@article{denk_mclellan_pabst_rommel_keenan_sharp_niemeyer_hunter_block_nelson_et al._2023, title={Melon and rostral muscle morphology of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus): Alternating patterns of bilateral asymmetry}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.25301}, abstractNote={Toothed whales utilize specialized nasal structures such as the lipid-rich melon to produce sound and propagate it into the aquatic environment. Very little nasal morphology of mesoplodont beaked whales has been described in the literature, and the anatomy of the melon and associated musculature of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus) remains undescribed. Heads of three (n = 3) Gervais' beaked whales were examined in detail via dissection as well as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two additional Gervais' beaked whale individuals (n = 2) were studied via archived CT and MRI scans. Representative transverse dissection sections of the melon were processed for polarized light imaging to verify the presence of tendons inserting into the melon tissue. Three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstructions of the melon, rostral muscles, and associated structures were performed to assess morphology and spatial relationships. In all individuals, the melon's main body demonstrated a bilaterally asymmetrical, curvilinear geometry. This curvilinear shape was defined by a pattern of alternating asymmetry in the medial rostral muscles that projected into the melon's tissue. In transverse polarized light imaging, a network of tendons originating from these asymmetrical rostral muscle projections was observed permeating the melon's lipid tissue. This curvilinear melon morphology and associated asymmetrical musculature suggest a means of lengthening the lipid pathway within a relatively short dimensional footprint. In addition, the species-specific arrangement of muscular projections suggests complex fine-tuning of the melon's geometry during echolocation. Further studies may lend additional insight into the function of this unusual melon morphology.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Denk, Michael and McLellan, William and Pabst, D. Ann and Rommel, Sentiel and Keenan, Tiffany and Sharp, Sarah and Niemeyer, Misty and Hunter, Nicole and Block, Gary and Nelson, Nathan and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{salas_capuano_harms_piniak_mooney_2023, title={Temporary noise-induced underwater hearing loss in an aquatic turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1520-8524"]}, DOI={10.1121/10.0020588}, abstractNote={Noise pollution in aquatic environments can cause hearing loss in noise-exposed animals. We investigated whether exposure to continuous underwater white noise (50-1000 Hz) affects the auditory sensitivity of an aquatic turtle Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider) across 16 noise conditions of differing durations and amplitudes. Sound exposure levels (SELs) ranged between 155 and 193 dB re 1 μPa2 s, and auditory sensitivity was measured at 400 Hz using auditory evoked potential methods. Comparing control and post-exposure thresholds revealed temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in all three individuals, with at least two of the three turtles experiencing TTS at all but the two lowest SELs tested, and shifts up to 40 dB. There were significant positive relationships between shift magnitude and exposure duration, amplitude, and SEL. The mean predicted TTS onset was 160 dB re 1 μPa2 s. There was individual variation in susceptibility to TTS, threshold shift magnitude, and recovery rate, which was non-monotonic and occurred on time scales ranging from < 1 h to > 2 days post-exposure. Recovery rates were generally greater after higher magnitude shifts. Sound levels inducing hearing loss were comparatively low, suggesting aquatic turtles may be more sensitive to underwater noise than previously considered.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Salas, Andria K. and Capuano, Alyssa M. and Harms, Craig A. and Piniak, Wendy E. D. and Mooney, T. Aran}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={1003–1017} }
 @article{runde_harms_2023, title={Vet the journal before you submit: turnaround times of journals publishing in zoological medicine and related fields}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2376-5992"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.15656}, abstractNote={Many factors influence selection of a target journal for publishing scientific papers, including “fit” within the journal’s scope, acceptance rate, readership, open access options, submission and publication costs, journal quality, and timeliness of publication. Timeliness of publication can be a critical factor affecting career development, but many journals are not transparent about turnaround times. Here we evaluated 49 journals publishing papers in zoological medicine and related fields between 2017 and 2022, and aggregated and examined distributions of turnaround time of journals that publicly provided the requisite data, in order to aid authors in selecting target journals that best meet their needs. Of 49 journals evaluated, 39 provided necessary dates for reconstructing turnaround times. Of these, median times to acceptance ranged from 37 to 338 days, and median times to publication ranged from 41 to 403.5 days. The percentage of papers published in greater than 1 year (“slow”) ranged from 0 to 57.1%, while the percentage of papers published in under 6 months (“timely”) ranged from 0.8 to 99.8%. Acceptance rates and times to first decision were available for only 22% and 20%, respectively, of journals evaluated. Results may prove useful for authors deciding where to submit their works, depending on how they prioritize the many factors involved.}, journal={PEERJ COMPUTER SCIENCE}, author={Runde, Brendan and Harms, Craig}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{robuck_hudak_agvent_emery_ryan_perold_powers_pedersen_thompson_suca_et al._2022, title={Birds of a Feather Eat Plastic Together: High Levels of Plastic Ingestion in Great Shearwater Adults and Juveniles Across Their Annual Migratory Cycle}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2021.719721}, abstractNote={Limited work to date has examined plastic ingestion in highly migratory seabirds like Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis) across their entire migratory range. We examined 217 Great Shearwaters obtained from 2008–2019 at multiple locations spanning their yearly migration cycle across the Northwest and South Atlantic to assess accumulation of ingested plastic as well as trends over time and between locations. A total of 2328 plastic fragments were documented in the ventriculus portion of the gastrointestinal tract, with an average of 9 plastic fragments per bird. The mass, count, and frequency of plastic occurrence (FO) varied by location, with higher plastic burdens but lower FO in South Atlantic adults and chicks from the breeding colonies. No fragments of the same size or morphology were found in the primary forage fish prey, the Sand Lance (Ammodytes spp., n = 202) that supports Great Shearwaters in Massachusetts Bay, United States, suggesting the birds directly ingest the bulk of their plastic loads rather than accumulating via trophic transfer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that low- and high-density polyethylene were the most common polymers ingested, within all years and locations. Individuals from the South Atlantic contained a higher proportion of larger plastic items and fragments compared to analogous life stages in the NW Atlantic, possibly due to increased use of remote, pelagic areas subject to reduced inputs of smaller, more diverse, and potentially less buoyant plastics found adjacent to coastal margins. Different signatures of polymer type, size, and category between similar life stages at different locations suggests rapid turnover of ingested plastics commensurate with migratory stage and location, though more empirical evidence is needed to ground-truth this hypothesis. This work is the first to comprehensively measure the accumulation of ingested plastics by Great Shearwaters over the last decade and across multiple locations spanning their yearly trans-equatorial migration cycle and underscores their utility as sentinels of plastic pollution in Atlantic ecosystems.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Robuck, Anna R. and Hudak, Christine A. and Agvent, Lindsay and Emery, Gwenyth and Ryan, Peter G. and Perold, Vonica and Powers, Kevin D. and Pedersen, Johanna and Thompson, Michael A. and Suca, Justin J. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{dannemiller_christiansen_harms_minter_heugten_2022, title={Comparison of Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles between Lionfish (Pterois spp.) in Wild and Managed Care Environments}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3030028}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg3030028}, abstractNote={Suboptimal nutrition may contribute to lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) health issues in managed care environments. This study’s objective was to establish and compare whole blood fatty acid profiles in wild and aquarium lionfish. Whole blood samples were dried onto specialized high-quality paper cards from wild, invasive lionfish harvested off the North Carolina coast (n = 16) and lionfish managed by the North Carolina Aquariums (n = 12). Blood fatty acid profiles were analyzed from dried blood spots. Aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) higher linoleic (18:2ω6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acid levels than wild lionfish. Similarly, aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) lower saturated fatty acids and arachidonic (20:4ω6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) ratios than wild lionfish. Total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as the ratio of these two fatty acid groups, were similar between wild and aquarium lionfish. Gut content analysis of wild lionfish diets included reef-dependent and schooling fish while aquarium lionfish diets were pelagic fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and commercial gel diets with nutrient supplements. This study reports whole blood fatty acid profiles in lionfish, providing comparative macronutrient data that may be useful for improving their nutrition and welfare in aquariums.}, journal={Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens}, author={Dannemiller, Nicholas G. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Harms, Craig A. and Minter, Larry J. and Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{heniff_chen_christiansen_harms_law_legner_linder_2022, title={Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma in a captive white catfish (Ameiurus catus Linnaeus)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1365-2761"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13625}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.13625}, abstractNote={Abstract A wild caught white catfish (Ameiurus catus Linnaeus) developed multiple cutaneous masses. Cytology revealed neoplastic lymphocytes and microscopy confirmed dermal infiltration with epitheliotropism in the epidermis, oral mucosa, and cornea, without internal organ involvement. Transmission electron microscopy did not identify viral particles. Histopathology supported cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma, a condition most commonly reported in mammals. This is the first reported case of cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma in an ictalurid and one of the few published cases of this condition in any fish species.}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Chen, Laura R. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Harms, Craig A. and Law, Jerry M. and Legner, Christian and Linder, Keith E.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mones_heniff_harms_balko_2022, title={EVALUATION OF INTRACARDIAC ADMINISTRATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, IVERMECTIN, OR LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0012}, abstractNote={Abstract: Methods to anesthetize and euthanize aquatic invertebrates have proven unreliable in decapods; thus studies to optimize euthanasia techniques for crustaceans are needed. Study objectives were to evaluate efficacy of intracardiac potassium chloride (KCl), ivermectin, or lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) for euthanasia of anesthetized blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Twenty adult male crabs (n = 5/group) were immersed in 500 mg/L eugenol for 5 min beyond loss of the righting reflex and then randomly administered intracardiac 10 mEq/kg KCl (333 mg/mL), 5 mg/kg ivermectin (10 mg/ml), 100 mg/kg lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) (20 mg/ml), or 5 ml/kg saline (0.9%). Serial heart rate assessments were made using a Doppler probe placed over the dorsum, and times to loss of righting reflex, Doppler sound cessation, and/or recovery were recorded. Median (range) time to loss of righting reflex was 32 (17–57) min. One crab in all groups, except lidocaine HCl, had no detectable Doppler sounds prior to injection. In the remaining crabs, Doppler sound cessation occurred in 4/4, 4/4, 4/5, and 0/4 crabs administered KCl, ivermectin, lidocaine HCl, and saline, respectively. Median (range) time to Doppler sound cessation was 30 (0–55), 18 (16–28), and 50 (0–90) s in KCl, ivermectin, and lidocaine HCl groups, respectively. Tonic limb movements were observed in 5/5 KCl-treated crabs. Median (range) time to recovery was 180 (115–345) and 300 m in four saline-treated crabs and one lidocaine HCl–treated crab, respectively. Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg and ivermectin at 5 mg/kg were effective, rapid methods for euthanasia of anesthetized blue crabs.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Harms, Craig A. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={689–695} }
 @article{runde_buckel_bacheler_tharp_rudershausen_harms_ben‐horin_2022, title={Evaluation of six methods for external attachment of electronic tags to fish: assessment of tag retention, growth and fish welfare}, volume={101}, ISSN={0022-1112 1095-8649}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14989}, DOI={10.1111/jfb.14989}, abstractNote={Abstract External attachment of electronic tags has been increasingly used in fish studies. Many researchers have used ad hoc attachment methods and provided little or no validation for the assumption that tagging itself does not bias animal behaviour or survival. The authors compared six previously published methods for externally attaching acoustic transmitters to fish in a tank holding experiment with black sea bass Centropristis striata (L.). They tracked tag retention, fish growth and external trauma (as a measure of fish welfare) for 60 days. For each of these metrics, the results showed a wide range of responses among tagging treatments. A simple attachment method using a spaghetti tag passed through the dorsal musculature of the fish and tied to the end cap of the transmitter emerged as the preferred option based on high retention, no impact on growth and relatively low detriment to fish welfare. Future field studies using external electronic tagging should consider tag‐related effects that could compromise results when selecting a method for tag attachment.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fish Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Runde, Brendan J. and Buckel, Jeffrey A. and Bacheler, Nathan M. and Tharp, Ryan M. and Rudershausen, Paul J. and Harms, Craig A. and Ben‐Horin, Tal}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={419–430} }
 @article{carpenter_harms_2022, title={Limits to relying solely on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies for an exotic animal formulary}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.13579}, abstractNote={We found your article, ‘Evaluation of sources cited by an exotic animal formulary for supporting drug dosages and reference intervals in mammals’ (Golden et al., 2022: JSAP 2022:1–10) to be interesting and well written. However, the authors do not fully convey the nature, complexity and evolution of our formulary, a reference that has evolved and expanded over the last 30 years. For the Exotic Animal Formulary 5 E (Carpenter 2018), 29 of the most recognised specialists in our field evaluated published drug dosages, related biologic and medical information and references, and selected those that would be most clinically useful and relevant to the practitioner. Based on our collective clinical experience and after reviewing many thousands of references, approximately 2400 references were selected to be cited. Not only are all drug dosages referenced, but almost all have ‘comments’, including stating if the dosage is based on a pharmacokinetic (PK) or pharmacodynamic (PD) study. ‘This book is not intended to replace existing medical resources or the use of sound medical judgement…This formulary assumes that the reader has a reasonable understanding of veterinary medicine.’ ‘All users…should empirically evaluate all dosages to determine that they are reasonable prior to use.’ ‘…Until more pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety studies…are conducted, most dosages used in these species are based on empirical data, observations, and experience.’ Although the authors are correct in suggesting that PK/PD studies are the gold standard, there are still relatively few PK/PD studies performed in exotic animals. So as we continue to conduct PK/PD studies on drugs used in exotic species, we, out of necessity, need to cite dosages and references from the most reliable sources possible. Although a formulary for exotic animals based solely on PK/PD studies would be ideal, at the present time that formulary would be extremely brief and only of minimal use to clinicians.}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Carpenter, J. W. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{wahltinez_stacy_hadfield_harms_lewbart_newton_nunamaker_2022, title={Perspective: Opportunities for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.973376}, abstractNote={Welfare considerations and regulations for invertebrates have lagged behind those for vertebrates, despite invertebrates comprising more than 95% of earth's species. Humans interact with and use aquatic invertebrates for exhibition in zoos and aquaria, as pets, research subjects, and important food sources. Recent research has indicated that aquatic invertebrates, in particular cephalopod mollusks and decapod crustaceans, experience stress and may be able to feel pain. With this article, we present results of a survey on attitudes of aquatic animal health professionals toward aquatic invertebrate welfare and provide practical recommendations for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare across four areas of opportunity: use of anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia; development of less invasive diagnostic and research sampling methods based on 3R principles; use of humane slaughter methods for aquatic invertebrates; and reducing impacts of invasive procedures in aquaculture and fisheries. We encourage consideration of these opportunities to achieve far-reaching improvements in aquatic invertebrate welfare.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Wahltinez, Sarah J. and Stacy, Nicole I. and Hadfield, Catherine A. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Newton, Alisa L. and Nunamaker, Elizabeth A.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{heniff_minter_harms_bibus_koutsos_heugten_2022, title={Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4010001}, abstractNote={When subjected to cold environmental temperatures, cheloniid sea turtles can experience debilitating lethargy, anorexia, and potential mortality in a phenomenon known as cold-stunning. Every year, hundreds to thousands of cold-stunned sea turtles are transported to rehabilitation centers for medical and nutritional care. The objective of this study was to investigate one aspect of nutritional status in cold-stunned sea turtles: fatty acid profiles. Blood was collected from eleven green (Chelonia mydas), twelve Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and three loggerhead (Caretta caretta) juvenile sea turtles found cold-stunned along the coast of North Carolina, USA. Whole blood (~160 µL) was dried onto specialized paper spot cards, frozen, and subsequently analyzed via gas chromatography to quantify fatty acid percentages. Significant differences among species were identified for 19 out of 36 individual fatty acids analyzed and six out of seven fatty acid groups evaluated (P < 0.5). The whole blood fatty acid profiles of cold-stunned green and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles were similar to prior published profiles of healthy conspecifics. Marginal numerical differences noted upon visual comparison included that cold-stunned sea turtles had lower proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monoenes and higher proportions of total saturated fatty acids relative to healthy conspecifics. These differences may reflect acute impacts of cold-stunning on circulating plasma fatty acids or may be the result of natural seasonal variations. These data provide practical information to aid in the diet design of sea turtles in rehabilitation settings.}, journal={Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Minter, Larry J. and Harms, Craig A. and Bibus, Doug and Koutsos, Elizabeth A. and Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{robinson_garcia-parraga_stacy_costidis_blanco_clyde-brockway_haas_harms_patel_stacy_et al._2021, title={A Baseline Model For Estimating the Risk of Gas Embolism in Sea Turtles During Routine Dives}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1664-042X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2021.678555}, abstractNote={Sea turtles, like other air-breathing diving vertebrates, commonly experience significant gas embolism (GE) when incidentally caught at depth in fishing gear and brought to the surface. To better understand why sea turtles develop GE, we built a mathematical model to estimate partial pressures of N2 (PN2), O2 (PO2), and CO2 (PCO2) in the major body-compartments of diving loggerheads (Caretta caretta), leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas). This model was adapted from a published model for estimating gas dynamics in marine mammals and penguins. To parameterize the sea turtle model, we used values gleaned from previously published literature and 22 necropsies. Next, we applied this model to data collected from free-roaming individuals of the three study species. Finally, we varied body-condition and cardiac output within the model to see how these factors affected the risk of GE. Our model suggests that cardiac output likely plays a significant role in the modulation of GE, especially in the deeper diving leatherback turtles. This baseline model also indicates that even during routine diving behavior, sea turtles are at high risk of GE. This likely means that turtles have additional behavioral, anatomical, and/or physiologic adaptions that serve to reduce the probability of GE but were not incorporated in this model. Identifying these adaptations and incorporating them into future iterations of this model will further reveal the factors driving GE in sea turtles.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Robinson, Nathan J. and Garcia-Parraga, Daniel and Stacy, Brian A. and Costidis, Alexander M. and Blanco, Gabriela S. and Clyde-Brockway, Chelsea E. and Haas, Heather L. and Harms, Craig A. and Patel, Samir H. and Stacy, Nicole I. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{koutsos_minter_ange-van heugten_mejia-fava_harms_2021, title={Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Neiritic Juvenile Wild Green Turtles (Chelonia Mydas) and Kemp's Ridleys (Lepidochelys Kempii)}, volume={52}, ISSN={1042-7260}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2019-0173}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0173}, abstractNote={Abstract: Blood fatty acid profiles can indicate an animal's wild-type diet composition and fatty acid status, but have not been reported in sea turtles. Newer technologies allow for fatty acid profiles from very small (less than three drops) samples of whole blood. This study examined whole blood fatty acid profiles of presumably healthy, neritic, juvenile, wild green (Chelonia mydas) (n = 9; 6 males, 3 females) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) (n = 8; 6 males, 2 females) turtles from North Carolina, USA. Saturated fatty acids, which can be synthesized de novo, consisted primarily of 16:0, although green turtle blood had a higher proportion of 18:0 (P < 0.001) than Kemp's ridleys, while Kemp's ridley blood had higher proportions of 17:0 (P = 0.007), 20:0 (P = 0.03), 22:0 (P= 0.002), and 24:0 (P < 0.001) as compared with green turtles. Total monounsaturated w7 fatty acids, which can be synthesized de novo or may be diet derived, were higher in Kemp's ridleys and predominantly in the form of 16:1 and 18:1w7 fatty acids. Kemp's ridley blood had more than double the relative proportion of 16:1w7 as compared with green turtles (P= 0.03). Green turtles had higher levels of 18:2w6 than Kemp's ridleys (P= 0.02). In both turtle species, 20:4w6 was detected, despite predicted low dietary proportions, suggesting bioconversion from precursors. Finally, green turtles had higher levels of 18:3w3 compared with Kemp's ridleys, while Kemp's ridleys had higher proportions of 20:5w3 compared with green turtles (P < 0.001, = 0.007, respectively). Whole blood fatty acid profiles generally correlate to previous work with lipid depots, supporting the use of this less invasive methodology to advance the understanding of fatty acid nutrition of sea turtles. These data can be used to assess and guide nutrition and health programs for sea turtles under human care.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Koutsos, Elizabeth A. and Minter, Larry J. and Ange-Van Heugten, Kimberly D. and Mejia-Fava, Johanna C. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={610–617} }
 @article{linnehan_gomez_huston_hsu_takeshita_colegrove_harms_barratclough_deming_rowles_et al._2021, title={Cardiac assessments of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico following exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261112}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0261112}, abstractNote={The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill profoundly impacted the health of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, LA (BB). To comprehensively assess the cardiac health of dolphins living within the DWH oil spill footprint, techniques for in-water cardiac evaluation were refined with dolphins cared for by the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program in 2018 and applied to free-ranging bottlenose dolphins in BB (n = 34) and Sarasota Bay, Florida (SB) (n = 19), a non-oiled reference population. Cardiac auscultation detected systolic murmurs in the majority of dolphins from both sites (88% BB, 89% SB) and echocardiography showed most of the murmurs were innocent flow murmurs attributed to elevated blood flow velocity [1]. Telemetric six-lead electrocardiography detected arrhythmias in BB dolphins (43%) and SB dolphins (31%), all of which were considered low to moderate risk for adverse cardiac events. Echocardiography showed BB dolphins had thinner left ventricular walls, with significant differences in intraventricular septum thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.002), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.033). BB dolphins also had smaller left atrial size (p = 0.004), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve prolapse (p = 0.003), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve thickening (p = 0.033), and higher prevalence of aortic valve thickening (p = 0.008). Two dolphins in BB were diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension based on Doppler echocardiography-derived estimates and supporting echocardiographic findings. Histopathology of dolphins who stranded within the DWH oil spill footprint showed a significantly higher prevalence of myocardial fibrosis (p = 0.003), regardless of age, compared to dolphins outside the oil spill footprint. In conclusion, there were substantial cardiac abnormalities identified in BB dolphins which may be related to DWH oil exposure, however, future work is needed to rule out other hypotheses and further elucidate the connection between oil exposure, pulmonary disease, and the observed cardiac abnormalities.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Linnehan, Barbara K. and Gomez, Forrest M. and Huston, Sharon M. and Hsu, Adonia and Takeshita, Ryan and Colegrove, Kathleen M. and Harms, Craig A. and Barratclough, Ashley and Deming, Alissa C. and Rowles, Teri K. and et al.}, editor={Corsi, IlariaEditor}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{houck_cohen_harms_runde_rudershausen_buckel_2021, title={Computed Tomographic Assessment of Hooking‐Related Injuries in Recreationally Angled Blue Marlin}, volume={34}, ISSN={0899-7659 1548-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aah.10145}, DOI={10.1002/aah.10145}, abstractNote={Acute morbidity and mortality of marlins (family Istiophoridae) in hook-and-line fisheries have been studied; however, there has been little or no investigation of the skeletal injuries incurred from terminal tackles that could lead to decreased rates of postrelease survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate skeletal injuries in recreationally angled Atlantic Blue Marlin Makaira nigricans from the 2019 Big Rock Blue Marlin Tournament in Morehead City, North Carolina. We examined heads of six Blue Marlin that were angled using artificial lures rigged with J-hooks and harvested for weigh-in. The head of each Blue Marlin was scanned using computed tomography (CT) and examined with gross dissection. The CT interpretation revealed that two Blue Marlin had minimally displaced fractures of the maxilla, one of which also had a fracture to the lachrymal bone. These radiographic lesions were associated with penetrating hook injuries. The CT images also revealed degenerative changes within the quadrate-articular joint in four Blue Marlin, which was associated with fish weight; the causes and consequences of these degenerative changes are unknown. Although the hooking-related jaw fractures likely result in acute pain, their impact on postrelease morbidity is unknown and the impact on postrelease mortality is suspected to be small.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Houck, Emma L. and Cohen, Eli B. and Harms, Craig A. and Runde, Brendan J. and Rudershausen, Paul J. and Buckel, Jeffrey A.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={20–27} }
 @article{page-karjian_whitmore_stacy_perrault_farrell_shaver_walker_frandsen_rantonen_harms_et al._2021, title={Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113076}, DOI={10.3390/ani11113076}, abstractNote={Simple Summary The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is an endangered species that is susceptible to a tumor disease called fibropapillomatosis (FP) and its associated virus, chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). The goal of our study was to describe FP in Kemp’s ridley turtles, including estimated disease prevalence and pathologyg, and case demographics and outcomes, to better understand the risk posed by FP to Kemp’s ridley population recovery. During 2006–2020, we identified 22 cases of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP, including 12 adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class. Molecular diagnostics were used to identify ChHV5 DNA in blood (7.8%) and tumor (91.7%) samples collected from free-ranging Kemp’s ridley turtles. Genomic sequencing was conducted to identify ChHV5 variants in tumor samples collected from Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP. Along with case data, phylogenetic analysis of resultant sequences suggests increasing, spatiotemporal spread of ChHV5 infections and FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in coastal areas, including the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, where they share habitat with green sea turtles (in which FP is enzootic). This is concerning because FP has an uncertain pathogenesis, is potentially related to anthropogenic environmental degradation, and can cause suffering and/or death in severely afflicted turtles. Abstract Fibropapillomatosis (FP), a debilitating, infectious neoplastic disease, is rarely reported in endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). With this study, we describe FP and the associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the United States during 2006–2020. Analysis of 22 case reports of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP revealed that while the disease was mild in most cases, 54.5% were adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class whose survival is a priority for population recovery. Of 51 blood samples from tumor-free turtles and 12 tumor samples from turtles with FP, 7.8% and 91.7%, respectively, tested positive for ChHV5 DNA via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Viral genome shotgun sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of six tumor samples show that ChHV5 sequences in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic cluster with ChHV5 sequences identified in green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles from Hawaii, the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean. Results suggest an interspecific, spatiotemporal spread of FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in regions where the disease is enzootic. Although FP is currently uncommon in this species, it remains a health concern due to its uncertain pathogenesis and potential relationship with habitat degradation.}, number={11}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Page-Karjian, Annie and Whitmore, Liam and Stacy, Brian A. and Perrault, Justin R. and Farrell, Jessica A. and Shaver, Donna J. and Walker, J. Shelby and Frandsen, Hilary R. and Rantonen, Elina and Harms, Craig A. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{keenan_mclellan_rommel_costidis_harms_thewissen_rotstein_gay_potter_taylor_et al._2021, title={Gross and histological morphology of the cervical gill slit gland of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24707}, abstractNote={Odontocete cetaceans have undergone profound modifications to their integument and sensory systems and are generally thought to lack specialized exocrine glands that in terrestrial mammals function to produce chemical signals (Thewissen & Nummela, 2008). Keenan‐Bateman et al. (2016, 2018), though, introduced an enigmatic exocrine gland, associated with the false gill slit pigmentation pattern in Kogia breviceps. These authors provided a preliminary description of this cervical gill slit gland in their helminthological studies of the parasitic nematode, Crassicauda magna. This study offers the first detailed gross and histological description of this gland and reports upon key differences between immature and mature individuals. Investigation reveals it is a complex, compound tubuloalveolar gland with a well‐defined duct that leads to a large, and expandable central chamber, which in turn leads to two caudally projecting diverticula. All regions of the gland contain branched tubular and alveolar secretory regions, although most are found in the caudal diverticula, where the secretory process is holocrine. The gland lies between slips of cutaneous muscle, and is innervated by lamellar corpuscles, resembling Pacinian's corpuscles, suggesting that its secretory product may be actively expressed into the environment. Mature K. breviceps display larger gland size, and increased functional activity in glandular tissues, as compared to immature individuals. These results demonstrate that the cervical gill slit gland of K. breviceps shares morphological features of the specialized, chemical signaling, exocrine glands of terrestrial members of the Cetartiodactyla.}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Keenan, Tiffany F. and McLellan, William A. and Rommel, Sentiel A. and Costidis, Alexander M. and Harms, Craig A. and Thewissen, 'Hans' J. G. M. and Rotstein, David S. and Gay, Mark D. and Potter, Charles W. and Taylor, Alison R. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mones_harms_stoskopf_2021, title={Implications of comparative ventral body wall histology on selection of abdominal surgical approach and closure in 12 species of fish}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1095-8649"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14668}, DOI={10.1111/jfb.14668}, abstractNote={Abstract A ventral midline surgical approach for fish celiotomy is commonly performed in veterinary clinical medicine and research, although the relevant ventral body wall anatomy of many fish species is not well documented. Histological evaluation of tissue samples from the ventral body wall of 12 fish species was performed to provide a reference for surgical approach and closure decisions. The width between muscle bundles running parallel to the long axis and total thickness of tissue layers varied among species. An appreciable space between longitudinal muscles of the ventral body wall and a lack of muscle, vessels and nerves on midline in all species examined supports recommendations of ventral midline incisions to spare important structures. Dense connective tissue consistent with an aponeurosis between musculature along the ventral body wall was not observed in any species evaluated. Connective tissue was concentrated within the dermis of all species evaluated, with an additional layer of collagen along the coelomic membrane in Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii , koi Cyprinus carpio , goldfish Carassius auratus , black drum Pogonias cromis , black seabass Centropristis striata , tomtate Haemulon aurolineatum and scup Stenotomus caprinus . A sufficiently wide space on ventral midline for practical targeting during the surgical approach is present in A. gueldenstaedtii , C. carpio , striped bass Morone saxatilis , H. aurolineatum , P. cromis , rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta . Sand perch Diplectrum formosum , C. auratus , S. caprinus , grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus and black sea bass Centropristis striata have a negligible space between longitudinal muscles on midline. The variation in ventral body wall structure observed in this study helps inform surgical decision making for celiotomy incision and closure in these species.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1342–1348} }
 @article{mones_gruber_harms_lohmann_lohmann_lewbart_2021, title={LACTIC ACIDOSIS INDUCED BY MANUAL RESTRAINT FOR HEALTH EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF TWO POINT-OF-CARE ANALYZERS IN HEALTHY LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2021-0029}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sea turtles are often restrained manually for brief periods during veterinary evaluation and care in rescue, rehabilitation, research, and aquarium settings. Blood gas values and lactate are routinely evaluated during triage of sea turtles, and lactate clearance is of prognostic significance in cold-stunned individuals. Although increases in blood lactate have been associated with muscle exertion, experimental forced submergence, trawl and pound net capture, and general anesthesia, changes in blood lactate associated with short periods of manual restraint have not been evaluated. Venous blood gas and lactate values were tested in 16 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) before and after manual restraint for a 15-min routine veterinary examination. The agreement of blood lactate values between two point-of care analyzers (i-STAT and Lactate Plus) was also compared. Blood pH and bicarbonate (HCO3–) decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increased significantly (P < 0.0001) after 15 min. Lactate increased significantly between time points for both analyzers (P < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed excellent correlation for lactate measurements obtained on both analyzers (r = 0.998). The mean difference in lactate concentrations between the analyzers was statistically significant, indicating that the methods cannot be used interchangeably (P < 0.0001). Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots identified a slight negative proportional bias for lactate measurement by the Lactate Plus compared with the i-STAT. These results suggest that clinicians should evaluate blood gas values and lactate at the beginning of health evaluations and interpret serial lactate values in sea turtles with caution, because even short periods of manual restraint can induce lactic acidosis and considerably influence these values.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Gruber, Erika J. and Harms, Craig A. and Lohmann, Catherine M. F. and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1195–1204} }
 @article{gregory_harms_gorges_lewbart_papich_2021, title={Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after a single intramuscular injection}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12952}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12952}, abstractNote={Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administered as an analgesic in humans. It has analgesic effects comparable to opioids but without adverse effects such as respiratory depression or restrictions because of controlled drug status. We designed this study to examine the potential of ketorolac as an analgesic for sea turtle rehabilitative medicine. Our objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single 0.25 mg/kg intramuscular dose of ketorolac in a population of 16 captive-raised juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). A sparse sampling protocol was utilized, and blood samples were collected for 12 hours after administration of ketorolac. Samples were analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a nonlinear mixed effects model (NLME) was used to determine parameters for the population. With these methods, we identified a long elimination half-life (βT1/2  = 11.867 hr) but a low maximum concentration (CMAX  = 0.508 µg/mL) and concentrations were below the level proposed to be therapeutic in humans (EC50  = 0.1-0.3 μg/mL) for most of the collection period. We conclude that ketorolac may not be an appropriate long-term analgesic for use in loggerhead sea turtles at this dose; however, it may have some benefit as a short-term analgesic.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Harms, Craig A. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={583–589} }
 @article{harms_ruterbories_stacy_christiansen_papich_lynch_barratclough_serrano_2021, title={SAFETY OF MULTIPLE-DOSE INTRAMUSCULAR KETOPROFEN TREATMENT IN LOGGERHEAD TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0159}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sea turtles are frequently presented for rehabilitation with injuries for which analgesic treatment is warranted. Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in clinical veterinary medicine for musculoskeletal pain relief. Pharmacokinetics of 2 mg/kg IM have been studied in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) as a single and a repeated dose q24hr for 3 days. Safety of longer term administration has not been performed, however, and NSAID use carries a risk of potential complications, including gastrointestinal ulceration, kidney damage, and bleeding. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of a 5-day course of ketoprofen on thromboelastography (TEG) and hematological (including thrombocytes) and plasma biochemical analytes in loggerheads. A secondary objective was to determine 24-hr trough concentrations of ketoprofen after 5 days of treatment. Eight loggerheads were treated with ketoprofen 2 mg/kg IM q24hr for 5 days, and TEG, hematology, and plasma biochemistry panels were performed before and at the conclusion of treatment. Eight controls were treated with an equivalent volume of saline intramuscularly. Virtually no changes were detected before and after treatment or between treatment and control groups in any of the 24 endpoints evaluated, and marginal differences were not considered clinically relevant. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations after 5 days of treatment indicated no accumulation over that duration. Ketoprofen at 2 mg/kg IM q24hr for up to 5 days in loggerheads appears safe with respect to blood clotting and blood data, although other potential effects were not evaluated.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Stacy, Nicole I and Christiansen, Emily F. and Papich, Mark G. and Lynch, Alex M. and Barratclough, Ashley and Serrano, Maria E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={126–132} }
 @article{scott_waffa_devoe_harms_lewbart_2021, title={Successful and unsuccessful nonsurgical removal of ingested golf balls and an artificial egg in four rat snakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)}, volume={258}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.258.10.1135}, abstractNote={CASE DESCRIPTION
4 wild adult rat snakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) were evaluated after ingesting spherical or ovoid foreign bodies.


