@article{carlen_estien_caspi_perkins_goldstein_kreling_hentati_williams_stanton_des roches_et al._2024, title={A framework for contextualizing social-ecological biases in contributory science data}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2575-8314"]}, DOI={10.1002/pan3.10592}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={PEOPLE AND NATURE}, author={Carlen, Elizabeth J. and Estien, Cesar O. and Caspi, Tal and Perkins, Deja and Goldstein, Benjamin R. and Kreling, Samantha E. S. and Hentati, Yasmine and Williams, Tyus D. and Stanton, Lauren A. and Des Roches, Simone and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hunter_johnson_cooper_2023, title={Diversifying Large-Scale Participatory Science: The Efficacy of Engagement through Facilitator Organizations}, url={https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.627}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.627}, abstractNote={Large-scale, scientist-led, participatory science (citizen science) projects often engage participants who are primarily white, wealthy, and well-educated. Calls to diversify contributory projects are increasingly common, but little research has evaluated the efficacy of suggested strategies for diversification. We engaged participants in Crowd the Tap through facilitator organizations like historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), predominantly white institutions, high school science classrooms, and corporate volunteer programs. Crowd the Tap is a contributory project focused on identifying and addressing lead (Pb) contamination in household drinking water in the United States. We investigated how participant diversity with respects to race, ethnicity, and homeownership (a proxy for income) differed between participation facilitated through a partner organization and unfacilitated participation in which participants came to the project independently. We were also interested in which facilitators were most effective at increasing participant diversity. White and wealthy participants were overrepresented in unfacilitated participation. Facilitation helped increase engagement of people of color, especially Black and lower-income households. High schools were particularly effective at engaging Hispanic or Latinx participants, and HBCUs were important for engaging Black households. Ultimately, our results suggest that engagement through facilitator organizations may be an effective means of engaging diverse participants in large-scale projects. Our results have important implications for the field of participatory science as we seek to identify evidence-based strategies for diversifying project participants.}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, author={Hunter, Danielle Lin and Johnson, Valerie and Cooper, Caren}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cooper_martin_wilson_rasmussen_2023, title={Equitable Data Governance Models for the Participatory Sciences}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2022CSJ000025}, DOI={10.1029/2022CSJ000025}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Community Science}, author={Cooper, Caren and Martin, Vincent and Wilson, Omega and Rasmussen, Lisa}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{smith_cooper_busch_harper_muslim_mckenna_cavalier_2023, title={Facilitator organizations enhance learning and action through citizen science: a case study of Girl Scouts' Think Like a Citizen Scientist journey on SciStarter}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1469-5871"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2023.2237705}, DOI={10.1080/13504622.2023.2237705}, abstractNote={Engagement in citizen science can result in participant outcomes including increased science and environmental literacy and civic action. One factor which may increase the likelihood of these outcomes is facilitation by groups such as employers, schools, or other organizations. We examined how a partnership between SciStarter and Girl Scouts of the USA facilitated participation in citizen science to shape participants’ learning and civic engagement. Between July 2017 and February 2020, participants from over 200 Girl Scout troops completed the Think Like a Citizen Scientist Journey, consisting of science learning activities, participation in an environmental citizen science project on SciStarter, and a Take Action Project (TAP). Troop leaders provided open-ended descriptions of TAPs which we analyzed qualitatively. Responses provided evidence of learning outcomes spanning informal science learning goals, Girl Scout Leadership Experience outcomes, and Girl Scout STEM outcomes. Participants’ TAPs overwhelmingly related to science and environmental topics (81%) and the majority sought to educate and inspire others (66%), reaching audiences of peers, adults, the general public, and civic leaders. This program demonstrates the potential for facilitator organizations to leverage existing citizen science projects to promote learning outcomes, civic science education, and community action with participants as young as 4–5 years old.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION RESEARCH}, author={Smith, Haley E. and Cooper, Caren B. and Busch, K. C. and Harper, Suzanne and Muslim, Amy and McKenna, Kaleigh and Cavalier, Darlene}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{elias_shonowo_sherbinin_hultquist_danielsen_cooper_mondardini_faustman_browser_minster_et al._2023, title={Mapping the Landscape of Citizen Science in Africa: Assessing its Potential Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11 on Access to Clean Water and Sanitation and Sustainable Cities}, url={https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.601}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.601}, abstractNote={Data are vital for and creating knowledge-based solutions to development challenges facing Africa. As a result of gaps in government-funded data collection, and in the interest of promoting community engagement, there is a global movement towards consideration of nontraditional sources of data, including citizen science (CS) data. These data are particularly valuable when collected at a high resolution over large spatial extents and long time periods. CS projects and infrastructure are abundant and well documented in the Global North, while needs for participatory projects to fill environmental monitoring gaps may be greater in the Global South. The paper explores the contributions of citizen science projects originating in Africa for two Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely SDG 6}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, author={Elias, Peter and Shonowo, Adenike and Sherbinin, Alex and Hultquist, Carolynne and Danielsen, Finn and Cooper, Caren and Mondardini, Maria and Faustman, Elaine and Browser, Anne and Minster, Jean-Bernard and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{pharr_cooper_evans_moorman_voss_vukomanovic_marra_2023, title={Using citizen science data to investigate annual survival rates of resident birds in relation to noise and light pollution}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1573-1642"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01403-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-023-01403-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={URBAN ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Pharr, Lauren D. and Cooper, Caren B. and Evans, Brian and Moorman, Christopher E. and Voss, Margaret A. and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Marra, Peter P.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{allf_cooper_larson_dunn_futch_sharova_cavalier_2022, title={Citizen Science as an Ecosystem of Engagement: Implications for Learning and Broadening Participation}, volume={72}, ISSN={0006-3568 1525-3244}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac035}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biac035}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Allf, Bradley C and Cooper, Caren B and Larson, Lincoln R and Dunn, Robert R and Futch, Sara E and Sharova, Maria and Cavalier, Darlene}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={651–663} }
 @article{vance-chalcraft_hurlbert_styrsky_gates_bowser_hitchcock_reyes_cooper_2022, title={Citizen Science in Postsecondary Education: Current Practices and Knowledge Gaps}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab125}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biab125}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Vance-Chalcraft, Heather D. and Hurlbert, Allen H. and Styrsky, Jennifer Nesbitt and Gates, Terry A. and Bowser, Gillian and Hitchcock, Colleen B. and Reyes, Michelle Anne and Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={276–288} }
 @article{cooper_2022, title={Taking the Pulse of the Planet}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/472659}, DOI={10.52750/472659}, abstractNote={Caren Cooper, Ph}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cooper_malow_2022, title={Testing the Waters: Locally, Regionally, Globally}, volume={1}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/170798}, DOI={10.52750/170798}, abstractNote={Caren Cooper, Ph.D. spent the early part of her career studying birds across the country without ever leaving her desk. She analyzed bird and nest records shared by the public that fueled research on the distribution of birds, their nesting patterns, migration routes, and response to climate change. Researchers and the public also collaborate to study flowers, weather, planets, pollution, and more — a collective power called citizen science. In this video, Cooper (1) reviews how citizen science is transforming scientific discovery, (2) introduces students to NC State’s Citizen Science Campus program, (3) gives a demo of Crowd the Tap, an NC State citizen science project about safe drinking water, and (4) shows students three other ways they can, as citizen scientists, make a difference.}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Cooper, Caren and Malow, Brian}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{drill_rosenblatt_cooper_cavalier_ballard_2022, title={The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Participation in Community and Citizen Science}, url={https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.463}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.463}, abstractNote={Citizen and community science can improve conservation efforts, help people connect with nature, and strengthen online social infrastructure during periods of disturbance. Volunteers for citizen and community science (CCS) projects engage in a variety of activities ranging from in-person group tasks to isolated online tasks. The diversity of available CCS engagement activity types was altered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our goals were to document the impact of COVID-19 (1) on participation in different types of CCS projects and (2) across a varying landscape of pandemic-associated restrictions. We examined digital trace data from SciStarter.org to examine participation in CCS projects before and during COVID-19. We created a summative index of different COVID-19 restrictions to quantify how daily life in each US state was impacted. We found that during the pandemic, projects in which data collection occurred away from home had fewer joins than other types of projects. This contrasts with pre-pandemic, for which there was no difference in joins among the different project types. Although there was a decrease in joins among away from home projects that occurred during the pandemic, the difference between pre-pandemic and during the pandemic was not statistically significant. There was no difference in joins among the different project types between individuals in states with few COVID-19 restrictions compared with individuals in states with many COVID-19 restrictions. Interviews conducted with project leaders reinforced these findings and provided examples of how projects could be modified to continue generating data and connecting communities. © 2022 The Author(s).}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, author={Drill, Sabrina and Rosenblatt, Connor and Cooper, Caren and Cavalier, Darlene and Ballard, Heidi}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{gibson_busch_stevenson_cutts_demattia_aguilar_ardoin_carrier_clark_cooper_et al._2022, title={What is community-level environmental literacy, and how can we measure it? A report of a convening to conceptualize and operationalize CLEL}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1469-5871"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2067325}, DOI={10.1080/13504622.2022.2067325}, abstractNote={Abstract Environmental education research often emphasizes the importance of community context, but conceptualization and measurement of environmental literacy has mostly occurred at the individual level, often focusing on individual behaviors. The environmental problems facing the world today require collective action—communities coming together to address large-scale problems. Accordingly, understanding and encouraging collective action requires a shift in focus from individual to community-level environmental literacy (CLEL). Despite its importance, CLEL has been left largely undefined and unmentioned in environmental education literature. To understand the field’s current conceptualizations and measurement strategies around CLEL, the authors held a convening of 24 researchers to discuss the topic. Here, we report the findings of this convening and present a series of tensions that emerged in conceptualizing and measuring CLEL. We see this area of research as rich with opportunity for innovation and offer considerations for researchers engaging in this work.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION RESEARCH}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Gibson, Lauren M. and Busch, K. C. and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Cutts, Bethany B. and DeMattia, Elizabeth A. and Aguilar, Olivia M. and Ardoin, Nicole M. and Carrier, Sarah J. and Clark, Charlotte R. and Cooper, Caren B. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{diez‐méndez_cooper_sanz_verdejo_barba_2021, title={Deconstructing incubation behaviour in response to ambient temperature over different timescales}, ISSN={0908-8857 1600-048X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.02781}, DOI={10.1111/jav.02781}, abstractNote={Avian embryos need a stable thermal environment to develop optimally, while incubating females need to allocate time to self‐maintenance off the nest. In species with female‐only incubation, eggs are exposed to ambient temperatures that usually cool them down during female absences. The lower the ambient temperature the sooner females should return to re‐warm the eggs. When incubation constraints ease at increasing ambient temperatures, females respond by increasing either incubation effort or self‐maintenance time. These responses are population‐dependent even within the same species; but it is uncertain whether they are caused by local environmental conditions or they are an artefact from limited datasets, different methodological approaches or the timescale over which incubation behaviour is measured. In this study, we collected incubation data from three Mediterranean great tit Parus major populations during three consecutive years. We measured the duration of each off‐ and on‐bout event, used these variables to compute nest attentiveness at three different timescales (full incubation, daily and hourly periods) and assessed the impact of ambient temperature on bout duration and nest attentiveness. We found that females maximized on‐bout duration at different local temperatures, ranging from 10 to 20°C; but lengthened off‐bouts linearly across a range of 0–38°C in all three populations. These local differences translated into opposite linear nest attentiveness patterns at the full incubation scale: Females increased either incubation effort, longest on‐bouts between 15 and 20°C or self‐maintenance time, longest on‐bouts at 10°C. It was at daily and hourly periods when we detected non‐linear nest attentiveness patterns, as expected from on‐bout duration, peaking at different local ambient temperatures. Females first increased incubation effort up to a certain temperature value and then increased self‐maintenance time at the highest ambient temperatures. Further research is needed to understand which factors are behind the turning points from one behaviour to the other.}, journal={Journal of Avian Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Diez‐Méndez, David and Cooper, Caren B. and Sanz, Juan José and Verdejo, José and Barba, Emilio}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{rivera_mindiola_engstrom_cooper_khan_2021, title={Do We Impact Neighboring Nests When Managing for House Sparrows on Nest- Box Trails?}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1938-5307"]}, DOI={10.1656/045.028.0312}, abstractNote={Abstract - Nest-box trails designed for Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) increase viable nesting sites for several native bird species as well as invasive species such as Passer domesticus (House Sparrow). The management technique of egg and nest removal is purported to cause sparrow usurpation at neighboring boxes. We studied the behavior of nesting House Sparrow pairs before, during, and after application of 2 management treatments: egg swapping and nest removal. Video surveillance did not detect House Sparrows visiting neighboring boxes during the management period. After the removal treatment, 42% of the pairs renested in the same nest box. We also tested the hypothesis that nest removal may shift sparrow interference to neighboring boxes spaced on average 170 m apart. In the week after management, 91% of boxes neighboring a managed box proceeded without incident, which was not different from the outcomes of boxes in areas without sparrow competition. We conclude that nest-box failure does not correlate with management technique at this study site.}, number={3}, journal={NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Rivera, Micaela M. and Mindiola, Max and Engstrom, Erin and Cooper, Caren B. and Khan, Memuna Z.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={397–407} }
