_2009, title={Enhancement of Wrinkle Free Properties of Carboxymethylated Cotton Fabric via Ionic Crosslinking with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1530-8057"]}, DOI={10.1177/1528083709102934}, abstractNote={Incorporation of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the structure of cotton, carboxymethylated cotton (CMC) or ionically crosslinked cotton fabric induces besides ether crosslinking of cotton cellulose, strong columbic forces and weaker forces such as dipole—dipole, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, or hydrophobic interactions. The ether bonds are formed in the dry state (i.e., un-swelled state), whereas, the other interactions are formed in wet state (i.e., swelled state) of cotton fabrics. Both interactions greatly enhance wet and dry wrinkle recovery angle of cotton fabric without strength loss. Fixation of PVP onto cotton or CMC fabric was achieved thermally by curing the treated fabric at 140°C for 5 minutes. Higher wet and dry wrinkle recovery angles (WRA and DRA) were obtained with lower molecular weight PVP (3000 Da) compared with higher molecular weight one (8000 Da). The results obtained also show that a balance between WRA, DRA as high as 228° and 225°, respectively, could be obtained without loss in tensile strength and elongation at break by treatment CMC fabric having carboxyl content 115 meq/100 g fabric with 4% PVP then cured at 140°C for 5 minutes. Additionally, treatment of the ionically crosslinked fabric (having 115 meq/100 g fabric carboxyl content and 0.22% nitrogen content) with 4% aqueous PVP enhances the DRA and WRA to reach a value of 289° and 286°, respectively, without any loss in the strength properties of the fabrics. These values of WRA and DRA are much higher than those obtained with cotton fabric (blank) or carboxymethylated cotton. The existence of ionic interaction and ether bonds as well as functional groups introduced into cotton fabrics were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES}, author={Hashem, Mohamed and Refaie, Rakia and Goli, Kiral and Smith, Brent and Hauser, Peter}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={57–80} }
 @article{sahin_gursoy_hauser_smith_2009, title={Optimization of ionic crosslinking process: An alternative to conventional durable press finishing}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1177/0040517508099920}, abstractNote={Cotton fiber has a natural tendency to wrinkle. In order to overcome this undesired property several durable press finishes were proposed and have been used for a long while. However, most of these chemical finishes release formaldehyde, a suspected human carcinogen, which causes fabric to lose strength and to yellow. Non-formaldehyde alternatives to these finishes are expensive. Thus, a non-formaldehyde finish prepared by using common and more available chemicals is required. In this study, we prepared anionic cotton fabric and further treated it with a novel crosslinker, namely cationic glycerin. We focused on optimizing an ionic crosslinking process in terms of the treated fabric's wrinkle recovery angle (WRA). Our results showed that high WRA results may be achieved and the strength of fabric may also be increased.}, number={8}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Sahin, U. K. and Gursoy, N. C. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B.}, year={2009}, pages={744–752} }
 @article{smith_2007, title={Dyebath monitoring and control: Past, present, and future}, volume={7}, number={11}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2007}, pages={36–41} }
 @misc{smith_bilgen_hauser_2007, title={Ionic cross-linking of ionic cotton with small molecular weight anionic or cationic molecules}, volume={7,201,778}, number={2007 Apr. 10}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Bilgen, M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{vargantwar_smith_hauser_2007, title={Preparation of zwitterionic cotton fabrics and their wrinkle-resistant performance}, volume={7}, number={12}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Vargantwar, P. H. and Smith, B. and Hauser, P.}, year={2007}, pages={42–46} }
 @misc{smith_hashem_hauser_2007, title={Product and method for treating cotton}, volume={7,166,135}, number={2007 Jan. 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Hashem, M. M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{smith_o'neal_boyter_pisczek_2007, title={Decolorizing textile dye wastewater by anoxic/aerobic treatment}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0268-2575"]}, DOI={10.1002/jctb.1629}, abstractNote={AbstractA method of biologically decolorizing wastewater from fiber reactive dyeing of cotton by sequential anoxic/aerobic treatment steps using a single biomass has been developed and evaluated for chemical oxygen demand and color removal. A viable biomass that effectively removes both color and chemical oxygen demand in a sequential anoxic/aerobic treatment process has been developed. This method may be retrofitted to existing aerobic wastewater treatment systems that are typically used to treat dyeing wastewater. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Brent and O'Neal, Gilbert and Boyter, Henry and Pisczek, Jamie}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={16–24} }