CLINICAL FINDINGS
Physical examination revealed a large, firm mass at the level of the stomach in each snake. Radiographic findings were consistent with ingestion of a golf ball (3 snakes) or an artificial egg (1 snake). Signs consistent with prolonged impaction included scale loss, dermal abrasions, and apparent loss of body condition in one snake and regional skin ulceration, dehydration, and generalized muscle atrophy in another.


TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Nonsurgical removal of the foreign body was attempted in anesthetized or heavily sedated snakes by external manipulation in the orad direction. A golf ball was removed through the oral cavity without complications in 1 snake. In the other 3 snakes, tension caused by the advancing foreign body resulted in full-thickness skin rupture in the cervical region. The procedure was completed with the use of a balloon catheter to aid foreign body advancement for 1 of the 3 snakes, and the skin defect was closed. The procedure was converted to esophagotomy for the other 2 snakes. Three snakes recovered and were released; 1 died of complications from prolonged impaction and esophageal perforation.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The described nonsurgical techniques for removal of ingested round or ovoid foreign bodies were associated with substantial complications in 3 of 4 treated rat snakes. Although a nonsurgical method for removal of ingested objects such as golf balls could benefit snakes, the methods used for these patients did not appear to be more beneficial than traditional gastrotomy.}, number={10}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Scott, Gregory and Waffa, Bradley J. and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1135–1141} }
 @article{chow_kyritsis_mills_godfrey_harms_anderson_shedlock_2021, title={Tissue and Temperature-Specific RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Genomic Versatility and Adaptive Potential in Wild Sea Turtle Hatchlings (Caretta caretta)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113013}, DOI={10.3390/ani11113013}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Digital transcriptomics is rapidly emerging as a powerful new technology for modelling the environmental dynamics of the adaptive landscape in diverse lineages. This is particularly valuable in taxa such as turtles and tortoises (order Testudines) which contain a large fraction of endangered species at risk due to anthropogenic impacts on the environment, including pollution, overharvest, habitat degradation, and climate change. Sea turtles (family Cheloniidae) in particular invite a genomics-enabled approach to investigating their remarkable portfolio of adaptive evolution. Our de novo transcriptome assemblies and measurements of tissue- and temperature- specific global gene expression in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) reveal the genomic basis for potential resiliency in this endangered flagship species, and are crucial to future management and conservation strategies with attention to changing climates. We summarize the interactions among differentially expressed genes by producing network visualizations, and highlight the shared biological pathways related to development, migration, immunity, and longevity reported in the avian and reptilian literature. Our original results for loggerhead sea turtles provide a large, new comparative genomic resource for the investigation of genotype–phenotype relationships in amniotes. Abstract Background: Digital transcriptomics is rapidly emerging as a powerful new technology for modelling the environmental dynamics of the adaptive landscape in diverse lineages. This is particularly valuable in taxa such as turtles and tortoises (order Testudines) which contain a large fraction of endangered species at risk due to anthropogenic impacts on the environment, including pollution, overharvest, habitat degradation, and climate change. Sea turtles (family Cheloniidae) in particular invite a genomics-enabled approach to investigating their remarkable portfolio of adaptive evolution. The sex of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is subject to temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a mechanism by which exposure to temperatures during embryonic development irreversibly determines sex. Higher temperatures produce mainly female turtles and lower temperatures produce mainly male turtles. Incubation temperature can have long term effects on the immunity, migratory ability, and ultimately longevity of hatchlings. We perform RNA-seq differential expression analysis to investigate tissue- and temperature-specific gene expression within brain (n = 7) and gonadal (n = 4) tissue of male and female loggerhead hatchlings. Results: We assemble tissue- and temperature-specific transcriptomes and identify differentially expressed genes relevant to sexual development and life history traits of broad adaptive interest to turtles and other amniotic species. We summarize interactions among differentially expressed genes by producing network visualizations, and highlight shared biological pathways related to migration, immunity, and longevity reported in the avian and reptile literature. Conclusions: The measurement of tissue- and temperature-specific global gene expression of an endangered, flagship species such as the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) reveals the genomic basis for potential resiliency and is crucial to future management and conservation strategies with attention to changing climates. Brain and gonadal tissue collected from experimentally reared loggerhead male and female hatchlings comprise an exceedingly rare dataset that permits the identification of genes enriched in functions related to sexual development, immunity, longevity, and migratory behavior and will serve as a large, new genomic resource for the investigation of genotype–phenotype relationships in amniotes.}, number={11}, journal={ANIMALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chow, Julie C. and Kyritsis, Nia and Mills, Micah and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Harms, Craig A. and Anderson, Paul E. and Shedlock, Andrew M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{page-karjian_lo_ritchie_harms_rotstein_han_hassan_lehner_buchweitz_thayer_et al._2020, title={Anthropogenic Contaminants and Histopathological Findings in Stranded Cetaceans in the Southeastern United States, 2012-2018}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2020.00630}, abstractNote={Anthropogenic contaminants in the marine environment often biodegrade slowly, bioaccumulate in organisms, and can have deleterious effects on wildlife immunity, health, reproduction, and development. In this study, we evaluated tissue toxicant concentrations and pathology data from 83 odontocetes that stranded in the southeastern United States during 2012–2018. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze blubber samples for five organic toxicants (atrazine, bisphenol-A, diethyl phthalates, nonylphenol monoethoxylate [NPE], triclosan), and liver samples were analyzed for five non-essential elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, thallium), six essential elements (cobalt, copper, manganese, iron, selenium, zinc) and one toxicant mixture class (Aroclor1268). Resultant data considerably improve upon the existing knowledge base regarding toxicant concentrations in stranded odontocetes. Toxicant and element concentrations varied based on animal demographic factors including species, sex, age, and location. Samples from bottlenose dolphins had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, thallium, and zinc, and lower average concentrations of NPE, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and iron than samples from pygmy sperm whales. In adult female bottlenose dolphins, average arsenic concentrations were significantly higher and iron concentrations were significantly lower than in adult males. Adult bottlenose dolphins had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, mercury, and selenium, and significantly lower average manganese concentrations compared to juveniles. Dolphins that stranded in Florida had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, mercury, and selenium, and lower concentrations of iron than dolphins that stranded in North Carolina. Histopathological data are presented for 72 animals, including microscopic evidence of Campula spp. and Sarcocystis spp. infections, and results of Morbillivirus and Brucella spp. molecular diagnostic testing. Sublethal cellular changes related to toxicant exposure in free-ranging odontocetes may lead to health declines and, in combination with other factors, may contribute to stranding.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Page-Karjian, Annie and Lo, Catherine F. and Ritchie, Branson and Harms, Craig A. and Rotstein, David S. and Han, Sushan and Hassan, Sayed M. and Lehner, Andreas F. and Buchweitz, John P. and Thayer, Victoria G. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{perrault_arendt_schwenter_byrd_harms_cray_tuxbury_wood_stacy_2020, title={Blood analytes of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) fromGeorgia, USA: reference intervals and body size correlations}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coaa091}, abstractNote={Health assessments of endangered wildlife are essential for conservation and management, as populations cannot recover if the individuals within them are unhealthy. We analyzed blood analytes in immature Kemp’s ridley sea turtles, established reference intervals and identified changes in blood analytes associated with growth.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Perrault, Justin R. and Arendt, Michael D. and Schwenter, Jeffrey A. and Byrd, Julia L. and Harms, Craig A. and Cray, Carolyn and Tuxbury, Kathryn A. and Wood, Lawrence D. and Stacy, Nicole I}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{wahltinez_newton_harms_lahner_stacy_2020, title={Coelomic Fluid Evaluation in Pisaster ochraceus Affected by Sea Star Wasting Syndrome: Evidence of Osmodysregulation, Calcium Homeostasis Derangement, and Coelomocyte Responses}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00131}, abstractNote={Sea Star Wasting Syndrome (SSWS) is one of the largest marine wildlife die-offs ever recorded, killing millions of sea stars from more than 20 Asteroid species from Alaska to Mexico from 2013 to 2015 from yet undetermined cause(s). Coelomic fluid surrounds the sea star's organs, playing critical roles in numerous systemic processes, including nutrient transportation and immune functions. Coelomocytes, which are cellular components of coelomic fluid and considered functionally equivalent to vertebrate leukocytes, are responsible for innate cell-mediated immunity. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate changes in coelomic fluid chemistry, coelomocyte counts, and cytology from ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) (n = 55) with clinical signs consistent with SSWS at varying intensity (SSWS score 1: n = 4, score 2: n = 2, score 3: n = 3, score 4: n = 18, score 5: n = 26) in comparison to coelomic fluid from clinically normal sea stars (n = 26) and to (2) correlate SSWS score with cellular and biochemical analytes. SSWS-affected sea stars had wider ranges of all electrolytes, except calcium; statistically significantly higher chloride, osmolality, and total protein; lower calcium; and higher coelomocyte counts when compared to clinically normal sea stars maintained under identical environmental conditions. Free and/or phagocytized bacteria were noted in 29% (16 of 55) coelomic fluid samples from SSWS-affected sea stars but were absent in clinically normal sea stars. SSWS score correlated significantly with increasing chloride concentration, osmolality, and coelomocyte counts. These chemistry and cytological findings in coelomic fluid of SSWS-affected sea stars provide insight into the pathophysiology of SSWS as these results suggest osmo- and calcium dysregulation, coelomocyte responses, and presumptive opportunistic bacterial infection in SSWS-affected sea stars. This information provides potential future research applications for the development of treatment strategies for sea stars in managed care and for understanding the complexity of various biochemical and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms involved in sea star wasting.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Wahltinez, Sarah J. and Newton, Alisa L. and Harms, Craig A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Stacy, Nicole I}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{scott_law_christiansen_lewbart_harms_2020, title={EVALUATION OF LOCALIZED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS SECONDARY TO INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0096}, abstractNote={Abstract: Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone widely used in animals including fish. Intramuscular (IM) injection of enrofloxacin is a feasible and efficacious option for drug delivery. In many species IM injection has been associated with injection site reactions and increases in serum muscle enzymes. Injection site reactions have not been well characterized in fish. Three groups of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) received an IM injection of enrofloxacin 2.27% in the right epaxial musculature 24, 48, or 96 hr prior to evaluation. Mean dose was 7.69 mg/ kg (6.14–9.69 mg/kg). The 24- and 48-hr groups received an injection of equal-volume 0.9% saline in the left epaxial musculature. A corresponding noninjected tissue sample was designated in the left epaxial musculature from each fish of the 96-hr group. Fish were euthanized and injection sites and noninjection control sites were evaluated grossly and histologically. Grades 1–4 were assigned to samples, with grade 1 corresponding to normal tissue and grades 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe inflammation and/or necrosis respectively. Externally, all control and injection sites appeared visually unremarkable. On cut surface, epaxial muscle of the enrofloxacin-injected tissue appeared moderately to severely hemorrhagic compared to saline and noninjected tissue, which was normal or mildly hemorrhagic. Histologically, eight of eight noninjected tissues were grade 1. For saline-injected tissues, 14 of 16 tissues were grade 2 and 2 samples were grade 3 when 24- and 48-hr groups were combined. For enrofloxacin-injected tissues, 8 of the 8 24-hr samples were grade 3 and 16 of the 16 48- and 96-hr samples were grade 4. These data show that IM injection of enrofloxacin 2.27% is associated with severe hemorrhage, necrosis, and inflammation in striped bass, and may negatively affect animal welfare.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Scott, Gregory and Law, Mac and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{harms_boylan_stacy_beasley_garcia-parraga_godfrey_2020, title={Gas embolism and massive blunt force trauma to sea turtles entrained in hopper dredges in North and South Carolina, USA}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao03542}, abstractNote={Decompression sickness (DCS) has been described mainly in loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta bycaught in trawls and gillnets. Here we present cases of gas emboli (GE) in 8 green turtles Chelonia mydas and 2 Kemp's ridleys Lepidochelys kempii entrained in hopper dredges that were working at 8.8-15.2 m depths during shipping channel maintenance or beach renourishment activities. Turtle weights ranged from 2.2 to 6.7 kg. All were found alive with blunt force injuries from passage through the dredge and were taken to rehabilitation facilities. Four green turtles died or were euthanized within 24 h. Six turtles survived. Radiographic or ultrasonographic evidence of GE was detected in 4 turtles, including 3 mortalities. Computed tomography (CT) revealed perirenal and cervical GE in 4 turtles, including 1 mortality. No GE were detected in 2 of the survivors. Upon necropsy, GE were found in mesenteric vessels, the right atrium, and kidneys. Histopathology confirmed that tissues were in a good state of preservation without evidence of bacterial overgrowth or putrefactive gas formation. Death likely resulted primarily from massive tissue trauma from the dredge, but moderate GE could have led to DCS and complicated recovery. The surviving turtles weighed less than those that did not survive. Besides hypothesized stress/exercise-induced circulatory changes of blood through the lungs and pressure reduction of forced surfacing from depth, drastic pressure change within the dredge pipes before and after the pump could contribute to GE. Hopper dredge entrainment is an additional cause of GE and potential DCS in sea turtles.}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Boylan, Shane M. and Stacy, Brian A. and Beasley, Jean F. and Garcia-Parraga, Daniel and Godfrey, Matthew H.}, year={2020}, pages={189–196} }
 @article{page-karjian_serrano_cartzendafner_morgan_ritchie_gregory_mcneill_perrault_christiansen_harms_2020, title={Molecular Assessment of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Tumor-Free Green (Chelonia mydas) and Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Sea Turtles in North Carolina, USA, 2015–2019}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111964}, DOI={10.3390/ani10111964}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating tumor disease of sea turtles that is sometimes fatal. This disease is a key concern for sea turtle rehabilitation facilities due to its infectious nature, as it is associated with a virus called chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5. This is the first study to analyze antibodies to this virus in loggerhead sea turtles and represents the most complete dataset on viral detection in sea turtles encountered in the more northern latitudes of their habitat in the western Atlantic. Abstract Fibropapillomatosis is associated with chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) and tumor formation in sea turtles. We collected blood samples from 113 green (Chelonia mydas) and 112 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles without fibropapillomatosis, including 46 free-ranging turtles (20 green turtles, 26 loggerheads), captured in Core Sound, North Carolina, and 179 turtles (93 green turtles, 86 loggerheads) in rehabilitative care in North Carolina. Blood samples were analyzed for ChHV5 DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and for antibodies to ChHV5 peptides using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). None of the samples from foraging turtles tested positive for ChHV5 by qPCR; ELISA was not used for foraging turtles. Samples from 18/179 (10.1%) rehabilitating turtles tested positive for ChHV5 using qPCR, and 32/56 (57.1%) rehabilitating turtles tested positive for antibodies to ChHV5 using ELISA. Five turtles that tested positive by qPCR or ELISA at admission converted to being undetectable during rehabilitation, and five that initially tested negative converted to being positive. Both sea turtle species were significantly more likely to test positive for ChHV5 using ELISA than with qPCR (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the proportions of green turtles versus loggerheads that tested positive for ChHV5 using qPCR, but loggerheads were significantly more likely than green turtles to test positive for ChHV5 using ELISA. This finding suggests that loggerheads infected with ChHV5 at some point in their life may be more able than green turtles to mount an effective immune response against recrudescent infection, pointing to species-specific genetic differences in the two species’ immune response to ChHV5 infection. This is the first study to analyze antibodies to ChHV5 in loggerhead turtles and represents the most complete dataset on ChHV5 DNA detection in sea turtles encountered in the more northern latitudes of their western Atlantic habitat.}, journal={Animals}, author={Page-Karjian, Annie and Serrano, Maria E. and Cartzendafner, Jeffrey and Morgan, Ashley and Ritchie, Branson W. and Gregory, Christopher R. and McNeill, Joanne Braun and Perrault, Justin R. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{scott_field_papich_harms_2020, title={Plasma concentrations of itraconazole following a single oral dose in juvenile California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12865}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12865}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Scott, Gregory and Field, Cara L. and Papich, Mark G. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{archibald_scott_bailey_harms_2019, title={2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) immersion anesthesia of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus)}, volume={50}, ISBN={1937-2825}, ISSN={1042-7260}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0085}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0085}, abstractNote={Abstract: Despite extensive literature examining American horseshoe crab physiology, there are comparatively few publications addressing their medical care. Establishing anesthesia protocols for horseshoe crabs is integral to limiting the potential stress and pain associated with invasive procedures and for advancing euthanasia techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two immersion anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 1 g/L (buffered with sodium carbonate) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at 2 mL/L, on horseshoe crabs. Twenty horseshoe crabs were assigned to one of two anesthetic treatment groups and individually anesthetized in natural seawater. Water quality, cardiac contractility, and hemolymph gas analytes were measured prior to anesthesia and at 30 min Animals were monitored via heart rate, gilling rate, and sedation score every 5 min until recovered. Transcarapacial ultrasonography was used to obtain heart rate, gilling rate, and percent fractional shortening. Light or surgical anesthesia was produced in 10/10 animals in the 2-PE group and 8/10 animals in the MS-222 group. There was no significant difference in sedation scores, induction time (median 15 min), or recovery time (median 20.5 min). Gilling rate and cardiac contractility decreased during anesthesia, whereas heart rate did not. Hemolymph pH and pO2 were not different among treatment groups or time points. Baseline pCO2 was higher than pCO2 at 30 min for both groups but significantly elevated only in the MS-222 group. This is attributed to increased activity during the handling of awake animals. Invasive blood pressure obtained via cardiac catheterization in two animals was markedly decreased during surgical anesthesia. In conclusion, 2-PE and MS-222 provided effective anesthesia with clinically useful induction and recovery times. 2-PE provided a subjectively more reliable and smoother anesthesia compared to MS-222.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Archibald, K.E. and Scott, G.N. and Bailey, K.M. and Harms, C.A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={96–106} }
 @article{innis_finn_kennedy_burgess_norton_manire_harms_2019, title={A Summary of Sea Turtles Released from Rescue and Rehabilitation Programs in the United States, with Observations on Re-Encounters}, volume={18}, ISSN={1071-8443}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/CCB-1335.1}, DOI={10.2744/CCB-1335.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A survey of sea turtle rehabilitation facilities in the United States revealed that 34 facilities released 11,417 sea turtles through 2016. The number of turtles released per time period i...}, number={1}, journal={Chelonian Conservation and Biology}, publisher={Chelonian Conservation and Biology Journal}, author={Innis, Charles J. and Finn, Sarah and Kennedy, Adam and Burgess, Elizabeth and Norton, Terry and Manire, Charles A. and Harms, Craig}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={3} }
 @article{barratclough_tuxbury_hanel_stacy_ruterbories_christiansen_harms_2019, title={Baseline plasma thromboelastography in Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and its use to diagnose coagulopathies in cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley and green sea turtles}, volume={50}, ISSN={1042-7260}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0142}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0142}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Cold-stunning in sea turtles is a frequent natural cause of mortality and is defined as a hypothermic state due to exposure to water temperatures <12°C. Derangements of biochemistry and hematology data by cold stunning have been well documented, although the effects on coagulation have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize the hemostatic state of non–cold-stunned sea turtles and to compare cold-stunned sea turtles at admission and after successful rehabilitation via a sea turtle–specific thromboelastography (TEG) protocol. TEG enables evaluation of the entire coagulation process, and the methodology has recently been established in sea turtles. Initially, 30 wild and apparently healthy sea turtles were sampled as controls: loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), n =17; Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii), n = 8; and green turtles (Chelonia mydas), n = 5. In addition, paired TEG samples were performed on 32 Ch. mydas and 14 L. kempii at admission and prerelease after successful rehabilitation from cold stunning. Statistically significant differences in reaction time, kinetics, angle, and maximum amplitude parameters in L. kempii and Ch. mydas species demonstrated that the time taken for blood clot formation was prolonged and the strength of the clot formed was reduced by cold stunning. These findings indicate that cold stunning may cause disorders in hemostasis that can contribute to the severity of the condition. Early diagnosis of coagulopathies in the clinical assessment of a cold-stunned sea turtle may influence the treatment approach and clinical outcome of the case.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Barratclough, A. and Tuxbury, K. and Hanel, R. and Stacy, N.I. and Ruterbories, L. and Christiansen, E. and Harms, C.A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={62} }
 @article{harms_mcclellan-green_godfrey_christiansen_broadhurst_godard-codding_2019, title={Crude Oil and Dispersant Cause Acute Clinicopathological Abnormalities in Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2019.00344}, abstractNote={Following the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon MC252 oil rig in 2010, 319 live sea turtles exposed to crude oil and oil-dispersant (Corexit) combinations were admitted to rehabilitation centers for decontamination and treatment. Treatment of oiled sea turtles was guided by expected physiological and pathological effects of crude oil exposure extrapolated from studies in other species and from a single loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) study. While invaluable starting points, inherent limitations to extrapolation, and small sample size of the experimental exposure study, reduce their utility for clinical guidance and for assessing oil spill impacts. Effects of dispersants were not included in the previous experimental exposure study, and cannot be effectively isolated in the analysis of field data from actual spills. A terminal study of pivotal temperature of sex determination using eggs salvaged from doomed loggerhead nests provided an opportunity for an ancillary exposure study to investigate the acute effects of crude oil, dispersant, and a crude oil/dispersant combination in sea turtle hatchlings. Eggs were incubated at 27.2–30.8°C, and hatchlings were randomly assigned to control, oil, dispersant, and combined oil/dispersant exposures for 1 or 4 days. Contaminant exposures were started after a 3 day post-hatching period simulating nest emergence. Turtles were placed in individual glass bowls containing aged seawater and exposed to oil (Gulf Coast—Mixed Crude Oil Sweet, CAS #8002-05-9, 0.833 mL/L) and/or dispersant (Corexit 9500A, 0.083 mL/L), replicating concentrations encountered during oil spills and subsequent response. Statistically significant differences between treatments and non-exposed controls were detected for PCV, AST, uric acid, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, potassium, and sodium. The principal dyscrasias reflected acute osmolar, electrolyte and hydration challenges that were more numerous and greater in combined oil/dispersant exposures at 4 days. Clinicopathological findings were supported by a failure to gain weight (associated with normal hatchling hydration in seawater) in dispersant and combination exposed hatchlings. These findings can help guide clinical response for sea turtles exposed to crude oil and crude oil/dispersant combinations, and indicate potential impacts on wildlife to consider when deploying dispersants in an oil spill response.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and McClellan-Green, Patricia and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Broadhurst, Heather J. and Godard-Codding, Celine A. J.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mason_papich_schmale_harms_davis_2019, title={Enrofloxacin Pharmacokinetics and Sampling Techniques in California Sea Hares (Aplysia californica)}, volume={58}, ISSN={1559-6109}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000072}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000072}, abstractNote={This pharmacokinetic study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin at 5 mg/kg when given to sea hares in their hemolymph. Enrofloxacin is a commonly used antimicrobial in veterinary medicine and potentially could be used to treat sea hares exposed to susceptible
 bacterial species. We individually identified 8 juvenile Aplysia californica and group housed them in an open seawater flow system at 14 to 18 °C; 2 served as untreated controls. The remaining 6 animals were injected into the hemocoel with 0.030 mL of 22.7 mg/mL enrofloxacin (average
 dose, 5 to 6 mg/kg). At each time point, 300 μL hemolymph was collected from the pedal hemolymph sinus and HPLC-analyzed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels. Enrofloxacin was detected in all dosed animals, at an average peak concentration of 3 μg/mL in hemolymph, and remained in
 the body for 20.3 h with an average clearance of 0.19 μg × h/mL. No ciprofloxacin was detected in any Aplysia in this study. Hemocoel injection appears to be an effective way to administer enrofloxacin to Aplysia and reach clinically relevant concentrations. Enrofloxacin reached therapeutic target concentrations in A. californica when dosed according to the regimen described in the current report.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, publisher={American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Mason, Sharon E and Papich, Mark G and Schmale, Michael C and Harms, Craig A and Davis, Sally A}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={231–234} }
 @article{bembenek-bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_gracz_stoskopf_2019, title={NMR Metabolomic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle, Heart, and Liver of Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and/or Corexit}, volume={9}, ISSN={2218-1989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9020021}, DOI={10.3390/metabo9020021}, abstractNote={We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolic impacts of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a dispersant, and a crude oil Corexit 5900A mixture exposure on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Tissue samples were obtained from 22 seven-day-old hatchlings after a four day cutaneous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A, or a seawater control. We identified 38 metabolites in the aqueous extracts of the liver, and 30 metabolites in both the skeletal and heart muscle aqueous extracts, including organic acids/osmolytes, energy compounds, amino acids, ketone bodies, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Skeletal muscle lactate, creatines, and taurine concentrations were significantly lower in hatchlings exposed to crude oil than in control hatchlings. Lactate, taurine, and cholines appeared to be the basis of some variation in hatchling heart samples, and liver inosine, uracil, and uridine appeared to be influenced by Corexit and crude oil exposure. Observed decreases in concentrations of lactate and creatines may reflect energy depletion in skeletal muscle of oil-exposed animals, while decreased taurine concentrations in these animals may reflect higher oxidative stress.}, number={2}, journal={Metabolites}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bembenek-Bailey, Stasia and Niemuth, Jennifer and McClellan-Green, Patricia and Godfrey, Matthew and Harms, Craig and Gracz, Hanna and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={21} }
 @article{lively_westermeyer_harms_christiansen_2019, title={Ophthalmic lesions in a population of cold-stunned sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Lepidochelys kempii, Caretta caretta
)}, volume={4}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12672}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12672}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lively, Melissa J. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Harms, Craig A. and Christiansen, Emily F.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{westermeyer_cook_harms_boylan_2019, title={Phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta
): surgical technique and outcomes in 10 cases}, volume={1}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12635}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12635}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Cook, Anne G. and Harms, Craig and Boylan, Shane}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @inbook{harms_wyneken_2019, title={Sea Turtles}, ISBN={9780323482530}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00024-6}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00024-6}, booktitle={Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Wyneken, Jeanette}, year={2019}, pages={180–193.e1} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf_2019, title={Sea turtle tears: a novel, minimally invasive sampling method for 1H-NMR metabolomics investigations with cold stun syndrome as a case study}, DOI={10.7589/2018-07-168}, abstractNote={We investigated a method for collecting and processing tear samples from loggerhead ( Caretta caretta), green ( Chelonia mydas), and Kemp's ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles and to identify tear biomarkers and potential differences between unaffected sea turtles and those affected by cold stun syndrome. Tear samples from unaffected and cold-stunned loggerhead, green, and Kemp's ridley sea turtles were collected with sterile, cellulose, latex-free ophthalmic eye spears. We pooled spears to achieve acceptable concentrations, which we extracted and analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using principal components analysis, we identified five tear biomarkers (propylene glycol, glycerol, lactate, formate, and an unidentified metabolite) that distinguished unaffected sea turtles from those with cold stun syndrome. The formate concentration was significantly lower (one-sided, exact, two-sample permutation, P=0.019) in unaffected sea turtles, which is consistent with clinical metabolic acidosis reported in cold-stunned animals. Collection of sufficient sample volume for analysis required multiple spears per sample cohort, but tear sample collection from sea turtles was easy to perform and well tolerated by the animals. Sea turtle tears can be an appropriate sample for some metabolomics research questions.}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, author={Niemuth, J.N. and Harms, C.A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2019} }
 @inbook{posner_harms_smith_2019, title={Sedation, Anesthesia, Analgesia and Euthanasia}, ISBN={9780429195259}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429195259-17}, DOI={10.1201/9780429195259-17}, abstractNote={Fish of all types are routinely sedated or anesthetized for transport, husbandry, diagnostics, medical and therapeutic procedures, or prior to euthanasia. Overdose of immersion anesthetic is a common method for fish euthanasia. Although eugenol has been shown to produce immobility in fish, the variation in concentration of active drug in clove oil makes sedation and anesthesia less predictable from a clinical standpoint. Propofol by immersion produces dose- and duration-dependent sedation and anesthesia in goldfish, koi carp and catfish. Anesthesia is accompanied by a decrease in heart rate and opercular rate, with some fish completely ceasing operculation. Propofol is used extensively as a sedative and anesthetic in human and veterinary medicine where it provides good muscle relaxation but no analgesia. Both propofol and alfaxalone can produce anesthesia in fish. Carbon dioxide can cause death at high doses or can be used as a sedative/anesthetic before a secondary means of euthanasia.}, booktitle={Fish Diseases and Medicine}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Posner, Lysa Pam and Harms, Craig A. and Smith, Stephen A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={283–304} }
 @article{cauture_sterba-boatwright_rocho-levine_harms_miedler_fahlman_2019, title={Using Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia to Estimate Inspired Tidal Volume in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)}, volume={10}, ISSN={1664-042X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00128}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2019.00128}, abstractNote={Man-made environmental change may have significant impact on apex predators, like marine mammals. Thus, it is important to assess the physiological boundaries for survival in these species, and assess how climate change may affect foraging efficiency and the limits for survival. In the current study, we investigated whether the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) could estimate tidal volume (VT) in resting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). For this purpose, we measured respiratory flow and electrocardiogram (ECG) in five adult bottlenose dolphins at rest while breathing voluntarily. Initially, an exponential decay function, using three parameters (baseline heart rate, the change in heart rate following a breath, and an exponential decay constant) was used to describe the temporal change in instantaneous heart rate following a breath. The three descriptors, in addition to body mass, were used to develop a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to predict the inspired tidal volume (VTinsp). The GAM allowed us to predict VTinsp with an average ( ± SD) overestimate of 3 ± 2%. A jackknife sensitivity analysis, where 4 of the five dolphins were used to fit the GAM and the 5th dolphin used to make predictions resulted in an average overestimate of 2 ± 10%. Future studies should be used to assess whether similar relationships exist in active animals, allowing VT to be studied in free-ranging animals provided that heart rate can be measured.}, journal={Frontiers in Physiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Cauture, Fabien and Sterba-Boatwright, Blair and Rocho-Levine, Julie and Harms, Craig and Miedler, Stefan and Fahlman, Andreas}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{thayer_harms_rittmaster_rotstein_hairr_2018, title={A North Carolina Stranding of a White-Beaked Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), Family Delphinidae:A New Southerly Record}, volume={44}, ISSN={0167-5427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.44.1.2018.32}, DOI={10.1578/am.44.1.2018.32}, abstractNote={An adult 273.7-kg, 266-cm male white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) stranded in Beaufort, North Carolina, on 16 April 2015 at 34.698125 N, -76.650476 W. Morphometrics, gross necropsy, and histopathologic evaluation were performed. Bilateral adrenal gland tumors (pheochromocytomas) were found and may have contributed to stranding. This is the first recorded white-beaked dolphin specimen to strand along the North Carolina coast, and it is the most southerly reported stranding of a white-beaked dolphin in the world.}, number={1}, journal={Aquatic Mammals}, publisher={Aquatic Mammals Journal}, author={Thayer, Victoria G. and Harms, Craig A. and Rittmaster, Keith A. and Rotstein, David S. and Hairr, John E.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={32–38} }
 @article{shertzer_avens_mcneill_hall_harms_2018, title={Characterizing sex ratios of sea turtle populations: A Bayesian mixture modeling approach applied to juvenile loggerheads (Caretta caretta)}, volume={504}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2018.03.006}, abstractNote={Sex ratio is fundamental to the demography of animal populations. For sea turtles, the operational sex ratio (i.e., that of breeding adults) can be inferred from juvenile sex ratio. In this study, we characterize sex ratio of n = 1401 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) sampled from foraging grounds in North Carolina, USA. For a subset (n = 170), sex was confirmed by laparoscopy, and for the remaining individuals, sex was classified probabilistically using a mixture regression model. The model predicted plasma testosterone concentration as a function of sex, which was treated as a latent variable, and of other potential covariates, namely water temperature and carapace length. Furthermore, it quantified uncertainty in the sex classification of each individual. For the full data set, the predicted sex ratio was 81% female. Using the subset of turtles with known sex and a leave-one-out validation approach, we found the model to have classification accuracy of 94%. We further used that subset to examine how many laparoscopies are sufficient for accurate classification of turtles with unknown sex, in an attempt to provide guidance for other studies. We found diminishing returns as sample size increased, and recommend 100–140 turtles as a sufficient range.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Shertzer, Kyle W. and Avens, Larisa and McNeill, Joanne Braun and Hall, April Goodman and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={10–19} }
 @article{stacy_lynch_arendt_avens_braun mcneill_cray_day_harms_lee_peden-adams_et al._2018, title={Chronic debilitation in stranded loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the southeastern United States: Morphometrics and clinicopathological findings}, volume={13}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200355}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0200355}, abstractNote={Chronically debilitated loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) (DT) are characterized by emaciation, lethargy, and heavy barnacle coverage. Although histopathological findings associated with this condition have been reported, only limited data is available on health variables with clinical application. The objectives of this study were to 1) to compare morphometrics, clinicopathological variables, and immune functions of DTs to a group of apparently healthy loggerhead turtles to better understand the pathophysiology of the condition and 2) to assess health parameters in live debilitated turtles as they recovered during rehabilitation in order to identify potential prognostic indicators. We examined and sampled 43 DTs stranded from North Carolina to Florida for 47 health variables using standardized protocols to further characterize the condition. DTs were grouped into categories of severity of the condition, and those that survived were sampled at four time points through rehabilitation. All groups and time points were compared among DTs and to clinically healthy loggerhead turtles. Compared to healthy turtles, DTs had significantly lower body condition index, packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocytes, glucose (Glc), total protein, all protein fractions as determined by electrophoresis, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Ca:P ratio, potassium (K), lymphocyte proliferation, and greater heterophil toxicity and left-shifting, uric acid (UA), aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lysozyme, and respiratory burst. From admission to recovery, hematology and plasma chemistry data improved as expected. The most informative prognostic indicators, as determined by correlations with a novel severity indicator (based on survival times), were plastron concavity, P, albumin, total solids, UA, lymphocyte proliferation, WBC, K, Glc, Ca:P, and PCV. The results of this study document the wide range and extent of morphometric and metabolic derangements in chronically debilitated turtles. Monitoring morphometrics and clinicopathological variables of these animals is essential for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis during rehabilitation.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Stacy, Nicole I. and Lynch, Jennifer M. and Arendt, Michael D. and Avens, Larisa and Braun McNeill, Joanne and Cray, Carolyn and Day, Rusty D. and Harms, Craig A. and Lee, A. Michelle and Peden-Adams, Margie M. and et al.}, editor={Staffieri, FrancescoEditor}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={e0200355} }
 @article{barratclough_hanel_stacy_ruterbories_christiansen_harms_2018, title={Establishing a protocol for thromboelastography in sea turtles}, volume={5}, ISSN={2052-6113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000240}, DOI={10.1136/vetreco-2017-000240}, abstractNote={Thromboelastography (TEG) provides a global evaluation of haemostasis. This diagnostic test is widely used in mammals but has not previously been performed in reptiles, mainly due to the limited availability of taxon‐specific reagents. The objective of this pilot study was to establish a protocol to perform TEG in sea turtles. Pooled citrated plasma, stored at −80°C, from four green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was assayed on a TEG 5000. Several initiators were evaluated: kaolin (n=2), RapidTEG (n=2), fresh (n=2) and frozen (n=6) thromboplastin extracted from pooled brain tissue from several chelonian species, human recombinant tissue factor at 1:100 (n=1), Reptilase (n=2), and rabbit thromboplastin (n=1). Both fresh and frozen chelonian thromboplastin were superior in producing quantifiable TEG reaction time compared with all other reagents. These findings are consistent with the lack of an intrinsic pathway in turtles and confirmed a lack of coagulation in the turtle samples in response to mammalian thromboplastin. A TEG protocol was subsequently established for harvested species‐specific frozen thromboplastin. The frozen thromboplastin reagent remained stable after one year of storage at −80°C. The developed protocol will be useful as a basis for future studies that aim to understand the pathophysiology of haemostatic disorders in various stranding conditions of sea turtles.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Record Open}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Barratclough, Ashley and Hanel, Rita and Stacy, Nicole I and Ruterbories, Laura K and Christiansen, Emily and Harms, Craig A}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={e000240} }
 @inbook{harms_greer_whaley_rowles_2018, place={Boca Raton, Florida}, edition={3rd}, title={Euthanasia}, booktitle={Marine Mammal Medicine}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Harms, C.A. and Greer, L.L. and Whaley, J. and Rowles, T.K.}, editor={Gulland, F.M.D. and Dierauf, L.A.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={675–691} }
 @article{mikles_harms_buckel_rudershausen_2018, title={Examining the Severity of Roof-Hooking Injuries in Dolphinfish: a Comparison between Computed Tomography and Gross Necropsy}, volume={39}, ISSN={0275-5947}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10252}, DOI={10.1002/nafm.10252}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={North American Journal of Fisheries Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mikles, Chloe S. and Harms, Craig A. and Buckel, Jeffrey A. and Rudershausen, Paul J.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={36–44} }
 @article{keenan-bateman_mclellan_costidis_harms_gay_rotstein_rommel_potter_pabst_2018, title={Habitat use pattern of the giant parasitic nematode Crassicauda magna within the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps}, volume={127}, ISSN={0177-5103 1616-1580}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03205}, DOI={10.3354/dao03205}, abstractNote={The giant (>3 m) parasitic nematode Crassicauda magna infects kogiid whales, although only 3 studies to date have provided detailed descriptions of these worms, all based upon fragmented specimens. These fragments were found within the neck region of kogiids, an unusual anatomic site for this genus of parasites. C. magna is a species-specific parasite among kogiids, infecting only pygmy sperm whales Kogia breviceps, and with a primarily cervico-thoracic distribution. To date, however, the pattern of habitat use within the host and transmission path of this parasite remain unknown. We used detailed dissections (n = 12), histological examination of host tissues (n = 2), and scanning electron microscopy of excised nematodes (n = 7) to enhance our understanding of this host-parasite relationship. Results revealed that a critical habitat for the parasite is an exocrine gland in the whale's ventral cervical region. C. magna male and female tails were found intertwined within the glandular lumen, and eggs were observed within its presumed secretion, illuminating the transmission path out of the host. The cephalic ends of these worms were often meters away (curvilinearly), embedded deeply within epaxial muscle. A single worm's complete, tortuous 312 cm course, from the gland to its termination in the contralateral epaxial muscle, is described for the first time. This study also provides the first scanning electron micrographs of C. magna, which illustrate taxonomically important features of the heads and tails of both male and female worms.}, number={3}, journal={Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Keenan-Bateman, TF and McLellan, WA and Costidis, AM and Harms, CA and Gay, DM and Rotstein, DS and Rommel, SA and Potter, CW and Pabst, DA}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={163–175} }
 @article{balko_gatson_cohen_griffith_harms_bailey_2018, title={INHALANT ANESTHETIC RECOVERY FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR EPINEPHRINE IN THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE (CARETTA CARETTA)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0182.1}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0182.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Prolonged anesthetic recovery time is a common complication of chelonian inhalant anesthesia and may be exacerbated by right-to-left intracardiac shunting of blood. Epinephrine may decrease intracardiac shunting, which may shorten anesthetic recovery time. The study objective was to assess inhalant anesthetic recovery time following intramuscular epinephrine compared with saline in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). With the use of a prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design with a 1-wk washout period, six turtles were anesthetized with intravenous (IV) alfaxalone 3 mg/kg, orotracheally intubated, manually ventilated with 3.5% isoflurane inhalant in 100% oxygen for 90 min, and administered either intramuscular (IM) epinephrine 0.1 mg/kg or IM saline 0.1 ml/kg. Isoflurane administration was immediately discontinued and turtles were manually ventilated with room air until extubation. Physiologic variables, sedation scores, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and isoflurane (ETISO) concentrations, time to first movement, and time to extubation were recorded and two-time-point venous blood gas analyses performed. Data were compared with the use of paired t-tests and repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05). No morbidity, mortality, or adverse events occurred. ETCO2 and ETISO did not significantly change over time during the isoflurane delivery period (P = 0.990). Mean time to first movement was significantly faster following epinephrine (69.24 ± 12.28 min) compared with saline (87.71 ± 27.05 min, P = 0.047). Although differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.133), time to extubation was at least 30 min faster (31–123 min) in 4/6 turtles following epinephrine compared with saline. Intramuscular epinephrine significantly reduces time to first movement during isoflurane anesthetic recovery in loggerhead sea turtles.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Balko, Julie A. and Gatson, Bonnie J. and Cohen, Eli B. and Griffith, Emily H. and Harms, Craig A. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={680–688} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_macdonald_stoskopf_2018, title={Propylene Glycol in Free-Ranging Green Sea Turtle Plasma}, volume={9}, ISSN={1944-687X 1944-687X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, DOI={10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Harms, Craig A. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={617–623} }