 @article{cooper_hawn_larson_parrish_bowser_cavalier_dunn_haklay_gupta_jelks_et al._2021, title={Inclusion in citizen science: The conundrum of rebranding}, volume={372}, ISSN={0036-8075 1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6487}, DOI={10.1126/science.abi6487}, abstractNote={Does replacing the term “citizen science” do more harm than good?}, number={6549}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Hawn, C. and Larson, L.R. and Parrish, J.K. and Bowser, G. and Cavalier, D. and Dunn, R.R. and Haklay, M. and Gupta, K. and Jelks, N.O. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1386–1388} }
 @article{cooper_rasmussen_jones_2021, title={Perspective: The power (dynamics) of open data in citizen science}, volume={3}, DOI={10.3389/fclim.2021.637037}, abstractNote={In citizen science, data stewards and data producers are often not the same people. When those who have labored on data collection are not in control of the data, ethical problems could arise from this basic structural feature. In this Perspective, we advance the proposition that stewarding data sets generated by volunteers involves the typical technical decisions in conventional research plus a suite of ethical decisions stemming from the relationship between professionals and volunteers. Differences in power, priorities, values, and vulnerabilities are features of the relationship between professionals and volunteers. Thus, ethical decisions about open data practices in citizen science include, but are not limited to, questions grounded in respect for volunteers: who decides data governance structures, who receives attribution for a data set, which data are accessible and to whom, and whose interests are served by the data use/re-use. We highlight ethical issues that citizen science practitioners should consider when making data governance decisions, particularly with respect to open data.}, journal={Frontiers in Climate}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Rasmussen, L. and Jones, E.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={57} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2021, title={Public Science Scholars Flock Together: Nesting Anti-Racism Principles across the Participatory Sciences}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_caplan_2021, title={The Past, Present, and Future of Citizen Science}, author={Cooper, Caren and Caplan, Arthur}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_larson_2020, title={Advice for collaborations among natural and social scientists}, volume={70}, ISSN={0006-3568 1525-3244}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa029}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biaa029}, number={5}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cooper, Caren B and Larson, lincoln R}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={373–373} }
 @article{carson_b. cooper_r. larson_rivers_2020, title={How can citizen science advance environmental justice? Exploring the noise paradox through sense of place}, volume={5}, ISSN={2374-8834 2374-8842}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1721222}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2020.1721222}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Noise, whether measured by decibel-based metrics (loudness or sound levels) or perception-based approaches (through perceived annoyance), can negatively impact human health. Low-frequency noise (LFN), which is poorly assessed by A-weighted decibel metrics, can have particularly negative health effects. Yet, due to varying human perceptions of soundscapes, sometimes sound levels and frequencies that are known to be unhealthy (often originating from mechanical, anthropogenic sources) are not be perceived as annoying noise, and vice versa. We propose a conceptual model based on sense of place theory to explain how this noise paradox arises and why it raises concerns about equitable access to healthy urban soundscapes. We hypothesize that people who hold strong environmental place meanings and attachments are more likely to value natural sounds and more likely to view mechanical anthropogenic sounds as noise; people who display strong attachment to neighborhoods primarily based on socio-cultural place meanings are less likely to perceive unhealthy anthropogenic sounds as noise pollution. Using this sense of place-based model, we highlight a citizen science-based research strategy that could be employed to discern differences in decibel-based and perception-based assessment of noise, addressing the noise paradox and evaluating implications for individuals living in diverse types of urban and suburban environments.}, number={1-2}, journal={Cities & Health}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carson, Brittany and B. Cooper, Caren and R. Larson, Lincoln and Rivers, Louie, III}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={33–45} }
 @article{nord_cooper_2020, title={Night conditions affect morning incubation behaviour differently across a latitudinal gradient}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1474-919X"]}, DOI={10.1111/ibi.12804}, abstractNote={Intermittently incubating birds alternate between sessions of egg warming and recesses for foraging during the day, but stay on the nest continuously at night. Hence, energy costs of nocturnal incubation (which increase during longer and colder nights) cannot be replenished until the next day. Night conditions might therefore be expected to affect morning incubation behaviour the day after. We tested this prediction by exploring latitudinal and seasonal trends in characteristics of the first recess in Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis over a 1400‐km latitudinal gradient in the continental USA. The time from civil dawn to leaving the nest (latency) increased with latitude early in the breeding season but decreased with latitude late in the season. Birds breeding at higher latitudes also took longer first recesses throughout the season, which led to a larger drop in nest temperature. At the local scale, birds rose earlier after longer nights if the night was also cold, but night length did not predict latency following warm nights. The first recess was longer if the night was warmer, probably because birds could replenish reserves at lower risk of low egg temperature. Our study shows that characteristics of the night led to behavioural changes in features of early morning incubation that were evident at both continental and local scales. These responses also affected nest temperature. Hence, night conditions carry over to incubation behaviour the following morning, which in turn may impose thermal constraints on embryonic development.}, number={3}, journal={IBIS}, author={Nord, Andreas and Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={827–835} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2020, title={Scales of Participation: Citizen Science to Address Social Roots of Environmental Issues in the United States}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{senzaki_barber_phillips_carter_cooper_ditmer_fristrup_mcclure_mennitt_tyrrell_et al._2020, title={Sensory pollutants alter bird phenology and fitness across a continent}, volume={587}, ISSN={["1476-4687"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41586-020-2903-7}, abstractNote={Expansion of anthropogenic noise and night lighting across our planet 1,2  is of increasing conservation concern 3-6 . Despite growing knowledge of physiological and behavioural responses to these stimuli from single-species and local-scale studies, whether these pollutants affect fitness is less clear, as is how and why species vary in their sensitivity to these anthropic stressors. Here we leverage a large citizen science dataset paired with high-resolution noise and light data from across the contiguous United States to assess how these stimuli affect reproductive success in 142 bird species. We find responses to both sensory pollutants linked to the functional traits and habitat affiliations of species. For example, overall nest success was negatively correlated with noise among birds in closed environments. Species-specific changes in reproductive timing and hatching success in response to noise exposure were explained by vocalization frequency, nesting location and diet. Additionally, increased light-gathering ability of species' eyes was associated with stronger advancements in reproductive timing in response to light exposure, potentially creating phenological mismatches 7 . Unexpectedly, better light-gathering ability was linked to reduced clutch failure and increased overall nest success in response to light exposure, raising important questions about how responses to sensory pollutants counteract or exacerbate responses to other aspects of global change, such as climate warming. These findings demonstrate that anthropogenic noise and light can substantially affect breeding bird phenology and fitness, and underscore the need to consider sensory pollutants alongside traditional dimensions of the environment that typically inform biodiversity conservation.}, number={7835}, journal={NATURE}, author={Senzaki, Masayuki and Barber, Jesse R. and Phillips, Jennifer N. and Carter, Neil H. and Cooper, Caren B. and Ditmer, Mark A. and Fristrup, Kurt M. and McClure, Christopher J. W. and Mennitt, Daniel J. and Tyrrell, Luke P. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={605-+} }
 @article{bowser_cooper_sherbinin_wiggins_brenton_chuang_faustman_haklay_meloche_2020, title={Still in Need of Norms: The State of the Data in Citizen Science}, volume={5}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.303}, abstractNote={This article offers an assessment of current data practices in the citizen science, community science, and crowdsourcing communities. We begin by reviewing current trends in scientific data relevant to citizen science before presenting the results of our qualitative research. Following a purposive sampling scheme designed to capture data management practices from a wide range of initiatives through a landscape sampling methodology (Bos et al. 2007), we sampled 36 projects from English-speaking countries. The authors used a semi-structured protocol to interview project proponents (either scientific leads or data managers) to better understand how projects are addressing key aspects of the data lifecycle, reporting results through descriptive statistics and other analyses. Findings suggest that citizen science projects are doing well in terms of data quality assessment and governance, but are sometimes lacking in providing open access to data outputs, documenting data, ensuring interoperability through data standards, or building robust and sustainable infrastructure. Based on this assessment, the paper presents a number of recommendations for the citizen science community related to data quality, data infrastructure, data governance, data documentation, and data access.}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Bowser, Anne and Cooper, Caren and Sherbinin, Alex and Wiggins, Andrea and Brenton, Peter and Chuang, Tyng-Ruey and Faustman, Elaine and Haklay, Mordechai and Meloche, Metis}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @book{cavalier_hoffman_cooper_2020, place={Portland, Oregon}, title={The Field Guide to Citizen Science: How You Can Contribute to Scientific Research and Make a Difference}, ISBN={9781604698473}, publisher={Timber Press}, author={Cavalier, D. and Hoffman, C. and Cooper, C.}, year={2020} }
 @article{larson_cooper_futch_singh_shipley_dale_lebaron_takekawa_2020, title={The diverse motivations of citizen scientists: Does conservation emphasis grow as volunteer participation progresses?}, volume={242}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108428}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108428}, abstractNote={Citizen science has proven to be a valuable tool for biodiversity conservation. However, to maximize the conservation benefits of citizen science programs, researchers and practitioners would gain from a better understanding of project volunteers and what drives them to participate. We examined the diverse motivations of volunteers (n = 3041) participating in Audubon's Christmas Bird Count, one of the world's oldest ecological monitoring citizen (or community) science projects. Principal axis factor analysis along a 16-item scale revealed six distinct intrinsic and extrinsic motivational constructs: science and conservation, outdoor recreation and discovery, commitment and tradition, social interaction, classic birding, and personal accomplishment. Most participants reported multiple motivations, but 40% indicated contribution to science and conservation was their primary reason for initially engaging with the project. As project participation continued, science and conservation-related motives became even more important (with 55% listing as primary continuing motivation). Regression analyses showed motivational orientations varied by socio-demographic attributes and levels/type of project participation. For example, social interaction and tradition were more important to aspiring project leaders than casual observers. Results highlight insights into deepening project engagement and recruiting and retaining citizen scientists. Adapted and applied across different contexts, our instrument and motivational constructs could help to facilitate volunteer management and enhance citizen science's capacity to advance biodiversity conservation goals.}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Futch, Sara and Singh, Devyani and Shipley, Nathan J. and Dale, Kathy and LeBaron, Geoffrey S. and Takekawa, John Y.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={108428} }
 @article{rasmussen_cooper_2019, title={Citizen Science Ethics}, volume={4}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.235}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Rasmussen, Lisa M. and Cooper, Caren}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2019, title={Citizen Science as a common space for scientific research and civil society}, author={Cooper, C.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2019, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_shanley_scassa_vayena_2019, title={Project Categories to Guide Institutional Oversight of Responsible                        Conduct of Scientists Leading Citizen Science in the United States}, volume={4}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.202}, abstractNote={A growing number of individuals who are not professional scientists are working with professional scientists to contribute to scientific research through a broad spectrum of volunteer activities and roles. To guide the regulatory oversight of scientists carrying out citizen science projects, we draw distinctions among five categories of projects in which volunteer activities and roles vary based on the combination of setting (institutional or not), subject matter (human or not), and the norms and expectations of handling volunteers’ personally identifiable information. Each category has potentially different ethical considerations and forms of institutional (or regulatory) oversight. We identify and assign numeric labels to these categories rather than names to avoid confusion and value-laden connotations regarding terminology. We hope the absence of terminology will initiate conversations and encourage rapid evolution of necessary vocabulary in this area. We focus on Type 4 research, projects led in academia and in which volunteers are not the subject of the research, but provide personally identifiable information with expectations of non-confidentiality. Our preliminary data show that current Type 4 projects generally lack informed consent, and most do not provide details about their handling of personally identifiable data. We identify areas where federal guidelines, as well as existing institutional ethics review protocols for protection of human subjects in research, might be applied to some forms of citizen science in ways that could either support, or inadvertently undermine, the Common Rule (the US regulation regarding protection of human subjects). We illustrate these areas with examples of projects from Cooper’s lab. By highlighting the complex and distinct challenges of responsible conduct with each project type, we urge professional scientists, citizen scientists, regulators, and other stakeholders to jointly determine the type of institutional oversight that will best mitigate risks without stymying innovation and benefits. We hope that this essay will spark a lively discussion and refinement of concepts, research, and improved practices.}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Cooper, Caren and Shanley, Lea and Scassa, Teresa and Vayena, Effy}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={7} }
 @article{auerbach_barthelmess_cavalier_cooper_fenyk_haklay_hulbert_kyba_larson_lewandowski_et al._2019, title={The problem with delineating narrow criteria for citizen science}, volume={116}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909278116}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1909278116}, abstractNote={Heigl et al. (1) propose an international definition of citizen science based on quality criteria for projects. As an international group of scholars with extensive background in the theory and practice of citizen science, we find the Opinion by Heigl et al. (1) antithetical to the creativity, innovation, and bottom-up pathways to knowledge generation that are embodied by citizen science. The minimum quality standards Heigl et al. (1) propose do not represent the interdisciplinary consensus of the international citizen science community*, and we fear that such a definition would confine rather than define the field.