 @article{smith_berger_freeman_2006, title={High affinity, high efficiency fibre-reactive dyes}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1472-3581"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2006.00032.x}, abstractNote={A straightforward two‐step method for modifying commercial dichlorotriazine‐based fibre‐reactive dyes prior to their use in the dyeing process can greatly improve affinity and fixation efficiency on cotton, and reduce the salt requirements. The modification used in this study involved prereacting the commercial dyes with either cysteine or cysteamine followed by reaction of the resulting intermediate with cyanuric chloride. Cotton fabric dyed with the modified dyes had technical properties that were essentially equal to those obtained from the unmodified commercial dyes.}, number={4}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Smith, Brent and Berger, Rebecca and Freeman, Harold S.}, year={2006}, pages={187–193} }
 @inbook{freeman_smith_2005, title={Water and wastewater analysis}, ISBN={9780849334832}, DOI={10.1533/9781845690694.242}, booktitle={Chemical testing of textiles}, publisher={Boca Raton: Crc Press}, author={Freeman, H. and Smith, C.B.}, year={2005}, pages={242–269} }
 @misc{smith_hendrix_butcher_2004, title={Process for treating textile substrates}, volume={6,676,710}, number={2004 Jan. 13}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Hendrix, W. A. and Butcher, D. L.}, year={2004} }
 @article{kotek_jung_kim_smith_guzman_schmidt_2004, title={Surface hydrolysis of filaments based on poly(trimethylene terephthalate) spun at high spinning speeds}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.20132}, abstractNote={AbstractThe surface alkaline hydrolysis of fibers made from poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) was studied after extruding the polymer at high spinning speeds from 2000 to 6000 m/min and heat setting in the range of temperatures from 100 to 180°C. Fiber weight loss increased with an increasing heat‐setting temperature but it was also dependent on the spinning speed. Some of the partially hydrolyzed fibers had a well‐developed, hydrophilic surface, and pore size in the range of 0.69 to 1.20 μm. The optimum reaction and morphological conditions for increasing porosity in PTT fibers depends on spinning speed and heat‐setting temperature. A temperature of 180°C is the upper limit for heat‐setting PTT filaments but seems to be the most effective for making porous fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1724–1730, 2004}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Kotek, R and Jung, DW and Kim, JH and Smith, B and Guzman, P and Schmidt, B}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={1724–1730} }
 @article{hinks_rafiq_price_montero_smith_2003, title={A comparison of vapour pressure measurements of quinizarin and leucoquinizarin via transpiration and thermogravimetry}, volume={119}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2003.tb00155.x}, abstractNote={The vapour pressure of solids can be obtained using a number of methods, including the Knudsen effusion method, the Knudsen torque‐effusion method and a transpiration method. Each method has benefits and disadvantages. Reported is a comparison of vapour pressure data for two compounds, quinizarin and leuco‐quinizarin, using a transpiration method and a recently developed method based on thermogravimetry. Thermogravimetry provided vapour pressure–temperature dependence data for each compound with expediency and in agreement with the transpiration method.}, number={2}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Hinks, D. and Rafiq, M. I. and Price, D. M. and Montero, G. A. and Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={84–90} }
 @article{smith_2003, title={A supplementary system for introducing the laws of thermodynamics part I: Equations of state}, volume={80}, journal={Journal of Chemical Education}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{smith_2003, title={A supplementary system for introducing the laws of thermodynamics part II: The laws of thermodynamics}, volume={80}, journal={Journal of Chemical Education}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{smith_2003, title={Affinities and rate constants of disperse dyes in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide}, journal={Journal of Supercritical Fluids}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{beck_draper_smith_hauser_2003, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton using direct dyes}, volume={3}, number={8}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Beck, K. R. and Draper, S. L. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={51–55} }