 @article{bembenek bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={1
            H-NMR metabolomic study of whole blood from hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (
            Caretta caretta
            ) exposed to crude oil and/or Corexit}, volume={4}, ISSN={2054-5703 2054-5703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171433}, DOI={10.1098/rsos.171433}, abstractNote={We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to evaluate metabolic impacts of environmentally relevant crude oil and Corexit exposures on the physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Sample extraction and data acquisition methods for very small volume whole blood samples and sources of variation between individual hatchlings were assessed. Sixteen unclotted, whole blood samples were obtained from 7-day-old hatchlings after a 4-day cutaneous exposure to either control seawater, crude oil, Corexit 9500A or a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A. After extraction, one- and two-dimensional1H-NMR spectra of the samples were obtained, and 17 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the whole blood spectra. Variation among samples due to the concentrations of metabolites 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, trimethylamine oxide and propylene glycol did not statistically correlate with treatment group. However, the characterization of the hatchling loggerhead whole blood metabolome provides a foundation for future metabolomic research with sea turtles and a basis for the study of tissues from exposed hatchling sea turtles.}, number={11}, journal={Royal Society Open Science}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Bembenek Bailey, Stasia A. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and McClellan-Green, Patricia D. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={171433} }
 @article{cannizzo_roe_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={Effect of water temperature on the hydrolysis of two absorbable sutures used in fish surgery}, volume={1}, ISSN={2371-1671}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, DOI={10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, abstractNote={ Persistence of absorbable sutures in fishes in waters below 10 °C affects surgical decisions including approach, closure strategy, and suture selection. We hypothesized that the rate of suture hydrolysis would vary directly with water temperature. Two absorbable monofilament 3-0 suture materials used in fish surgery, poliglecaprone (Monocryl™) and polyglyconate (Maxon™), were evaluated. The maximum tensile load (strength) was measured for suture loops ( n = 6) maintained in filtered city water for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks at 4, 25, or 37 °C. For Maxon™ at 4 or 25 °C, tensile strength did not decrease over time. However, for Monocryl™ at 4 °C, 2-, 4-, and 8-week loops were stronger than baseline loops. At 25 °C, tensile strength of the suture material declined after 2 weeks. Also, at 37 °C, the optimal design temperature for both suture materials, the strength of Maxon™ decreased at 6 and 8 weeks. Two 4-week loops of Monocryl™ disintegrated when handled, and after 6 and 8 weeks, all were untestable. This study confirms that absorbable sutures lose strength more slowly at ambient temperatures lower than the optimal design temperature (e.g., human body temperature) and will likely be retained longer in fishes living in waters below 25 °C. }, number={1}, journal={FACETS}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Roe, Simon C. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, editor={Cooke, StevenEditor}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{phillips_posner_lewbart_christiansen_harms_2017, title={Effects of alfaxalone administered intravenously to healthy yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at three different doses}, volume={250}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.8.909}, DOI={10.2460/javma.250.8.909}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Posner, Lysa P. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={909–917} }
 @book{stamper_harms_lewbart_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Environment, water quality, biosecurity}, journal={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Stamper, M.A. and Harms, C.A. and Lewbart, G.A.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={45–62} }
 @article{phillips_stoskopf_beasley_harms_2017, title={Evaluation of Three Anticoagulants Used for Short-Term Storage of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Whole Blood}, volume={27}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/17-06-117.1}, DOI={10.5818/17-06-117.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Anemia is a common clinical pathological finding in stranded loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) secondary to trauma and chronic debilitation. These animals may benefit from species-specific blood product administration, yet few studies have evaluated the effects of anticoagulants on loggerhead sea turtle blood storage. Sea turtles in managed collections may serve as healthy blood donors, allowing for short-term blood storage with transfer of blood products within 24 h to rehabilitation facilities. The objective of this study was to compare the packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), electrolytes, glucose, and venous blood gas analytes over a 24 h storage of loggerhead sea turtle whole blood in three anticoagulants: sodium heparin, sodium citrate, and citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1). Blood from eight loggerhead sea turtles at the Karen Beasley Sea Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center (Surf City, NC) was used following routine venipuncture for health assessment. Whole blood was placed into vacutainer tubes containing sodium heparin, sodium citrate, or CPDA-1 and stored at 4–8°C (39–46°F). PCV and TS were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Blood gas, electrolyte, and glucose analyses using i-STAT CG8+ cartridges were performed at 0 and 24 h. There were no significant differences in PCV and TS over time. At 24 hours, pink plasma was observed in 62.5% (5/8) of CPDA-1 and 12.5% (1/8) of citrate specimens. CPDA-1 and citrate specimens had a significant increase in potassium at 24 h. Both heparin and citrate specimens had a significant decrease in pH and increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 24 h. Sodium values decreased over time in citrate and CPDA-1 specimens. Loggerhead sea turtle blood stored in CPDA-1, and sodium citrate had more significant blood gas and electrolyte changes over 24 h, indicating a greater degree of erythrocyte leakage or lysis. For the purposes of collection and short-term storage of loggerhead sea turtle blood, sodium heparin is preferable.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Beasley, Jean F. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={97} }
 @article{rolland_mclellan_moore_harms_burgess_hunt_2017, title={Fecal glucocorticoids and anthropogenic injury and mortality in North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis}, volume={34}, ISSN={1863-5407 1613-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00866}, DOI={10.3354/esr00866}, abstractNote={As human impacts on marine ecosystems escalate, there is increasing interest in quantifying sub-lethal physiological and pathological responses of marine mammals. Glucocorticoid hormones are commonly used to assess stress responses to anthropogenic factors in wildlife. While obtaining blood samples to measure circulating hormones is not currently feasible for freeswimming large whales, immunoassay of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCs) has been validated for North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis (NARW). Using a general linear model, we compared fGC concentrations in right whales chronically entangled in fishing gear (n = 6) or live-stranded (n = 1), with right whales quickly killed by vessels (n = 5) and healthy right whales (n = 113) to characterize fGC responses to acute vs. chronic stressors. fGCs in entangled whales (mean ± SE: 1856.4 ± 1644.9 ng g−1) and the stranded whale (5740.7 ng g−1) were significantly higher than in whales killed by vessels (46.2 ± 19.2 ng g−1) and healthy whales (51.7 ± 8.7 ng g−1). Paired feces and serum collected from the live-stranded right whale provided comparison of fGCs in 2 matrices in a chronically stressed whale. Serum cortisol and corticosterone in this whale (50.0 and 29.0 ng ml−1, respectively) were much higher than values reported in other cetaceans, in concordance with extremely elevated fGCs. Meaningful patterns in fGC concentration related to acute vs. chronic impacts persisted despite potential for bacterial degradation of hormone meta bolites in dead whales. These results provide biological validation for using fGCs as a biomarker of chronic stress in NARWs.}, journal={Endangered Species Research}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Rolland, RM and McLellan, WA and Moore, MJ and Harms, CA and Burgess, EA and Hunt, KE}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={417–429} }
 @inbook{harris_flint_stewart_harms_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Field techniques}, booktitle={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Harris, H.S. and Flint, M. and Stewart, K.M. and Harms, C.A.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={819–857} }
 @inbook{parga_crespo-picazo_garcia-parraga_stacy_harms_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Fisheries and sea turtles}, booktitle={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Parga, M. and Crespo-Picazo, J.L. and Garcia-Parraga, D. and Stacy, B.A. and Harms, C.A.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={859–897} }
 @article{thompson_papich_higgins_flanagan_christiansen_harms_2017, title={Ketoprofen pharmacokinetics of R
- and S
-isomers in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta
) after single intravenous and single- and multidose intramuscular administration}, volume={41}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12460}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12460}, abstractNote={Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory and analgesic agent that nonselectively inhibits cyclooxygenase, with both COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibition. Recent studies on COX receptor expression in reptiles suggest that nonselective COX inhibitors may be more appropriate than more selective inhibitors in some reptiles, but few pharmacokinetic studies are available. The goal of this study was to determine single‐ and multidose (three consecutive days) pharmacokinetics of racemic ketoprofen administered intravenously and intramuscularly at 2 mg/kg in healthy juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The S‐isomer is the predominant isomer in loggerhead sea turtles, similar to most mammals, despite administration of a 50:50 racemic mixture. Multidose ketoprofen administration demonstrated no bioaccumulation; therefore, once‐daily dosing will not require dose adjustment over time. S‐isomer pharmacokinetic parameters determined in this study were Cmax of 10.1 μg/ml by IM injection, C0 of 13.4 μg/ml by IV injection, AUC of 44.7 or 69.4 μg*hr/ml by IM or IV injection, respectively, and T½ of 2.8 or 3.6 hr by IM or IV injection, respectively. Total ketoprofen plasma concentrations were maintained for at least 12 hr above concentrations determined to be effective for rats and humans. A dose of 2 mg/kg either IM or IV every 24 hr is likely appropriate for loggerhead turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thompson, K. A. and Papich, M. G. and Higgins, B. and Flanagan, J. and Christiansen, E. F. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={340–348} }
 @inbook{harms_valente_stacy_wyneken_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Nervous system}, booktitle={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Harms, C.A. and Valente, A.L.S. and Stacy, B.A. and Wyneken, J.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={417–438} }
 @article{cannizzo_rick_harrison_harms_2017, title={PARATHYROID HORMONE, IONIZED CALCIUM, AND 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS IN THE DOMESTIC FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2017.07.004}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to measure parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy intact adult ferrets. Serum was collected from 16 clinically healthy adult ferrets (8 males and 8 females). Concentrations of PTH and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were measured via commercially available radioimmunoassays validated for humans, dogs, and cats (PTH) plus horses (25‐hydroxyvitamin D). Concentrations of ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) were measured using an ion‐specific electrode. Median (minimum, maximum) concentrations were as follows: PTH 8.7 (2.2, 24.4) pmol/L, ionized calcium 1.15 (1.09, 1.25) mmol/L, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D 94 (61, 138) nmol/L). Female ferrets had significantly higher concentrations of PTH than male ferrets (female median: 17.1 pmol/L; male median: 6.9 pmol/L). Associations among PTH, ionized calcium, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and weight were evaluated. There was a weak negative correlation between PTH concentration and total calcium concentration in female ferrets. As none of these assays have been validated for use in ferrets, results may provide a baseline for clinicians evaluating ferrets for disorders of calcium homeostasis, parathyroid glands, and paraneoplastic syndromes.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Rick, Markus and Harrison, Tara M. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={294–299} }
 @inbook{stacy_werneck_walden_harms_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Parasites}, booktitle={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Stacy, B.A. and Werneck, M.R. and Walden, H.S. and Harms, C.A.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={727–750} }
 @book{manire_norton_stacy_innis_harms_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, year={2017} }
 @inbook{innis_harms_manire_2017, place={Jupiter, Florida}, title={Therapeutics}, booktitle={Sea Turtle Health and Rehabilitation}, publisher={J. Ross Publishing}, author={Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A. and Manire, C.A.}, editor={Manire, C.A. and Norton, T.M. and Stacy, B.A. and Innis, C.J. and Harms, C.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={497–526} }
 @article{fiorello_harms_chinnadurai_strahl-heldreth_2016, edition={II}, title={Best practice guidelines for field-based surgery and anesthesia on free-ranging wildlife. II. Surgery}, volume={52}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/52.2S.S28}, DOI={10.7589/52.2s.s28}, abstractNote={Abstract The principles of surgical asepsis apply to field surgeries with few exceptions. The minimum level for performance of surgeries in the field on free-ranging animals should be the same as for domestic animals undergoing surgery in animal hospitals. Surgeries in the field are typically done as part of research and management projects and usually involve a combination of biologists and veterinarians with the possibility of conflicts in scientific cultures. This article outlines a minimum standard of care for field surgeries and will serve as a resource for Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and biologists and veterinarians planning projects that involve surgeries on free-ranging wildlife in field conditions.}, number={2s}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Fiorello, Christine V. and Harms, Craig A. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Strahl-Heldreth, Danielle}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={S28–S39} }
 @article{harms_jinks_harms_2016, title={Blood gas, lactate and hematology effects of venipuncture timing and location after mist-net capture of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus)}, volume={52}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/52.2S.S54}, DOI={10.7589/52.2s.s54}, abstractNote={Abstract Venous blood gas partial pressures, pH, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations, packed cell volume, white blood cell differential counts, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were measured from Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Birds were bled promptly after mist-net capture and banding or following a targeted delay of 45–60 min, in order to assess the impacts of a brief holding period commonly practiced in large-scale bird banding operations. Additionally, effects of venipuncture location (basilic [=ulnar] vein versus jugular vein) were evaluated in male Boat-tailed Grackles sampled promptly after capture and banding. All comparisons were with unpaired samples; no birds were subjected to more than one venipuncture. All three species exhibited moderate improvements in blood gas and acid-base status after the delay, with reductions in lactate concentrations with or without concurrent increases in pH and bicarbonate. Boat-tailed Grackles exhibited an increased proportion of heterophils in the differential white blood cell count following a delay in sampling, suggestive of a stress leukogram. There were no significant differences between basilic and jugular venipuncture results from male Boat-tailed Grackles. Most metabolic, respiratory, and acid-base alterations were minor, but a small number of birds exhibited values (e.g., temperature-corrected pH <7.3, lactate >10 mmol/L) that could be of concern if combined with other adverse conditions. For such birds, a short delay between capture and processing could benefit their blood gas and acid-base status, although loss of time foraging or feeding young and greater activation of the hypophyseal-pituitary-adrenal axis are additional considerations.}, number={2s}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Jinks, Maggie R. and Harms, Ronald V.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={S54–S64} }
 @article{phillips_christiansen_stoskopf_broadhurst_george_harms_2016, title={Comparison of hematology, plasma biochemistry, and blood gas variables between 2 venipuncture sites in Southern Stingrays (Dasyatis americana)}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12424}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe Southern Stingray (Dasyatis americana) is a batoid elasmobranch frequently exhibited in zoological institutions. Blood is commonly collected from the caudal hemal arch at the tail base in stingrays for the purpose of health assessment and clinical pathology tests. An alternative site that allows a dorsal or ventral approach without necessitating puncture of a cartilaginous structure has been identified between the cartilaginous pectoral fin rays (ceratotrichia).}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Phillips, B. E. and Christiansen, E. F. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Broadhurst, H. and George, R. and Harms, Craig}, year={2016}, pages={627–633} }
 @article{braun mcneill_avens_goodman hall_goshe_harms_owens_2016, title={Female-Bias in a Long-Term Study of a Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination: Monitoring Sex Ratios for Climate Change Research}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160911}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0160911}, abstractNote={Alterations have occurred and continue to manifest in the Earth’s biota as a result of climate change. Animals exhibiting temperature dependent sex determination (TSD), including sea turtles, are perhaps most vulnerable to a warming of the Earth as highly skewed sex ratios can result, potentially leading to population extinction resulting from decreased male recruitment. Recent studies have begun to quantify climate change impacts to sea turtle populations, especially in terms of predicting effects on hatchling sex ratios. However, given the inherent difficulty in studying sex ratios at this life stage, a more accurate assessment of changes in population sex ratios might be derived by evaluating the juvenile portion of foraging aggregations. We investigated the long-term trend in sex ratio of a juvenile loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle population inhabiting Pamlico and Core Sounds, North Carolina, USA. We used plasma testosterone reference ranges measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA) to assign sex for 959 turtles and confirmed sex assignment of a subset (N = 58) of the sampled turtles through laparoscopic examination of their gonads. Our results demonstrate that for this particular population of loggerheads, sex ratios (3Females:1Male) had not significantly changed over a 10 year period (1998–2007), nor showed any significant difference among 5-cm straight carapace length (SCL) size classes. Ultimately, these findings provide a basis for comparison with future sex ratios, and highlight the importance of establishing similar long-term studies monitoring secondary, rather than primary, sex ratios, so that needed mitigation measures to climate change impacts can be implemented.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Braun McNeill, Joanne and Avens, Larisa and Goodman Hall, April and Goshe, Lisa R. and Harms, Craig A. and Owens, David W.}, editor={Hays, GraemeEditor}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={e0160911} }
 @article{chinnadurai_strahl-heldreth_fiorello_harms_2016, title={Guidelines for field-based surgery and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife. I. Anesthesia and analgesia}, volume={52}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/52.2S.S14}, DOI={10.7589/52.2s.s14}, abstractNote={Abstract Field anesthesia is often necessary for both invasive and noninvasive procedures on wild animals. We describe basic principles of safe anesthetic delivery, monitoring, and recovery for application in procedures involving free-ranging wildlife. For invasive procedures, the potential for immediate and lasting pain must be addressed and appropriate analgesia provided. In situations where the minimum standard of safe anesthesia and effective analgesia cannot be provided, the investigator and approving bodies should rigorously evaluate the risk to the patient against the value of the data obtained. This document is intended to serve as a resource for Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, biologists, veterinarians, and other researchers planning projects that involve free-ranging wildlife in field conditions.}, number={2s}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Strahl-Heldreth, Danielle and Fiorello, Christine V. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={S14–S27} }
 @article{piniak_mann_harms_jones_eckert_2016, title={Hearing in the Juvenile Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas): A Comparison of Underwater and Aerial Hearing Using Auditory Evoked Potentials}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159711}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0159711}, abstractNote={Sea turtles spend much of their life in aquatic environments, but critical portions of their life cycle, such as nesting and hatching, occur in terrestrial environments, suggesting that it may be important for them to detect sounds in both air and water. In this study we compared underwater and aerial hearing sensitivities in five juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) by measuring auditory evoked potential responses to tone pip stimuli. Green sea turtles detected acoustic stimuli in both media, responding to underwater stimuli between 50 and 1600 Hz and aerial stimuli between 50 and 800 Hz, with maximum sensitivity between 200 and 400 Hz underwater and 300 and 400 Hz in air. When underwater and aerial hearing sensitivities were compared in terms of pressure, green sea turtle aerial sound pressure thresholds were lower than underwater thresholds, however they detected a wider range of frequencies underwater. When thresholds were compared in terms of sound intensity, green sea turtle sound intensity level thresholds were 2–39 dB lower underwater particularly at frequencies below 400 Hz. Acoustic stimuli may provide important environmental cues for sea turtles. Further research is needed to determine how sea turtles behaviorally and physiologically respond to sounds in their environment.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Piniak, Wendy E. D. and Mann, David A. and Harms, Craig A. and Jones, T. Todd and Eckert, Scott A.}, editor={Altmann, Christian FriedrichEditor}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={e0159711} }
 @article{phillips_harms_lewbart_lahner_haulena_rosenberg_papich_2016, title={POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AND ITS METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE GREEN SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS) FOLLOWING INTRACOELOMIC AND IMMERSION ADMINISTRATION}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0110.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0110.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Sea urchin mass mortality events have been attributed to both infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Bacteria, including Vibrio spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., have been isolated during specific mortality events. Aquarium collection sea urchins are also subject to bacterial infections and could benefit from antimicrobial treatment, but pharmacokinetic studies have been lacking for this invertebrate group until recently. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) after intracoelomic injection and medicated bath immersion administration. The utility of a population pharmacokinetic method using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NLME) was also evaluated. Thirty sea urchins were assigned to either the injection or immersion group. Twelve study animals and three untreated controls were utilized for each administration method: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg intracoelomic injection or a 6-hr enrofloxacin 10 mg/L immersion. Each animal was sampled four times from 0 to 120 hr. Water samples were collected during immersion treatment and posttreatment time points in both groups. Hemolymph and water sample drug concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using an NLME population pharmacokinetic method. Enrofloxacin concentrations were fit to a two-compartment model with first-order input for the intracoelomic injection group. The enrofloxacin elimination half-life (t½), peak hemolymph concentration (CMAX), and area under the curve (AUC) were 38.82 hr, 90.92 μg/ml, and 1,199 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Enrofloxacin was modeled to a one-compartment model with first-order input for the immersion treatment. The enrofloxacin t½, CMAX, and AUC were 33.46 hr, 0.48 μg/ml, and 32.88 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was detected in trace concentrations in all hemolymph samples, indicating minimal production of this metabolite. The concentrations of enrofloxacin achieved far exceeded minimum inhibitory concentrations reported for teleost pathogens. No adverse effects were associated with enrofloxacin administration by either treatment method or from hemolymph sampling.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Haulena, Martin and Rosenberg, Justin F. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={175–186} }
 @article{rosenberg_haulena_phillips_harms_lewbart_lahner_papich_2016, title={Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in purple sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) following an intracoelomic injection or extended immersion}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1266}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Rosenberg, Justin F. and Haulena, Martin and Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1266–1275} }
 @article{keenan-bateman_mclellan_harms_piscitelli_barco_thayer_lovewell_clark_doshkov_rotstein_et al._2016, title={Prevalence and anatomic site of Crassicauda infection, and its use in species identification, in kogiid whales from the mid-Atlantic United States}, volume={32}, ISSN={0824-0469}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12300}, DOI={10.1111/mms.12300}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Marine Mammal Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Keenan-Bateman, Tiffany F. and McLellan, William A. and Harms, Craig A. and Piscitelli, Marina A. and Barco, Susan G. and Thayer, Victoria G. and Lovewell, Gretchen N. and Clark, Karen L. and Doshkov, Paul K. and Rotstein, David S. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={868–883} }
 @article{applegate_dombrowski_christian_bayer_harms_lewbart_2016, title={Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) Sedation and Anesthesia in the Purple-spined Sea Urchin (Arbacia punctulata)}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0288.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0288.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The purple-spined sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) is commonly found in shallow waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from the New England area of the United States to the Caribbean. Sea urchins play a major role in ocean ecology, echinoculture, and biomedical research. Additionally, sea urchins are commonly displayed in public aquaria. Baseline parameters were developed in unanesthetized urchins for righting reflex (time to regain oral recumbency) and spine response time to tactile stimulus. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) was used to sedate and anesthetize purple-spined sea urchins and assess sedation and anesthetic parameters, including adhesion to and release from a vertical surface, times to loss of response to tactile stimulus and recovery of righting reflex, and qualitative observations of induction of spawning and position of spines and pseudopodia. Sedation and anesthetic parameters were evaluated in 11 individuals in three circumstances: unaltered aquarium water for baseline behaviors, 0.4 g/L MS-222, and 0.8 g/L MS-222. Induction was defined as the release from a vertical surface with the loss of righting reflex, sedation as loss of righting reflex with retained tactile spine response, anesthesia as loss of righting reflex and loss of tactile spine response, and recovery as voluntary return to oral recumbency. MS-222 proved to be an effective sedative and anesthetic for the purple-spined sea urchin at 0.4 and 0.8 g/L, respectively. Sodium bicarbonate used to buffer MS-222 had no measurable sedative effects when used alone. Anesthesia was quickly reversed with transfer of each individual to anesthesia-free seawater, and no anesthetic-related mortality occurred. The parameters assessed in this study provide a baseline for sea urchin anesthesia and may provide helpful comparisons to similar species and populations that are in need of anesthesia for surgical procedures or research.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Christian, Larry Shane and Bayer, Meredith P. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1025–1033} }
 @article{page-karjian_norton_harms_mader_herbst_stedman_gottdenker_2015, title={Case descriptions of fibropapillomatosis in rehabilitating loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in the southeastern USA}, volume={115}, ISSN={0177-5103 1616-1580}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02878}, DOI={10.3354/dao02878}, abstractNote={Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating neoplastic disease that affects all species of hard-shelled sea turtles, including loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta. FP can represent an important clinical concern in rehabilitating turtles, since managing these infectious lesions often requires special husbandry provisions including quarantine, and FP may affect clinical progression, extend rehabilitation duration, and complicate prognoses. Here we describe cases of rehabilitating loggerhead turtles with FP (designated FP+). Medical records of FP+ loggerhead cases from 3 sea turtle rehabilitation facilities in the southeastern USA were reviewed. Between 2001 and 2014, FP was observed in 8 of 818 rehabilitating loggerhead turtles (0.98% overall prevalence in admitted patients). FP+ loggerhead size classes represented were large juvenile (straight carapace length, SCL: 58.1-80 cm; n=7) and adult (SCL>87 cm; n=1). Three turtles presented with FP, and 5 developed tumors during rehabilitation within a range of 45 to 319 d. Sites of new tumor growth included the eyes, sites of trauma, neck, and glottis. FP+ turtles were scored as mildly (3/8), moderately (4/8), or heavily (1/8) afflicted. The mean total time in rehabilitation was 476±355 d (SD) (range: 52-1159 d). Six turtles were released without visible evidence of FP, 1 turtle was released with mild FP, and 1 turtle with internal FP was euthanized. Clinical decision-making for FP+ loggerhead patients can be aided by such information as time to tumor development, anatomic locations to monitor for new tumor growth, husbandry considerations, diagnostic and treatment options, and comparisons to FP in rehabilitating green turtles Chelonia mydas.}, number={3}, journal={Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Page-Karjian, A and Norton, TM and Harms, C and Mader, D and Herbst, LH and Stedman, N and Gottdenker, NL}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={185–191} }
 @article{kelly_mcneill_avens_hall_goshe_hohn_godfrey_mihnovets_cluse_harms_et al._2015, title={Clinical Pathology Reference Intervals for an In-Water Population of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) in Core Sound, North Carolina, USA}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115739}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0115739}, abstractNote={The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is found throughout the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It is a protected species throughout much of its range due to threats such as habitat loss, fisheries interactions, hatchling predation, and marine debris. Loggerheads that occur in the southeastern U.S. are listed as "threatened" on the U.S. Endangered Species List, and receive state and federal protection. As part of an on-going population assessment conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service, samples were collected from juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in Core Sound, North Carolina, between 2004 and 2007 to gain insight on the baseline health of the threatened Northwest Atlantic Ocean population. The aims of the current study were to establish hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for this population, and to assess variation of the hematologic and plasma biochemical analytes by season, water temperature, and sex and size of the turtles. Reference intervals for the clinical pathology parameters were estimated following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Season, water temperature, sex, and size of the turtles were found to be significant factors of variation for parameter values. Seasonal variation could be attributed to physiological effects of decreasing photoperiod, cooler water temperature, and migration during the fall months. Packed cell volume, total protein, and albumin increased with increasing size of the turtles. The size-related differences in analytes documented in the present study are consistent with other reports of variation in clinical pathology parameters by size and age in sea turtles. As a component of a health assessment of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in North Carolina, this study will serve as a baseline aiding in evaluation of trends for this population and as a diagnostic tool for assessing the health and prognosis for loggerhead sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Kelly, Terra R. and McNeill, Joanne Braun and Avens, Larisa and Hall, April Goodman and Goshe, Lisa R. and Hohn, Aleta A. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Mihnovets, A. Nicole and Cluse, Wendy M. and Harms, Craig and et al.}, editor={Johnson, Christopher JamesEditor}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={e0115739} }
 @article{phillips_cannizzo_godfrey_stacy_harms_2015, title={Exertional Myopathy in a Juvenile Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Entangled in a Large Mesh Gillnet}, volume={2015}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/604320}, DOI={10.1155/2015/604320}, abstractNote={A juvenile female green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was found entangled in a large mesh gillnet in Pamlico Sound, NC, and was weak upon presentation for treatment. Blood gas analysis revealed severe metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia. Plasma biochemistry analysis showed elevated aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase, marked hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia. Death occurred within 24 hours of presentation despite treatment with intravenous and subcutaneous fluids and sodium bicarbonate. Necropsy revealed multifocal to diffuse pallor of the superficial and deep pectoral muscles. Mild, multifocal, and acute myofiber necrosis was identified by histopathological examination. While histological changes in the examined muscle were modest, the acid-base, mineral, and electrolyte abnormalities were sufficiently severe to contribute to this animal’s mortality. Exertional myopathy in reptiles has not been well characterized. Sea turtle mortality resulting from forced submergence has been attributed to blood gas derangements and seawater aspiration; however, exertional myopathy may also be an important contributing factor. If possible, sea turtles subjected to incidental capture and entanglement that exhibit weakness or dull mentation should be clinically evaluated prior to release to minimize the risk of delayed mortality. Treatment with appropriate fluid therapy and supportive care may mitigate the effects of exertional myopathy in some cases.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Stacy, Brian A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2015}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{hurley-sanders_harms_christiansen_clarke_law_2015, title={Exuberant granulation tissue response associated with Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) infestation in two cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus)}, volume={39}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12360}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12360}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hurley-Sanders, J and Harms, C and Christiansen, E and Clarke, E, III and Law, J}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={277–283} }
 @article{bacheler_whitfield_muñoz_harrison_harms_buckel_2015, title={Movement of invasive adult lionfish Pterois volitans using telemetry: importance of controls to estimate and explain variable detection probabilities}, volume={527}, ISSN={0171-8630 1616-1599}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11241}, DOI={10.3354/meps11241}, abstractNote={: The Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans has invaded western Atlantic Ocean coastal habitats over the past 2 decades and has the potential to cause major ecological changes in reef fish communities. While many aspects of lionfish ecology in their invaded range have been examined, there is a paucity of information on movements of lionfish, particularly adults. We surgically implanted ultrasonic transmitters into 25 lionfish at a natural hard bottom area off North Carolina (USA) in December 2008 and February 2009, and used an array of remote underwater receivers to monitor movements in the study area for up to 6 mo. We also affixed a control transmitter in the study area to assess changes in transmitter detection rate as a function of multiple variables, and used a generalized additive model to show that the control transmitter detection rate declined with time, increasing water temperature, and increasing wave period. Despite variable detection probabilities, we found that telemetered lionfish remaining in the study area displayed high site fidelity to areas no broader than 400 m in diameter; daily movements were nearly always <150 m. By estimating variable detection rates of transmitters and lionfish movements, we provided information that can be useful in understanding the spatial scale of lionfish impact and developing management or mitigation strategies for this invasive species.}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Bacheler, NM and Whitfield, PE and Muñoz, RC and Harrison, BB and Harms, CA and Buckel, CA}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={205–220} }
 @article{phillips_harms_messenger_2015, title={Oral Transmucosal Detomidine Gel for the Sedation of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, abstractNote={Abstract The restraint of ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture often employs chemical means with parenteral drug injection or inhalant anesthetics. These methods often result in agitation, pain at the injection site, increased stress, and increased cost. A transmucosal (TM) detomidine gel has recently been evaluated for sedation to facilitate physical examination and common procedures in dogs and horses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate TM detomidine in the domestic ferret for physical examination and venipuncture in a teaching laboratory setting. Detomidine was evaluated at 2 doses: 2 and 4mg/m 2 . A total of 16 ferrets (8 female and 8 male) were randomly assigned to each dose group. Following the administration of detomidine, physiologic variables were collected (heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature) and sedation scoring was performed every 10 minutes. Owing to the rapid effect of the drug, time of onset was not consistently captured in the data recording protocol; the 8 males were used again in a subsequent laboratory and dosed at 3mg/m 2 to refine the times of initial effect and dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was attempted only after full physical examinations were completed and the ferrets could be placed in dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was performed with detomidine sedation alone on 4 female and 5 male ferrets, with no significant difference based on dose group. Isoflurane was administered via face mask to the remaining ferrets due to insufficient sedation based on muscle movement and reaction to venipuncture. Heart rate significantly decreased following detomidine administration as compared with baseline values in both dose groups. There were no significant changes in respiratory rates. Sedation scores were significantly increased throughout the study period. Side effects of detomidine administration included piloerection of the tail in all ferrets and a second-degree atrioventricular block in one female ferret that resolved following reversal with atipamezole. Hyperglycemia was observed in 67% of the ferrets. TM detomidine effectively sedated domestic ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={446–454} }
 @article{christiansen_cray_lewbart_harms_2015, title={Plasma Protein Electrophoresis and Acute Phase Proteins in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Following Exploratory Coeliotomy}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2014.11.008}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2014.11.008}, abstractNote={Abstract Measuring plasma protein electrophoresis fractions and plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins (APPs) is commonly used to monitor inflammation and illness in mammalian species, but its use is not widespread in fish species, despite the presence of similar proteins. This study aims to determine plasma protein electrophoresis values for koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and to assess the use of plasma protein electrophoresis and commercially available assays for 3 primary APPs (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin) as markers of inflammation in 13 koi following invasive surgery. Median packed cell volume decreased by nearly 50% but recovered to baseline by 14 days postsurgery. Plasma protein electrophoresis fractions were consistent across the experimental period and did not demonstrate an inflammatory pattern, but electrophoretograms exhibited variation between individual fish. No clinically meaningful changes were observed in the APPs of the test subjects 28 days following surgery. Despite grossly evident inflammation of the incision line, either this surgical procedure did not stimulate a marked systemic inflammatory response, or the available assays are not effective in detecting the acute phase inflammatory response in this fish species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Christiansen, Emily F. and Cray, Carolyn and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={76–83} }
 @article{hyatt_georoff_nollens_wells_clauss_ialeggio_harms_wack_2015, title={VORICONAZOLE TOXICITY IN MULTIPLE PENGUIN SPECIES}, volume={46}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0128.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0128.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Aspergillosis is a common respiratory fungal disease in penguins managed under human care. Triazole antifungal drugs, including itraconazole, are most commonly used for treatment; however, itraconazole treatment failures from drug resistance are becoming more common, requiring newer treatment options. Voriconazole, a newer triazole, is being used more often. Until recently, no voriconazole pharmacokinetic studies had been performed in penguins, leading to empiric dosing based on other avian studies. This has led to increased anecdotal reporting of apparent voriconazole toxicity in penguins. This report describes 18 probable and 6 suspected cases of voriconazole toxicity in six penguin species from nine institutions: 12 African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), 5 Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), 3 Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), 2 gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua papua), 1 macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), and 1 emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). Observed clinical signs of toxicity included anorexia, lethargy, weakness, ataxia, paresis, apparent vision changes, seizure-like activity, and generalized seizures. Similar signs of toxicity have also been reported in humans, in whom voriconazole therapeutic plasma concentration for Aspergillus spp. infections is 2–6 μg/ml. Plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured in 18 samples from penguins showing clinical signs suggestive of voriconazole toxicity. The concentrations ranged from 8.12 to 64.17 μg/ml, with penguins having plasma concentrations above 30 μg/ml exhibiting moderate to severe neurologic signs, including ataxia, paresis, and seizures. These concentrations were well above those known to result in central nervous system toxicity, including encephalopathy, in humans. This case series highlights the importance of species-specific dosing of voriconazole in penguins and plasma therapeutic drug monitoring. Further investigation, including pharmacokinetic studies, is warranted. The authors recommend caution in determining voriconazole dosages for use in penguin species.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Hyatt, Michael W. and Georoff, Timothy A. and Nollens, Hendrik H. and Wells, Rebecca L. and Clauss, Tonya M. and Ialeggio, Donna M. and Harms, Craig A. and Wack, Allison N.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={880–888} }
 @article{bailey_minter_lewbart_harms_griffith_posner_2014, title={ALFAXALONE AS AN INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTABLE ANESTHETIC IN KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0056.1}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0056.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Fish are commonly anesthetized with MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), a sodium-channel-blocker used as an immersion anesthetic, but its mechanism of action as a general anesthetic is uncertain. Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid that acts at the GABAA receptors. Alfaxalone has been evaluated and was deemed successful as an immersion agent in koi carp. Alfaxalone is an effective intramuscular anesthetic in multiple species. A reliable intramuscular anesthetic in fish would be useful in multiple settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate alfaxalone as an intramuscular injectable anesthetic agent in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Eight koi carp were utilized in a crossover design. In each trial, six fish received 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg of alfaxalone intramuscularly. They were assessed every 15 min for opercular rate and sedation score. The sedation score was based on a visual scale from 0 to 5, 0 indicating no response and 5 indicating absent righting reflex and anesthesia. Anesthetized koi were placed on a fish anesthesia delivery system (FADS). Time to anesthesia/recovery was recorded and heart rate was recorded every 15 min. Anesthesia was achieved in 0/6, 1/6, and 5/6 fish at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Duration of anesthesia for one fish at 5 mg/kg was 2 hr. At 10 mg/kg, median anesthesia duration was 6.5 (3–10) hr. At 10 mg/kg, prolonged apnea (2–3 hr) was observed in 3/6 fish, 2/3 died under anesthesia, and 1/3 recovered 10 hr post-injection. Median peak sedation scores were 1.5, 2.5, and 5, at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. A dosage of 10 mg/kg alfaxalone resulted in 33% mortality. The duration of anesthesia and opercular rate were unpredictable. Due to variation in response despite consistent conditions, as well as risk of mortality, intramuscular alfaxalone cannot be recommended for anesthesia in koi carp.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Bailey, Kate M. and Minter, Larry J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A. and Griffith, Emily H. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={852–858} }
 @article{mascarelli_mcquillan_harms_harms_breitschwerdt_2014, title={Bartonella henselae and B. koehlerae DNA in Birds}, volume={20}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2003.130563}, DOI={10.3201/eid2003.130563}, abstractNote={To the Editor: Bartonellosis, a globally emerging vector-borne zoonotic bacterial disease, is caused by hemotropic, gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular Bartonella spp. (1). Of the 30 Bartonella species/subspecies, 17 have been associated with human infections (2,3). Each species has a reservoir host(s), within which the bacteria can cause intraerythrocytic bacteremia with few or no clinical signs of illness (1,3); the bacteria are transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors (1). Various Bartonella spp. have been identified in domestic and wild animals, including canids, deer, cattle, rodents, and marine mammals (1,4). Bartonella DNA from the blood of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) has been PCR amplified and sequenced (5); the fact that Bartonella DNA was found suggests the possibility that persistent blood-borne infection can occur in nonmammals and that the host range for Bartonella spp. may be larger than anticipated. 
 