Many citizen science professionals, including some of the authors of this … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: jeremy.auerbach{at}colostate.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1}, number={31}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Auerbach, Jeremy and Barthelmess, Erika L. and Cavalier, Darlene and Cooper, Caren B. and Fenyk, Heather and Haklay, Mordechai and Hulbert, Joseph M. and Kyba, Christopher C. M. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Lewandowski, Eva and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={15336–15337} }
 @article{schuttler_sorensen_jordan_cooper_shwartz_2018, title={Bridging the nature gap: can citizen science reverse the extinction of experience?}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1540-9309"]}, DOI={10.1002/fee.1826}, abstractNote={Opportunities for people to interact with nature have declined over the past century, as many now live in urban areas and spend much of their time indoors. Conservation attitudes and behaviors largely depend on experiences with nature, and this “extinction of experience” (EOE) is a threat to biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we propose that citizen science, an increasingly popular way to integrate public outreach with data collection, can potentially mitigate EOE. Our review of the literature on volunteers’ motivations and/or outcomes indicates that nature‐based citizen science (NBCS) fosters cognitive and emotional aspects of experiences in nature. Although these experiences can change participants’ behaviors and attitudes toward the natural world, this field remains largely unstudied. As such, even though NBCS can complement efforts to increase opportunities for people to interact with nature, further research on the mechanisms that drive this relationship is needed to strengthen our understanding of various outcomes of citizen science.}, number={7}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={Schuttler, Stephanie G. and Sorensen, Amanda E. and Jordan, Rebecca C. and Cooper, Caren and Shwartz, Assaf}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={405–411} }
 @article{shipley_larson_cooper_dale_lebaron_takekawa_2018, title={Do birdwatchers buy the duck stamp?}, volume={24}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2018.1517227}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2018.1517227}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Bird watchers (birders) are stakeholders in wildlife conservation; yet, few federal programs provide formal mechanisms for birders to contribute economically to conservation. One exception is the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp (duck stamp), a unique conservation tool historically aimed at waterfowl hunters that generates revenue to acquire and protect wetland habitat. This article examined duck stamp purchasing behavior among birders participating in the National Audubon Society’s annual citizen science project, the Christmas Bird Count (CBC) (n = 3,072). Twenty percent of CBC participants had purchased a duck stamp between 2013 and 2015, and about 40% of those purchasers were also hunters. Birding specialization was a key predictor of duck stamp purchasing behavior, with highly specialized nonhunting birders purchasing stamps at rates approximately equal to hunters. Future research should continue to explore reasons birders buy (or do not buy) duck stamps and the broader implications on wildlife conservation.}, number={1}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Shipley, Nathan J. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Dale, Kathy and LeBaron, Geoff and Takekawa, John}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={61–70} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2018, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @inbook{colón_long_blanc_cooper_2018, place={Baltimore, Maryland}, title={Pathways in Ornithology}, ISBN={9781421424712 9781421424729}, booktitle={Ornithology : foundation, analysis, and application}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Colón, M.R. and Long, A.M. and Blanc, L.A. and Cooper, C.B.}, editor={Morrison, M.L. and Rodewald, A.D. and Voelker, G. and Prather, J. and Colón, M.R.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2018, title={Paul F-Brandwein Lecture}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{larson_cooper_stedman_decker_gagnon_2018, title={Place-Based Pathways to Proenvironmental Behavior: Empirical Evidence for a Conservation–Recreation Model}, volume={31}, ISSN={0894-1920 1521-0723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2018.1447714}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2018.1447714}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study expands existing models of proenvironmental behavior (PEB) to examine the potentially important and interacting influences of nature-based recreation and sense of place on participation in conservation-oriented activities. We tested hypothesized relationships using a structural equation modeling approach that accounted for common behavioral antecedents within a sample of 1,124 nature-based recreationists and property owners in rural counties of New York, USA. We found that place attachment played an important role in strengthening connections between nature-based recreation and PEB. Birdwatching and hunting participation contributed independently and significantly to PEB, both directly and indirectly through effects on place meanings and place attachment. While birdwatching appeared to influence place attachment by impacting environmental place meanings, hunting exerted similar effects by affecting sociocultural place meanings. Ultimately, our synthesis results in the articulation of a comprehensive conservation–recreation model that could help researchers and practitioners identify and explore novel pathways to PEB.}, number={8}, journal={Society & Natural Resources}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Stedman, Richard C. and Decker, Daniel J. and Gagnon, Ryan J.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={871–891} }
 @article{ryan_adamson_aktipis_andersen_austin_barnes_beasley_bedell_briggs_chapman_et al._2018, title={The role of citizen science in addressing grand challenges in food and agriculture research}, volume={285}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1977}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2018.1977}, abstractNote={The power of citizen science to contribute to both science and society is gaining increased recognition, particularly in physics and biology. Although there is a long history of public engagement in agriculture and food science, the term ‘citizen science’ has rarely been applied to these efforts. Similarly, in the emerging field of citizen science, most new citizen science projects do not focus on food or agriculture. Here, we convened thought leaders from a broad range of fields related to citizen science, agriculture, and food science to highlight key opportunities for bridging these overlapping yet disconnected communities/fields and identify ways to leverage their respective strengths. Specifically, we show that (i) citizen science projects are addressing many grand challenges facing our food systems, as outlined by the United States National Institute of Food and Agriculture, as well as broader Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations Development Programme, (ii) there exist emerging opportunities and unique challenges for citizen science in agriculture/food research, and (iii) the greatest opportunities for the development of citizen science projects in agriculture and food science will be gained by using the existing infrastructure and tools of Extension programmes and through the engagement of urban communities. Further, we argue there is no better time to foster greater collaboration between these fields given the trend of shrinking Extension programmes, the increasing need to apply innovative solutions to address rising demands on agricultural systems, and the exponential growth of the field of citizen science.}, number={1891}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Ryan, S. F. and Adamson, N. L. and Aktipis, A. and Andersen, L. K. and Austin, R. and Barnes, L. and Beasley, M. R. and Bedell, K. D. and Briggs, S. and Chapman, B. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={20181977} }
 @article{gwinner_capilla-lasheras_cooper_helm_2018, title={‘Green incubation': avian offspring benefit from aromatic nest herbs through improved parental incubation behaviour}, volume={285}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0376}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2018.0376}, abstractNote={
            Development of avian embryos requires thermal energy, usually from parents. Parents may, however, trade off catering for embryonic requirements against their own need to forage through intermittent incubation. This dynamically adjusted behaviour can be affected by properties of the nest. Here, we experimentally show a novel mechanism by which parents, through incorporation of aromatic herbs into nests, effectively modify their incubation behaviour to the benefit of their offspring. Our study species, the European starling, includes in its nest aromatic herbs which promote offspring fitness. We provided wild starlings with artificial nests including or excluding the typically selected fresh herbs and found strong support for our prediction of facilitated incubation. Herb effects were not explained by thermal changes of the nests
            per se
            , but by modified parental behaviours. Egg temperatures and nest attendance were higher in herb than herbless nests, egg temperatures dropped less frequently below critical thresholds and parents started their active day earlier. These effects were dynamic over time and particularly strong during early incubation. Incubation period was shorter in herb nests, and nestlings were heavier one week after hatching. Aromatic herbs hence influenced incubation in beneficial ways for offspring, possibly through pharmacological effects on incubating parents.
          }, number={1880}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Gwinner, Helga and Capilla-Lasheras, Pablo and Cooper, Caren and Helm, Barbara}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={20180376} }
 @misc{francis_newman_taff_white_monz_levenhagen_petrelli_abbott_newton_burson_et al._2017, title={Acoustic environments matter: Synergistic benefits to humans and ecological communities}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.041}, abstractNote={Protected areas are critical locations worldwide for biodiversity preservation and offer important opportunities for increasingly urbanized humans to experience nature. However, biodiversity preservation and visitor access are often at odds and creative solutions are needed to safeguard protected area natural resources in the face of high visitor use. Managing human impacts to natural soundscapes could serve as a powerful tool for resolving these conflicting objectives. Here, we review emerging research that demonstrates that the acoustic environment is critical to wildlife and that sounds shape the quality of nature-based experiences for humans. Human-made noise is known to affect animal behavior, distributions and reproductive success, and the organization of ecological communities. Additionally, new research suggests that interactions with nature, including natural sounds, confer benefits to human welfare termed psychological ecosystem services. In areas influenced by noise, elevated human-made noise not only limits the variety and abundance of organisms accessible to outdoor recreationists, but also impairs their capacity to perceive the wildlife that remains. Thus soundscape changes can degrade, and potentially limit the benefits derived from experiences with nature via indirect and direct mechanisms. We discuss the effects of noise on wildlife and visitors through the concept of listening area and demonstrate how the perceptual worlds of both birds and humans are reduced by noise. Finally, we discuss how management of soundscapes in protected areas may be an innovative solution to safeguarding both and recommend several key questions and research directions to stimulate new research.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Francis, Clinton D. and Newman, Peter and Taff, B. Derrick and White, Crow and Monz, Christopher A. and Levenhagen, Mitchell and Petrelli, Alissa R. and Abbott, Lauren C. and Newton, Jennifer and Burson, Shan and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={245–254} }
 @article{eitzel_cappadonna_santos-lang_duerr_virapongse_west_kyba_bowser_cooper_sforzi_et al._2017, title={Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms}, volume={2}, ISSN={2057-4991}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/cstp.96}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.96}, abstractNote={Much can be at stake depending on the choice of words used to describe citizen science, because terminology impacts how knowledge is developed. Citizen science is a quickly evolving field that is mobilizing people’s involvement in information development, social action and justice, and large-scale information gathering. Currently, a wide variety of terms and expressions are being used to refer to the concept of ‘citizen science’ and its practitioners. Here, we explore these terms to help provide guidance for the future growth of this field. We do this by reviewing the theoretical, historical, geopolitical, and disciplinary context of citizen science terminology; discussing what citizen science is and reviewing related terms; and providing a collection of potential terms and definitions for ‘citizen science’ and people participating in citizen science projects. This collection of terms was generated primarily from the broad knowledge base and on-the-ground experience of the authors, by recognizing the potential issues associated with various terms. While our examples may not be systematic or exhaustive, they are intended to be suggestive and invitational of future consideration. In our collective experience with citizen science projects, no single term is appropriate for all contexts. In a given citizen science project, we suggest that terms should be chosen carefully and their usage explained; direct communication with participants about how terminology affects them and what they would prefer to be called also should occur. We further recommend that a more systematic study of terminology trends in citizen science be conducted.}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Eitzel, M V and Cappadonna, Jessica L and Santos-Lang, Chris and Duerr, Ruth Ellen and Virapongse, Arika and West, Sarah Elizabeth and Kyba, Christopher Conrad Maximillian and Bowser, Anne and Cooper, Caren Beth and Sforzi, Andrea and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1} }
 @misc{cooper_2017, title={Citizen Science: Everybody Counts}, url={https://youtu.be/G7cQHSqfSzI}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @book{cooper_2017, place={London}, title={Citizen Science: How Ordinary People Are Changing the Face of Discovery}, publisher={Gerald & Duckworth Co.}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2017} }
 @article{cooper_larson_krafte holland_gibson_farnham_hsueh_culligan_mcgillis_2017, title={Contrasting the Views and Actions of Data Collectors and Data Consumers
                        in a Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Project: Implications for Project
                        Design and Management}, volume={2}, ISSN={2057-4991}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/cstp.82}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.82}, abstractNote={Data collection or generation is the primary way that the majority of volunteers advance the scientific goals of citizen science projects, but other activities such as data consumption also may influence learning, civic, and conservation outcomes. Project designers and managers balance goals for multiple outcomes and thus need to consider the influence of all project-related activities on outcomes. In a study of the kayak-based Citizen’s Water Quality Testing (CWQT) Program in New York City, we compared the characteristics, perceptions, and behaviors of those collecting and using CWQT data (data collectors) and those solely using the data (data consumers). Data collectors (n = 40) and consumers (n = 24) were similar in gender and political orientation, but collectors were younger, devoted more time to the project, and experienced far more face-to-face interactions related to the project. Data collectors and consumers had similar motivations for participation, except that collectors were more likely motivated by recognition for their efforts. Lack of free time was the largest barrier to participation for both types of participants, and a significantly greater barrier for consumers. Data collectors and consumers trusted volunteer-collected data more than government-collected data. Collectors and consumers both recognized multiple scientific, environmental, and social benefits associated with the project, and both were equally likely to use volunteer-collected data for a variety of purposes, such as informing decisions about conservation and recreation. Importantly, both groups were equally likely to undertake a suite of conservation behaviors. We synthesize and expand current conceptual frameworks of citizen science participation and outcomes, highlighting the need for further study to understand mechanisms and linkages between the varied activities of citizen science projects and broader social and ecological impacts. To achieve conservation goals, project managers should broaden the definition of participant to include those carrying out activities other than data collection (such as data use) and explicitly manage for potential benefits derived by consumers of citizen science.}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Krafte Holland, Kathleen and Gibson, Rebecca A. and Farnham, David J. and Hsueh, Diana Y. and Culligan, Patricia J. and McGillis, Wade R.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={8} }
 @article{manna_cooper_baylis_shawkey_waterhouse_grim_hauber_2017, title={Does the house sparrowPasser domesticusrepresent a global model species for egg rejection behavior?}, volume={48}, ISSN={0908-8857}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.01193}, DOI={10.1111/jav.01193}, abstractNote={Conspecific brood parasitism (CP) is a facultative breeding tactic whereby females lay their eggs in the nests of conspecifics. In some species, potential hosts have evolved the ability to identify and reject foreign eggs from their nest. Previous studies suggest that the ubiquitous house sparrow Passer domesticus in Spain and South Africa employs both CP and egg rejection, while a population in China does not. Given the species’ invasive range expansions, the house sparrow represents a potentially excellent global model system for parasitic egg rejection across variable ecological conditions. We examined the responses of house sparrows to experimental parasitism at three geographically distinct locations (in Israel, North America, and New Zealand) to provide a robust test of how general the findings of the previous studies are. In all three geographic regions egg rejection rates were negligible and not statistically different from background rates of disappearance of control eggs, suggesting that the house sparrow is not a suitable model species for egg rejection experiments on a global scale.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Avian Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Manna, Thomas and Cooper, Caren and Baylis, Shane and Shawkey, Matthew D. and Waterhouse, Geoffrey I. N. and Grim, Tomas and Hauber, Mark E.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={346–352} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2017, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2017, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2017, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{cooper_2017, title={Keynote: Bridging the Gap}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cooper_2017, title={Op-Ed: How tagging butterflies can help you tell what’s real and what’s fake}, url={https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-cooper-citizen-science-20170316-story.html}, journal={Los Angeles Times}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hoffman_cooper_kennedy_farooque_cavalier_2017, title={SciStarter 2.0}, DOI={10.4018/978-1-5225-0962-2.ch003}, abstractNote={In this chapter, the authors focus on how SciStarter has developed a new digital infrastructure to support sustained engagement in citizen science, and research into the behaviors and motivations of participants. The new digital infrastructure of SciStarter includes integrated registration and contribution tracking tools to make it easier to participate in multiple projects, enhanced GIS information to promote locally relevant projects, an online personal dashboard to keep track of contributions, and the use of these tools (integrated registration, GIS, dashboard) by project owners and researchers to better understand and respond to the needs and interests of citizen-science participants. In this chapter, the authors explore how these new tools build pathways to participatory policymaking, expand access to informal STEM experiences, and lower barriers to citizen science. The chapter concludes with a design for a citizen-science future with increased access to tools, trackable participation, and integrated competencies. }, journal={Analyzing the Role of Citizen Science in Modern Research}, publisher={IGI Global}, author={Hoffman, Catherine and Cooper, Caren B. and Kennedy, Eric B. and Farooque, Mahmud and Cavalier, Darlene}, year={2017}, pages={50–61} }