 @article{draper_beck_smith_hauser_2003, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton with acid dyes}, volume={3}, number={8}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Draper, S. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={51–55} }
 @inproceedings{smith_2003, title={Flow injection analysis of disperse dyeing}, volume={30}, number={5}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual International Conference & Exhibition of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={14} }
 @article{hauser_hashem_smith_2003, title={Ionic crosslinking of cotton}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1108/rjta-07-01-2003-b001}, abstractNote={Cellulose crosslinking is a very important textile chemical process, and is the basis for a vast array of durable press and crease-resistant finished textile products. Formaldehydecontaining N-methylol crosslinkers give fabrics desirable properties of mechanical stability (e.g., crease resistance, anti-curl, shrinkage resistance, durable-press), but also impart a loss of strength and the potential to release formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. Other systems, such as polycarboxylic acids, have been tested with varying degrees of success. We have developed methods of forming ionic crosslinks that provide outstanding performance in crease angle recovery while completely retaining the strength of treated goods, without the potential to release any reactive materials of low molecular weight, such as formaldehyde.
            Our work is based on the reactions of cellulose with materials that impart an ionic character to the cellulose; e.g., chloroacetic acid for negative charges or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for positive charges. These reactions produce ionic celluloses that can then absorb a polyionic material of opposite charge to form crosslinks.
            Cellulose treated with cationized chitosan after carboxymethylation showed significant increases in crease recovery angles without a loss of strength.}, number={1}, journal={Research Journal of Textile & Apparel}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Hashem, M. and Smith, C. B.}, year={2003}, pages={1–7} }
 @misc{hendrix_montero_smith_butcher_2003, title={Method for introducing dyes and other chemicals into a textile treatment system}, volume={6,615,620}, number={2003 Sept. 9}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hendrix, W. A. and Montero, G. A. and Smith, C. B. and Butcher, D. L.}, year={2003} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Reaction efficiency for cellulose cationization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307301113}, abstractNote={ A major cost factor of cationizing cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) is the reaction efficiency, which is less than perfect due to a competing hydrolysis reaction. The efficiency of the cationization reaction sequence is analyzed in terms of chemical kinetics, and experimental results are presented for several reaction methods including pad-batch, pad-steam, pad-dry-steam, exhaust, and pad-dry- cure. The effects of CHTAC and alkali concentrations, additives to the treatment bath, pretreatments, time, temperature, reaction method, and sequence of events are investigated in terms of percent fixation of CHTAC. In addition, data are presented for the reaction in non-aqueous solvents. }, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hashem, M and Hauser, P and Smith, B}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1017–1023} }
 @inproceedings{kotek_jung_kim_smith_guzman_schmidt_2003, title={Surface hydrolysis of filaments based on poly(trimethylene terephthalate)}, ISBN={9788389003324}, booktitle={3rd AUTEX Conference: 25-27 June 2003, Gdan?sk-Poland: World Textile Conference}, publisher={Lo?dz?