Growing evidence suggests that wild birds play key roles in the maintenance and movement of zoonotic pathogens such as tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia and Rickettsia spp. (6–9). Bartonella grahamii DNA was amplified from a bird tick in Korea (10). The substantial mobility, broad distribution, and migrations of birds make them ideal reservoir hosts for dispersal of infectious agents. To investigate whether birds might be a reservoir for Bartonella spp., we screened 86 birds for the presence of Bartonella spp. DNA. 
 
The primary study site was a residential backyard in Morehead City, North Carolina, USA (34°43.722′N, 76°43.915′W). Of the 86 birds screened, 78 (16 species) were captured by mist net during March 2010–June 2012 and 8 (3 species) were injured birds that were to be euthanized (Table). Each bird was examined for external abnormalities and ectoparasites, weighed, measured, and tagged with a US Geological Survey–numbered band. A blood sample (0.10–0.25 mL) was collected from each bird by using a 1-mL insulin syringe with a 28-gauge × 1.27-cm needle. Blood remaining after preparation of blood smears was added to an EDTA tube and frozen (−80°C) until processed. Blood smears were examined for hemoparasites. Research was conducted under required state and federal bird banding permits and with the approval of the North Carolina State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. 
 
 
 
Table 
 
Bartonella species detected in birds* 
 
 
 
Before DNA was extracted from the samples, 10 μL of blood was diluted in 190 µL of phosphate-buffered saline. DNA was automatically extracted by using a BioRobot Symphony Workstation and MagAttract DNA Blood M96 Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). Bartonella DNA was amplified by using conventional Bartonella genus PCR primers targeting the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region: oligonucleotides, 425s (5′-CCG GGG AAG GTT TTC CGG TTT ATCC-3′) and 1,000as (5′-CTG AGC TAC GGC CCC TAA ATC AGG-3′). Amplification was performed in a 25-μL reaction, as described (3). All PCR reactions were analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplicons were sequenced to identify the Bartonella sp. and intergenic spacer region genotype. To compare sequences with those in GenBank, we identified bacterial species and genotypes by using Blast version 2.0 (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). DNA extraction and PCR-negative controls remained negative throughout the study. 
 
Results are summarized in the Table. None of the screened birds were anemic, but 5 were PCR positive for Bartonella spp. (3 for B. henselae and 2 for B. koehlerae). B. henselae was amplified from 2 Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) and 1 Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC814161","term_id":"501412833","term_text":"KC814161"}}KC814161). The DNA sequences were identical to each other and had 99.6% (456/457 bp) sequence similarity with B. henselae San Antonio 2 intergenic spacer region genotype (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF369529","term_id":"15290601","term_text":"AF369529"}}AF369529). B. koehlerae was amplified from a Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) and a Common Loon (Gavia immer) (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC814162","term_id":"501412834","term_text":"KC814162"}}KC814162). The DNA sequences were identical to each other (404/404 bp) and to GenBank sequence {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF312490","term_id":"15277539","term_text":"AF312490"}}AF312490. Lice (Mallophaga order) were found on 5 Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major), but no ectoparasites were observed on Bartonella spp.–positive birds. Hemoparasites (Haemoproteus and Plasmodium spp.) were detected in 7 of 86 birds, indicating exposure to hematophagous ectoparasites, but hemoparasites were not detected in the Bartonella spp.–positive birds. No bacteria were visualized in Bartonella PCR–positive blood smears. 
 