 @misc{cooper_2017, title={Science of Citizen Science}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Augmented reality in citizen science to connect with reality}, url={https://blog.scistarter.org/2016/08/augmented-reality-citizen-science-connect-reality/}, journal={SciStarter blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @book{cooper_2016, place={NY}, title={Citizen Science: How Ordinary People Are Changing the Face of Discovery}, ISBN={9781468308679}, publisher={The Overlook Press}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Coop’s Scoop: Citizen science practitioners walk the walk with open science on the next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908082601/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/05/17/coops-scoop-citizen-science-practitioners-walk-the-walk-with-open-science-on-the-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Coop’s Scoop: Genetic literacy and citizen science for reading DNA}, url={http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/01/19/coops-scoop-genetic-literacy-and-citizen-science-for-reading-dna/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Coop’s Scoop: Opening access with citizen science in a word}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20180405154807/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/02/23/coops-scoop-opening-access-with-citizen-science-in-a-word/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Coop’s Scoop: Quality and quantity with citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170907203245/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/12/21/quality-and-quantity-with-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_serrano_göbel_2016, title={How “Responsible” is citizen science? Discuss on the next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170907223028/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2016/07/26/how-responsible-is-citizen-science-discuss-on-the-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, Caren and Serrano, Fermin and Göbel, Claudia}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Keynote}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2016, title={Scientists should talk to the public, but also listen}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/scientists-should-talk-to-the-public-but-also-listen/}, journal={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bonney_cooper_ballard_2016, title={The Theory and Practice of Citizen Science: Launching a New                        Journal}, volume={1}, DOI={10.5334/cstp.65}, abstractNote={The field of citizen science is growing with breathtaking speed. Thousands of citizen science projects are now under way around the world, engaging millions of individuals in the process of scientific discovery. In the US, citizen science has been featured at the White House and the federal government has launched a website to showcase federally funded citizen science projects (citizenscience. gov). The largest research and innovation funding program in the European Union, Horizon 2020, is investing heavily in citizen science to tackle societal problems. The Australian government has published a vision for citizen science}, number={1}, journal={Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.}, author={Bonney, Rick and Cooper, Caren and Ballard, Heidi}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1} }
 @article{dunn_cooper_cavelier_urban_2016, title={The Tragedy of the Unexamined Cat: Why K–12 and University Education Are Still in the Dark Ages and How Citizen Science Allows for a Renaissance}, volume={17}, ISSN={1935-7877 1935-7885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1049}, DOI={10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1049}, abstractNote={At the end of the dark ages, anatomy was taught as though everything that could be known was known. Scholars learned about what had been discovered rather than how to make discoveries. This was true even though the body (and the rest of biology) was very poorly understood. The renaissance eventually brought a revolution in how scholars (and graduate students) were trained and worked. This revolution never occurred in K–12 or university education such that we now teach young students in much the way that scholars were taught in the dark ages, we teach them what is already known rather than the process of knowing. Citizen science offers a way to change K–12 and university education and, in doing so, complete the renaissance. Here we offer an example of such an approach and call for change in the way students are taught science, change that is more possible than it has ever been and is, nonetheless, five hundred years delayed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Dunn, Robert R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Cavelier, Darlene and Urban, Julie}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={4–6} }
 @inbook{cooper_lewenstein_2016, place={Tempe, AZ}, title={Why citizen science matters}, ISBN={9780692694831}, booktitle={The Rightful Place of Science: Citizen Science}, publisher={Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University Press}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Lewenstein, B.V.}, editor={Cavalier, D. and Kennedy, E.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{swaddle_francis_barber_cooper_kyba_dominoni_shannon_aschehoug_goodwin_kawahara_et al._2015, title={A framework to assess evolutionary responses to anthropogenic light and sound}, volume={30}, ISSN={0169-5347}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.009}, abstractNote={Human activities have caused a near-ubiquitous and evolutionarily-unprecedented increase in environmental sound levels and artificial night lighting. These stimuli reorganize communities by interfering with species-specific perception of time-cues, habitat features, and auditory and visual signals. Rapid evolutionary changes could occur in response to light and noise, given their magnitude, geographical extent, and degree to which they represent unprecedented environmental conditions. We present a framework for investigating anthropogenic light and noise as agents of selection, and as drivers of other evolutionary processes, to influence a range of behavioral and physiological traits such as phenological characters and sensory and signaling systems. In this context, opportunities abound for understanding contemporary and rapid evolution in response to human-caused environmental change.}, number={9}, journal={Trends in Ecology & Evolution}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Swaddle, John P. and Francis, Clinton D. and Barber, Jesse R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Kyba, Christopher C.M. and Dominoni, Davide M. and Shannon, Graeme and Aschehoug, Erik and Goodwin, Sarah E. and Kawahara, Akito Y. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={550–560} }
 @inbook{smith_cooper_reynolds_2015, title={Advances in techniques to study incubation}, ISBN={9780198718666}, booktitle={Nests, Eggs, and Incubation: New Ideas about Avian Reproduction}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Smith, J. and Cooper, C.B. and Reynolds, J.}, editor={Deeming, C. and Reynolds, J.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={179–195} }
 @article{cooper_larson_dayer_stedman_decker_2015, title={Are wildlife recreationists conservationists? Linking hunting, birdwatching, and pro-environmental behavior}, volume={79}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.855}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.855}, abstractNote={There is a widely held assumption that outdoor experiences are a key precursor to pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We tested the hypothesis that wildlife recreationists are more likely than non-recreationists to voluntarily engage in different types of PEB, grouped as conservation behaviors and environmental lifestyle behaviors. Via mail and web-based surveys of rural New York residents (n = 941), we compared the self-reported PEBs of 4 types of recreationists: hunters, birdwatchers, hunter–birdwatchers (i.e., individuals who regularly engaged in both activities), and non-nature-based recreationists. We statistically controlled for group differences in socio-demographic characteristics and environmental beliefs. We found wildlife recreationists—both hunters and birdwatchers—were 4–5 times more likely than non-recreationists to engage in conservation behaviors, which included a suite of activities such as donating to support local conservation efforts, enhancing wildlife habitat on public lands, advocating for wildlife recreation, and participating in local environmental groups. Moreover, effects were additive; hunter–birdwatchers had the greatest likelihood of engaging in all types of conservation behaviors. On the other hand, engagement in environmental lifestyle behaviors such as recycling, energy conservation, and green purchasing were roughly comparable among all types of wildlife recreationists and non-recreationists. Our findings of elevated rates of conservation behaviors among hunters and birdwatchers despite different demographic attributes and environmental beliefs highlight the similar conservation potential associated with different types of wildlife recreation. Diversified strategies that include programs to encourage both hunting and birdwatching are likely to bring about long-term gains for conservation. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren and Larson, Lincoln and Dayer, Ashley and Stedman, Richard and Decker, Daniel}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={446–457} }
 @article{ospina_cooper_liljesthröm_ardia_winkler_2015, title={Biparental nest-attendance in Chilean Swallows (Tachycineta meyeni) breeding in Ushuaia, Argentina}, volume={115}, ISSN={0158-4197 1448-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu14036}, DOI={10.1071/mu14036}, abstractNote={Abstract Intermittent female incubation, where eggs are left unattended periodically while the female forages, is common among passerines. In extremely cold environments, unattended eggs may be at risk of freezing or exposed to suboptimal developmental temperatures. Our aim was to examine incubation behaviour of Chilean Swallows nesting in a cold environment (daily average temperatures ~10°C) at the southern tip of Argentina, and the temperature regime of incubation. Females had bare, vascularised brood-patches, whereas males had false brood-patches, where feathering of the abdomen was somewhat sparse. Video-cameras were used at three nests, and at all three two adults were observed to attend eggs, day and night, confirming incubation by males. Temperature records of eggs showed that one adult (assumed to be the female) had high rates of attendance and maintained egg temperatures that approached 38–39°C when incubating, and the other adult (assumed male) had lower and variable rates of attendance and maintained egg temperatures generally above 34°C when incubating. The assumed female rarely left the eggs unless the assumed male was there to replace her. Researchers should be cautious when making conclusions using data from temperature loggers in situations where male attendance at nests during incubation is possible.}, number={1}, journal={Emu - Austral Ornithology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ospina, Emilie A. and Cooper, Caren B. and Liljesthröm, Marcela and Ardia, Daniel R. and Winkler, David W.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={76–79} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Birdwatchers, hunters train their scopes on conservation}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/birdwatchers-hunters-train-their-scopes-on-conservation/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Citizen science of the deep blue sea}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905202412/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/06/23/citizen-science-of-the-deep-blue-sea/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Crowdsourced Hopes for the 1st Citizen Science Association Conference}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222523/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/02/06/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-crowdsourced-hopes-1st-citizen-science-association-conference/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Hash out citizen science in Twitter chat sessions}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908042055/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/01/19/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-hash-out-citizen-science-in-twitter-chat-sessions/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Recap of Jan 28 #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909091825/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/01/31/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-recap-jan-28-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Try it, you might like it}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908013929/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/01/12/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-try-might-like/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Amphibian and reptile citizen science on the next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20180405160021/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/08/03/coops-scoop-amphibian-and-reptile-citizen-science-on-the-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Citizen science at the White House}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908070028/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/09/30/coops-scoop-citizen-science-at-the-white-house/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Citizen science in schools}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20160314063653/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/09/08/coops-scoop-citizen-science-in-schools}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Citizen science to study your dog, because your dog studies you}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908010841/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/08/23/coops-scoop-citizen-science-to-study-your-dog-because-your-dog-studies-you/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Connecting with citizen science apps}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155952/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/09/21/coops-scoop-connecting-with-citizen-science-apps/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Do-It-Yourself, Together}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224640/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/06/05/coops-scoop-do-it-yourself-together/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Federal Citizen Science Tool Kit on next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155734/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/10/05/coops-scoop-federal-citizen-science-tool-kit-on-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Mind over mainframe – next #CitSciChat discusses citizen science games}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909220648/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/02/23/coops-scoop-mind-mainframe-next-citscichat-discusses-citizen-science-games/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Shark citizen science, on the next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20180405161758/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/07/06/coops-scoop-shark-citizen-science-on-the-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Speak for the bees on next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908040738/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/05/26/coops-scoop-speak-for-the-bees-on-the-next-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Speak for the trees on next #CitSciChat}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20151218172800/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/04/27/coops-scoop-speak-for-trees-citscichat/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: Tweeting about spring citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193730/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/03/23/coops-scoop-tweeting-spring-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: What’s not counted when we count “Citizen Science”?}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20160313062018/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/12/07/coops-scoop-whats-not-counted-when-we-count-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, Caren}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop: the STEAM of citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235507/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2015/02/18/coops-scoop-steam-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Coop’s Scoop:2015 year in Review Quiz}, url={https://blog.scistarter.org/2015/12/coops-scoop-2015-citizen-science-year-in-review-quiz/}, journal={SciStarter}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{larson_cooper_hauber_2015, title={Emotions as Drivers of Wildlife Stewardship Behavior: Examining Citizen Science Nest Monitors’ Responses to Invasive House Sparrows}, volume={21}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2015.1086933}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2015.1086933}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Growing evidence suggests wildlife stewardship behaviors might be affected by emotional dispositions toward particular species. To test this hypothesis, we studied wildlife management choices made by backyard citizen scientists (N = 448) involved in two North American bird nest monitoring projects. Our exploratory study characterized nest monitors’ efforts to manage invasive house sparrows, which compete with native songbirds for nesting sites, and examined the relative influence of cognitive and affective factors on management orientations. Results revealed that nearly all respondents engaged in some form of house sparrow management, and most respondents favored a combination of lethal and non-lethal management approaches. Core affect, emotional dispositions, and experiential variables were the primary drivers of citizen scientists’ management decisions, with anger toward house sparrows and firsthand contact with house sparrow damage as the strongest positive correlates of lethal management orientations. Findings highlight the potentially powerful influence of affect and emotions on wildlife stewardship actions.}, number={1}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Hauber, Mark E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={18–33} }
 @article{cooper_2015, title={Good for Something House Sparrows}, volume={30}, number={3}, journal={Bluebird Notes}, publisher={North Carolina Bluebird Society}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={10–11} }