}, author={Kotek, R. and Jung, D.W. and Kim, J.H. and Smith, B. and Guzman, P. and Schmidt, B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{chaudhary_smith_2003, title={Synthesis and properties of cationized wool}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Chaudhary, A. N. and Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={27–29} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Wrinkle recovery for cellulosic fabric via ionic crosslinking}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307300903}, abstractNote={ Methods are developed for imparting crease angle recovery performance to cellulosic fabrics based on durable ionic crosslinks. These methods, which avoid the formaldehyde release of conventional finishes, include treating cellulose with chloroacetic acid (or an other reactive anion) and cationized chitosan (or another polycation). Alternative methods include treating cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or another cationization reagent) and a polyanion, or with chloroacetic acid and 3-chloro- 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. A method for producing highly cationic chitosan is also presented. Crease angle recovery and strength data are correlated to the amount of polyelectrolyte add-on. }, number={9}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Hashem, A. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={762–766} }
 @article{draper_beck_smith_hauser_2002, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton with direct dyes}, volume={2}, number={10}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Draper, S. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2002}, pages={24–27} }
 @article{smith_2002, title={Using rubber-elastic material-ideal gas analogies to teach introductory thermodynamics Part I: Equations of state}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0021-9584"]}, DOI={10.1021/ed079p1444}, abstractNote={Polymeric rubber-elastic material (REM) is in many ways analogous to ideal gases. This may be used to good advantage as a supplementary system for teaching elementary thermodynamic concepts, equations of state, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part I emphasizes specific REM examples including historical perspectives, concepts of action and size, equations of state, problem solving techniques, entropic restoring forces, evaluation of derivatives, non-ideality, mass and tension distribution. Useful examples, demonstrations, and problems are reviewed.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION}, author={Smith, B}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1444–1452} }
 @article{smith_2002, title={Using rubber-elastic material-ideal gas analogies to teach introductory thermodynamics Part II: The laws of thermodynamics}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0021-9584"]}, DOI={10.1021/ed079p1453}, abstractNote={Polymeric rubber-elastic material (REM) is in many ways analogous to ideal gases. This may be used to good advantage as a supplementary system for teaching elementary thermodynamic concepts, equations of state, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part II includes thermometry and the zeroth law, heat, work, energy and the first law, Joule's law, heat capacity, adiabats and isotherms, enthalpy, heat entropy and the second law, heat engines, the Carnot cycle, Maxwell's equations, free energy, and configurational entropy and the third law. Useful examples, demonstrations, and problems are reviewed.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION}, author={Smith, B}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1453–1461} }
 @article{smith_2001, title={Determination of indigo in dyebaths by flow injection analysis}, volume={1}, number={4}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Smith, B.}, year={2001}, pages={53–57} }
 @article{merritt_beck_smith_hauser_jasper_2001, title={Determination of indigo in dyebaths by flow injection analysis and redox titrations}, volume={1}, number={4}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Merritt, J. T. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J. and Jasper, W. J.}, year={2001}, pages={41–45} }
 @article{kotek_jung_smith_kim_2001, title={Effect of high speed spinning on physical properties and dyeing kinetics of PTT filaments}, volume={51}, journal={Chemical Fibers International}, author={Kotek, R. and Jung, D.W. and Smith, B. and Kim, J.H.}, year={2001}, pages={204} }
 @misc{hendrix_montero_smith_butcher_2001, title={Method for introducing dyes and other chemicals into a textile treatment system}, volume={6,261,326}, number={2001 July 17}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hendrix, W. A. and Montero, G. A. and Smith, C. B. and Butcher, D. L.}, year={2001} }
 @article{draper_beck_smith_2001, title={On-line dyebath monitoring by sequential injection analysis}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Draper, S. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, B.}, year={2001}, pages={24–28} }