Bartonella spp. are increasingly associated with animal and human illnesses; thus, the identification of reservoirs and increased understanding of Bartonella spp. disease ecology are of public health importance. Our finding of 2 pathogenic species not previously reported in birds has expanded the potential sources for zoonotic infection. 
 
There is growing evidence that migratory birds serve as reservoirs and/or mechanical vectors for pathogens such as tick-borne encephalitis virus and Rickettsia spp. (6–8). Birds have been implicated as reservoirs for several Borrelia spp. (9,10) and for possible dispersion of other tick-borne pathogens (e.g., Anaplasma and Bartonella spp.) (6,10). Tick transmission of Bartonella spp. to birds should be investigated, and additional studies that investigate the reservoir host range of Bartonella spp. and the transmission of these bacteria to non–host species will improve epidemiologic understanding of bartonellosis and will identify additional risk factors for Bartonella spp. transmission to new hosts, including humans.}, number={3}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Mascarelli, Patricia E. and McQuillan, Maggie and Harms, Craig A. and Harms, Ronald V. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={490–492} }
 @article{mulcahy_harms_2014, title={Experimental methods fail to address the questions posed in studies of surgical techniques}, volume={156}, ISSN={0165-7836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.02.028}, DOI={10.1016/j.fishres.2014.02.028}, journal={Fisheries Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mulcahy, Daniel M. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{harms_mclellan_moore_barco_clarke_thayer_rowles_2014, title={Low residue euthanasia of stranded mysticetes}, volume={50}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-03-074}, DOI={10.7589/2013-03-074}, abstractNote={Abstract Euthanasia of stranded large whales poses logistic, safety, pharmaceutical, delivery, public relations, and disposal challenges. Reasonable arguments may be made for allowing a stranded whale to expire naturally. However, slow cardiovascular collapse from gravitational effects outside of neutral buoyancy, often combined with severely debilitating conditions, motivate humane efforts to end the animal's suffering. The size of the animal and prevailing environmental conditions often pose safety concerns for stranding personnel, which take priority over other considerations. When considering chemical euthanasia, the size of the animal also necessitates large quantities of euthanasia agents. Drug residues are a concern for relay toxicity to scavengers, particularly for pentobarbital-containing euthanasia solutions. Pentobarbital is also an environmental concern because of its stability and long persistence in aquatic environments. We describe a euthanasia technique for stranded mysticetes using readily available, relatively inexpensive, preanesthetic and anesthetic drugs (midazolam, acepromazine, xylazine) followed by saturated KCl delivered via custom-made needles and a low-cost, basic, pressurized canister. This method provides effective euthanasia while moderating personnel exposure to hazardous situations and minimizing drug residues of concern for relay toxicity.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Harms, Craig A. and McLellan, William A. and Moore, Michael J. and Barco, Susan G. and Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Thayer, Victoria G. and Rowles, Teresa K.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={63–73} }
 @article{chinnadurai_messenger_papich_harms_2014, title={Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration}, volume={37}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12099}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12099}, abstractNote={This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, an oxicam class, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), in ferrets. We determined the pharmacokinetic properties of a single subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) in nine male and nine female ferrets. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the cranial vena cava into heparinized syringes. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling to take advantage of the population‐based sampling scheme and to minimize sample volume collected per animal. Maximum plasma concentration, volume of distribution per absorption, and elimination half‐life were 0.663 μg/mL, 0.21 L, and 11.4 h, respectively, for females and 0.920 μg/mL, 0.35 L, and 17.8 h, respectively, for males. Significant differences were found in each of the above parameters between male and female ferrets. Systemic clearance per absorption was not affected by gender and was 13.4 mL/h. Analgesic efficacy was not evaluated, but plasma meloxicam concentrations achieved in these animals are considered effective in other species. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam should be taken into consideration when treating ferrets.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chinnadurai, S. K. and Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={382–387} }
 @article{harms_piniak_eckert_stringer_2014, title={Sedation and anesthesia of hatchling leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) for auditory evoked potential measurement in air and in water}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0183R.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0183r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sedation or anesthesia of hatchling leatherback sea turtles was employed to acquire auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements in air and in water to assess their hearing sensitivity in relation to potential consequences from anthropogenic noise. To reduce artifacts in AEP collection caused by muscle movement, hatchlings were sedated with midazolam 2 or 3 mg/kg i.v. for in-air (n = 7) or in-water (n = 11) AEP measurements; hatchlings (n = 5) were anesthetized with ketamine 6 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 30 μg/kg i.v. reversed with atipamezole 300 μg/kg, half i.m. and half i.v. for in-air AEP measurements. Midazolam-sedated turtles were also physically restrained with a light elastic wrap. For in-water AEP measurements, sedated turtles were brought to the surface every 45–60 sec, or whenever they showed intention signs for breathing, and not submerged again until they took a breath. Postprocedure temperature-corrected venous blood pH, pCO2, pO2, and HCO3− did not differ among groups, although for the midazolam-sedated in-water group, pCO2 trended lower, and in the ketamine–dexmedetomidine anesthetized group there was one turtle considered clinically acidotic (temperature-corrected pH = 7.117). Venous blood lactate was greater for hatchlings recently emerged from the nest than for turtles sedated with midazolam in air, with the other two groups falling intermediate between, but not differing significantly from the high and low lactate groups. Disruptive movements were less frequent with anesthesia than with sedation in the in-air group. Both sedation with midazolam and anesthesia with ketamine–dexmedetomidine were successful for allowing AEP measurements in hatchling leatherback sea turtles. Sedation allowed the turtle to protect its airway voluntarily while limiting flipper movement. Midazolam or ketamine–dexmedetomidine (and reversal with atipamezole) would be useful for other procedures requiring minor or major restraint in leatherback sea turtle hatchlings and other sea turtles, although variable susceptibilities may require dose adjustments.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Piniak, Wendy E. D. and Eckert, Scott A. and Stringer, Elizabeth M.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={86–92} }
 @article{christiansen_mitchell_harms_stoskopf_2014, title={Sedation of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) and black sea bass (Centropristis striata) using ketamine, dexmedetomidine and midazolam delivered via intramuscular injection}, volume={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research}, author={Christiansen, E.F. and Mitchell, J.M. and Harms, C.A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2014}, pages={62–68} }
 @article{byrd_hohn_lovewell_altman_barco_friedlaender_harms_mclellan_moore_rosel_et al._2014, title={Strandings as indicators of marine mammal biodiversity and human interactions off the coast of North Carolina}, volume={112}, ISSN={0090-0656}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7755/FB.112.1.1}, DOI={10.7755/FB.112.1.1}, abstractNote={The adjacency of 2 marine biogeographic regions off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (NC), and the proximity of the Gulf Stream result in a high biodiversity of species from northern and southern provinces and from coastal and pelagic habitats. We examined spatiotemporal patterns of marine mammal strandings and evidence of human interaction for these strandings along NC shorelines and evaluated whether the spatiotemporal patterns and species diversity of the stranded animals reflected published records of populations in NC waters. During the period of 1997–2008, 1847 stranded animals were documented from 1777 reported events. These animals represented 9 families and 34 species that ranged from tropical delphinids to pagophilic seals. This biodiversity is higher than levels observed in other regions. Most strandings were of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (56%), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) (14%), and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (4%). Overall, strandings of northern species peaked in spring. Bottlenose dolphin strandings peaked in spring and fall. Almost half of the strandings, including 
southern delphinids, occurred north of Cape Hatteras, on only 30% of NC’s coastline. Most stranded animals that were positive for human interaction showed evidence of having been entangled in fishing gear, particularly bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), harbor seals, and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Spatiotemporal patterns of 
bottlenose dolphin strandings were similar to ocean gillnet fishing effort. Biodiversity of the animals stranded on the beaches reflected biodiversity in the waters off NC, albeit not always proportional to the relative abundance of species (e.g., Kogia species). Changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of strandings can serve as indicators of underlying changes due to anthropogenic or naturally occurring events in the source populations.}, number={1}, journal={Fishery Bulletin}, publisher={NMFS Publications Office}, author={Byrd, Barbie L. and Hohn, Aleta A. and Lovewell, Gretchen N. and Altman, Karen M. and Barco, Susan G. and Friedlaender, Ari and Harms, Craig A. and McLellan, William A. and Moore, Kathleen T. and Rosel, Patricia E. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={1–23} }
 @article{minter_bailey_harms_lewbart_posner_2014, title={The efficacy of alfaxalone for immersion anesthesia in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={41}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12113}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12113}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To characterize the physiologic and behavioral effects of a single induction dose and two maintenance doses of alfaxalone delivered by water immersion in the anesthesia of koi (Cyprinus carpio).


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, within-subject complete crossover design.


ANIMALS
Six adult koi (Cyprinus carpio) with a median body weight of 344.5 g (range 292.0-405.0 g).


METHODS
Koi were immersed in water containing 10 mg L(-1) alfaxalone until immobile and then maintained with alfaxalone at either 1 or 2.5 mg L(-1) via a recirculating water system. Times for anesthetic induction and recovery periods were recorded. Physiologic and blood gas parameters were evaluated before, during and after the anesthetic trial. Response to noxious stimuli was also assessed.


RESULTS
Median anesthesia induction time for all fish was 5.4 minutes. Median recovery time was 11.8 and 26.4 minutes in the 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) doses, respectively, which were significantly different (p = 0.04). Cessation of opercular movement occurred in 0/6 and 4/6 fish exposed to 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) dose respectively. No difference was observed in median heart rate over the duration of the anesthetic events. Response to noxious stimulation was 4/6 and 0/6 in the 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) doses respectively. Oxygenation and ventilation did not change during the experiment, but there was a significant decrease in blood pH along with an increase in blood lactate concentration.


CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Administration of alfaxalone, via water immersion, as an induction and maintenance anesthesia agent provided rapid and reliable anesthesia of koi with no mortality. The maintenance dose of 2.5 mg L(-1) was sufficient to prevent response to noxious stimuli but was associated with a clinically relevant depression in opercular rate.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Minter, Larry J and Bailey, Kate M and Harms, Craig A and Lewbart, Gregory A and Posner, Lysa P}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={398–405} }
 @article{posner_bailey_richardson_motsinger-reif_harms_2013, title={Alfaxalone anesthesia in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) by injection or immersion}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0090R.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0090r.1}, abstractNote={This project evaluated alfaxalone, a neurosteroid, as an anesthetic in bullfrogs. Eight adult bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana), averaging 593 g (411-780 g) each, were used in a crossover design. Frogs were administered alfaxalone i.m. at 10, 12, 15, or 17.5 mg/kg with a 1-wk washout. Following injection, time to recumbency, first limb movement following induction, and recovery were recorded. Respiratory rate was recorded following injection and then every 15 min following induction. Heart rate was assessed via Doppler every 15 min following induction. At 20 and 40 min, a 25-ga needle was inserted in a thigh muscle to assess response to noxious stimuli. Frogs were also immersed in 2 g/L of alfaxalone for up to 30 min and similarly assessed. At dosages of 10, 12, 15, and 17.5 mg/kg, the median time to recumbency was 15.4, 12.6, 12.3, and 6.6 min, respectively. At dosages of 10, 12, 15, and 17.5 mg/kg, median time to first limb movement was 68.5, 77.5, 89.0, and 115 min, respectively. At dosages of 10, 12, 15, and 17.5 mg/kg, median time to recovery was 90, 68.5, 124.5, 115 min, respectively. Following induction, at 10, 12, 15, and 17.5 mg/kg, median heart rate was 42, 40, 40, and 42, respectively; and median respiratory rate was 44, 36, 29, and 35, respectively. Following administration of 10, 12, 15, and 17.5 mg/ kg, 8/8, 6/8, 7/8, and 8/8 frogs, respectively, responded to needle insertion. None of the frogs dosed by immersion became anesthetized. Intramuscular alfaxalone produced immobilization in frogs but did not provide sufficient anesthesia to prevent response to noxious stimuli. Alfaxalone immersion at 2 g/L for 30 min did not produce immobilization or anesthesia.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Posner, Lysa Pam and Bailey, Kate M. and Richardson, Erika Y. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={965–971} }
 @article{minter_harms_archibald_broadhurst_bailey_christiansen_lewbart_posner_2013, title={EFFICACY OF ALFAXALONE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ANESTHESIA AND EUTHANASIA IN BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize the behavioral effects and changes in heart rate of four doses of alfaxalone delivered by intravascular injection to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Thirty (male, n = 27; female, n = 3) blue crabs were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups of alfaxalone: eight animals were assigned to each of the 5-, 10-, and 15-mg/kg treatment groups, and the remaining six animals were assigned to the 100-mg/kg group. Times for anesthetic induction and recovery periods were recorded. Righting reflex, defensive posturing, and heart rate were evaluated before, during, and after the anesthetic trial. Anesthesia was induced in all 14 animals consolidated into the high-dosage group (15 mg/kg [n = 8] and 100 mg/kg [n = 6]), which was significantly greater than 8 of 16 animals in the low-dosage group (5 mg/kg [n = 2] and 10 mg/kg [n = 6]). Median anesthesia induction time for all crabs was 0.4 min, with no significant difference in induction time between groups observed. Median recovery time was 9.4 min (n = 2), 6.1 min (n = 5), 11.3 min (n = 8), and 66.1 min (n = 5) for the 5-, 10-, 15-, and 100-mg/kg groups, respectively. Recovery times were significantly longer for crabs exposed to an induction dose of 100 mg/kg compared with the 10- and 15-mg/kg induction doses. A significant decrease in the median heart rate was observed between the baseline value and that observed at both induction and 5 min postinjection in the 100-mg/kg dose trial. Two mortalities were observed during the anesthesia trials (n = 1, 10 mg/kg; n = 1, 100 mg/kg), both associated with the autotomization of limbs. In summary, the intravascular administration of alfaxalone at 15 mg/kg provided rapid and reliable sedation, whereas alfaxalone administered at 100 mg/kg produced rapid and long lasting anesthesia.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Harms, Craig A. and Archibald, Kate E and Broadhurst, Heather and Bailey, Kate M. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={694–699} }
 @article{harms_jensen_townsend_hansen_schwacke_rowles_2013, title={Electrocardiograms of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) out of water: habituated collection versus wild post-capture animals}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0093.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0093.1}, abstractNote={Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed on captured free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) during a health assessment exercise and compared with that of a Navy collection of dolphins habituated to handling out of water in order to assess possible cardiovascular impacts of capture and handling. Six-lead recordings (I, II, III, aVr, aVl, and aVf) in the frontal plane and direct thorax leads were collected from both groups, with a modified base-apex lead additionally employed with the Navy collection dolphins. Measured and calculated parameters included amplitudes of P, R, S, and T waves and total QRS complex; T:S and T:QRS ratios; heart rate; durations of P wave; QRS complex, PR, QT, and RR intervals; maximum minus minimum RR interval; ST segment elevation-depression; and mean electrical axis (MEA). Physiologically minor but statistically significant differences were detected in S wave amplitude, PR interval, QRS duration, and MEA. The PR interval, QRS duration, and S wave amplitude were slightly greater and the MEA oriented slightly rightward in wild postcapture dolphins compared to Navy collection dolphins. There were no differences in heart rate or maximum minus minimum RR interval, which serves as a proxy for the expected sinus arrhythmia of dolphins. The base-apex lead resulted in greater QRS amplitude than lead II, as expected for the category B ventricular activation of dolphins. The left-side direct thorax lead was more consistent than that of the right side. Clinically, ECG was a useful adjunct to auscultation and thoracic palpation for monitoring heart rate and rhythm and generated a record for archiving. Safe capture and handling protocols in place, under which dolphins are immediately returned to the water at progressive signs of distress, may make cardiovascular decompensation less likely to be detected by ECG. It appears that the dolphin cardiovascular system compensates suitably well to capture, as measured by ECG under the conditions of this study.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Jensen, Eric D. and Townsend, Forrest I. and Hansen, Larry J. and Schwacke, Lori H. and Rowles, Teresa K.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={972–981} }
 @article{erlacher-reid_norton_harms_thompson_reese_walsh_stamper_2013, title={Intestinal and cloacal strictures in free-ranging and aquarium-maintained green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0071r.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0071r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Intestinal or cloacal strictures that resulted in intestinal obstruction were diagnosed in six green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from three rehabilitation facilities and two zoologic parks. The etiologies of the strictures were unknown in these cases. It is likely that anatomic adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract unique to the green sea turtle's herbivorous diet, paired with causes of reduced intestinal motility, may predispose the species to intestinal damage and subsequent obstructive intestinal disease. In aquarium-maintained green sea turtles, obesity, diet, reduced physical activity, chronic intestinal disease, and inappropriate or inadequate antibiotics might also be potential contributing factors. Clinical, radiographic, and hematologic abnormalities common among most of these sea turtles include the following: positive buoyancy; lethargy; inappetence; regurgitation; obstipation; dilated bowel and accumulation of oral contrast material; anemia; hypoglycemia; hypoalbuminemia; hypocalcemia; and elevated creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and blood urea nitrogen. Although these abnormalities are nonspecific with many possible contributing factors, intestinal disease, including strictures, should be considered a differential in green sea turtles that demonstrate all or a combination of these clinical findings. Although diagnostic imaging, including radiographs, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging, are important in determining a cause for suspected gastrointestinal disease and identifying an anatomic location of obstruction, intestinal strictures were not successfully identified when using these imaging modalities. Lower gastrointestinal contrast radiography, paired with the use of oral contrast, was useful in identifying the suspected site of intestinal obstruction in two cases. Colonoscopy was instrumental in visually diagnosing intestinal stricture in one case. Therefore, lower gastrointestinal contrast radiography and colonoscopy should be considered in green turtles when gastrointestinal obstructions are suspected. Although partial strictures of the cloacal opening may be identified on gross examination and might be managed with appropriate medical treatment, surgical intervention or humane euthanasia are likely the only options for sea turtles once small or large intestinal strictures have formed.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Erlacher-Reid, Claire D. and Norton, Terry M. and Harms, Craig A. and Thompson, Rachel and Reese, David J. and Walsh, Michael T. and Stamper, M. Andrew}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={408–429} }
 @article{clarke_dorn_boone_risatti_gilbert-marcheterre_harms_2013, title={Mycobacteriosis, Mycobacterium chelonae, in a captive yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis)}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0018r2.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0018r2.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  An adult yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) from a touch-tank exhibit developed a large abscess on the dorsal aspect of the calvarium and swollen soft tissue surrounding the left spiracle. A large amount of fluid exudate was drained from the abscess. Mycobacterium chelonae was diagnosed by cytology of the exudate and by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The animal was euthanized and disseminated mycobacteriosis was confirmed with histology.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Dorn, Brian and Boone, Allison and Risatti, Guillermo and Gilbert-Marcheterre, Kelly and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={470–474} }
 @article{christiansen_stoskopf_harms_2013, title={Pre- and Post-Surgical Evaluation of Bearded Dragons Undergoing Sterilization}, volume={23}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-23.3.83}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651-23.3.83}, abstractNote={Abstract Gonadectomy of pet lizards may be necessary to treat various medical conditions, and prophylactic surgery may prevent life-threatening reproductive-associated conditions. This study provides information relevant to the pre-surgical evaluation of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Blood samples collected from seven male and seven female inland bearded dragons prior to elective gonadectomy surgery, and again 12 days following surgery, were analyzed using a point-of-care blood gas analyzer (iStat) and a semiportable chemistry analyzer (Abaxis VetScan) to obtain plasma biochemistry and electrolyte concentrations. Statistically significant differences were seen for packed cell volume and protein, calcium, and potassium concentrations when pre-surgical values were compared with post-surgical values. Four female lizards in the cohort died in the immediate post-operative period, and three of these animals had large, well-developed ovarian follicles. The ovaries of all surviving female lizards were characterized by small follicles consistent with inactivity. Minimal differences were seen in the biochemistry ranges for lizards that survived versus those that did not. None of the biochemical differences were of sufficient magnitude to be clinically important, but reproductive status of female bearded dragons should be considered prior to this invasive surgical procedure.}, number={3-4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Christiansen, Emily F. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={83–90} }
 @inbook{piniak_mann_eckert_harms_2012, title={Amphibious Hearing in Sea Turtles}, ISBN={9781441973108 9781441973115}, ISSN={0065-2598}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_18}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_18}, abstractNote={Despite increasing levels of anthropogenic noise throughout the oceans, we know very little about the hearing capabilities of sea turtles or how they might behaviorally and physiologically respond to potentially harmful sources of noise. Sea turtles are among the evolutionarily oldest and most endangered marine species. Seven species of sea turtle exist worldwide, including Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback), Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill), Chelonia mydas (green), Caretta caretta (loggerhead), Lepidochelys kempi (Kemp’s ridley), Lepidochelys olivacea (olive ridley), and Natator depressus (flatback). With the exception of Natator depressus (for which we have insufficient data), all are classified as critically endangered or endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species (2010). Sea turtles are found in nearly all temperate and tropical marine environments and are highly migratory, traveling great distances between developmental, foraging, and nesting habitats. Given their endangered status, understanding the effects of noise on sea turtles is both timely and critically important.}, booktitle={Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Piniak, Wendy E. Dow and Mann, David A. and Eckert, Scott A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2012}, pages={83–87} }
 @inbook{maggi_harms_breitschwerdt_2012, place={New York}, title={Bartonellosis: an emerging disease of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife}, booktitle={Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Maggi, R.G. and Harms, C.A. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, editor={Aguirre, A.A. and Ostfeld, R.S. and Daszak, P.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={239–256} }
 @article{clarke_harms_law_flowers_williams_ring_mcginty_hopper_sullivan_2012, title={Clinical and Pathological Effects of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean, Gamacallum macroura in White Bass}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1080/08997659.2012.713889}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Harms, Craig A. and Law, J. McHugh and Flowers, James R. and Williams, Valerie N. and Ring, Brad D. and McGinty, Andrew S. and Hopper, Michael and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={251–257} }
 @inbook{harms_2012, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={2nd}, title={Echinoderms}, booktitle={Invertebrate Medicine}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Lewbart, G.A.Editor}, year={2012}, pages={365–379} }
 @article{clode_harms_fatzinger_young_colitz_wert_2012, title={Identification and management of ocular lipid deposition in association with hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels , Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) and Muraena retifera Goode and Bean}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2761"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01396.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Clode, A. B. and Harms, C. and Fatzinger, M. H. and Young, F. and Colitz, C. and Wert, D.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={683–693} }
 @article{avens_goshe_harms_anderson_goodman hall_cluse_godfrey_braun-mcneill_stacy_bailey_et al._2012, title={Population characteristics, age structure, and growth dynamics of neritic juvenile green turtles in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico}, volume={458}, ISSN={0171-8630 1616-1599}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09720}, DOI={10.3354/meps09720}, abstractNote={Characterization of a population of green turtles inhabiting the northeastern Gulf of Mexico was made possible by the mortality of a subset of >4500 sea turtles that stranded during a mass cold stunning event in Florida, USA, during January 2010. In total, 434 dead, stranded green turtles Chelonia mydas were evaluated through necropsy and skeletochronological analysis to characterize morphology, sex, body condition, disease status, age structure, and growth patterns. Standard straightline carapace lengths ranged from 18.1 to 78.5 cm (mean ± SD = 36.3 ± 10.4 cm) and did not significantly differ from those of stranded green turtles that survived this event. Preva- lence of fibropapilloma (FP) was low, at 6%, and sex ratio was significantly biased toward females (2.45F:1M). Age estimates ranged from 2 to 22 yr (mean ± SD = 9 ± 4 yr) and female age distribution was significantly greater than that of males. Mean stage durations, as calculated through sum m - ation of size class-specific growth rates and fitting smoothing spline models to length-at-age data, were similar and ranged from 17 to 20 yr. Generalized additive models and generalized additive mixed models were used to assess the potential influence of discrete and continuous covariates on growth rates. Somatic growth was significantly influenced by size, age, and calendar year; however, no effect of sex, FP status, or body condition was found. Increased understanding of pop - ulation parameters will improve population models for the species and can also serve as a reference for assessing potential effects of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Avens, L and Goshe, LR and Harms, CA and Anderson, ET and Goodman Hall, A and Cluse, WM and Godfrey, MH and Braun-McNeill, J and Stacy, B and Bailey, R and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={213–229} }
 @article{choi_cope_harms_law_2012, title={Rapid decreases in salinity, but not increases, lead to immune dysregulation in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.)}, volume={36}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01417.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01417.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Choi, K and Cope, W G and Harms, C A and Law, J M}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={389–399} }
 @article{anderson_frasca_asakawa_fatzinger_johnson_marchetere_goodale_risatti_harms_2012, title={Splenic mycobacteriosis in an Atlantic guitarfish, Rhinobatos lentiginosus Garman}, volume={35}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01367.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01367.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 35, Issue 7 p. 541-544 Short Communication Splenic mycobacteriosis in an Atlantic guitarfish, Rhinobatos lentiginosus Garman Correction(s) for this article Corrigendum Volume 35Issue 9Journal of Fish Diseases pages: 709-709 First Published online: August 7, 2012 E T Anderson, E T Anderson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorS Frasca Jr, S Frasca Jr Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorM G Asakawa, M G Asakawa Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA WIL Research, Hillsborough, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM H Fatzinger, M H Fatzinger North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ Johnson, J Johnson North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorK Marchetere, K Marchetere Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorL Goodale, L Goodale Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorG R Risatti, G R Risatti Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author E T Anderson, E T Anderson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorS Frasca Jr, S Frasca Jr Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorM G Asakawa, M G Asakawa Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA WIL Research, Hillsborough, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM H Fatzinger, M H Fatzinger North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ Johnson, J Johnson North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorK Marchetere, K Marchetere Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorL Goodale, L Goodale Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorG R Risatti, G R Risatti Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 May 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01367.xCitations: 8 C A Harms, North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Science and Technology, 303 College Cir., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA (e-mail: craig_harms@ncsu.edu) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue7July 2012Pages 541-544 RelatedInformation}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Anderson, E T and Frasca, S, Jr and Asakawa, M G and Fatzinger, M H and Johnson, J and Marchetere, K and Goodale, L and Risatti, G R and Harms, C A}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={541–544} }
 @article{harms_harms_2012, title={VENOUS BLOOD GAS AND LACTATE VALUES OF MOURNING DOVES (ZENAIDA MACROURA), BOAT-TAILED GRACKLES (QUISCALUS MAJOR), AND HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS) AFTER CAPTURE BY MIST NET, BANDING, AND VENIPUNCTURE}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0114.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Blood gas partial pressures, pH, and bicarbonate and lactate concentrations were measured from the basilic vein of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) and the jugular vein of boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to assess immediate impacts of mist net capture and handling for banding and venipuncture. Mourning doves and house sparrows exhibited mild acidemia (median [minimum–maximum] venous blood pH41°C = 7.394 [7.230–7.496] and 7.395 [7.248–7.458], respectively), relative to boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major; 7.452 [7.364–7.512]), but for different reasons. Mourning doves exhibited relative metabolic acidosis (lower venous blood pH, higher lactate concentrations, lower bicarbonate, and no significant differences in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) or partial pressure of O2 (pO2) compared with boat-tailed grackles). House sparrows exhibited relative respiratory acidosis (lower venous blood pH, higher pCO2, lower pO2, and no significant differences in bicarbonate and lactate concentrations compared with boat-tailed grackles). All birds captured by mist net and handled for banding and venipuncture experienced some degree of lactic acidemia; and values were greater in mourning doves (lactate, 7.72 [3.94–14.14] mmol/L) than in boat-tailed grackles (5.74 [3.09–8.75] mmol/L) and house sparrows (4.77 [2.66–12.03] mmol/L), despite mourning doves resisting least and being easiest to disentangle from the mist net. House sparrows were more susceptible to respiratory acidosis, warranting particular care in handling birds <30 g to minimize interference with ventilation. The different sample collection site for mourning doves may have affected results in comparison with the other two species, due to activity of the wing muscles. However, despite the higher lactate concentrations, pCO2 was relatively low in doves. The metabolic, respiratory, and acid–base alterations observed in this study were minor in most cases, indicative of the general safety of these important field ornithology techniques. The effect of other adverse conditions, however, could be additive.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Harms, Ronald V.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={77–84} }
 @article{boylan_harms_waltzek_law_garner_cassell_fatzinger_govett_2011, title={Clinical report: hyperplastic adipose lids in mackerel scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier)}, volume={34}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01306.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01306.x}, abstractNote={1 South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA 2 North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, Morehead City, NC, USA 3 Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 4 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 5 Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA 6 North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USA 7 Western University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boylan, S M and Harms, C A and Waltzek, T and Law, J M and Garner, M and Cassell, J and Fatzinger, M H and Govett, P}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={921–925} }
 @article{anderson_harms_stringer_cluse_2011, title={Evaluation of Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Cold-Stunned Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={42}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2010-0217.1}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0217.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Hypothermia or cold-stunning is a condition in which the body temperature of an animal decreases below normal physiologic range and which has been linked to severe morbidity in sea turtles. Reports have focused on the physiologic changes caused by cold-stunning in Kemp's Ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), but few have evaluated the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). This study evaluated hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of cold-stunned green sea turtles in North Carolina, USA. When compared with healthy, free-ranging juvenile green turtles from the same region, cold-stunned turtles exhibited hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia (both total and ionized calcium), hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevations in uric acid and blood urea nitrogen. These findings contrast with some previously reported changes in cold-stunned Kemp's Ridley and loggerhead sea turtles. These results emphasize the importance of basing therapeutic regimens on biochemical analyses in cold-stunned sea turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Anderson, Eric T. and Harms, Craig A. and Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Cluse, Wendy M.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={247–255} }
 @article{harms_cranston_papich_rodriguez_higgins_flanagan_2011, title={Pharmacokinetics of Clindamycin in Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) after a Single Intravenous, Intramuscular, or Oral Dose}, volume={21}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-21.4.113}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651-21.4.113}, abstractNote={Abstract Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in multiple species. In monogastric mammalian species, clindamycin is well absorbed via all routes and has pharmacokinetic properties that support once- or twice-daily administration. It has been used to treat sea turtles with contaminated fractures and deep lacerations. However, lacking pharmacokinetic information in sea turtles, dosage regimens have been empirically derived or extrapolated from mammals. To assess current empiric dose recommendations (5 mg/kg q 24 h; 2.5–5 mg/kg kg q 12–24 h) in achieving appropriate plasma concentrations of sufficient duration, a pharmacokinetic study was performed in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Pilot study results indicated that at a dose of 5 mg/kg, plasma concentrations of clindamycin were below a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 μg/ml soon after injection. Therefore, the clindamycin dose was increased to 10 mg/kg for a study in which three groups of eight juvenile loggerhead sea turtles with a median weight of 5.03 kg housed at 30°C received a single intravenous, intramuscular, or oral dose of clindamycin. Blood was collected at various intervals to generate plasma concentration vs. time profiles. Noncompartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. After IV administration, clearance was high and variable, and the plasma concentrations persisted above 0.5 μg/ml for only 4 hr. The half-life also varied considerably among turtles, with values ranging from 1 to >50 h because of persistent low concentrations in five of the turtles. The median volume of distribution at steady state was 4.5 L/kg. Intramuscular administration yielded inconsistent absorption (median F = 45%), a 1.0-h median half-life, and plasma concentrations above 0.5 μg/ml for <4 h. Oral clindamycin produced low concentrations that were insufficient to calculate pharmacokinetic values, although administration technique (oral solution in squid mantles sutured shut and placed into the upper esophagus) may have contributed to the disappointing results for the oral route. These results indicate that because of rapid clearance, clindamycin administration at 10 mg/kg q 24 h does not achieve plasma concentrations needed for effective therapy in loggerhead sea turtles. Higher doses and more frequent administration should be considered to treat anaerobic and Gram-positive aerobic bacterial infections effectively in sea turtles.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Cranston, Elizabeth A. and Papich, Mark G. and Rodriguez, Mauricio X. and Higgins, Benjamin M. and Flanagan, Joseph P.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={113–119} }
 @article{anderson_minter_clarke_mroch_beasley_harms_2011, title={The Effects of Feeding on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Profiles in Green (Chelonia mydas) and Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Sea Turtles}, volume={2011}, ISSN={2042-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/890829}, DOI={10.4061/2011/890829}, abstractNote={In mammals, lipemic blood from sampling too soon after an animal feeds can have substantial effects on biochemical values. Plasma biochemical values in reptiles may be affected by species, age, season, and nutritional state. However, fasting status is not routinely considered when sampling reptile blood. In this paper, we evaluated 2-hour postprandial blood collection in two sea turtle species to investigate the effects of feeding on hematological and plasma biochemical values. Feeding had no significant effects on hematological values in either species, nor did it have an effect on plasma biochemistry values in Kemp's ridley sea turtles. In postprandial green turtles, total protein, albumin, ALP, AST, ALT, amylase, and cholesterol increased significantly, and chloride decreased significantly. Although statistically significant changes were observed, the median percent differences between pre- and postprandial values did not exceed 10% for any of these analytes and would not likely alter the clinical interpretation.}, journal={Veterinary Medicine International}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Anderson, Eric T. and Minter, Larry J. and Clarke, Elsburgh O. and Mroch, Raymond M. and Beasley, Jean F. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2011}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{lewbart_christian_harms_van wettere_2010, title={A Comparison of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Health Assessment in Asian Clams Corbicula fluminea from Florida and North Carolina}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/h09-041.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Larry S. and Harms, Craig A. and Van Wettere, Arnaud J.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={73–77} }
 @article{stringer_harms_beasley_anderson_2010, title={Comparison of Ionized Calcium, Parathyroid Hormone, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Rehabilitating and Healthy Wild Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas)}, volume={20}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-20.4.122}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651-20.4.122}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) have historically had markedly inverted calcium: phosphorous (Ca:P) ratios on prerelease plasma biochemistries at a rehabilitation center in North Carolina. A clinical diagnostic investigation was conducted to assess ionized calcium (iCa), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vit D), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in a subset of the affected animals (n = 10). Reference values for iCa, Vit D, and PTH have not been reported for wild green sea turtles in this region; therefore, healthy wild turtles (n = 10) that were incidentally captured in commercial fishing nets along the North Carolina coast were also evaluated. Median (10th–90th percentiles) levels of iCa, PTH, and Vit D for turtles in rehabilitation were 0.63 (0.55–0.72) mmol/L, 2.95 (1.31–3.96) pmol/L, and 27.5 (17.2–64.6) nmol/L, respectively, and for wild turtles were 1.05 (0.87–1.23) mmol/L, 0.75 (0.04–2.28) pmol/L, and 36 (16.1–72.1) nmol/L, respectively. Significant differences were found between the two populations for Ca, P, Ca:P, iCa, and PTH. Vitamin D values did not differ between the two populations, suggesting that turtles in rehabilitation maintain adequate levels. Calcium and iCa values were significantly lower and PTH and P were significantly higher in turtles in rehabilitation than in wild turtles. This suggests that dietary requirements are not being met in the captive population. The values presented here for iCa, Vit D, and PTH from the healthy wild population may serve as references for green sea turtles in rehabilitation.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Harms, Craig A. and Beasley, Jean F. and Anderson, Eric T.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={122–127} }
 @article{anderson_davis_law_lewbart_christian_harms_2010, title={Gross and histologic evaluation of 5 suture materials in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the california sea hare (Aplysia californica)}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Anderson, E. T. and Davis, A. S. and Law, J. M. and Lewbart, G. A. and Christian, L. S. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2010}, pages={64–68} }
 @article{anderson_stoskopf_morris_clarke_harms_2010, title={Hematology, Plasma Biochemistry, and Tissue Enzyme Activities of Invasive Red Lionfish Captured off North Carolina, USA}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/h10-029.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Anderson, E. T. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Morris, J. A., Jr. and Clarke, E. O. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={266–273} }
 @article{anderson_kennedy-stoskopf_sandy_dorn_boyette_harms_2010, title={SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH VASCULAR INVASION IN A DIAMONDBACK RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0096.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common neoplasm diagnosed in domestic and wild animals, including several species of reptiles. However, reports of SCC invading vasculature or metastasizing in snakes are lacking. This report documents a case of SCC in an adult male eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) with a unique presentation and invasion into several small- to medium-sized vessels, suggestive of a metastatic process. What was initially suspected to be an abscessed tail was ultimately determined to be SCC originating at the base of the rattle.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Anderson, Eric T. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Sandy, Jeanine R. and Dorn, Brian and Boyette, Trent and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={745–748} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_2010, title={The veterinarian’s role in surgical implantation of electronic tags in fish}, volume={21}, ISSN={0960-3166 1573-5184}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9185-3}, DOI={10.1007/s11160-010-9185-3}, number={1}, journal={Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={25–33} }
 @article{harms_eckert_jones_dow piniak_mann_2009, title={A Technique for Underwater Anesthesia Compared with Manual Restraint of Sea Turtles Undergoing Auditory Evoked Potential Measurements}, volume={19}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.19.1.8}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.19.1.8}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A safe and effective technique for underwater anesthesia of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) was developed to allow fully submerged in-water measurements of auditory evoked potentials (A...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Eckert, Scott A. and Jones, T. Todd and Dow Piniak, Wendy E. and Mann, David A.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={8–12} }
 @article{freeman_lewbart_robarge_harms_law_stoskopf_2009, title={Characterizing eversion syndrome in captive scyphomedusa jellyfish}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1087}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Freeman, K.S. and Lewbart, G.A. and Robarge, W.P. and Harms, C.A. and Law, J.M. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1087–1093} }
 @article{fire_wang_leighfield_morton_mcfee_mclellan_litaker_tester_hohn_lovewell_et al._2009, title={Domoic acid exposure in pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.) from southeastern and mid-Atlantic US waters}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1878-1470"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.hal.2008.12.002}, abstractNote={The neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) was detected in urine and fecal samples recovered from pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima) stranding along the U.S. Atlantic coast from 1997 to 2008. Of the 41 animals analyzed from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida, 24 (59%) tested positive for DA at concentrations of 0.4–1.8 ng/mL in urine and 12–13,566 ng/g in feces as determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Feces appeared to be the best indicator of DA exposure in Kogia spp., with 87% of all fecal samples analyzed testing positive for this toxin. Additional stranded animals (n = 40) representing 11 other cetacean species were recovered from the same region between 2006 and 2008 and analyzed by LC–MS/MS, however DA was not detected in any of these individuals. DA is produced naturally by diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Although blooms of DA-producing Pseudo-nitzschia have been associated with repeated large-scale marine mammal mortalities on the west coast of the U.S., there is no documented history of similar blooms on the southeast U.S. coast, and there were no observed Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in the region associated with any of these strandings. The feeding habits of Kogia spp. are poorly documented; thus, the vector(s) for DA exposure to these deep-diving species remains to be identified. Toxin accumulation in these pelagic whale species may be an indication of cryptic harmful algal bloom activity in offshore areas not currently being monitored. This study highlights the need for a better understanding of the role of toxigenic algae in marine mammal morbidity and mortality globally.}, number={5}, journal={HARMFUL ALGAE}, author={Fire, Spencer E. and Wang, Zhihong and Leighfield, Tod A. and Morton, Steve L. and McFee, Wayne E. and McLellan, William A. and Litaker, R. Wayne and Tester, Patricia A. and Hohn, Aleta A. and Lovewell, Gretchen and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={658–664} }
 @article{church_grafinger_harms_lewbart_christian_beasley_2009, title={SURGICAL REPAIR OF SEVERE FLIPPER LACERATIONS IN A LOGGERHEAD, CARETTA CARETTA, AND A KEMP'S RIDLEY, LEPIDOCHELYS KEMPII, SEA TURTLE}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0163.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and a Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempii, sea turtle were presented to the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of distal flipper injuries. The goal for both animals at presentation was to preserve limb function and avoid complete amputation. A severe full-thickness flipper laceration was successfully reapposed in the first case, and a rotational flap was used to cover exposed tissue in the second case. Limb function was improved and complete amputations were avoided in both turtles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Church, Melanie L. and Grafinger, Michael S. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregor A. and Christian, Larry S. and Beasley, Jean F.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={744–751} }
 @article{harms_maggi_breitschwerdt_clemons-chevis_solangi_rotstein_fair_hansen_hohn_lovewell_et al._2008, title={Bartonella species detection in captive, stranded and free-ranging cetaceans}, volume={39}, ISSN={0928-4249 1297-9716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008036}, DOI={10.1051/vetres:2008036}, abstractNote={We present prevalence of Bartonella spp. for multiple cohorts of wild and captive cetaceans. One hundred and six cetaceans including 86 bottlenose dolphins (71 free-ranging, 14 captive in a facility with a dolphin experiencing debility of unknown origin, 1 stranded), 11 striped dolphins, 4 harbor porpoises, 3 Risso's dolphins, 1 dwarf sperm whale and 1 pygmy sperm whale (all stranded) were sampled. Whole blood (n = 95 live animals) and tissues (n = 15 freshly dead animals) were screened by PCR (n = 106 animals), PCR of enrichment cultures (n = 50 animals), and subcultures (n = 50 animals). Bartonella spp. were detected from 17 cetaceans, including 12 by direct extraction PCR of blood or tissues, 6 by PCR of enrichment cultures, and 4 by subculture isolation. Bartonella spp. were more commonly detected from the captive (6/14, 43%) than from free-ranging (2/71, 2.8%) bottlenose dolphins, and were commonly detected from the stranded animals (9/21, 43%; 3/11 striped dolphins, 3/4 harbor porpoises, 2/3 Risso's dolphins, 1/1 pygmy sperm whale, 0/1 dwarf sperm whale, 0/1 bottlenose dolphin). Sequencing identified a Bartonella spp. most similar to B. henselae San Antonio 2 in eight cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 2 striped dolphins, 2 harbor porpoises), B. henselae Houston 1 in three cases (2 Risso's dolphins, 1 harbor porpoise), and untyped in six cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 1 striped dolphin, 1 pygmy sperm whale). Although disease causation has not been established, Bartonella species were detected more commonly from cetaceans that were overtly debilitated or were cohabiting in captivity with a debilitated animal than from free-ranging animals. The detection of Bartonella spp. from cetaceans may be of pathophysiological concern.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Research}, publisher={EDP Sciences}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Clemons-Chevis, Connie L. and Solangi, Mobashir and Rotstein, David S. and Fair, Patricia A. and Hansen, Larry J. and Hohn, Aleta A. and Lovewell, Gretchen N. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={59} }
 @article{harms_christian_burrus_hopkins_pandiri_law_wolf_butler_lewbart_2008, title={Cryotherapy for removal of a premaxillary mass from a chain pickerel using an over-the-counter wart remover}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Harms, C. A. and Christian, L. S. and Burrus, O. and Hopkins, W. B. and Pandiri, A. K. R. and Law, M. and Wolf, K. N. and Butler, C. M. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, pages={15–17} }
 @article{wolf_harms_beasley_2008, title={Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles}, volume={233}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.3.470}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and Harms, Craig A. and Beasley, Jean F.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={470–475} }
 @article{crognale_eckert_levenson_harms_2008, title={Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries}, volume={5}, ISSN={1863-5407 1613-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00112}, DOI={10.3354/esr00112}, abstractNote={Leatherback and other marine turtles are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), largely due to anthropogenic factors (e.g. poaching, habitat destruction and incidental mortality in fisheries). A need to understand the visual capacities of marine turtles has arisen from mortality caused by attraction of these turtles to chemiluminescent lights used by swordfish longline fisheries. Finding light sources that do not attract turtles, but enhance swordfish catch, could remove a major source of anthropogenic mortality to the Critically Endangered leatherback sea turtle. Using field-adapted non-invasive electrophysiology (corneal electroretinogram), we determined that leatherback spectral sensitivities differ significantly from those of green and loggerhead turtles with peak sensitivity in the shorter wavelengths. Leatherback temporal sensitivities also differ greatly from those of green turtles and peak at lower frequencies. Our results show that while leatherback and swordfish spectral sensitivities are similar, temporal response frequencies are very different. This difference provides a possible means to reduce the attraction of leatherbacks to swordfish longline gear by switching to electroluminescent attractants that use rapidly flickering light sources. Light sources flickered at >16 Hz should be difficult for leatherbacks to detect as flickering, while remaining readily seen as flickering by swordfish.}, journal={Endangered Species Research}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Crognale, MA and Eckert, SA and Levenson, DH and Harms, CA}, year={2008}, pages={249–256} }
