@article{edwards_hauser_el-shafei_2015, title={Nonflammable cellulosic substrates by application of novel radiation-curable flame retardant monomers derived from cyclotriphosphazene}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925506336&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-014-0497-7}, number={1}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Edwards, Brian and Hauser, Peter and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={275–287} }
 @article{edwards_rudolf_hauser_el-shafei_2015, title={Preparation, Polymerization, and Performance Evaluation of Halogen-Free Radiation Curable Flame Retardant Monomers for Cotton Substrates}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921675306&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ie502915t}, abstractNote={Three halogen-free, phosphorus-based flame retardant monomers were synthesized with good yields and characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. Two of the monomers were novel phosphoramides and the third was derived from cyclotriphosphazene. Each monomer was coated onto cotton substrates with the aid of a UV flood curing system. The impacts of monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration, UV exposure time and proximity of the specimen to the UV lamp on coating yield were evaluated by experiments designed with JMP Pro 10. Of the three monomers, the cyclotriphosphazene derivative was polymerized into a coating that was durable to Soxhlet extraction with acetone. Vertical burn testing showed that all three monomers are valuable flame retardants. These results agreed with thermogravimetric analysis findings that demonstrated quantitatively the effectiveness of each monomer at promoting char formation. For the cyclotriphosphazene derivative, the coating was easily visualized covering significant por...}, number={2}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edwards, Brian and Rudolf, Stacy and Hauser, Peter and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={577–584} }
 @article{edwards_el-shafei_hauser_malshe_2012, title={Towards flame retardant cotton fabrics by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization: Synthesis and application of novel phosphoramidate monomers}, volume={209}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866846185&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.08.031}, abstractNote={The synthesis of two novel phosphoramidate flame retardant monomers for application to cotton textiles using atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was achieved and the molecular structures were characterized using +ESI-MS and FT-IR. The effects of plasma exposure time, monomer concentration, crosslinker chemistry, crosslinker concentration and photoinitiator concentration on grafting yield were investigated and the process was optimized for highest grafting yield. SEM images of the treated fabrics showed a grafted polymer layer covalently bonded to the polymer structure of cotton that survived a lengthy extraction process to remove ungrafted homopolymer and/or unreacted monomer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that fabrics treated with the monomers demonstrated an increased thermal stability relative to untreated cotton. Vertical burn testing demonstrated the effectiveness of the grafted phosphorus-containing polymer at promoting char formation even though the fabrics were not self-extinguishing. Measurement of the amount of phosphorus present on the treated samples confirmed that the add-on using this application strategy was too low for self-extinguishing properties, but the rest of the evidence suggested that these compounds have the potential for use in generating flame retardant cotton substrates provided that a more suitable application strategy is developed to further improve grafting yield.}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Edwards, Brian and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter and Malshe, Priya}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={73–79} }