 @article{smith_khandelwal_lamb_2000, title={Ar/N2O remote plasma-assisted oxidation of Si(100): Plasma chemistry, growth kinetics, and interfacial reactions}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.591467}, abstractNote={The kinetics of Ar/N2O remote plasma-assisted oxidation of Si(100) and the mechanism of nitrogen incorporation at the Si–SiO2 interface were investigated using mass spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy, and on-line Auger electron spectroscopy. N2, O2, and NO are the stable products of N2O dissociation in the plasma. The maximum NO partial pressure occurs at 10 W applied rf power; N2 and O2 are the predominant products for applied powers greater than 50 W. Ar/N2O remote plasmas are prolific sources of atomic O; in contrast, atomic N is not produced in significant concentrations. Ar/N2O remote plasma-assisted oxidation was investigated at 300 °C for applied rf powers of 5, 20, and 50 W. The oxide growth kinetics are slower than expected for a purely diffusionally controlled process. A diffusion-reaction model that incorporates first-order loss of the oxidizing species as it diffuses through the growing oxide layer fits the data very well. The initial oxidation rate increases linearly with plasma density, suggesting that the near-surface concentration of oxidizing species scales with the surface flux of plasma electrons. Nitrogen is incorporated at the Si–SiO2 interface in direct proportion to the N2 partial pressure in the Ar/N2O remote plasma. Molecular NO does not react at the Si–SiO2 interface at 300 °C, its role in Si thermal oxynitridation notwithstanding. Nitrogen incorporation at the Si–SiO2 interface was also achieved by exposure of ultrathin Ar/O2 plasma oxides to a remote 20 W Ar/N2 plasma.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Smith, BC and Khandelwal, A and Lamb, HH}, year={2000}, pages={1757–1763} }
 @misc{smith_montero_hendrix_2000, title={Method of dyeing hydrophobic textile fibers with colorant materials in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide}, volume={6,048,369}, number={2000 Apr. 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Montero, G. A. and Hendrix, W. A.}, year={2000} }
 @article{shannon_hendrix_smith_montero_2000, title={Modeling of supercritical fluid flow through a yarn package}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0896-8446"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0896-8446(00)00078-4}, abstractNote={Abstract Steady-state supercritical fluid flow through both isotropic and anisotropic cylindrical yarn packages is modeled as 2-D, axisymmetric flow through porous media. A numerical flow model using a finite-difference method predicts pressure and velocity profiles based on user-defined package geometry, permeability profile, and fluid properties. The use of variable permeability in the model allows simulation of typical package heterogeneities that result from radial variations and relatively denser edges usually associated with package winding. The numerical model is compared with results obtained from analytical expressions for radial flow, axial flow, and 2-D flow in an annulus of isotropic, porous material. The model is then verified using experimental pressure drop measurements for a range of supercritical CO 2 flows through polyester yarn packages. Model predictions show very good agreement with experimental data.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS}, author={Shannon, B and Hendrix, W and Smith, B and Montero, G}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={87–99} }
 @article{wallace_beck_smith_2000, title={On-line monitoring of reactive batch dyeing exhaustion and hydrolysis by FIA-HPLC}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist & American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Wallace, M. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={39–42} }
 @article{beck_wallace_smith_2000, title={On-line monitoring of reactive batch dyeing exhaustion and hydrolysis by FIA/HPLC}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Beck, K. R. and Wallace, M. and Smith, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={39–42} }
 @article{draper_montero_smith_beck_2000, title={Solubility relationships for disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0143-7208"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0143-7208(00)00008-5}, abstractNote={The solubility of ten disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was measured using a modified Suprex PrepMaster SFE apparatus and Varian Cary 3E UV–Visible spectrophotometer. These measurements were made over a pressure range of 200–400 atm, at 50–100°C. The results were combined with relevant solubility data from previous studies, and were used to develop correlations between disperse dye structures and SC-CO2 solubility.}, number={3}, journal={DYES AND PIGMENTS}, author={Draper, SL and Montero, GA and Smith, B and Beck, K}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={177–183} }