 @article{chinnadurai_brown_van wettere_tuttle_fatzinger_linder_harms_2008, title={MORTALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEPSIS, PARASITISM, AND DISSEMINATED ROUND CELL NEOPLASIA IN YELLOW-LIPPED SEA KRAITS (LATICAUDA COLUBRINA)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0018.1}, abstractNote={Abstract This case series describes multiple mortalities associated with sepsis, neoplasia, and endoparasitism in yellow-lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina) at an exhibit aquarium. Over a 2-yr period, the facility kept 42 L. colubrina, of which 38 died and 19 were suitable for necropsy and histopathology. The common clinical syndrome seen in these animals consisted of partial to compete anorexia, increased time spent “hauled-out” on land, intermittent regurgitation, chronic lethargy, and weight loss. Few animals died without premonitory signs. Nutritional support and treatment for presumptive parasitism and sepsis were unsuccessful. The mortality seen in this collection of sea kraits could be placed into three groups; one group of animals (n = 9) died of sepsis secondary to necrotizing enteritis or pneumonia; one group (n = 6) remained apparently healthy for over 1 yr and then died with multifocal granulomas and sepsis; and the last group (n = 3) died as a result of multicentric lymphoid neoplasia with secondary sepsis. The unifying factor in the majority of these cases is the presence of septicemia as the proximate cause of death. Based on the clinical picture, it is presumed that an immunosuppressive event, such as transport, captivity stress, or possible concurrent viral infection, resulted in a septic event and death.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Brown, Danielle L. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Tuttle, Allison D. and Fatzinger, Michael H. and Linder, Keith E. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={626–630} }
 @article{harms_lovewell_rotstein_2008, title={Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1748-7692"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.x}, abstractNote={Marine Mammal ScienceVolume 24, Issue 2 p. 388-397 Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 December 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.xCitations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume24, Issue2April 2008Pages 388-397 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Lovewell, Gretchen N. and Rotstein, David S.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={388–397} }
 @article{maclean_harms_braun-mcneill_2008, title={Propofol anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.143}, abstractNote={Rapid, safe, and effective methods of anesthetic induction and recovery are needed for sea turtles, especially in cases eligible for immediate release. This study demonstrates that intravenous propofol provides a rapid induction of anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and results in rapid recovery, allowing safe return to water shortly after the procedure. Forty-nine loggerhead sea turtles were recovered as local fishery by-catch in pound nets and transported to a surgical suite for laparoscopic sex determination. Treatment animals (n=32) received 5 mg/kg propofol intravenously (i.v.) as a rapid bolus, whereas control animals (n=17) received no propofol. For analgesia, all animals received a 4 ml infusion of 1% lidocaine, locally, as well as 2 mg/kg ketoprofen intramuscularly (i.m.). Physiologic data included heart and respiratory rate, temperature, and a single blood gas sample collected upon termination of the laparoscopy. Subjective data included jaw tone and ocular reflex: 3 (vigorous) to 0 (none detected). Anesthetic depth was scored from 1, no anesthesia, to 3, surgical anesthesia. Turtles receiving propofol became apneic for a minimum of 5 min with a mean time of 13.7 ± 8.3 min to the first respiration. Limb movement returned at a mean time of 21.1 ± 16.8 min. The treatment animals were judged to be sedated for ∼30 min (mean anesthetic depth score ≥ 1.5) when compared to controls. Median respiratory rates for treatment animals were slower compared to controls for the first 15 min, then after 35 min, they became significantly faster than the controls. Median heart rates of control animals became significantly slower than treatment animals between 40 and 45 min. Physiologic differences between groups persisted a minimum of 55 min. Possible explanations for heart rate and respiratory rate differences later in the monitoring period include a compensatory recovery of treatment animals from anesthesia-induced hypoxia and hypercapnia or, alternatively, an induced response of the nonsedated control animals. The animals induced with propofol were easier to secure to the restraint device and moved less during laparoscopy. In conclusion, propofol is a safe and effective injectable anesthetic for use in free-ranging loggerhead sea turtles that provides rapid induction and recovery.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={MacLean, Robert A. and Harms, Craig A. and Braun-McNeill, Joanne}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={143–150} }
 @article{chinnadurai_van wettere_linder_harms_devoe_2008, title={Secondary amyloidosis and renal failure in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2007-0096R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 16-yr-old, captive-born, female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was evaluated for intermittent lethargy, partial anorexia, and polydipsia of 2 wk duration. The animal was immobilized for physical examination. It was in thin body condition, with multifocal mucosal ulcerations over the caudal and ventral tongue. Blood was collected for hematology, serum chemistry, and leptospirosis serology. Serum chemistry revealed severe azotemia, mild hyperglycemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia. The animal went into cardiac arrest during recovery from anesthesia and died. On histopathology, abundant amorphous, finely fibrillar, eosinophilic material was deposited in the kidneys, and smaller amounts of the same material were found in the splenic and pancreatic vessels; these findings are consistent with systemic secondary amyloidosis. The animal also had chronic nephritis, which, coupled with renal amyloidosis, resulted in renal failure and death. Systemic amyloidosis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis for renal failure in California sea lions.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Linder, Keith E. and Harms, Craig A. and DeVoe, Ryan S.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={274–278} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_harms_stoskopf_2008, title={Stomach Perforation in Tiger Salamanders, (Ambystoma tigrinum), after Nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestvis) Consumption}, volume={18}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This report describes two separate occurrences of stomach perforation and morbidity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) after consumption of a whole live nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestris). Nightcrawlers are commonly fed to captive tiger salamanders, however, they are non-native and are therefore not natural prey species. Additionally, the typical response of nightcrawlers to noxious environments, mucus production and burrowing, may facilitate gastric perforation in predators. These findings suggest that it may be safer to feed portions rather than whole earthworms to salamanders.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Harms, Craig and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={127–129} }
 @article{tuttle_burrus_burkart_scott_stoskopf_harms_2008, title={Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 31, Issue 4 p. 311-315 Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.xCitations: 3 Dr C. Harms, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA(e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume31, Issue4April 2008Pages 311-315 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Tuttle, A. D. and Burrus, O. and Burkart, M. A. and Scott, P. W. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={311–315} }
 @article{choi_lehmann_harms_law_2007, title={Acute hypoxia-reperfusion triggers immunocompromise in Nile tilapia}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/H06-010.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Choi, K. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. A. and Law, J. M.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={128–140} }
 @article{epperly_wyneken_flanagan_harms_higgins_2007, title={Attachment of popup archival transmitting (PAT) tags to loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)}, volume={38}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={Epperly, S.P. and Wyneken, J. and Flanagan, J.P. and Harms, C.A. and Higgins, B.}, year={2007}, pages={419–425} }
 @article{valentine_harms_cadenas_birkenheuer_marr_braun-mcneill_maggi_breitschwerdt_2007, title={Bartonella DNA in Loggerhead Sea Turtles}, volume={13}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.061551}, DOI={10.3201/eid1306.061551}, abstractNote={To the Editor: Bartonella are fastidious, aerobic, gram-negative, facultative, intracellular bacteria that infect erythrocytes, erythroblasts, endothelial cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and are transmitted by arthropod vectors or by animal scratches or bites (1–6). Currently, 20 species or subspecies of Bartonella have been characterized, of which 8 are known zoonotic pathogens (7). B. henselae has been recently identified from canine blood (8) and from harbor porpoises (9). Pathogenic bacteria are an important threat in terrestrial and marine environments, and in the case of B. henselae, reservoir hosts may be more diverse than currently recognized.}, number={6}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Valentine, K. Hope and Harms, Craig A. and Cadenas, Maria B. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Marr, Henry S. and Braun-McNeill, Joanne and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={949–950} }
 @article{harms_eckert_kubis_campbell_levenson_crognale_2007, title={Field anaesthesia of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)}, volume={161}, ISSN={0042-4900 2042-7670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.1.15}, DOI={10.1136/vr.161.1.15}, abstractNote={Ten nesting leatherback sea turtles on Trinidad were anaesthetised for electroretinogram (erg) measurements, using ketamine and medetomidine, reversed with atipamezole. They weighed 242 to 324 kg and were given initial doses of 3 to 8 mg/kg ketamine and 30 to 80 μg/kg medetomidine administered into an external jugular vein; six of the turtles received supplementary doses of 2·6 to 3·9 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0 to 39 μg/kg medetomidine. The lower doses were used initially to ensure against overdosage and reduce the chances of residual effects after the turtles returned to the water, but successful erg s called for step‐wise dose increases to the required level of anaesthesia. Respiratory rate, heart rate, electrocardiogram, cloacal temperature, and venous blood gases were monitored, and blood was collected for plasma biochemistry. At the end of the erg procedure, atipamezole was administered at 150 to 420 μg/kg (five times the dose of medetomidine), half intramuscularly and half intravascularly. The turtles were monitored and prevented from re‐entering the water until their behaviour was normal. No apparent mortalities or serious anaesthetic complications occurred. The observed within‐season return nesting rate of the anaesthetised turtles was comparable with that of unanaesthetised turtles.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Record}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Harms, C. A. and Eckert, S. A. and Kubis, S. A. and Campbell, M. and Levenson, D. H. and Crognale, M. A.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={15–21} }
 @article{rotstein_harms_lovewell_hohn_2007, title={Gastric leiomyoma in a free-living Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.160.4.130}, abstractNote={NEOPLASMS in free-living cetaceans are not commonly found, which may reflect the difficulty of assessing animals that usually die in the aquatic environment, negating any postmortem examination or resulting in an advanced state of autolysis. Individual or, occasionally, clusters of neoplasms such as fibroleiomyomas in Beluga whales (Mikaelian and others 2000) have been reported. Tumour types include epithelial, mesenchymal and, less commonly, neuroendocrine tumours (Gulland and others 2001). Renal adenoma, reticuloendotheliosis, lymphosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma and pancreatic adenoma have been reported in Atlantic bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (Gulland and others 2001). Mesenchymal tumours are less common in the species; leiomyomas of the digestive tract have been recorded only in single individuals, including in the intestine of an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) (Geraci and others 1987) and in the stomach of a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) (Cowan and others 1986). This short communication details the gross, histological and immunohistochemical findings of a gastric leiomyoma in an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin. An emaciated, adult, male Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, 268 cm in length and weighing 262·2 kg, was stranded dead off the coast of North Carolina, USA. Postmortem examination revealed lesions in the digestive, musculoskeletal, urogenital and endocrine systems. Specific gross findings were left mandibular swelling, urinary calculi in the penile urethra, focal proliferations on the penis, adrenocortical cysts, serous atrophy, a healed costal fracture and gastric trematodiasis. In the pylorus, there was a focal intramural mass measuring 3·0 cm x 2·0 cm x 2·0 cm, which was ulcerated on the mucosal surface, although luminal circumference was not reduced (Fig 1). On the cut surface, the mass was firm and white. Gastric contents were absent save for a bilious fluid. Representative sections were collected in 10 per cent formalin and processed routinely. Histologically, lesions were found in the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, musculoskeletal and urogenital tracts. Specific microscopic findings unrelated to the pyloric mass included myocarditis, aortitis, pulmonary oedema, gastric trematodiasis (Braunina cordiformis), colitis, hepatic haemosiderosis, proliferative balanitis, urethritis, focal mandibular callus (present before fracture) and adrenocortical cysts. The pyloric mass was composed of plump spindyloid cells forming interlacing bundles (Fig 2a). Cells had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and small, elongated nuclei, with minimal anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Mitoses were not observed. Moderate inflammation was evident, associated with plasma cells and macrophages. Based upon the histological findings, two differential diagnoses for the neoplasm were proposed: leiomyoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Immunohistochemical stains were applied to identify the tumours, including the myogenic markers smooth muscle actin (SMA), muscle-specific actin (MSA) and desmin (Des), as well as cytokine markers (c-kit) and neurogenic markers (S-100). Results of staining indicated positive intracytoplasmic staining for SMA (Fig 2b) and MSA (Fig 2c), rare positive intracytoplasmic staining for c-kit and S-100, and negative staining for desmin. A leiomyoma was therefore diagnosed. Leiomyomas, which are of smooth muscle origin, exhibit positive immunohistochemical staining for SMA, MSA and desmin; however, in one study of dogs, only 62 per cent of the tumours were positive for desmin and 97 per cent were positive for SMA (Frost and others 2003). Gastrointestinal stromal tumours are proposed to arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal and exhibit positive staining for c-kit, a protooncogene that encodes for a transmembrane tyrosine kinase. Infrequent staining is observed with SMA, MSA and S-100 (Frost and others 2003). Gastrointestinal stromal tumours have been reported in human beings, dogs and horses. The gastric leiomyoma in this case was an incidental finding; the animal is likely to have died from the combination FIG 1: Tumour found in the pylorus of an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in which the tunica media is expanded by a well-demarcated nodule (white line); the arrow indicates the gastric mucosa}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Rotstein, D. S. and Harms, C. A. and Lovewell, G. N. and Hohn, A. A.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={130–131} }
 @article{johnson_law_harms_levine_2007, title={Multitiered Health Assessment of Atlantic Menhaden in the Pamlico River, North Carolina}, volume={19}, ISSN={0899-7659 1548-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H06-018.1}, DOI={10.1577/H06-018.1}, abstractNote={During the fall of 2001 and 2002, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus were collected from several creeks in the Pamlico River, North Carolina, to investigate recent fish kills and ulcerative skin lesions. High skin lesion prevalence (>50%) was associated with the Atlantic menhaden kills in fall 2001, whereas there were no fish kills in fall 2002 and skin lesion prevalence was lower (< or =50%). Indicators of tissue damage (histopathological analyses of gills, heart, liver, intestine, and anterior kidney), body condition (liver somatic index), and immune status (transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta] messenger RNA [mRNA] production, hematology, plasma chemistry, and splenosomatic index) were compared between Atlantic menhaden with and without ulcerative skin lesions in fall. Atlantic menhaden with ulcerative skin lesions had significantly higher liver somatic indices, neutrophil and monocyte percentages, and splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels than did fish without lesions. Hematocrit values, plasma protein, and Ca concentrations were significantly lower in fish with ulcerative skin lesions than in those without. The indicators used in this study at multiple levels of biological organization have provided valuable baseline data for understanding the health status of lesioned and nonlesioned Atlantic menhaden in the Pamlico River.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, A. K. and Law, J. M. and Harms, C. A. and Levine, J. F.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={205–214} }
 @article{braun-mcneill_epperly_owens_avens_williams_harms_2007, title={Seasonal reliability of testosterone radioimmunoassay (RIA) for predicting sex ratios of juvenile loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles}, volume={63}, ISSN={0018-0831 1938-5099}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[275:srotrr]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[275:srotrr]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Because sex is determined by incubation temperatures in sea turtles and immature animals are not sexually dimorphic externally, circulating levels of testosterone measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA), in conjunction with laparoscopies, have been used to estimate sex ratios. From September to December 1995 to 1997, and from June to December 1998 to 2002, we sampled blood from 1106 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) incidentally captured in pound nets set in Core and Pamlico Sounds, North Carolina to measure testosterone levels. Laparoscopies of 89 of these turtles revealed a sex ratio of 2.1F:1M, similar to other juvenile loggerhead populations along the southeastern coast of the USA. Laparoscopies demonstrated that testosterone levels correctly identified males during summer months (water temperatures >23 C), but were unreliable during late autumn/winter months (water temperatures ≤16 C). During the summer months, females (n  =  201) exhibited testosterone concentrations with an upper limit of 239.0 pg/ml, and males (n  =  69) exhibited a lower limit of 372.0 pg/ml, for a sex ratio of 2.9F:1.0M. We recommend that verification of the RIA should be conducted by laparoscoping a subset of turtles sampled in all sex ratio studies. In addition, this verification should be conducted at several different times throughout the year to evaluate any possible seasonal effects on testosterone concentrations.}, number={3}, journal={Herpetologica}, publisher={Herpetologists League}, author={Braun-McNeill, Joanne and Epperly, Sheryan P. and Owens, David W. and Avens, Larisa and Williams, Erik and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={275–284} }
 @article{birkenheuer_harms_neel_marr_tucker_acton_tuttle_stoskopf_2007, title={The identification of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1469-8161"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249725062&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/S0031182006002095}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={5}, journal={PARASITOLOGY}, author={Birkenheuer, A. J. and Harms, C. A. and Neel, J. and Marr, H. S. and Tucker, M. D. and Acton, A. E. and Tuttle, A. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={631–635} }
 @article{saliki_cooper_rotstein_caseltine_pabst_mclellan_govett_harms_smolarek_romero_et al._2006, title={A Novel Gammaherpesvirus Associated with Genital Lesions in a Blainville's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)}, volume={42}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.142}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.142}, abstractNote={An adult male Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) was found stranded on the Atlantic coast of the USA on 28 January 2004. Necropsy revealed a focal papilloma-like penile lesion, the cells from which revealed single 4–6 μm basophilic intranuclear inclusions. Total DNA extracted from lesion material was tested using a pan-herpesvirus PCR assay that targets the DNA polymerase gene and found to be positive. When the amplified DNA fragment was cloned, sequenced, and compared to GenBank-deposited herpesvirus DNA polymerase sequences, the detected virus was determined to be a distinct member of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses. This new virus, tentatively named Ziphiid herpesvirus type 1, was associated with but not determined to be the cause of genital disease in the Blainville's beaked whale.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Saliki, Jeremiah T. and Cooper, Emily J. and Rotstein, David S. and Caseltine, Shannon L. and Pabst, D. Ann and McLellan, William A. and Govett, Pamela and Harms, Craig and Smolarek, Kara A. and Romero, Carlos H. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={142–148} }
 @article{johnson_harms_levine_law_2006, title={A quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay to measure TGF-β mRNA and its correlation with hematologic, plasma chemistry and organo-somatic indices responses in triamcinolone-treated Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus}, volume={30}, ISSN={0145-305X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.021}, DOI={10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.021}, abstractNote={A quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to measure transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), an estuarine-dependent species plagued by ulcerative skin lesions in the estuaries along the eastern United States. Atlantic menhaden were acclimated in a closed system for two weeks prior to initiation of the study. The synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide (10mg/kg body weight) was administered by intracoelomic injection and its effect on the splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA transcription, liver-somatic index, spleno-somatic index, hematology, and plasma chemistry were compared to untreated fish at 48 and 96h post-treatment. Triamcinolone-treated Atlantic menhaden showed suppression of TGF-beta mRNA production, neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, and an increase in blood glucose concentrations. The health indices used in this study may help us interpret some of the changes observed during the development of ulcerative skin lesions in wild-caught menhaden.}, number={5}, journal={Developmental & Comparative Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, A.K. and Harms, C.A. and Levine, J.F. and Law, J. McHugh}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={473–484} }
 @article{maclean_fatzinger_woolard_harms_2006, title={Clearance of a dermal Huffmanela sp in a sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) using levamisole}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao073083}, abstractNote={A wild-caught captive sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus developed a contiguous network of darkly pigmented linear tracks that progressed from the snout to the ventral cervical region. Microscopic examination of a skin scraping revealed nematode eggs of the genus Huffmanela, a group of histozoic nematodes that is known to parasitize requiem sharks and marine and freshwater teleosts. The fresh eggs were darkly pigmented with bipolar plugs, contained a larva, and measured 73.3 to 86.4 by 39.0 to 47.4 microm (n = 10). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded eggs were significantly smaller (Wilcoxon rank sums test, p < 0.005), measuring 70.5 to 78.9 by 33.6 to 41.3 microm (n = 13). These measurements do not correlate with previously reported species of Huffmanela. Serial treatment with levamisole (10 mg kg(-1), intramuscular [i.m.]) cleared the egg tracks within 21 d, with no recurrence or apparent complications.}, number={1}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={MacLean, Robert A. and Fatzinger, Michael H. and Woolard, Kevin D. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={83–88} }
 @inbook{harms_2006, place={Ames, Iowa}, title={Echinoderms}, DOI={10.1002/9780470344606.ch17}, abstractNote={This chapter contains section titled: Natural History and Taxonomy Anatomy and Physiology Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine Infectious Diseases Neoplasia Miscellaneous Conditions Clinical Procedures Treatment Protocols Human Health Hazards References}, booktitle={Invertebrate Medicine}, publisher={Blackwell}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Lewbart, G.A.Editor}, year={2006}, pages={245–256} }
 @inbook{harms_2006, place={Ames, Iowa}, title={Echinoderms.}, booktitle={Invertebrate Medicine}, publisher={Blackwell}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Lewbart, G.A.Editor}, year={2006} }
 @article{tuttle_law_harms_lewbart_harvey_2006, title={Evaluation of the gross and histologic reactions to five commonly used suture materials in the skin of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)}, volume={45}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Tuttle, A. D. and Law, J. M. and Harms, C. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Harvey, S. B.}, year={2006}, pages={22–26} }
 @article{kelly_harms_lemons_mclellan_hohn_2006, title={Influence of preoperative oxytetracycline administration on community composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of cloacal bacterial flora of loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, post-hatchlings}, volume={16}, ISBN={1529-9651}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.16.1.9}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Cloacal cultures from loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, post-hatchlings were obtained and evaluated for bacterial flora composition and antimicrobial susceptibility before and after laparoscopic surgery with or without preoperative oxytetracycline. Eight of 16 turtles received 25 mg/kg oxytetracycline IM. An equivalent volume of saline was administered to eight control turtles. Cultures were performed in all turtles immediately prior to treatment, at one week, and at one month following treatment. Minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline testing was performed. Cloacal bacterial diversity was also evaluated prior to and after administration of oxytetracycline in each group. There was an apparent shift in the community composition and diversity of cloacal bacterial flora in both groups between treatment times. In the saline treated hatchlings, the cloacal bacterial species diversity was unchanged or increased following treatment, whereas the bacterial flora diversity in the oxytetracy...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Kelly, T. R. and Harms, Craig and Lemons, C. and McLellan, C. and Hohn, A. A.}, year={2006}, pages={9} }
 @article{tuttle_papich_lewbart_christian_gunkel_harms_2006, title={Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) following single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/06-029.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ketoprofen (KTP) is a commonly used antiinflammatory and analgesic agent in reptile medicine, but no studies documenting its pharmacokinetics in this species have been published. Ketoprofen was administered as a racemic mixture to green iguanas (Iguana iguana) intravenously (i.v.) and intramuscularly (i.m.) at 2 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and indicated that ketoprofen in iguanas administered by the intravenous route has a classical two-compartmental distribution pattern, a slow clearance (67 ml/ kg/hr) and a long terminal half-life (31 hr) compared to ketoprofen studies reported in mammals. When delivered by the intramuscular route, bioavailability was 78%. These data indicate the daily dosing that is generally recommended for reptile patients, as an extrapolation from mammalian data, may be more frequent than necessary.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Tuttle, Allison D. and Papich, Mark and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Shane and Gunkel, Conny and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={567–570} }
 @article{tuttle_harms_van wettere_grafinger_lewbart_2006, title={Splenic Hemangiosarcoma in a Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata}, volume={16}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.16.4.140}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.16.4.140}, abstractNote={An adult corn snake with a prominent mid-body swelling and history of anorexia presented for evaluation. Contrast radiographs were performed which showed a soft tissue opacity, likely an extraluminal mass, that compressed the gastrointestinal tract both ventrally and to the left. Surgical exploration showed a highly vascular, encapsulated, red mass and the mass was removed. Histopathology on the mass showed it to be a splenic hemangiosarcoma. Despite mass removal and aggressive supportive care, the snake died one and a half months later. This is the first report of splenic hemangiosarcoma in any reptile species and expands the list of known differential diagnoses for mid-body swellings in a snake.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Tuttle, Allison D. and Harms, Craig A. and Van Wettere, Amaud J.N.J. and Grafinger, Michael S. and Lewbart, Gregory, A.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={140–143} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_mcalarney_christian_geissler_lemons_2006, title={Surgical excision of mycotic (Cladosporium sp.) granulomas from the mantle of a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/06-033.1}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult female European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) from a public aquarium presented with an eruptive skin lesion of the dorsal mantle. Radiographs, hemolymph collection, and excisional biopsy were performed using anesthesia with ethanol 1.5–3% in seawater. Elastic and freely mobile skin permitted closure with minimal tension following wide excision around the lesions, which did not appear to penetrate deep to the underlying cuttlebone. Biopsy revealed hemocyte granulomas surrounding thin, septate, infrequently branching fungal hyphae, and culture yielded Cladosporium sp. Itraconazole was administered postoperatively in food items. The cuttlefish recovered to normal feeding and activity levels with complete surgical site healing. Two months following the procedure, the animal was found dead in exhibit. Histopathologic examination revealed multisystemic fungal infection.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and McAlarney, Ryan and Christian, Larry S. and Geissler, Kyleigh and Lemons, Carol}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={524–530} }
 @article{hughes hartman_yanong_harms_lewbart_2006, title={The future of training for aquatic animal health veterinarians}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.33.3.389}, abstractNote={This article describes educational approaches for training veterinary students, veterinary graduates, and practicing veterinarians in the area of aquatic animal health and lists a range of general research, training, internship/residency, and continuing-education resources.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hughes Hartman, Kathleen and Yanong, Roy P. E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2006}, pages={389–393} }
 @article{maggi_harms_hohn_pabst_mclellan_walton_rotstein_breitschwerdt_2005, title={Bartonella henselaein Porpoise Blood}, volume={11}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050969}, DOI={10.3201/eid1112.050969}, abstractNote={DNA in porpoises suggests an emerging infectious disease in marine mammals.}, number={12}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Maggi, Ricardo G. and Harms, Craig A. and Hohn, Aleta A. and Pabst, D. Ann and McLellan, William A. and Walton, Wendy J. and Rotstein, David S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1894–1898} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_swanson_kishimori_boylan_2005, title={Behavioral and clinical pathology changes in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics}, volume={55}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Harms, C.A. and Lewbart, G.A. and Swanson, C.R. and Kishimori, J.M. and Boylan, S.M.}, year={2005}, pages={221–226} }
 @article{gore_harms_kukanich_forsythe_lewbart_papich_2005, title={Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, after a single i.v. injection and bath administration}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00684.x}, abstractNote={Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics were studied in European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, after a single 5 mg/kg i.v. injection or a 2.5 mg/L 5 h bath. A pilot study with two animals was also performed following a 10 mg/kg p.o. administration. The concentration of enrofloxacin in hemolymph was assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from compartmental methods. In the i.v. study, the terminal half‐life (t1/2), apparent volume of distribution, and systemic clearance were respectively 1.81 h, 385 mL/kg, and 4.71 mL/min/kg. Following bath administration the t1/2, peak hemolymph concentration (Cmax), and area under the curve to infinity (AUC0−∞) were 1.01 h, 0.5 ± 0.12 μg/mL, and 0.98 μg·h/mL, respectively. After oral administration, the t1/2, Cmax, and AUC0−∞ were 1.01 h, 10.95 μg/mL, 26.71 μg·h/mL, respectively. The active metabolite of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, was not detected in any samples tested. The hemolymph concentration was still above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for shrimp and fish bacterial isolates at 6 h after i.v. administration, therefore, a dose of 5 mg/kg i.v. every 8–12 h is suggested for additional studies of efficacy. The Cmax value for the water bath was lower than for the i.v. study, but a bath of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h once to twice daily is suggested for additional studies to test efficacy against highly susceptible organisms. Although only two animals were used for the oral study, a dose of 10 mg/kg produced hemolymph concentrations of enrofloxacin that were in a range consistent with therapeutic efficacy in other species.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gore, SR and Harms, CA and Kukanich, B and Forsythe, J and Lewbart, GA and Papich, MG}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={433–439} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_swanson_harms_blasiola_noga_gratzek_lehmann_levine_may_2005, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, June 21-23, 2005}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G. and Swanson, C. and Harms, C. and Blasiola, G. and Noga, E. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, W. and Levine, J. and May, S.}, year={2005} }
 @article{govett_harms_johnson_latimer_wellehan_fatzinger_christian_kelly_lewbart_2005, title={Lymphoid follicular cloacal inflammation associated with a novel herpesvirus in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870501700513}, abstractNote={ Multifocal hyperemic nodules and plaques associated with the cloacal mucosa of juvenile alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis) at a public aquarium were investigated. Grossly, pale pink to dark red multifocal, circular lesions of varying degrees of severity were identified on the cloacal and, in males, phallus mucosa. Cloacal mucosa biopsies were obtained from 2 of the alligators. These samples were examined histologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using consensus primers targeting a conserved region of the herpesvirus polymerase gene. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized as submucosal lymphoid follicles with hyperemia and hemorrhage. No inclusion bodies were observed. Minimal to no anisokaryosis was present, and no etiologic agents were identified. Through PCR, a band consistent in size with herpesvirus was observed. Tissues showing similar clinical, histopathologic, and PCR findings were collected from animals at an alligator farm several months later. Sequencing of the PCR amplicon resulted in a 180-base pair sequence that shared 85% sequence identity with tortoise herpesvirus-1. }, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Govett, PD and Harms, CA and Johnson, AJ and Latimer, KS and Wellehan, JFX and Fatzinger, MH and Christian, LS and Kelly, TR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{stamper_harms_epperly_braun-mcneill_avens_stoskopf_2005, title={Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), a comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/04-074.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Health status of a total of 57 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta; 42 migratory and 15 residential turtles) was analyzed using body condition and hematologic parameters. A subset of 18 juvenile migratory loggerhead sea turtles in the fall of 1997 and 15 residential turtles in the summer of 2000 were analyzed for barnacle epibiota. The migratory group had significantly higher red blood cell counts and percent heterophils and significantly lower percent lymphocyte and absolute eosinophil counts, as well as significantly lower plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and anion gap. Many of these variations may be because of physiology of migration. A positive association between turtle weight and hematocrit was detected and may be because of larger turtles diving for longer periods of time. There were no significant differences of epibiota load, health of the turtles, or condition index between turtles captured during the two events.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stamper, MA and Harms, C and Epperly, SP and Braun-McNeill, J and Avens, L and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={635–641} }
 @article{harms_2005, title={Surgery in fish research: Common procedures and postoperative care}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0093-7355"]}, DOI={10.1038/laban0105-28}, abstractNote={As the use of fish models in biomedical research increases, so too does the need for individuals working in laboratory animal science to be familiar with surgical procedures in these animals. The author presents a primer on fish surgery with an emphasis on research applications.}, number={1}, journal={LAB ANIMAL}, author={Harms, CA}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={28–34} }
 @article{boylan_lewbart_kishimori_debolt_harms_2005, title={Surgical and medical management of aural abscesses in turtles}, volume={7}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={1}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Boylan, S. M. and Lewbart, G. A. and Kishimori, J. and Debolt, R. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2005}, pages={22} }
 @article{keller_kucklick_stamper_harms_mcclellan-green_2004, title={Associations between organochlorine contaminant concentrations and clinical health parameters in loggerhead sea turtles from North Carolina, USA}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.6923}, abstractNote={Widespread and persistent organochlorine (OC) contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides, are known to have broad-ranging toxicities in wildlife. In this study we investigated, for the first time, their possible health effects on loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Nonlethal fat biopsies and blood samples were collected from live turtles for OC contaminant analysis, and concentrations were compared with clinical health assessment data, including hematology, plasma chemistry, and body condition. Concentrations of total PCBs (Sigma PCBs), Sigma DDTs, Sigma chlordanes, dieldrin, and mirex were determined in 44 fat biopsies and 48 blood samples. Blood concentrations of Sigma chlordanes were negatively correlated with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, indicative of anemia. Positive correlations were observed between most classes of OC contaminants and white blood cell counts and between mirex and Sigma TCDD-like PCB concentrations and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, suggesting modulation of the immune system. All classes of OCs in the blood except dieldrin were correlated positively with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, indicating possible hepatocellular damage. Mirex and Sigma TCDD-like PCB blood concentrations were negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Significant correlations to levels of certain OC contaminant classes also suggested possible alteration of protein (increasing blood urea nitrogen, decreasing albumin:globulin ratio), carbohydrate (decreasing glucose), and ion (increasing sodium, decreasing magnesium) regulation. These correlations suggest that OC contaminants may be affecting the health of loggerhead sea turtles even though sea turtles accumulate lower concentrations of OCs compared with other wildlife.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Keller, JM and Kucklick, JR and Stamper, MA and Harms, CA and McClellan-Green, PD}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={1074–1079} }
 @article{govett_harms_linder_marsh_wyneken_2004, title={Effect of four different suture materials on the surgical wound healing of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta}, volume={14}, ISBN={1529-9651}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.14.4.6}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The tissue reaction to four suture materials placed in the skin of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, was evaluated both grossly and histologically. Chromic gut, polyglyconate, polyglactin 910, and poliglecaprone 25 were used in 258 turtles to close a wound produced at the time of laparoscopic sex determination. Gross tissue reactions were graded in 68 turtles at one week, and in the remaining 190 turtles at two weeks following surgery. Gross observations (eversion formation, holding of sutures, epibiont [organisms growing on suture site] present and crusts) were graded from one to three with one being mild and three being most severe. Gross observation scores did not differ among suture types. Crust scores were significantly greater for chromic gut and for polyglactin than for poliglecaprone 25 and polyglyconate. At the suture site, 32% of the turtles had an eversion in the incision ranging in size from 0.25 to 10 mm2 [mean 2.02 (+/− 1.95) mm2]. Eversion size did not vary signific...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Govett, P. D. and Harms, Craig and Linder, K. E. and Marsh, J. C. and Wyneken, J.}, year={2004}, pages={6} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_stoskopf_blasiola_gratzek_lehmann_harms_lewbart_2004, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course,  July 29-31, 2004}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Stoskopf, M. and Blasiola, G. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. and Lewbart, G.}, year={2004} }
 @article{keller_kucklick_harms_mcclellan-green_2004, title={Organochlorine contaminants in sea turtles: Correlations between whole blood and fat}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0730-7268"]}, DOI={10.1897/03-254}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Keller, JM and Kucklick, JR and Harms, CA and McClellan-Green, PD}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={726–738} }
 @article{harms_papich_stamper_ross_rodriguez_hohn_2004, title={Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/03-083}, abstractNote={Abstract The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in 2-yr-old loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single i.v. and i.m. injections were studied for biologic marking and therapeutic applications. Twenty juvenile turtles were divided into two treatment groups. Ten animals received 25 mg/kg of oxytetracycline i.v. and 10 received the same dosage i.m. Plasma oxytetracycline concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Data from the i.v. route best fit a three-compartment model, whereas noncompartmental analysis was used to compare data from both the i.v. and i.m routes. For the i.v. route, means for maximum plasma concentration, terminal phase half-life, systemic clearance, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were 6.6 μg/ml, 66.1 hr, 290.7 ml/hr/kg, and 18.4 L, respectively. For the i.m. route, means for systemic availability, maximum plasma concentration, and elimination half-life were 91.8%, 1.6 μg/ml, and 61.9 hr, respectively. The remarkably high apparent volume of distribution may possibly be associated with a deep compartment of drug disposition such as bone deposition associated with the large skeletal mass of turtles and the fact that these were well-nourished, growing juveniles. Although maximum plasma concentration by i.m. administration was lower than for the i.v. route, the long elimination time indicates that an infrequent dosing interval may be effective for sensitive bacteria.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harms, CA and Papich, MG and Stamper, A and Ross, PM and Rodriguez, MX and Hohn, AA}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={477–488} }