 @article{cooper_2015, title={Inside NC Science: Cowbirds are feathered freeloaders}, journal={The News & Observer}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cooper_2015, title={Neighborhood Nestwatch}, journal={NC Museum of Natural Sciences’ magazine}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2015, title={Science of the people, by the people, and for the people}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/science-of-the-people-by-the-people-and-for-the-people/}, journal={Scientific American blog}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @inbook{cooper_bailey_leech_2015, place={United Kingdom}, title={The role of citizen science in studies of avian reproduction}, ISBN={9780198718666}, booktitle={Nests, Eggs, and Incubation: New Ideas about Avian Reproduction}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Bailey, R.L. and Leech, D.}, editor={Deeming, C. and Reynolds, J.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={208–220} }
 @article{larson_stedman_cooper_decker_2015, title={Understanding the multi-dimensional structure of pro-environmental behavior}, volume={43}, ISSN={0272-4944}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.06.004}, abstractNote={We examined the multi-dimensional structure of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in a mixed-methods study of rural residents of New York, USA. In Phase 1, we asked 41 landowners to identify a range of behaviors that might enhance local environmental quality. We then developed a 13-item PEB scale based on interview responses and literature review. In Phase 2, we incorporated this self-reported PEB scale into a survey of 1082 rural landowners and recreationists. Confirmatory factor analysis identified four key PEB domains: conservation lifestyle behaviors (e.g., household actions in the private sphere), social environmentalism (e.g., peer interactions and group membership), environmental citizenship (e.g., civic engagement in the policy arena), and land stewardship (e.g., support for wildlife and habitat conservation). Results revealed variable participation rates in each type of PEB, confirmed the need to account for land stewardship in rural settings, and highlighted challenges and opportunities for PEB assessment across various social and geographical contexts.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Psychology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Stedman, Richard C. and Cooper, Caren B. and Decker, Daniel J.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={112–124} }
 @article{crain_cooper_dickinson_2014, title={Citizen Science: A Tool for Integrating Studies of Human and Natural Systems}, volume={39}, ISSN={1543-5938 1545-2050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-154609}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-154609}, abstractNote={Citizen science has proliferated in the last decade, becoming a critical form of public engagement in science and an increasingly important research tool for the study of large-scale patterns in nature. Although citizen science is already interdisciplinary, it has untapped potential to build capacity for transformative research on coupled human and natural systems. New tools have begun to collect paired ecological and social data from the same individual; this allows for detailed examination of feedbacks at the level of individuals and potentially provides much-needed data for agent-based modeling. With the ongoing professionalization of citizen science, the field can benefit from integrating a coupled systems perspective, including a broadening of the social science perspectives considered. This can lead to new schema and platforms to increase support for large-scale research on coupled natural and human systems.}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Environment and Resources}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Crain, Rhiannon and Cooper, Caren and Dickinson, Janis L.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={641–665} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Citizen science at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences}, url={https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/citizen-science-at-the-north-carolina-museum-of-natural-sciences}, journal={Discover Citizen Science Salon}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: A tide of citizen science history revisited}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20160802222233/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/08/28/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-tide-citizen-science-history-revisited/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2014}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Birdwatchers have themselves that thank (and here is why you should thank them too)}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908040311/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/09/04/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-bird-watchers-thank/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2014}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Does citizen science get lost in translation?}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194223/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/11/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-citizen-science-get-lost-translation/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Fisherman, sailor, beachcomber, diver - the seas of research helpers}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909082916/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/08/26/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-fishermen-sailor-beachcomber-diver-seas-research-helpers/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Jefferson’s legacy cultivates a nation of amateurs}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150906004521/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/04/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-jeffersons-legacy-cultivates-nation-amateurs/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Patients who were research subjects and the doctors who listened – the citizen science of HIV/AIDS research}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20150905213057/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/20/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-patients-research-subjects-doctors-listened-citizen-science-hivaids-research/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Roundup of recent discoveries}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065906/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/06/27/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-roundup-recent-discoveries/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Shake it up with the fast pace of citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908163225/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/31/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-shake-fast-pace-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: The key to unlocking collaborative conservation for birds}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214311/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/09/12/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-key-unlocking-collaborative-conservation-birds/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2014}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: Weekly Roundup}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908114708/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/23/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-weekly-roundup-2/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: What Citizen Science Tells Us}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155650/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/05/16/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-citizen-science-told-us/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Coop’s Citizen Sci Scoop: What would Thoreau do?}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170907175909/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/06/13/coops-citizen-sci-scoopwhat-would-thoreau-do/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hille_cooper_2014, title={Elevational trends in life histories: revising the pace-of-life framework}, volume={90}, ISSN={1464-7931}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12106}, DOI={10.1111/brv.12106}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={Biological Reviews}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hille, Sabine M. and Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={204–213} }
 @article{cooper_2014, title={Expert Amateurs: local dive guides report sharks for citizen science}, journal={Discover}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={Expert Amateurs: local dive guides report sharks for citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908163229/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/04/26/expert-amateurs-local-dive-guides-report-sharks-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={First-ever Bluebird Twins Highlight Citizen Science’s value in studying rare events}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909074722/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/03/26/first-ever-bluebird-twins-highlight-citizen-sciences-value-studying-rare-events/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_2014, title={Is there a weekend bias in clutch-initiation dates from citizen science? Implications for studies of avian breeding phenology}, volume={58}, ISSN={0020-7128 1432-1254}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0742-z}, DOI={10.1007/s00484-013-0742-z}, abstractNote={Accurate phenology data, such as the timing of migration and reproduction, is important for understanding how climate change influences birds. Given contradictory findings among localized studies regarding mismatches in timing of reproduction and peak food supply, broader-scale information is needed to understand how whole species respond to environmental change. Citizen science-participation of the public in genuine research-increases the geographic scale of research. Recent studies, however, showed weekend bias in reported first-arrival dates for migratory songbirds in databases created by citizen-science projects. I investigated whether weekend bias existed for clutch-initiation dates for common species in US citizen-science projects. Participants visited nests on Saturdays more frequently than other days. When participants visited nests during the laying stage, biased timing of visits did not translate into bias in estimated clutch-initiation dates, based on back-dating with the assumption of one egg laid per day. Participants, however, only visited nests during the laying stage for 25% of attempts of cup-nesting species and 58% of attempts in nest boxes. In some years, in lieu of visit data, participants provided their own estimates of clutch-initiation dates and were asked "did you visit the nest during the laying period?" Those participants who answered the question provided estimates of clutch-initiation dates with no day-of-week bias, irrespective of their answer. Those who did not answer the question were more likely to estimate clutch initiation on a Saturday. Data from citizen-science projects are useful in phenological studies when temporal biases can be checked and corrected through protocols and/or analytical methods.}, number={7}, journal={International Journal of Biometeorology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1415–1419} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={New Association Wants You! Calling All Supporters of Citizen Science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909013707/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/03/10/new-citizen-science-association-wants-you/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_shirk_zuckerberg_2014, title={The Invisible Prevalence of Citizen Science in Global Research: Migratory Birds and Climate Change}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106508}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0106508}, abstractNote={Citizen science is a research practice that relies on public contributions of data. The strong recognition of its educational value combined with the need for novel methods to handle subsequent large and complex data sets raises the question: Is citizen science effective at science? A quantitative assessment of the contributions of citizen science for its core purpose – scientific research – is lacking. We examined the contribution of citizen science to a review paper by ornithologists in which they formulated ten central claims about the impact of climate change on avian migration. Citizen science was never explicitly mentioned in the review article. For each of the claims, these ornithologists scored their opinions about the amount of research effort invested in each claim and how strongly the claim was supported by evidence. This allowed us to also determine whether their trust in claims was, unwittingly or not, related to the degree to which the claims relied primarily on data generated by citizen scientists. We found that papers based on citizen science constituted between 24 and 77% of the references backing each claim, with no evidence of a mistrust of claims that relied heavily on citizen-science data. We reveal that many of these papers may not easily be recognized as drawing upon volunteer contributions, as the search terms “citizen science” and “volunteer” would have overlooked the majority of the studies that back the ten claims about birds and climate change. Our results suggest that the significance of citizen science to global research, an endeavor that is reliant on long-term information at large spatial scales, might be far greater than is readily perceived. To better understand and track the contributions of citizen science in the future, we urge researchers to use the keyword “citizen science” in papers that draw on efforts of non-professionals.}, number={9}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Shirk, Jennifer and Zuckerberg, Benjamin}, editor={Guralnick, RobertEditor}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={e106508} }
 @article{sullivan_aycrigg_barry_bonney_bruns_cooper_damoulas_dhondt_dietterich_farnsworth_et al._2014, title={The eBird enterprise: An integrated approach to development and application of citizen science}, volume={169}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.003}, abstractNote={Citizen-science projects engage volunteers to gather or process data to address scientific questions. But citizen-science projects vary in their ability to contribute usefully for science, conservation, or public policy. eBird has evolved from a basic citizen-science project into a collective enterprise, taking a novel approach to citizen science by developing cooperative partnerships among experts in a wide range of fields: population and distributions, conservation biologists, quantitative ecologists, statisticians, computer scientists, GIS and informatics specialists, application developers, and data administrators. The goal is to increase data quantity through participant recruitment and engagement, but also to quantify and control for data quality issues such as observer variability, imperfect detection of species, and both spatial and temporal bias in data collection. Advances at the interface among ecology, statistics, and computer science allow us to create new species distribution models that provide accurate estimates across broad spatial and temporal scales with extremely detailed resolution. eBird data are openly available and used by a broad spectrum of students, teachers, scientists, NGOs, government agencies, land managers, and policy makers. Feedback from this broad data use community helps identify development priorities. As a result, eBird has become a major source of biodiversity data, increasing our knowledge of the dynamics of species distributions, and having a direct impact on the conservation of birds and their habitats.}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sullivan, Brian L. and Aycrigg, Jocelyn L. and Barry, Jessie H. and Bonney, Rick E. and Bruns, Nicholas and Cooper, Caren B. and Damoulas, Theo and Dhondt, André A. and Dietterich, Tom and Farnsworth, Andrew and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={31–40} }
 @misc{cooper_2014, title={The nine simultaneous lives of cats: cat tracker}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170907231722/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2014/07/25/coops-citizen-sci-scoop-nine-simultaneous-lives-cats/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Animal care ethics in citizen science: My conundrum}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/animal-care-ethics-in-citizen-science-my-conundrum/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_voss_2013, title={Avian Incubation Patterns Reflect Temporal Changes in Developing Clutches}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065521}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0065521}, abstractNote={Incubation conditions for eggs influence offspring quality and reproductive success. One way in which parents regulate brooding conditions is by balancing the thermal requirements of embryos with time spent away from the nest for self-maintenance. Age related changes in embryo thermal tolerance would thus be expected to shape parental incubation behavior. We use data from unmanipulated Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) nests to examine the temporal dynamics of incubation, testing the prediction that increased heat flux from eggs as embryos age influences female incubation behavior and/or physiology to minimize temperature fluctuations. We found that the rate of heat loss from eggs increased with embryo age. Females responded to increased egg cooling rates by altering incubation rhythms (more frequent, shorter on- and off- bouts), but not brood patch temperature. Consequently, as embryos aged, females were able to increase mean egg temperature and decrease variation in temperature. Our findings highlight the need to view full incubation as more than a static rhythm; rather, it is a temporally dynamic and finely adjustable parental behavior. Furthermore, from a methodological perspective, intra- and inter-specific comparisons of incubation rhythms and average egg temperatures should control for the stage of incubation.}, number={6}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Voss, Margaret A.}, editor={Sorci, GabrieleEditor}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={e65521} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Citizen Science Champions of Change!}, url={https://blog.scistarter.org/2013/06/citizen-science-champions-of-change/}, journal={SciStarter}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{cooper_balakrishnan_2013, title={Citizen Science Perspectives on E-Participation in Urban Planning}, ISBN={9781466641693 9781466641709}, ISSN={2326-9103 2326-9111}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4169-3.ch010}, DOI={10.4018/978-1-4666-4169-3.ch010}, abstractNote={Citizen science is a method for an interested public to share information in order to co-create scientific knowledge, typically drawing on games and hobbies and employing electronic media such as web-based data-entry forms and online social networks. Citizen science has emerged in many fields of science (e.g., ecology, astronomy, atmospheric studies, anthropology) and advanced to produce important research findings based on high-quality, reliable data collected, and/or processed, by the public. In turn, participants have increased their interest in, and understanding of, topics related to citizen science projects, and experienced greater civic engagement and social capital. Urban planning initiatives seek to engage people in activities from data gathering to community discussions. The authors review the history of urban planning models and highlight how e-participation can overcome some of the limitations in traditional planning. The authors review how information and communication technologies (ICT) for Citizen Science methods can facilitate public participation in data collection and co-creating knowledge useful to planning decisions. The authors suggest that such efforts can ensure a collaborative rather than adversarial type of public participation and have added outcomes of increasing involvement of an informed public in other aspects of the planning process.