 @article{montero_smith_hendrix_butcher_2000, title={Supercritical fluid technology in textile processing: An overview}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie0002475}, abstractNote={In light of environmental concerns, the textile industry has accelerated efforts to reduce or eliminate water consumption in all areas of yarn preparation, dyeing, and finishing. Supercritical fluid dyeing technology has the potential to accomplish this objective in many commercial textile applications around the world, both at present and in the future around the world. Increased interest in this technology has made a fundamental understanding of thermophysical (equilibrium solubility) and transport (kinetics) properties of such fluids and fluid mixtures necessary. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is one of the most environmentally acceptable solvents in use today, and textile processes using it have many advantages when compared to conventional aqueous processes.1-4 Positive environmental effects range from drastically reduced water consumption to eliminating hazardous industrial effluent. Furthermore, economic benefits include increased productivity and energy savings. Successfully commercializing...}, number={12}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Montero, GA and Smith, CB and Hendrix, WA and Butcher, DL}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={4806–4812} }
 @inproceedings{merritt_beck_smith c.b._p._jasper_1999, title={Determination of indigo in dyebaths by flow injection analysis and redox titrations}, booktitle={Book of Papers, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. International Conference & Exhibition}, author={Merritt, J.T. and Beck, K.R. and Smith C.B., Hauser and P. and Jasper, W.J.}, year={1999}, pages={505–513} }
 @misc{smith_1999, title={Improved method of dyeing hydrophobic textile materials with colorant material in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide}, volume={WO/1999/63146}, number={1999 Sept. 12}, publisher={Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1999, title={Relationship between solubility and dye structure}, ISBN={9782905267306}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 6th Meeting on Supercritical Fluids, Chemistry and Materials: 10-13 April 1999, Nottingham (United Kingdom)}, publisher={Vandoeuvre : Institut national polytechnique de Lorraine}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{jasper_smith_1998, title={Color P2 through improved process control}, booktitle={Color reduction & removal seminar : June 17, 1998}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : N.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance}, author={Jasper, W. and Smith, B.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1998, title={Color pollution prevention through improved process control}, booktitle={Color reduction & removal seminar : June 17, 1998}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : N.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1998} }
 @article{vandelden_beck_smith_1998, title={Flow injection analysis of disperse dyeing of acetate and polyester}, volume={30}, number={5}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={vanDelden, T. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B.}, year={1998}, pages={14–18} }
 @article{smith_1998, title={Global environmental trends}, volume={87}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1998}, pages={28} }
 @article{martin_smith_gupta_1998, title={Identification of source emissions from finished textile fabrics}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Martin, V. B. and Smith, C. B. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={1998}, pages={15–19} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1998, title={On the use of neural networks for color matching}, ISBN={9781880843246}, booktitle={Intelligent systems : proceedings of the ISCA 7th international conference, Melun, France, July 1-2, 1998}, publisher={Cary, NC: ISCA,}, author={Smith, B.}, editor={C. Looney and Castaing, J.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={92–97} }
 @article{smith_1998, title={Pollution prevention: Detecting metal and organic trace impurities in high volume raw materials}, volume={87}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1998}, pages={9} }
 @article{smith_1998, title={Real time analysis and control of batch dyeing processes}, journal={International Textile Bulletin}, author={Smith, C.}, year={1998}, pages={88} }
 @inproceedings{beck_jasper_lee_mcgregor_smith_1998, title={Real-time analysis and control of batch dyeing processes}, booktitle={International Textile Bulletin}, author={Beck, K.R. and Jasper, W. and Lee, G. and McGregor, P. and Smith, B.}, year={1998}, pages={88–93} }