 @article{cain_harms_segars_2004, title={Plasma biochemistry reference values of wild-caught southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana)}, volume={35}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/03-107}, DOI={10.1638/03-107}, abstractNote={Abstract Stingrays are prominent marine animals; however, there are few published reference values for their blood chemistry and hematology. Twenty-eight southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana) were caught using the bottom trawl nets of fishery-independent boats operated by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources during June and July 2002 from Winyah Bay, South Carolina, to St. Augustine, Florida. Median values of blood and plasma obtained from live animals promptly after capture are as follows: packed cell volume = 0.22 L/L (22%), total solids (TS) = 56.5 g/L (5.65 g/dl), total protein (TP) = 26 g/L (2.6 g/dl), sodium = 315 mmol/L, potassium = 4.95 mmol/L, chloride = 342 mmol/L, calcium = 4.12 mmol/L (16.5 mg/dl), phosphorus = 1.5 mmol/L (4.7 mg/dl), urea nitrogen = 444 mmol/L (1,243 mg/dl), glucose = 1.69 mmol/L (30 mg/dl), aspartate aminotransferase = 14.5 U/L, creatine phosphokinase = 80.5 U/L, osmolality = 1065 mOsm/kg, and lactate = 3.1 mmol/L. Bicarbonate was less than the low end of the instrument range (5 mmol/L) in all but three samples. Anion gap was negative in all samples. Albumin was less than the low end of the instrument range (1 g/dl) in all except one sample. Osmolality was significantly higher in the rays caught in the southern region. TS and TP values were linearly related to each other, and the equation for the fitted line is TS = (11.61 × TP) + 25.4 (in g/L) [or TS = (1.161 × TP) + 2.54 (in g/dl)]. The reference ranges reported in this study can be used to aid in the management of aquarium stingrays and to create a baseline for health monitoring of the wild Dasyatis spp.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Cain, Danielle K. and Harms, Craig A. and Segars, Al}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={471–476} }
 @article{harms_lo piccolo_rotstein_hohn_2004, title={Struvite penile urethrolithiasis in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.588}, abstractNote={Massive urolithiasis of the penile urethra was observed in an adult pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded on Topsail Island, North Carolina, USA. Calculi occupied the urethra from just distal to the sigmoid flexure to the tip of the penis for a length of 43 cm. A urethral diverticulum was present proximal to the calculi. The major portion of the multinodular urolith weighed 208 g and was 16 cm long × 3.7 cm diameter at the widest point. The urolith was composed of 100% struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and on culture yielded Klebsiella oxytoca, a ureasepositive bacterium occasionally associated with struvite urolith formation in domestic animals. Reaction to the calculi was characterized histologically by moderate multifocal to coalescing plasmacytic balanitis and penile urethritis. Role of the urethrolithiasis in the whale's stranding is speculative but could have involved pain or metabolic perturbations such as uremia or hyperammonemia.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Harms, CA and Lo Piccolo, R and Rotstein, DS and Hohn, AA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={588–593} }
 @article{pressler_goodman_harms_hawkins_lewbart_2003, title={Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach in three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis)}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0088:eeotea]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis) were presented with suspected or confirmed esophageal foreign bodies. Esophagoscopy was performed on all turtles, and gastroscopy was performed on three turtles. In all cases, endoscopy was easy to perform, and allowed visualization of most upper gastrointestinal features. The papillated esophagus was easy to navigate, but mucosal papillae in the loggerhead sea turtles prevented examination of the underlying mucosa. The stomach was easily entered and examined in both species, but the working endoscope length (100 cm) prevented inspection of the pyloric antrum and the duodenum in all turtles. The turtles in this report may serve as references for future endoscopic examinations of these species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Pressler, B. M. and Goodman, R. A. and Harms, Craig and Hawkins, Eleanor and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2003}, pages={88–92} }
 @inbook{harms_2003, place={Philadelphia}, edition={5th}, title={Fish}, booktitle={Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine}, publisher={Saunders}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Fowler, M.E. and Miller, R.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={2–20} }
 @article{harms_howard_wolf_smith_kennedy-stoskopf_2003, title={Transforming growth factor-beta response to mycobacterial infection in striped bass Morone saxatilis and hybrid tilapia Oreochromis spp.}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00138-7}, abstractNote={Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were experimentally infected with Mycobacterium marinum. Splenic mononuclear cell transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA was measured by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR (RT-qcPCR). In histologic sections of liver and anterior kidney, the area of each section that was occupied by granulomas and the total area of each section were measured by computer-assisted image analysis and compared as a proportion (the granuloma proportion). Infected striped bass splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA expression was significantly lower than uninfected controls, while for tilapia there was no significant difference between infected and control fish. Mycobacterial granuloma proportion of liver and anterior kidney sections was significantly greater for infected striped bass than tilapia. Three (of 10) infected tilapia with the most pronounced inflammatory response displayed a decrease in TGF-beta mRNA expression, similar to the overall striped bass response to mycobacterium challenge. Downregulation of TGF-beta and failure to modulate the immune response may be related to excessive inflammatory damage to organs observed in mycobacteria-sensitive fish species.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Harms, CA and Howard, KE and Wolf, JC and Smith, SA and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={155–163} }
 @article{jaeger_wosar_harms_lewbart_2003, title={Use of a supraplastron approach to the coelomic cavity for repair of an esophageal tear in a loggerhead sea turtle}, volume={223}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.223.353}, abstractNote={A juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) was referred for removal of a fishhook lodged in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. Attempts at manual and endoscopic extraction were unsuccessful and resulted in a 6-cm tear in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. A supraplastron approach was made to the coelomic cavity, allowing access to and repair of the esophageal tear. The turtle recovered well and was able to be released to the wild. The surgical approach was associated with less trauma and shorter healing and rehabilitation times, compared with traditional plastron osteotomy.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Jaeger, GH and Wosar, MA and Harms, CA and Lewbart, GA}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={353–355} }
 @article{harms_mallo_ross_segars_2003, title={Venous blood gases and lactates of wild loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) following two capture techniques}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.366}, abstractNote={During summer of 2001, venous blood gases were determined in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) captured by trawl (n=16) in coastal waters of South Carolina and Georgia (USA) as part of a sea turtle census program and captured in pound nets (n=6) in coastal North Carolina (USA) during a study of sea turtle population biology. Trawls were towed for 30 min, so turtles captured were forcibly submerged for ≤30 min. Pound nets are passive gear in which fish and sea turtles are funneled into a concentrated area and removed periodically. Sea turtles in pound nets are free to surface and to feed at will. Blood was obtained from the dorsal cervical sinus as quickly as possible after landing on the boat (range 2–10 min trawl, 1–2 min pound net) and at 30 min after landing just prior to release. Blood gases including pH, partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (pO2, pCO2), and lactate were measured within 10 min. Instrument measurements for pH, pO2, and pCO2 made at 37 C were corrected to cloacal temperature and HCO3− was calculated from temperature-corrected pH and pCO2. Venous blood pH and bicarbonate were higher, and pO2 and lactate were lower from pound net-captured turtles compared to trawl captured turtles at the initial sampling time. In pound net turtles, pH and bicarbonate declined and lactate increased during 30 min on deck. In trawled sea turtles, venous blood pH increased and pCO2 and pO2 decreased during the 30 min on deck. Both capture systems caused perturbations in blood gas, acid-base, and lactate status, though alterations were greater in trawl captured turtles.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Harms, CA and Mallo, KM and Ross, PM and Segars, A}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={366–374} }
 @inproceedings{harms_lewbart_beasley_stamper_chittick_trogdon_2002, title={Clinical implications of haematology and plasma biochemistry values for loggerhead sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation.}, volume={477}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 29 February through 4 March 2000, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. (NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-SEFSC; 477)}, publisher={Miami, Fla.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce}, author={Harms, C. and Lewbart, G. and Beasley, J. and Stamper, A. and Chittick, B. and Trogdon, M.}, year={2002}, pages={190–191} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_lewbart_harms_blasiola_juopperi_gratzek_2002, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Lewbart, G. and Harms, G. and Blasiola, G. and Juopperi, T. and Gratzek, J.}, year={2002} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_beasley_2002, title={Medical management of mixed nocardial and unidentified fungal osteomyelitis in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii}, volume={12}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.21}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A hypothermic-stunned juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, developed right carpal swelling early in rehabilitation. Osteomyelitis was detected initially as a small radiolucency of the proximal aspect of the metacarpal of digit I, and spread over the course of several weeks nearly to obliterate the distal carpal row and affect the ulnar and pisiform carpals and metacarpals II and III. Unbranching unpigmented septate fungal hyphae were observed cytologically from a fine needle aspirate, however fungal culture was negative. A Nocardia sp. was cultured from the fine needle aspirate. Although surgical debridement was strongly considered, concerns over postoperative management of a submerged open contaminated wound at a mobile joint led to a decision to attempt medical management alone. Prolonged combined treatment with fluconazole (one year) and azithromycin (162 d) resulted in a functional carpal joint with substantial remineralization of the carpal and metacarpal bones, normal fli...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory and Beasley, J.}, year={2002}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{mallo_harms_lewbart_papich_2002, title={Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and subcutaneous injections, and multiple subcutaneous injections}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0029:pofils]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Superficial and systemic mycotic infections are common among clinically ill sea turtles, which places growing importance on the establishment of pharmacokinetic-based dosage regimens for antifungal drugs. The pharmacokinetic properties of the antifungal drug fluconazole, after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injections, were studied in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) housed at 23.0–26.5°C. Fluconazole pharmacokinetic properties were further assessed in a multiple-dose s.c. regimen derived from the pharmacokinetic parameters determined in the single-dose study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, using a two-compartment model, from plasma concentration–time data obtained after single i.v. and s.c. administrations of fluconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight in six juvenile sea turtles. Blood samples were collected at intervals through 120 hr after each dose, and the concentration of fluconazole in plasma was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The i.v. and s.c. elimination half-lives were 139.5 ± 36.0 and 132.6 ± 48.7 hr (mean ± SD), respectively. Systemic clearance of fluconazole was 8.2 ± 4.3 ml/kg·hr, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 1.38 ± 0.29 L/kg. A multiple-dose regimen was derived, which consisted of a loading dose of 21 mg/kg body weight and subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg administered through s.c. injection every 120 hr (5 days). This regimen was administered to four juvenile sea turtles for 10 days, and blood samples were taken to determine peak and trough plasma concentrations of fluconazole. The mean concentrations for the two peak concentrations were 16.9 ± 1.1 and 19.1 ± 2.8 μg/ml 4 hr after dosing, and the mean concentrations for the three trough concentrations were 7.2 ± 2.2, 10.4 ± 2.7, and 10.7 ± 2.9 μg/ml 120 hr after dosing. The terminal half-life after the last dose was calculated at 143 hr. Throughout the multiple dosing, fluconazole concentrations remained above approximately 8 μg/ml, a concentration targeted when treating mycotic infections in humans. The results of this study suggest that fluconazole can be effectively administered to sea turtles at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 5 days after a loading dose of 21 mg/kg.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Mallo, K. M. and Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory and Papich, Mark}, year={2002}, pages={29–35} }
 @article{harms_ross_segars_2002, title={Plasma biochemistry reference values of wild bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00289.x}, abstractNote={Background —  Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are of commercial, sport, research, and exhibit importance, however, blood chemistry reference values have been determined for few of these species.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Harms, C and Ross, T and Segars, A}, year={2002}, pages={111–115} }
 @article{bonifant_harms_rotstein_lewbart_2002, title={Surgical removal of a coelomic mass in a gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola}, volume={12}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.27}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A coelomic mass attached by a thin stalk to the gastroduodenal junction was removed from the extralumenal serosa of a male gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola. The histologic characteristic of the mass is consistent with either a diverticulosis with subsequent stricturing or a healed gastrointestinal perforation.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Bonifant, C. and Harms, Craig and Rotstein, D. S. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2002}, pages={27–29} }
 @article{chittick_harras_2001, title={Intraocular pressure of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) held in different positions}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.149.19.587}, abstractNote={The intraocular pressure of 12 apparently healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) was determined by applanation tonometry while the turtles were held in dorsoventral, ventrodorsal, and head‐down suspended positions. The median intraocular pressures were 5 mmHg (range 4 to 9 mmHg) in the dorsoventral position, 7 mmHg (range 5 to 12 mmHg) in the ventrodorsal position, and 23 mmHg (range 17 to 33 mmHg) in the suspended position.}, number={19}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Chittick, B and Harras, C}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={587–589} }
 @inbook{harms_wildgoose_2001, title={Surgery}, DOI={10.22233/9781910443538.31}, abstractNote={THIS MANUAL HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM SALE. IT REMAINS AVAILABLE TO THOSE WHO HAVE ALREADY PURCHASED ACCESS. INDIVIDUAL CHAPTERS MAY STILL BE PURCHASED Fish can make excellent subjects for surgery if suitable measures are taken to cater for the patient&#8217;s aquatic lifestyle. The decision to proceed to surgery in clinical cases can be motivated by rarity of the species involved, economic value of the patient or the owner&#8217;s emotional attachment. This chapter reviews anatomy, anaesthesia, presurgical investigation, preoperative preparation, techniques, wound closure, postoperative care and surgical procedures.}, booktitle={BSAVA manual of ornamental fish, 2nd ed}, author={Harms, Craig and Wildgoose, W. H.}, year={2001}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{wolfe_harms_groves_loomis_2001, title={Treatment of Argulus sp infestation of river frogs}, volume={40}, number={6}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Wolfe, B. A. and Harms, C. A. and Groves, J. D. and Loomis, M. R.}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={35–36} }
 @article{harms_kennedy-stoskopf_horne_fuller_tompkins_2000, title={Cloning and sequencing hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and development of a reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay to measure TGF-β mRNA of teleost fish}, volume={10}, ISSN={1050-4648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1999.0230}, DOI={10.1006/fsim.1999.0230}, abstractNote={A transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta was isolated and cloned from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) anterior kidney mononuclear cells. This isolate (Genbank accession number AF140363) contains an open reading frame of 1146 bases coding for a 382 amino acid protein most similar to rainbow trout TGF-beta (57.3 and 78.6% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively) and rat TGF-beta 1 (41.1 and 68.8% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively). Consensus primers were demonstrated to amplify specifically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a TGF-beta segment from 14 species of teleost fish comprising 10 taxonomic families in 7 orders. A reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay was devised to measure TGF-beta mRNA expression in teleost fish. Higher levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression were detected in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood than from spleen or anterior kidney.}, number={1}, journal={Fish & Shellfish Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harms, C.A and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Horne, W.A and Fuller, F.J and Tompkins, W.A.F}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={61–85} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Correlation of transforming growth factor-beta messenger RNA (TGF-beta mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Assessing fish immune status with molecular markers has been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR, RT-qcPCR) for measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcription from a broad range of teleost fish has recently been developed. The quantitative PCR now permits monitoring production of this important immunosuppressive cytokine in response to immunomodulating agents and conditions. We examined anterior kidney and spleen mononuclear cells from hybrid striped bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops) for production of TGF-β messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. We also compared TGF-β transcription with anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity and splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis. Anterior kidney mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels decreased, whereas bactericidal activity increased. Spleen TGF-β mRNA levels did not change significantly, and splenic lymphocyte pokeweed mitogen stimulation index increased in triamcinolone-treated fish. Since triamcinolone is used therapeutically as a suppressive immunomodulator, the enhanced immune functions indicated by the cellular immunoassays were unexpected; however, the inverse response of TGF-β production and macrophage bactericidal activity was consistent with the known relationship between TGF-β and macrophage activation in mammals. Induced immunomodulation in hybrid striped bass was detectable by both traditional cellular immunoassays and the new RT-qcPCR for TGF-β.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Harms, CA and Ottinger, CA and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={9–17} }
 @article{sladky_horne_goodrowe_stoskopf_loomis_harms_2000, title={Evaluation of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={39}, number={6}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Sladky, K. K. and Horne, W. A. and Goodrowe, K. L. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Loomis, M. R. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_blazer_densmore_pieper_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries}, volume={108}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.00108447}, abstractNote={Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's [Tau] b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-beta as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Harms, Craig and Ottinger, C. A. and Blazer, V. S. and Densmore, C. L. and Pieper, L. H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={2000}, pages={447–452} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_blazer_densmore_pieper_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.2307/3454386}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Harms, CA and Ottinger, CA and Blazer, VS and Densmore, CL and Pieper, LH and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={447–452} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_2000, title={Surgery in fish}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30074-9}, abstractNote={Surgery in fish is feasible and practical for clinical and research applications. Certain adjustments in standard surgical procedures are necessary to accommodate piscine tissue handling, skin sensitivity, aqueous respiration, anatomic variations, and patient size. General considerations for fish surgery, including anesthesia, presurgical evaluation, equipment, suture selection, and surgical site preparation, have been presented here. Procedures described include celiotomy, enucleation, pseudobranchectomy, swim bladder surgery, gonadectomy, liver and kidney biopsy techniques, telemetry device implantation, and vascular catheterization.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={St. Louis, MO: Saunders Co.}, author={Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2000}, pages={759–774} }
 @article{harms_keller_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Use of a two-step Percoll (R) gradient for separation of loggerhead sea turtle peripheral blood mononuclear cells}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.535}, abstractNote={In order to determine a suitable procedure for isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), blood was collected using three different anticoagulants (sodium heparin, sodium citrate or potassium EDTA) and separated using a single step commercially-prepared arabinogalactan gradient of 1.077 g/ml density or multiple step Percoll gradients between 1.053 and 1.076 g/ml density (40–60% stock isotonic Percoll suspension). Heparinized blood centrifuged over a two-step 45/55% (1.059/1.070 g/ml) Percoll gradient yielded 99 to 100% mononuclear cells at the 45/55% interface. Mononuclear cell viability ranged from 85 to 97% with cell yields up to 9.2 × 106 cells/mL. An unexpected finding was a population of low density granulocytes migrating to 40% (1.053 g/ml) and 45% Percoll layers in the multiple step gradients. These granulocytes could be eliminated from the PBMC preparation by use of the two-step 45/55% Percoll gradient. Isolated PBMCs can be used for cellular immunology and toxicology studies on these threatened marine organisms for which other tissues can usually be obtained only sporadically from post-mortem specimens.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Harms, CA and Keller, JM and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={535–540} }
 @inbook{harms_1999, place={Philadelphia}, title={Anesthesia in fish}, booktitle={Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Fowler, M.E. and Miller, R.E.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={158–163} }
 @article{lewbart_harms_1999, title={Building a fish anesthesia delivery system}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G.A. and Harms, C.A.}, year={1999}, pages={25–28} }
 @article{bakal_harms_khoo_stoskopf_1999, title={Sinus venosus catheterization for repeated vascular access in the hybrid striped bass}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0187:svcfrv>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Placement of vascular cannulae for repeated venous blood sampling has proven to be a useful technique in many fish species. The anatomy and size of the hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis ♀ × M. chrysops ♂) makes this procedure challenging in this species. The sinus venosus was determined to be the best site for catheter placement based on size, accessibility, and ability to stabilize the catheter within it. Catheterization of the sinus venosus with a 20-gauge × 3.8-cm flexible Teflon catheter was unsuccessful because the catheter folded on itself, occluding the lumen. Catheterization with an 18-gauge × 3.8-cm hypodermic needle was also unsuccessful because the sinus wall occluded the needle lumen when negative pressure was applied. However, 18-gauge × 3.8-cm intravascular needles remained patent in free-swimming fish for 2 weeks without major complications. An external fixation device to prevent migration of the catheter out of the sinus venosus and laceration of the sinus wall du...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Bakal, RS and Harms, CA and Khoo, LH and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={187–191} }
 @article{tocidlowski_harms_sumner_stoskopf_1999, title={Technique of mandibular salivary gland biopsy in river otters (Lutra canadensis)}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Harms, C. A. and Sumner, P. W. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={252–255} }
 @article{stamper_lewbart_barrington_harms_geoly_stoskopf_1998, title={Eimeria southwelli infection associated with high mortality of cownose rays}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0264:ESIAWH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The coccidian Eimeria southwelli is associated with chronic fatal disease in captive cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus. Clinical signs include discoloration of the epidermis, emaciation, coelomic cavity distention, and death. The oocysts can be demonstrated in coelomic fluid obtained by coelomic aspiration. Prevalence of E. southwelli in wild cownose rays was 92% in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Recommended management practices include strict quarantine and screening by using coelomic cavity aspirate sampling. A dosage of 10 mg toltrazuril/kg orally once a day for 5 d reduces but may not eliminate parasitic loads.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Barrington, PR and Harms, CA and Geoly, F and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={264–270} }
 @book{lewbart_1998, place={London}, title={Self-Assessment Colour Review of Ornamental Fish}, publisher={Manson Publishing}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{tocidlowski_harms_1998, title={What is your diagnosis? Dilatation and malposition of the swim bladder in a goldfish}, volume={213}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Harms, C. A.}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={353–354} }
 @article{harms_fleming_stoskopf_1997, title={A technique for dorsal subcutaneous implantation of heart rate biotelemetry transmitters in Black Ducks: Application in an aircraft noise response study}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0010-5422"]}, DOI={10.2307/1370247}, abstractNote={A technique for heart rate biotelemetry transmitter implantation was developed to monitor heart rate fluctuations of Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in response to simulated aircraft noise in a large outdoor enclosure. A dorsal subcutaneous approach, with subcutaneous tunneling of lead wires, was employed for placement of the 32 g transmitters. A base-apex lead configuration, with leads anchored at the dorsal cervico-thoracic junction and the caudal keel, yielded the maximal ECG wave-form deflection for triggering the transmitter. Heart rates of six Black Ducks (three in each of two separate trials) were monitored for 3 days pre-noise to establish a baseline, and then for 4 days of simulated aircraft noise. The noise stimulus replicated an FB-111 military jet, and was played 48 times per day at a peak volume of 110 db. Daily mean heart rates, used as indicators of metabolic rates, did not increase in response to noise. Recognizable acute heart rate increases corresponding with a noise event occured with increased frequency during the first day of noise presentation, but on subsequent days the responses did not differ significantly from baseline. Acute heart rate responses to aircraft noise diminished rapidly, indicating the ability of Black Ducks to habituate to the auditory component of low altitude aircraft overflights.}, number={1}, journal={CONDOR}, author={Harms, CA and Fleming, WJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={231–237} }
 @misc{harms_1996, title={Book Review: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation}, volume={12}, journal={Journal of Marine Mammal Science}, author={Harms, C.A.}, year={1996}, pages={157–160} }
 @article{harms_sullivan_hodson_stoskopf_1996, title={Clinical pathology and histopathology characteristics of net-stressed striped bass with "red tail"}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1996)008<0082:cpahco>2.3.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Simulated artificial spawning of striped bass Morone saxatilis while undergoing repeated net confinements was used to study the pathogenesis of the hyperemia of the fins and ventrum frequently observed when these fish are handled. Alterations in plasma chemistry that accompanied this external manifestation included markedly reduced osmolality, sodium, and chloride and increased plasma cortisol, total CO2, and anion gap. Hemolysis was visually detectable in plasma from five of six net-stressed fish but not in plasma from the six control fish. Blood smears of treated fish contained spherocytes and erythrocyte fragments and exhibited anisocytosis. Histologically, the caudal fins of treated fish were characterized by mononuclear vasculitis and dilated, congested vasculature occluded with organized thrombi. Splenic architecture of net-stressed fish was indistinct and contained diffusely coalesced erythrocytes. Conclusive evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was not detected by activated...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, author={Harms, Craig and Sullivan, C. V. and Hodson, R. G. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1996}, pages={82–86} }
 @article{harms_1996, title={Treatments for parasitic diseases of aquarium and ornamental fish}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine}, author={Harms, C.A.}, year={1996}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{harms_1995, title={Book Review: Modulators of Fish Immune Responses}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine  Newsletter}, author={Harms, C.A.}, editor={Stolen, Joanne S. and Fletcher, Thelma C.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={8} }
 @article{harms_bakal_khoo_spaulding_lewbart_1995, title={Microsurgical excision of an abdominal mass in a gourami (Colisa labiosa)}, volume={207}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Harms, C. A. and Bakal, R. S. and Khoo, L. H. and Spaulding, K. A. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1995}, pages={1215–1217} }
 @article{harms_bakal_1995, title={Techniques in fish anesthesia}, volume={3}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Harms, C.A. and Bakal, R.S.}, year={1995}, pages={19–25} }
 @article{carpenter_harms_harrenstien_1994, title={Biology and medicine of the domestic ferret}, volume={2}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Carpenter, J.W. and Harms, C.A. and Harrenstien, L.}, year={1994}, pages={151–162} }
 @article{harms_gage_smith_beckman_1994, title={Clinical challenge: Regurgitation in three harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi}, volume={25}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Harms, C.A. and Gage, L.J. and Smith, D.M. and Beckman, K.B.}, year={1994}, pages={301–303} }
 @article{harms_hoskinson_bruyette_carpenter_galland_veatch_wilson_baier_1994, title={Hypothyroidism in psittacine birds: Development of an experimental model in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus}, volume={55}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Harms, C.A. and Hoskinson, J.J. and Bruyette, D.S. and Carpenter, J.W. and Galland, J. and Veatch, J.K. and Wilson, S.C. and Baier, J.G.}, year={1994}, pages={399–404} }
 @article{harms_hoskinson_bruyette_carpenter_veatch_1994, title={Technetium-99m and iodine-131 thyroid scintigraphy in normal and radiothyroidectomized cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)}, volume={35}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb02074.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb02074.x}, abstractNote={Thyroid scintigraphy using sodium99mTechnetium pertechnetate (99TcO4‐) was performed in normal and radiothyroidectomized cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).131I scintigraphy was performed in the course of ablating the thyroid glands. The thyroid glands in normal birds were clearly visualized, but were not individually resolvable. Thyroid glands were not visualized in thyroid‐ablated birds. With99mTcO4scans, thyroid (or other region of interest)/body count density ratios were used for comparisons of normal and thyroid‐ablated birds. Normal99mTcO4‐ thyroid/body ratios (mean +/− SD) for the dorsal and lateral views were 1.83 +/− 0.31 and 1.70 +/− 0.34 respectively. Pertechnetate thyroid/body count density ratios decreased (to 0.93 ‐/−0.14 and 0.88 +/− 0.12 for dorsal and lateral views respectively) after thyroid ablation, while crop/body ratios increased.99mTcO4‐ thyroid scintigraphy, therefore, was capable of detecting hypofunctional thyroid abnormalities in131I radiothyroidectomized cockatiels.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Hoskinson, James J. and Bruyette, David S. and Carpenter, James W. and Veatch, Johna K.}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={473–478} }
 @article{ackerman_carpenter_godshalk_harms_1994, title={Ultrasonographic diagnosis of adrenal tumors in domestic ferrets}, volume={205}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Ackerman, J. and Carpenter, J.W. and Godshalk, C. and Harms, C.}, year={1994}, pages={1001–1003} }
 @article{harms_1993, title={Composition of prepartum mammary secretions of two bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus L.)}, volume={29}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.1.94}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-29.1.94}, abstractNote={Mammary secretions from two bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus L.) females carrying near-term fetuses were analyzed for dry matter, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy content. Protein values ranged from 75.9% to 97.3% of dry matter. Fat ranged from 0.6% to 9.1 % of dry matter. A protein corresponding to beta-lactoglobulin on gel filtration chromatography was the predominant whey protein. Neutralizing antibodies to nine caliciviruses were detected in one sample. Composition of these two samples differs from previous reports for cetacean milk, perhaps due to the stage of lactation.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Harms, Craig A.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={94–97} }
 @article{harms_andrews_1993, title={Megaesophagus in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={43}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Harms, C.A. and Andrews, G.A.}, year={1993}, pages={506–508} }
 @article{lewbart_harms_1993, title={Preventative medicine for pet fishes}, volume={2}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A. and Harms, C.A.}, year={1993}, pages={128–132} }
 @article{heeb_harms_carpenter_1992, title={What Is Your Cytodiagnosis?}, volume={6}, ISSN={1044-8314}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30136973}, DOI={10.2307/30136973}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Heeb, Laurie A. and Harms, Craig A. and Carpenter, James W.}, year={1992}, pages={232} }
 @article{fix_harms_1990, title={IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY OF PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS IN 3 DOMESTIC FERRETS (MUSTELA-PUTORIUS-FURO)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, DOI={10.1177/030098589002700308}, abstractNote={Pancreatic endocrine tumors have recently been reported in several domestic ferrets (Mustela putoriusfuro) with clinical signs referable to hyperinsulinism and hyp~g lycemia .~ .~ .~ .~ In these reports, descriptions were limited to the histology of solitary, primary pancreatic tumors. In this report, we summarize the clinical, histologic, and immunocytochemical features of pancreatic endocrine tumors in three domestic ferrets. Ferret No. 1 was a 4%-year-old castrated male weighing 1.27 kg with a 2-month history of periodic ataxia, head tremor, and posterior paresis progressing to hindlimb paralysis. The blood glucose concentration was 23 mg/dl (ferret reference range 94-207 mg/dl) and remained low even with frequent carbohydrate feedings. The serum insulin concentration was 1,738 pU/ml by radioimmunoassay (ferret normal < 45 pU/ml; Veterinary Reference Laboratory, Dallas, TX). Laparotomy revealed a 3-mm, firm, pancreatic nodule and a 1 0-mm splenic nodule, confirming a suspected insulinsecreting neoplasm. Blood glucose concentrations returned to normal within 24 hours after surgery; limb function and activity were normal within 2 months. After 8 months, hypoglycemia and posterior paralysis reoccurred. Tumor regrowth is suspected. Ferret Nos. 2 and 3 were cases obtained from departmental files submitted by the Kansas City Zoological Gardens (Swope Park, Kansas City, MO). Ferret No. 2 was an adult castrated male weighing 1.08 kg with recurrent episodes of glucoseresponsive weakness, ataxia, and convulsions. Hypoglycemia was confirmed once (52 mgldl). Necropsy revealed a solitary 5-mm pancreatic nodule. Ferret No. 3 was an aged adult male with recurrent, persistent hypoglycemia. Necropsy revealed multiple 2-5-mm pancreatic nodules, cardiomegaly, and low fat reserves. A fourth ferret (control) was a clinically normal, young adult female weighing 1.04 kg with a fasting blood glucose of 102 mg/dl and insulin of 16 pU/ml. No gross lesions were detected at necropsy. All tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 pm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red. Sections were evaluated for peptide hormone immunoreactivity using the following reagents: 1 : 1,000 guinea pig anti-porcine insulin; 1 : 1,000 rabbit anti-human somatostatin; 1 : 2,000 rabbit antihuman pancreatic polypeptide (PP-Dako Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA); 1 : 1,000 rabbit anti-synthetic glucagon; and 1 : 500 rabbit anti-synthetic gastrin (Miles Scientific, Naperville, IL). Procedures were as previously de~c r ibed ,~ . '~ except that secondary antibodies were either 1 : 200 biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) or 1 : 200 biotinylated donkey anti-guinea pig IgG (Lipshaw Immunon, Detroit, MI). Slides were then incubated with a 1 : 200 avidin-biotin complex solution (Streptavidin peroxidase, Biogenex, Dublin, CA), followed by 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole and counterstained with Gill's hematoxylin. For positive controls, immunoreactivity was demonstrated for insulin, glucagon, PP, and somatostatin in normal ferret and normal canine pancreas and for gastrin in normal canine pyloric antrum. Negative controls on the above tissues plus all ferret tumors included substitution of primary antisera with non-immune rabbit or guinea pig serum. Additionally, staining specificity was confirmed by substituting primary antisera with antibodies absorbed with each respective peptide hormone (insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, PP, gastrin, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) as previously described.lo Positive immunoreactivity was eliminated for all hormones in all sections by both negative control procedures. Immunoreactivity for each primary antibody was graded as reported previously for canine islet cell Briefly, a scale of + to ++++ was used to reflect the following estimated percentages of stained cells: + (1-24%), + + (25-}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={FIX, AS and HARMS, CA}, year={1990}, month={May}, pages={199–201} }
 @article{aronson_harms_1985, title={OPHIUROIDS IN A BAHAMIAN SALTWATER LAKE - THE ECOLOGY OF A PALEOZOIC-LIKE COMMUNITY}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, DOI={10.2307/1938010}, abstractNote={This study examined predation pressure as a determinant of ophiuroid abundance in Carribean shallow marine communities. The density of Ophiothrix oerstedii in Sweeting Pond, a saltwater lake on Eleuthera Island, Bahamas, was orders of magnitude higher (mean density up to 434.2 individuals/m2) than at nearby coastal sites (maximum density 3.21 individuals/m2). Ophiothrix occurred cryptically off the coast but fully exposed in the lake. Experiments in which ophiuroids were placed in open arenas revealed that Ophiothrix off the coast experienced dramatically higher predation pressure from fishes than they did in the lake, which contained none of the common Caribbean reef predators. Analysis of the diets of potential Ophiothrix predators in Sweetings Pond confirmed that the predation rate on these brittlestars was negligible. Density was directly related to the degree of microtopographical heterogeneity in Sweetings Pond. When the heterogeneity of experimental plots was artificially increased in a flat area of the lake by adding artificial bivalve clumps, introduced Ophiothrix remained in those plots, whereas they emigrated from unmanipulated control plots. Raised surfaces appear to confer an advantage to the suspension—feeding Ophiothrix. This population is strongly reminiscent of certain Paleozoic crinoid— and ophiuroid—dominated communities, and the absence of predatory fishes may have been important to the persistence of those fossil communities as well.}, number={5}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={ARONSON, RB and HARMS, CA}, year={1985}, pages={1472–1483} }
 @article{harms, title={A comparison of Meller's Duck Anas melleri (Sclater) behavior: Aviary vs. Open area}, volume={29}, journal={Dodo: Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust}, author={Harms, C. A.}, pages={95–100} }
 @article{piniak_mann_eckert_harms, title={Amphibious hearing in sea turtles}, volume={730}, journal={Effects of noise on aquatic life}, author={Piniak, W. E. D. and Mann, D. A. and Eckert, S. A. and Harms, C. A.}, pages={83–87} }
 @article{degernes_harms_golet_mulcahy, title={Anesthesia and liver biopsy techniques for pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) suspected of exposure to crude oil in marine environments}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harms, C. A. and Golet, G. H. and Mulcahy, D. M.}, pages={291–299} }
 @inbook{harms, title={Anesthesia in fish}, booktitle={Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders}, author={Harms, C. A.}, editor={M. E. Fowler and Miller, R. E.Editors}, pages={158–163} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_harms_mulcahy, title={Avian field surgery in Prince William Sound, Alaska}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harms, C. and Mulcahy, D.}, pages={221–223} }
 @misc{mascarelli_mcquillan_harms_harms_breitschwerdt, title={Bartonella henselae and B-koehlerae DNA in Birds}, volume={20}, number={3}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, author={Mascarelli, P. E. and McQuillan, M. and Harms, C. A. and Harms, R. V. and Breitschwerdt, E. B.}, pages={490–492} }
 @article{day_keller_harms_segars_cluse_godfrey_lee_peden-adams_thorvalson_dodd_et al., title={Comparison of mercury burdens in chronically debilitated and healthy loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, author={Day, R. D. and Keller, J. M. and Harms, C. A. and Segars, A. and Cluse, W. M. and Godfrey, M. H. and Lee, A. M. and Peden-Adams, M. and Thorvalson, K. and Dodd, M. and et al.}, pages={111–117} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for 1H-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={10}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @article{harms_sladky_horne_stoskopf, title={Epidural analgesia in ferrets}, volume={4}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Harms, C. A. and Sladky, K. K. and Horne, W. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={40–42} }
 @inbook{harms, title={Fish}, booktitle={Zoo and wild animal medicine}, author={Harms, C. A.}, pages={2–20} }
 @article{harms_stoskopf, title={Outcomes of adoption of adult laboratory ferrets after gonadectomy during a veterinary student teaching exercise}, volume={46}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={50–54} }
 @article{christiansen_piniak_lester_harms, title={Underwater anesthesia of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) for measurement of auditory evoked potentials}, volume={52}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Christiansen, E. F. and Piniak, W. E. D. and Lester, L. A. and Harms, C. A.}, pages={792–797} }