}, booktitle={Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development}, publisher={IGI Global}, author={Cooper, Caren and Balakrishnan, Ashwin}, year={2013}, pages={172–197} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Got Bacon? Communities leverage citizen science because environmental racism is not kosher}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909022310/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/03/18/got-bacon-communities-leverage-citizen-science-because-environmental-racism-is-not-kosher/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_2013, title={Human Dimensions of Ecological Restoration: Integrating Science, Nature, and Culture}, volume={31}, ISSN={1522-4740 1543-4079}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.31.4.426}, DOI={10.3368/er.31.4.426}, abstractNote={Forest harvesting reduces the inputs of dead wood into stream systems which in turn can result in aquatic habitat simplification, reduced biodiversity, altered nutrient cycling, and reduced nutrient retention. Through cost-benefit analyses, Acuña and colleagues found that ecosystem service benefits derived from active restoration of dead wood loading in streams exceed monetary costs of such restoration, with the time required to realize the investment of restoration ranging from 15 to 20 years in lowto middle-order streams. Ecosystem services considered in the analyses included fish provisioning, opportunities for recreation and tourism, water purification, and erosion control. If biodiversity conservation is included as an additional ecosystem value, the authors predict that stream restoration would be even more economically profitable. Book Review}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Restoration}, publisher={University of Wisconsin Press}, author={Cooper, C.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={426–427} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Lessons from Ants to Starts: An Egalitarian Scientific World, One Name at a Time}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909183857/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/04/22/lessons-from-ants-to-stars-an-egalitarian-scientific-world-one-name-at-a-time/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Media is Unreal: Bringing Media Literacy into Science Literacy}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/media-is-unreal-bring-media-literacy-into-science-literacy/}, journal={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Peace on Earth, Good Will Towards All Birds}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908174740/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/12/24/peace-on-earth-good-will-towards-all-birds/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Pearls Across the Zooniverse: When crowdsourcing becomes citizen science}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/pearls-across-the-zooniverse-when-crowdsourcing-becomes-citizen-science/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Science in the Streets: Public Engagement Then and Now}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @article{voss_cooper_2013, title={Solar noon and tactile cues synergistically regulate clutch size: a new approach to investigations of avian life-history theory}, volume={155}, ISSN={0019-1019}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12098}, DOI={10.1111/ibi.12098}, abstractNote={Life-history theory is central to our understanding of the evolutionary processes that drive adaptation. According to life-history theory, a trade-off between reproduction and survival means that organisms cannot maximize both at the same time (Gadgil & Bossert 1970, Charnov & Krebs 1974, Stearns 1976, 1989, Reznick 1985, Morris 1986). As Reznick (1985) stated while reviewing the costs of reproduction, ‘To be the best in all possible worlds is not biologically possible; to be well adapted to even one world requires compromise.’ Throughout the progression of thought in life-history theory, clutch size has been a trait of primary interest. For over half a century, it has been argued that diverse selection pressures operate on clutch size in birds (Ricklefs 2000) so as to optimize it, although the relative importance of each pressure remains unclear. A few examples of competing selection pressures on clutch size include the trade-offs between clutch size and number of clutches in a given year, clutch size and parental care, clutch size and access to food resources, clutch size and parental age, and the list goes on. A vast body of literature demonstrates the extent of these trade-offs and their importance in understanding emergent avian lifehistory patterns, yet we still do not understand how birds regulate or determine clutch size. Although avian clutch size often varies systematically and in predictable ways, we cannot adequately explain the emergent patterns. While investigations have explored possible roles of predation, food availability and seasonality (e.g. Beukeboom et al. 1988, Hochachka 1990, Crick et al. 1993) on variation in clutch size, additional insights may be found by asking how (mechanistically) clutch size is determined, rather than why (evolutionarily). Such a shift in question might change our perception of which traits selection might be acting upon to optimize clutch size. A paper by Sacha Haywood in this issue of Ibis brings us closer to resolving a fundamental problem in identifying the proximate selection pressures regulating clutch size. Haywood’s egg removal experiments with Common Swifts Apus apus nicely demonstrate that the trait (or suite of traits) under selection is not the number of eggs in a clutch, an ordinal trait measured quantitatively, but rather the physiological mechanisms controlling the endpoint of the laying sequence. Haywood presents evidence that there is a specific point in time, approximately solar noon on the day the first egg is laid, that plays a decisive role in determining how many subsequent eggs will be produced (Haywood 2013). Haywood builds his argument in two parts. First he explores the possibility that the tactile cue that stops the production of yolky follicles is invariant in its timing. In other words, the production of yolky follicles is halted by the stimulus of the brood patch coming in contact with the first egg laid. Invariance in the timing of this tactile cue means that a second mechanism must come into play to account for the observed variability in egg production. Second, he postulates a role for an internal circadian clock that might govern the ability of ovarian tissue to receive and respond to hormone fluxes, thereby allowing for temporal plasticity in follicular development and eventual disruption. In the case of the Common Swift, this competency to receive the hormonal signal develops over a period of 3–6 h before solar noon on the day the first egg is laid, at which point it becomes fully functional. With these two mechanisms, Haywood’s model accounts for variability in clutch size in a species that would otherwise seem to be physiologically constrained to a predetermined number of eggs. A key implication of Haywood’s findings is that the focal point of life-history theory with regard to clutch size might actually be a set of physiological processes and their underlying gene regulation, rather than a single quantitative characteristic (i.e. number of eggs produced). A strong argument for considering physiological processes as the target of selection that subsequently drives life-history trade-offs was outlined by Sinervo and Svensson (1998). Haywood’s study fits this paradigm shift in that it forces us to view clutch size, a common life-history variable, not as a single quantitative trait under selection pressure but rather as the product of several intersecting endocrine feedback loops. Furthermore, his experimental results set the stage for clarification of the differentiation between determinate layers with invariant clutch size and indeterminate layers (variable clutch size). *Corresponding author. Email: mav11@psu.edu}, number={4}, journal={Ibis}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Voss, Margaret A. and Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={709–713} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Supersized study: citizen science finds grebe that some feared losing}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170908152833/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2013/08/06/supersized-study-citizen-science-finds-grebe-that-some-feared-losing/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Technology in Citizen Science}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={That moment when you realize how little you actually know}, url={https://blog.scistarter.org/2013/07/that-moment-when-you-realize-how-little-you-actually-know/}, journal={SciStarter}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={The Citizen Science of Climate Change: We are not bystanders}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-citizen-science-of-climate-change-we-are-not-bystanders/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={The Most Stressful Science Problem}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-most-stressful-science-problem/}, journal={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hecht_cooper_2013, title={Tribute to Tinbergen: Public Engagement in Ethology}, volume={120}, ISSN={0179-1613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12199}, DOI={10.1111/eth.12199}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Ethology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hecht, Julie and Cooper, Caren B.}, editor={Hauber, M.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={207–214} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Victorian-era citizen science: reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/victorian-era-citizen-science-reports-of-its-death-have-been-greatly-exaggerated/}, journal={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2013, title={Zen in the Art of Citizen Science: Apps for Collective Discovery and the 1-Percent Rule of the Web}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/zen-in-the-art-of-citizen-science-apps-for-collective-discovery-and-the-1-percent-rule-of-the-web/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2013}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dor_cooper_lovette_massoni_bulit_liljesthrom_winkler_2012, title={Clock gene variation in Tachycineta swallows}, volume={2}, ISSN={2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.73}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dor, Roi and Cooper, Caren B. and Lovette, Irby J. and Massoni, Viviana and Bulit, Flor and Liljesthrom, Marcela and Winkler, David W.}, year={2012}, pages={95–105} }
 @article{liljesthröm_cooper_reboreda_2012, title={Clutch Investment in the Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta meyeni) Shifts with Time of Breeding and Position in the Sequence of Laying}, volume={114}, ISSN={0010-5422 1938-5129}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110142}, DOI={10.1525/cond.2012.110142}, abstractNote={Abstract. Within a population, the sizes of eggs and clutches vary, and the combination of both determines a female's reproductive investment. We investigated females' investment in clutches of the Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta meyeni) at the southern limit of its range, where it breeds in an extreme climate. We analyzed variation in clutch, egg and yolk size in relation to the female's condition, date of laying, and position in the sequence of laying. As predicted by energy/nutrient constraints, clutch size and yolk size decreased over the breeding season, though egg mass increased. Females' investment strategy differed with clutch size: their investment in eggs increased with each successive egg in clutches of 4 and 5 eggs but decreased with each successive egg in clutches of 3 eggs. Eggs that were heavier for their size were more likely to hatch than eggs light for their size. Females may make a strategic decision, with high investment in eggs laid early resulting in a short sequence (small clutch) and delayed investment resulting in a long sequence (large clutch). Alternatively, the shift in clutch investment may simply be a consequence of physiology. Better estimates of female body condition are needed for these options to be distinguished.}, number={2}, journal={The Condor}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Liljesthröm, M. and Cooper, C. and Reboreda, J.C.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={377–384} }
 @article{bonter_cooper_2012, title={Data validation in citizen science: a case study from Project FeederWatch}, volume={10}, ISSN={1540-9295}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110273}, DOI={10.1890/110273}, abstractNote={To become more widely accepted as a valuable research tool, citizen‐science projects must find ways to ensure that data gathered by large numbers of people with varying levels of expertise are of consistently high quality. Here, we describe a data validation protocol developed for Project FeederWatch, a continent‐wide bird monitoring program, that is designed to increase researchers' and participants' confidence in the data being collected.}, number={6}, journal={Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bonter, David N and Cooper, Caren B}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={305–307} }
 @misc{cooper_2012, title={Ho: Ho: Ho:, Merry Hypotheses! The gift of creativity in citizen science}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20170909100905/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2012/12/24/ho-ho-ho-merry-hypotheses-the-gift-of-creativity-in-citizen-science/}, journal={PLOS CitizenSci blog}, publisher={PLOS}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_2012, title={Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Data}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/life-liberty-and-the-pursuit-of-data/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, month={Jul} }
 @article{cooper_2012, title={Links and Distinctions Among Citizenship, Science, and Citizen Science. A Reponse to "The Future of Citizen Science."}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Democracy & Education}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, pages={13} }
 @article{cooper_loyd_murante_savoca_dickinson_2012, title={Natural History Traits Associated with Detecting Mortality Within Residential Bird Communities: Can Citizen Science Provide Insights?}, volume={50}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9866-x}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-012-9866-x}, abstractNote={Cat predation of birds in residential landscapes is ephemeral, unpredictable, and spatially dispersed, and thus requires many person-hours to observe. We sought to identify whether specific behaviors, traits, or feeding ecologies of birds contribute to their probability of cat-caused mortality around residences across temperate North America. In addressing this question, we evaluated citizen science data with respect to peer-reviewed species accounts (Birds of North America, BNA). Using information on cat predation from the BNA, we found that species that glean their prey from the ground or breed in nest boxes were three times more likely to be depredated by cats, while birds that hawk were over two times less likely to become cat prey than would be predicted by random chance. Data from citizen science sources also showed that birds using nest boxes had increased susceptibility to cat predation, as did those that use feeders and that glean from foliage. We caution that observations of predation by citizen science volunteers may be biased towards detection at feeders. Future research should focus on developing volunteer survey techniques for improving estimates of bird mortality rates and sources.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cooper, Caren Beth and Loyd, Kerrie Anne Therese and Murante, Tessa and Savoca, Matthew and Dickinson, Janis}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={11–20} }
 @article{stager_lopresti_angulo pratalungo_ardia_caceres_cooper_iñigo-elias_molina_taylor_winkler_2012, title={Reproductive biology of a narrowly endemic swallow, Tachycineta swallow in dry, seasonal forest in coastal Peru}, volume={23}, journal={Ornitologia Neotropical}, author={Stager, M. and Lopresti, E. and Angulo Pratalungo, F. and Ardia, D.R. and Caceres, D. and Cooper, C.B. and Iñigo-Elias, E. and Molina, J. and Taylor, N. and Winkler, D.W.}, year={2012}, pages={95–112} }
 @misc{cooper_2012, title={Researcher’s Perspective: A Citizen Science fix for data junkies}, url={https://web.archive.org/web/20160309183433/http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/2012/12/12/researchers-perspective-a-citizen-science-fix-for-data-junkies/}, journal={PLOS Citizen Sci blog}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{cooper_2012, title={Retro Science, part 1}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/retro-science-part-1/}, journal={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{cooper_2012, title={Stone Soup for Thanksgiving: Understanding bird disease through citizen science}, url={https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/stone-soup-for-thanksgiving-understanding-bird-disease-through-citizen-science/}, journal={Scientific American}, publisher={Scientific American}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2012}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{cooper_hochachka_dhondt_2012, title={The Opportunities and Challenges of Citizen Science as a Tool for Ecological Research}, ISBN={9780801449116}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.003.0007}, DOI={10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.003.0007}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges of citizen science as a tool for undertaking ecological research. Before assessing the potential for large-scale citizen science to advance our understanding of ecological systems, the chapter considers the types of ecological research questions for which the scale (extent and resolution) of data from citizen science is particularly suitable. It then provides examples that illustrate how citizen science data can elucidate some of the processes relating to ecology, such as the underlying patterns of an organism's distribution and abundance as well as its life history and behavior. It also outlines research considerations that must be taken into account when designing (or continuing) citizen science projects.}, booktitle={Citizen Science}, publisher={Cornell University Press}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Hochachka, Wesley M. and Dhondt, André A.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={99–113} }
 @article{cooper_2011, title={I Say "Bird Walk," You Say "Big Day": What do gender patterns mean for the future of bird watching?}, number={Spring}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_voss_ardia_austin_robinson_2011, title={Light increases the rate of embryonic development: implications for latitudinal trends in incubation period}, volume={25}, ISSN={0269-8463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01847.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01847.x}, abstractNote={Summary 
1. In wild birds, incubation period shortens and the general pace of life quickens with distance from the equator. Temperature and various biotic factors, including adult behaviours, cannot fully account for longer incubation periods of equatorial birds and only explain some of the variation between tropical and temperate life histories. Here we consider the role of differences in light in driving variation in incubation period. In poultry, incubation periods can be experimentally shortened by exposing eggs to light. The positive influence of light on embryonic growth, called photoacceleration, can begin within hours after an egg is laid. 
 
2. We artificially incubated house sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs under photoperiods similar to those found at temperate (18Light : 6Dark) and tropical (12L : 12D) latitudes. We also measured embryonic metabolic rate during light and dark phases. 
 
3. Eggs of house sparrows collected from the wild developed more rapidly under ‘temperate’ than ‘tropical’ photoperiods and had higher metabolic rates during phases of light exposure than during phases of darkness. Metabolic rates during light phases were high enough to account for a 1 day difference in incubation periods between temperate and tropical birds. 