 @article{snyder_berkstresser_smith_beck_mcgregor_jasper_1997, title={Correlating optical and kinetic deviations from ideality in fiber reactive dye mixtures}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759706700804}, abstractNote={ Kinetic and optical behaviors of Cibacron™ Yellow R, Scarlet 2GE, and Blue TRE are studied individually and in mixtures. In mixtures, these dyes deviate from their individual behaviors. A method for determining these deviations and for correlating the optical and kinetic deviations is demonstrated. This method is valuable because it allows the kinetic behavior of dyes in mixtures to be characterized from simple optical measurements. }, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Snyder, W and Berkstresser, G and Smith, B and Beck, K and McGregor, R and Jasper, W}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={571–579} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1997, title={On line monitoring of reactive batch dyeing exhaustion and hydrolysis by FIA-HPLC}, booktitle={Book of Papers, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. International Conference & Exhibition}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1997}, pages={307} }
 @inproceedings{beck_wallace_michele_snyder_delden_smith_tatjana_1996, title={Dye exhaust vs. dye time: An update of flow injection analysis of package dyeing}, booktitle={Yarn dyeing '96: meeting the challenges: AATCC symposium ; April 18 - 19, 1996, Sea Trail Resort, Sunset Beach, North Carolina}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, NC: AATCC}, author={Beck, K.R. and Wallace, M.R. and Michele, R. and Snyder, W.E. and Delden, T. and Smith, C.B. and Tatjana}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{beck_wallace_berkstresser_smith_1995, title={Flow injection analysis of package dyeing}, booktitle={Yarn dyeing '95: the next generation: AATCC Symposium ; April 27 - 28, 1995, Sheraton Airport Plaza Hotel, Charlotte, North Carolina}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, NC: AATCC}, author={Beck, K.R. and Wallace, M.R. and Berkstresser, G.B., IV and Smith, C.B.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{mock_klutz_smith_grady_mccall_cato_1995, title={Reducing salt and energy needs in direct dyeing of cotton through use of ultrasound}, booktitle={Book of papers: 1995 International Conference & Exhibition, October 8-11, Atlanta, Ga}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, N.C.: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists}, author={Mock, G.N. and Klutz, D.S. and Smith, C.B. and Grady, P.L. and McCall, R.E. and Cato, M.J.}, year={1995}, pages={55–64} }
 @article{cuculo_smith_sangwatanaroj_stejskal_sankar_1994, title={A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF DISSOLUTION OF THE CELLULOSE/NH3/NH4SCN SYSTEM .1}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.1994.080320203}, abstractNote={AbstractAmmonia/ammonium thiocyanate (NH3/NH4SCN) is an excellent swelling agent and solvent for cellulose, even at a high degree of polymerization. Because polymorphic conversion in cellulose has been a long‐standing, perplexing, troublesome problem, we have undertaken to study that mechanism. Solid state CP/MAS 13C‐NMR and X‐ray analysis proved to be very useful analytical techniques for the task. It appears that during temperature cycling, specific cellulosic inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen‐bonds are broken as polymorphic conversion proceeds sequentially from the polymorph I to III, and finally at total solvation to amorphous. This proceeds correspondingly via transformation of the polymorph conformations of CH2OH from trans‐gauche, “tg,” to gauche‐trans, “gt,” to gauche‐gauche, “gg.” © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={CUCULO, JA and SMITH, CB and SANGWATANAROJ, U and STEJSKAL, EO and SANKAR, SS}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={229–239} }
 @article{cuculo_smith_sangwatanaroj_stejskal_sankar_1994, title={A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF DISSOLUTION OF THE CELLULOSE/NH3/NH4SCN SYSTEM .2}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.1994.080320204}, abstractNote={AbstractIn a previous article,1 we reported on the interaction of cellulose with NH3/NH4SCN by using solid state CP / MAS 13C‐NMR, wide‐angle X‐ray and other techniques. It appears that during an imposed temperature cycling sequence, specific cellulosic inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are broken as polymorphic conversion and, ultimately, dissolution occurs. Cellulose is converted from the polymorph I to II to III and, finally, to amorphous. We speculate that these changes proceed via transformation of the polymorph conformations of CH2OH from trans‐gauche, “tg,” to gauche‐trans, “gt,” to gauche‐gauche, “gg.” Remarkably, the temperature cycling effectively and rapidly effects these changes, seemingly, by invoking at two different temperatures (22°C and −78°C), a subtle but powerful temperature‐related interplay of enthalpic and entropic forces. At the higher of the cycling temperature limits, entropy and van der Waals forces dominate, causing NH3 to partition in favor of the liquid phase. At the lower of the temperature cycling limits, enthalpy dominates and the situation is reversed favoring NH3 partition toward the cellulose, resulting in breakage of inter‐ and intracellulosic H‐bonds by the interpenetrating ammonia to form new H‐bonds between cellulose and ammonia, leading ultimately to conformational changes and, ultimately, even dissolution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={CUCULO, JA and SMITH, CB and SANGWATANAROJ, U and STEJSKAL, EO and SANKAR, SS}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={241–247} }