 
4. Based on a synthesis of photoacceleration studies on domesticated galliformes and our experimental results on a wild passerine, we provide the first support for the testable hypothesis that differences in photoperiod may influence variation in the rate of embryonic development across latitudes in birds.}, number={4}, journal={Functional Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Voss, Margaret A. and Ardia, Daniel R. and Austin, Suzanne H. and Robinson, W. Douglas}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={769–776} }
 @article{dor_lovette_safran_billerman_huber_vortman_lotem_mcgowan_evans_cooper_et al._2011, title={Low Variation in the Polymorphic Clock Gene Poly-Q Region Despite Population Genetic Structure across Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Populations}, volume={6}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028843}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0028843}, abstractNote={Recent studies of several species have reported a latitudinal cline in the circadian clock gene, Clock, which influences rhythms in both physiology and behavior. Latitudinal variation in this gene may hence reflect local adaptation to seasonal variation. In some bird populations, there is also an among-individual association between Clock poly-Q genotype and clutch initiation date and incubation period. We examined Clock poly-Q allele variation in the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), a species with a cosmopolitan geographic distribution and considerable variation in life-history traits that may be influenced by the circadian clock. We genotyped Barn Swallows from five populations (from three subspecies) and compared variation at the Clock locus to that at microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We found very low variation in the Clock poly-Q region, as >96% of individuals were homozygous, and the two other alleles at this locus were globally rare. Genetic differentiation based on the Clock poly-Q locus was not correlated with genetic differentiation based on either microsatellite loci or mtDNA sequences. Our results show that high diversity in Clock poly-Q is not general across avian species. The low Clock variation in the background of heterogeneity in microsatellite and mtDNA loci in Barn Swallows may be an outcome of stabilizing selection on the Clock locus.}, number={12}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Dor, Roi and Lovette, Irby J. and Safran, Rebecca J. and Billerman, Shawn M. and Huber, Gernot H. and Vortman, Yoni and Lotem, Arnon and McGowan, Andrew and Evans, Matthew R. and Cooper, Caren B. and et al.}, editor={Fleischer, Robert C.Editor}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={e28843} }
 @article{cooper_2011, title={Media Literacy as a Key Strategy toward Improving Public Acceptance of Climate Change Science}, volume={61}, ISSN={0006-3568 1525-3244}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.8}, DOI={10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.8}, abstractNote={Without public trust of climate change science, policymaking in a democratic society cannot address the serious threats that we face. Recent calls for proposals to increase “climate literacy” from federal agencies such as NASA, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and the National Science Foundation illustrate the urgency of this crisis. Although more climate change education is certainly needed, focusing solely on climate literacy will not garner public trust and may leave out high-impact media literacy education. Climate change deniers have been more effective “educators” than scientists and science educators because their messages are (a) empowering, built on the premise that every individual can quickly learn enough to enter public discourse on climate change; and (b) delivered through many forms of media. A more effective strategy for scientists and science educators should include not only discourse approaches that enable trust, with emphasis on empowerment through reasoning skills, but also approaches that embrace the maturing discipline of media literacy education.}, number={3}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={231–237} }
 @article{voss_cooper_2011, title={The Sunny Side of Life: does sunlight affect chicks still in the eggs?}, number={summer}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Voss, M.V. and Cooper, C.B.}, year={2011}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cooper_smith_2010, title={Gender Patterns in Bird-related Recreation in the USA and UK}, volume={15}, ISSN={1708-3087}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-03603-150404}, DOI={10.5751/es-03603-150404}, abstractNote={Recent studies show inter-related trends in both adult and youth populations in developed nations: a shift away from nature-based recreation, an overall decline in physical activity, and increasing obesity. For this study we examined gender patterns in a nature-based activity, observing wild birds, popular in two developed nations, the USA and UK. We collated data from several organizations and categorized data sources as representing activities that involve varying degrees of competitiveness and acting authoritatively. Patterns were consistent with the hypotheses that gender differences in preferred types of bird-related recreation reflected well documented gender-specific differences in preferences for competition and propensity to act authoritatively. Observing birds encompassed both a recreational hobby, “bird watching,” that was female biased in the USA, and a competitive sport, “birding,” that was heavily male biased among adults, but not youth, in both the USA and UK. Because of differences in gender participation in bird-related activities, fostering both competitive and noncompetitive bird-related activities is necessary to increase the likelihood of bringing larger segments of the population into nature-based recreation.}, number={4}, journal={Ecology and Society}, publisher={Resilience Alliance, Inc.}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Smith, Jennifer A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{lambrechts_adriaensen_ardia_artemyev_atiénzar_bańbura_barba_bouvier_camprodon_cooper_et al._2010, title={The Design of Artificial Nestboxes for the Study of Secondary Hole-Nesting Birds: A Review of Methodological Inconsistencies and Potential Biases}, volume={45}, ISSN={0001-6454}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000164510x516047}, DOI={10.3161/000164510x516047}, abstractNote={Abstract. The widespread use of artificial nestboxes has led to significant advances in our knowledge of the ecology, behaviour and physiology of cavity nesting birds, especially small passerines. Nestboxes have made it easier to perform routine monitoring and experimental manipulation of eggs or nestlings, and also repeatedly to capture, identify and manipulate the parents. However, when comparing results across study sites the use of nestboxes may also introduce a potentially significant confounding variable in the form of differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. However, the use of nestboxes may also introduce an unconsidered and potentially significant confounding variable due to differences in nestbox design amongst studies, such as their physical dimensions, placement height, and the way in which they are constructed and maintained. Here we review to what extent the characteristics of artificial nestboxes (e.g. size, shape, construction material, colour) are documented in the ‘methods’ sections of publications involving hole-nesting passerine birds using natural or excavated cavities or artificial nestboxes for reproduction and roosting. Despite explicit previous recommendations that authors describe in detail the characteristics of the nestboxes used, we found that the description of nestbox characteristics in most recent publications remains poor and insufficient. We therefore list the types of descriptive data that should be included in the methods sections of relevant manuscripts and justify this by discussing how variation in nestbox characteristics can affect or confound conclusions from nestbox studies. We also propose several recommendations to improve the reliability and usefulness of research based on long-term studies of any secondary hole-nesting species using artificial nestboxes for breeding or roosting.}, number={1}, journal={Acta Ornithologica}, publisher={Museum and Institute of Zoology at the Polish Academy of Sciences}, author={Lambrechts, Marcel M. and Adriaensen, Frank and Ardia, Daniel R. and Artemyev, Alexandr V. and Atiénzar, Francisco and Bańbura, Jerzy and Barba, Emilio and Bouvier, Jean-Charles and camprodon, Jordi and Cooper, Caren B. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={1–26} }
 @article{voss_cooper_2010, title={Using a Free Online Citizen-Science Project to Teach Observation & Quantification of Animal Behavior}, volume={72}, ISSN={0002-7685 1938-4211}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.7.9}, DOI={10.1525/abt.2010.72.7.9}, abstractNote={Students of animal behavior must learn to accurately define and quantify observations and to be aware of observational bias. We designed an introductory, college-level animal behavior laboratory that uses a free, online citizen-science project (CamClickr) to help students identify and overcome biases when interpreting observations. The exercise encourages proficiency in making structural descriptions of animal behavior while teaching students to use ethograms to generate and test discrete hypotheses.}, number={7}, journal={The American Biology Teacher}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Voss, Margaret A. and Cooper, Caren B.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={437–443} }
 @misc{cooper_2009, title={AOU Thursday: Hope for Solving Bird Collisions}, url={https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/aou-thursday-hope-for-solving-bird-collisions/}, journal={Round Robin}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2009}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bonney_cooper_dickinson_kelling_phillips_rosenberg_shirk_2009, title={Citizen Science: A Developing Tool for Expanding Science Knowledge and Scientific Literacy}, volume={59}, DOI={10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.9}, abstractNote={Citizen science enlists the public in collecting large quantities of data across an array of habitats and locations over long spans of time. Citizen science projects have been remarkably successful in advancing scientific knowledge, and contributions from citizen scientists now provide a vast quantity of data about species occurrence and distribution around the world. Most citizen science projects also strive to help participants learn about the organisms they are observing and to experience the process by which scientific investigations are conducted. Developing and implementing public data-collection projects that yield both scientific and educational outcomes requires significant effort. This article describes the model for building and operating citizen science projects that has evolved at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology over the past two decades. We hope that our model will inform the fields of biodiversity monitoring, biological research, and science education while providing a window into the culture of citizen science.}, number={11}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bonney, Rick and Cooper, Caren B. and Dickinson, Janis and Kelling, Steve and Phillips, Tina and Rosenberg, Kenneth V. and Shirk, Jennifer}, year={2009}, pages={977–984} }
 @article{cooper_voss_zivkovic_2009, title={Extended Laying Interval of Ultimate Eggs of the Eastern Bluebird}, volume={111}, ISSN={0010-5422 1938-5129}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.090061}, DOI={10.1525/cond.2009.090061}, abstractNote={Abstract. Proximately, clutch size is determined by the termination of the sequential pattern of egg formation and laying. Egg laying is difficult to study, and documentation of detailed patterns is scarce. We used archived video recordings of the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) to contrast the times of day of laying with variability in egg-laying intervals. Ultimate eggs were laid over a significantly longer interval than previous eggs. The extended interval over which the ultimate egg is laid could be a symptom of physiological constraints in the formation of the ultimate egg, extra resources provided to compensate the ultimate egg, and/or a late egg may become the ultimate egg because being late prevents further ovulation.}, number={4}, journal={The Condor}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Voss, M. A. and Zivkovic, Bora}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={752–755} }
 @article{ford_walters_cooper_debus_doerr_2009, title={Extinction debt or habitat change? – Ongoing losses of woodland birds in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia}, volume={142}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.022}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.022}, abstractNote={The loss, fragmentation and degradation of native vegetation are major causes of loss of biodiversity globally. Extinction debt is the term used to describe the ongoing loss of species from fragmented landscapes long after the original loss and fragmentation of habitat. However, losses may also result from habitat changes that are unrelated to fragmentation, which reduce breeding success and recruitment. Many woodland birds have declined in fragmented landscapes in Australia, probably due to loss of small, isolated populations, though the ecological processes are poorly understood. We record the progressive regional loss of two ground-foraging, woodland birds, the Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus and Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata, in northern New South Wales, over 30 years. This has happened despite most habitat loss occurring over 100 years ago, suggesting the payment of an extinction debt. Our observations suggest that several ecological processes, caused by habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation, and operating over different time scales, have led to both species’ declines. Female Brown Treecreepers disperse poorly among vegetation remnants, leaving only males in isolated populations, which then go extinct. In contrast, Hooded Robins suffer high nest predation in fragmented landscapes, producing too few recruits to replace adult mortality. Foraging by both species may also be affected by regrowth of ground vegetation and shrubs. We found little support for a major role played by drought, climate change or aggressive Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala. We propose that both extinction debt in the classical sense and ongoing habitat change frequently contribute to species’ decline in modified landscapes. Management to arrest and reverse such declines needs to consider these multiple causes of decline. For instance, reconnecting isolated populations may be inadequate alone, and activities such as appropriate grazing, fires and the addition of woody debris may also be required.}, number={12}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ford, Hugh A. and Walters, Jeffrey R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Debus, Stephen J.S. and Doerr, Veronica A.J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={3182–3190} }
 @misc{cooper_2009, title={Misconceptions about Climate Change and the Importance of Public Science Literacy}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2009}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cooper_bonter_2008, title={Artificial nest site preferences of Black-capped Chickadees}, volume={79}, ISSN={0273-8570 1557-9263}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00162.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00162.x}, abstractNote={To facilitate study of the breeding biology of parids, Grubb and Bronson (1995; Condor 97: 1067- 1070) designed artificial "snags" made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. Because the cost of artificial snags is greater than that of traditional wooden boxes, we examined alternatives to PVC snags for attracting chickadees to artificial nesting sites. From 2005 to 2007, we compared the use of PVC snags and wooden nest boxes by Black- capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary in Ithaca, New York. We also quantified the use of cavities with and without wood shavings. The probability of chickadee excavation was greater (60-70% per yr) in filled snags (with wood shavings) than in filled boxes (40-50%; logistic mixed model, P = 0.01), and chickadees initiated more nests in filled snags (25-30%) than filled boxes (15%; P = 0.03). Chickadees also initiated significantly more nests (P = 0.03) in filled than unfilled boxes. Although wooden boxes filled with wood shavings were used more often by Black-capped Chickadees than unfilled wooden boxes, artificial snags filled with wood shavings were used most, were no more likely than boxes to be usurped by House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon), and were less likely than boxes to be occupied by mice. Thus, artificial snags may be the better option for investigators studying the breeding biology of chickadees. SINOPSIS. Preferencias para lugares artificiales de nidificaci´ on de Poecile atricapillus}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Field Ornithology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren and Bonter, David}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={193–197} }
 @article{cooper_daniels_walters_2008, title={CAN WE IMPROVE ESTIMATES OF JUVENILE DISPERSAL DISTANCE AND SURVIVAL}, volume={89}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0315.1}, DOI={10.1890/08-0315.1}, abstractNote={Estimates of distributions of natal dispersal distances and juvenile recruitment rates in open populations are strongly influenced by the extent and shape of the areas sampled. Techniques to improve biased dispersal and survival estimates include area–ratio methods based on weighting observations by sampling effort, the extent and shape of the area sampled, and the amount and distribution of preferred habitat surrounding the area sampled. We partitioned territories within the boundaries of a large, almost geographically closed, population of individually marked Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) and estimated dispersal and survival parameters from hypothetical smaller study areas (sampling areas) of varying sizes and shapes in order to examine whether an area–ratio method provides accurate or improved estimates of juvenile dispersal distance and survival. Non‐aggregated sampling areas resulted in the detection of fewer dispersal events, but because of their large spatial extent, produced unbiased dispersal estimates. The use of aggregated sampling areas (circular or linear) resulted in the detection of higher numbers of dispersal events, but produced biased dispersal estimates that were generally improved by the area–ratio method. Area–ratio corrections usually provided better estimates of median dispersal distance than uncorrected estimates. Survival to breeding was usually underestimated and often not improved by the area–ratio method, regardless of extent and shape of the sampling area. Estimates of juvenile survival to breeding were improved by assuming that rates of emigration were equivalent to immigration, and correcting survival estimates accordingly. Small, local studies should use an area–ratio method to improve their estimates of median dispersal distance. Because the correction method estimates relative, but not absolute, numbers of individuals dispersing across distance categories, the area–ratio method should not be used for estimating survival. Non‐aggregated sampling areas may be an effective design to increase spatial extent (and thus decrease bias) without proportionately increasing the amount of habitat sampled.}, number={12}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Daniels, Susan J. and Walters, Jeffrey R.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={3349–3361} }