 @article{beck_lefeber_hunter_smith_mcgregor_1994, title={Flow injection analysis of dyebaths}, volume={26}, number={5}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Beck, K. R. and Lefeber, M. and Hunter, W. and Smith, C. B. and McGregor, R.}, year={1994}, pages={30–34} }
 @article{smith_1993, title={Decolorization of textile wastewater using chitosan}, volume={82}, number={10}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1993}, pages={18} }
 @article{smith_1993, title={Improving computer control of batch dyeing operations}, volume={82}, number={9}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1993}, pages={17} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1993, title={Indoor air quality of finished textile products}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Conference for Executives and Managers on Environmental Issues Affecting the Textile Industry : a national perspective.}, publisher={Hickory, N.C. : Environmental Policy and Studies Center}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1992, title={A novel decolorization method for textile wastewater using crabshell waste}, booktitle={Coated fabrics :  meeting the challenges of the 90's : April 2-3, 1992, Colonial Hilton, Wakefield, Massachusetts}, publisher={RTP, N.C.: AATCC}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1992} }
 @article{smith_1992, title={A system analysis of textile operations}, volume={24}, number={10}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1992}, pages={30} }
 @article{smith_1992, title={Reducing pollution in warp sizing and desizing}, volume={24}, number={6}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1992}, pages={30} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1992, title={Source reduction: An alternative to costly waste treatment}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{smith_1992, title={Ultrasound as a dyeing accelerant}, booktitle={Theory and practice for the 90's: AATCC International Dyeing Symposium}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, NC:  AATCC}, author={Smith, B.}, year={1992} }
 @article{smith_1991, title={A review of the relationship of cotton maturity and dyeability}, volume={61}, number={3}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Smith, C.}, year={1991} }
 @article{carlough_hudson_smith_spadgenske_1991, title={DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS OF DIRECT DYES IN CHITOSAN}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1991.070421122}, abstractNote={AbstractDiffusion coefficients for direct dyes (C. I. Direct Red 81, Green 26, Blue 75, and Black 22) in Chitosan films are determined to be 4.48 × 10−11 to 4.54 × 10−10 cm2/at 60°C and pH 9. A method for producing chitosan films is described.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={CARLOUGH, M and HUDSON, S and SMITH, B and SPADGENSKE, D}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={3035–3038} }
 @article{beck_madderra_smith_1991, title={Real-time data acquisition in batch dyeing}, volume={23}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Beck, K. R. and Madderra, T. A. and Smith, C. B.}, year={1991}, pages={23–27} }
 @article{smith_1990, title={Analysis of factors influencing rung spun yarn tenacity for long staple cotton: part I and II}, volume={60}, number={8}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Smith, C.}, year={1990} }
 @article{beck_smith_madderra_1990, title={Why fiber reactive dyeings sometimes do not repeat: A look at five typical cases}, volume={79}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Madderra, T. A.}, year={1990}, pages={38} }
 @article{smith_1988, title={TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL-EQUILIBRIA}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0021-9584"]}, DOI={10.1021/ed065p965}, abstractNote={A test or homework problem that allows for the presentation of many concepts in a situation of commercial importance.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION}, author={SMITH, CB}, year={1988}, month={Nov}, pages={965–967} }
 @article{smith_1987, title={Troubleshooting in textile wet processing: Parts 1 through 12, one each month}, volume={76}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Smith, C.}, year={1987} }