 @misc{cooper_2008, title={Is this Climate Change Story True?}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2008}, month={Nov} }
 @article{cooper_bonter_erikson_2008, title={Looking for the perfect fixer-upper: Chickadees prefer nest tubes filled with wood shavings more than boxes}, number={summer}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Bonter, D. and Erikson, L.}, year={2008}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{cooper_2008, title={Media Bytes: Is this Climate Change Story True?}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2008}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cooper_dickinson_phillips_bonney_2008, title={Science Explicitly for Nonscientists}, volume={13}, ISSN={1708-3087}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-02602-1302r01}, DOI={10.5751/es-02602-1302r01}, abstractNote={In response to our paper Citizen Science as a Tool for Conservation in Residential Ecosystems, Lakshminarayanan (2007) calls attention to the importance of examining the nature of the relationship between those who collect scientific data and those who use the data for professional scientific purposes. Our initial paper proposed a method of community science that would change the way the public relates to values and protects the natural world (Cooper et al. 2007). Here we want to emphasize another strength of community science, including citizen science, namely, its potential capacity to change public perception of the value of science to individuals and to society. We want to explain how this transformational facet of citizen science relates to Lakshminarayanan’s (2007) valuable comments.}, number={2}, journal={Ecology and Society}, publisher={Resilience Alliance, Inc.}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Dickinson, Janis L. and Phillips, Tina and Bonney, Rick}, year={2008} }
 @article{cooper_hochachka_dhondt_2007, title={CONTRASTING NATURAL EXPERIMENTS CONFIRM COMPETITION BETWEEN HOUSE FINCHES AND HOUSE SPARROWS}, volume={88}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-0855}, DOI={10.1890/06-0855}, abstractNote={After House Finches were introduced from the western to the eastern United States and rapidly increased in numbers, House Sparrows declined, leading to suggestions that the decline was caused by interspecific competition. However, other potential causes were not excluded. The rapid decline in House Finches following the emergence of a new disease (mycoplasmal conjunctivitis) caused by a novel strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in 1994 has provided a natural experiment and an opportunity to revisit the hypothesis that interspecific competition from House Finches drives population changes in House Sparrows. If true, the recent decline in House Finches should lead to an increase in House Sparrows. In this paper we test the hypothesis that House Sparrow and House Finch numbers in the northeastern United States vary inversely by examining data from three independent volunteer programs that monitor bird species' abundance and distribution (Christmas Bird Count, Project FeederWatch, and Breeding Bird Survey). In the first analysis we found that House Sparrow and House Finch numbers varied inversely during a time interval when House Finches were increasing and a time interval when House Finches were decreasing. In the second analysis, we found that the rates of geometric change in House Sparrow abundance (ln[HOSP(t+1)/HOSP(t)]) were negatively correlated with initial House Finch (HOFI(t)) and sparrow (HOSP(t)) abundances at individual sites, irrespective of the time period. Given that finch range expansion and subsequent declines in abundance are the result of two very different phenomena, it would be very unlikely for apparent competition or spurious correlations to cause the observed concomitant changes in House Sparrow abundance. We conclude that interspecific competition exists between these two species.}, number={4}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Hochachka, Wesley M. and Dhondt, André A.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={864–870} }
 @article{cooper_dickinson_phillips_bonney_2007, title={Citizen Science as a Tool for Conservation in Residential Ecosystems}, volume={12}, ISSN={1708-3087}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-02197-120211}, DOI={10.5751/es-02197-120211}, abstractNote={Human activities, such as mining, forestry, and agriculture, strongly influence processes in natural systems. Because conservation has focused on managing and protecting wildlands, research has focused on understanding the indirect influence of these human activities on wildlands. Although a conservation focus on wildlands is critically important, the concept of residential area as an ecosystem is relatively new, and little is known about the potential of such areas to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. As urban sprawl increases, it becomes urgent to construct a method to research and improve the impacts of management strategies for residential landscapes. If the cumulative activities of individual property owners could help conserve biodiversity, then residential matrix management could become a critical piece of the conservation puzzle. "Citizen science" is a method of integrating public outreach and scientific data collection locally, regionally, and across large geographic scales. By involving citizen participants directly in monitoring and active management of residential lands, citizen science can generate powerful matrix management efforts, defying the "tyranny of small decisions" and leading to positive, cumulative, and measurable impacts on biodiversity.}, number={2}, journal={Ecology and Society}, publisher={Resilience Alliance, Inc.}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Dickinson, Janis and Phillips, Tina and Bonney, Rick}, year={2007} }
 @article{cooper_2007, title={How many glaciers does it take to change a light bulb?}, number={summer}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2007}, month={Jun} }
 @article{phillips_cooper_whitman_2007, title={Insights from 60,000 nests: A decade of results from The Birdhouse Network}, number={Spring}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Phillips, T. and Cooper, C.B. and Whitman, M.}, year={2007}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_hochachka_dhondt_2007, title={Why did house sparrow numbers rise, then fall? Citizen-science data point to competition with house finches}, number={spring}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Hochachka, W.M. and Dhondt, A.A.}, year={2007}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_2007, title={Yard cats and birds}, number={fall}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2007}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dickinson_cooper_phillips_2006, title={Cautious or Courageous: How bold are your Birds?}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Dickinson, J. and Cooper, C.B. and Phillips, T.}, year={2006} }
 @article{cooper_hochachka_phillips_dhondt_2006, title={Geographical and seasonal gradients in hatching failure in Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis reinforce clutch size trends}, volume={148}, ISSN={0019-1019}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00500.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00500.x}, abstractNote={Eggs untended during the laying phase can lose viability if exposed to high temperatures, such as those common at lower latitudes and late in the nesting season. The egg‐viability hypothesis states that constraints on viability during the laying phase could account for latitudinal and seasonal gradients in clutch size. We used 7 years’ worth of data collected by volunteers (The Birdhouse Network, co‐ordinated by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology) to look simultaneously at populations across the temperate breeding range of Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis in order to test three predictions of the egg‐viability hypothesis: the probability of hatching failure decreases at higher latitude and increases later in the season, and that these trends are strongest among large clutches. The overall average number of unhatched eggs relative to the total number of eggs laid was similar to that found by other studies (7.8%; range 6.8–8.9% annually; n = 32 567 eggs from 7231 nests from 530 study sites). Using generalized linear mixed models that controlled for the non‐independence of eggs within a clutch, we found that the ‘per‐egg’ probability of hatching failure was highest late in the season, highest at lower latitudes, and highest for both small (three‐egg) and large (six‐egg) clutches. The seasonal and geographical gradients in egg hatching failure reinforce documented seasonal and geographical trends in clutch size. Loss of egg viability prior to incubation currently provides the most parsimonious and consistent explanation of the observed patterns of hatching failure. However, alternative explanations for large‐scale patterns, particularly those not consistent with the egg‐viability hypothesis, warrant further research into other causes of hatching failure, such as microbes and infertility (related to extra‐pair mating). Our results demonstrate that investigating causes of variation in demography among local populations across a geographical gradient provides a potential means of identifying selection pressures on life‐history traits.}, number={2}, journal={Ibis}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Hochachka, Wesley M. and Phillips, Tina B. and Dhondt, André A.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={221–230} }
 @inbook{allen_cooper_2006, place={Mexico}, title={La Ciencia ciudadana como herramienta para el monitoreo de la biodiversidad [Citizen Science as a Tool for Biodiversity Monitoring].}, booktitle={Especies, espacios y riesgos [Species, Spaces and Risks]}, publisher={Instituto Nacional de Ecologa: Semarnat}, author={Allen, P.E. and Cooper, C.B.}, editor={Pisanty, I. and Caso, M.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={17–32} }
 @article{ardia_cooper_dhondt_2006, title={Warm temperatures lead to early onset of incubation, shorter incubation periods and greater hatching asynchrony in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor at the extremes of their range}, volume={37}, ISSN={0908-8857 1600-048X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03747.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03747.x}, abstractNote={The onset of incubation varies in birds, with many species beginning incubation prior to clutch completion. Here we examine whether early onset is more likely to occur during high temperatures, a critical prediction of the egg‐viability hypothesis, which suggest that birds begin incubation prior to clutch completion in order to maintain egg‐viability. We examined onset of incubation in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor at two locations at the extremes of their breeding range, Alaska and Tennessee. A majority of individuals (68%) began incubation prior to clutch completion. While females in Tennessee were more likely to begin incubation early, there was no difference between sites when differences in temperatures inside nestboxes were controlled in analyses. Rather, early onset of incubation was predicted by the proportion of daily temperatures above physiological zero during laying, a critical prediction of the egg viability hypothesis. Both warm weather and early onset led to shorter incubation periods and increased levels of hatching asynchrony. We found no effect of timing of nesting, female body condition index or clutch size on the probability of beginning incubation prior to clutch completion. Our results are consistent with the egg viability hypothesis, not consistent with a threshold clutch size rule, and do not support the hurry‐up hypothesis, that individuals breeding later in the season would begin incubation early to reduce the time spent nesting. Overall, our results suggest that broad scale geographic differences in incubation behaviour may be explained by individual‐level responses to environmental conditions.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Avian Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ardia, Daniel R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Dhondt, Andre A.}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={137–142} }
 @article{cooper_2005, title={Beyond the Call}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2005} }
 @article{cooper_hochachka_dhondt_2005, title={Latitudinal trends in within-year reoccupation of nest boxes and their implications}, volume={36}, ISSN={0908-8857 1600-048X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03319.x}, abstractNote={Multiple brooding can substantially increase the annual reproductive output of birds, and the propensity for multiple brooding can vary geographically. Thus, studies attempting to understand the evolution of geographic variation in nesting success need to account for variation in re‐nesting potential. However, direct assessment of rates of multiple brooding requires individually recognizable breeding adults, which are not generally available. We explore the possibility of comparing relative indices of multiple broodedness across a latitudinal gradient from studies of un‐banded birds locally restricted to nest boxes. We analyzed nest box reoccupation by a multiple‐brooding species, the eastern bluebird Sialia sialis, reported by volunteers in a citizen‐participation project (1998–2002) in which nest boxes were monitored throughout much of the breeding range of the bluebirds. We found nest boxes in the southern portion of the bluebird range (30° latitude) had, on average 17–33% higher likelihood of repeated egg‐laying, brooding, and successful fledging events than boxes in the north (48° latitude). Latitudinal variation in the reoccupation of nest boxes may indicate that either (1) the number of broods per female varies with latitude, (2) female breeding dispersal/site fidelity varies with latitude, (3) the density, distribution, and/or availability of suitable nest sites varies with latitude, or (4) observer bias varies with latitude. Various lines of evidence suggest that nest re‐occupancy is a useful index of latitudinal variation in re‐nesting. During the time‐frame of second attempts, first‐time box occupancy was as likely as second occupancy and approximately 45% more likely in the south than north, suggesting that, despite considerable breeding dispersal, observed trends in box reoccupation conservatively reflect latitudinal trends in the number of nest attempts/broods per female. Furthermore, despite a compressed nesting cycle in the north (shorter incubation and re‐nesting interval), the shorter duration of the breeding season in the north restricted the potential number of broods. Studies of banded birds are necessary to confirm the behavior underlying the latitudinal trends in box reoccupation.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Hochachka, Wesley M. and Dhondt, André A.}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={31–39} }
 @article{cooper_mills_2005, title={New software for quantifying incubation behavior from time-series recordings}, volume={76}, ISSN={0273-8570 1557-9263}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352}, DOI={10.1648/0273-8570-76.4.352}, abstractNote={Abstract Recordings of temperature fluctuations in the nests of birds can be used to infer incubation behavior such as the frequency and duration of off-bouts. Until recently, collecting temperature recordings from a large number of nests was limited by the size and expense of data logger equipment. In this paper, we describe software we developed to help simplify the analysis of recordings of temperature or mass fluctuations over time. The software program, called Rhythm, works in conjunction with Raven, a bioacoustical analysis program, to partially automate the measurement of incubation off-bout duration and related statistics such as percent constancy. This novel application of Raven combined with advances in data logger technology facilitates investigation in several areas of ecological and behavioral research.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Field Ornithology}, publisher={Association of Field Ornithologists}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Mills, Harold}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={352–356} }
 @article{phillips_cooper_2005, title={Par for the course: pesticides on golf courses}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Phillips, T. and Cooper, C.B.}, year={2005} }
 @article{cooper_hochachka_butcher_dhondt_2005, title={Seasonal and Latitudinal Trends in Clutch Size: Thermal Constraints During Laying and Incubation}, volume={86}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-8028}, DOI={10.1890/03-8028}, abstractNote={Explaining patterns of latitudinal and seasonal trends in clutch size are two of the oldest and most fundamental endeavors in avian life history research. Underlying the majority of studies regarding any type of clutch size variation (i.e., individual, seasonal, latitudinal) of altricial birds is the premise that the primary cost of reproduction stems from feeding offspring. However, both altricial and precocial species of birds display latitudinal and seasonal variation in clutch size. Additionally, individual variation in costs of laying and incubation, recently demonstrated, indicates that understanding latitudinal and seasonal clutch size trends will require increased attention to earlier phases of reproduction. 
 
Given the strength and ubiquity of the clutch size patterns, many environmental factors, such as food supply and predation, have been proposed to account for the patterns, but temperature has been largely overlooked. Gradients in many variables may be important because the primacy of selection pressures may also vary in space and time. Furthermore, physiological systems may constrain responses to selection pressures. Thus, it is possible that intraspecific geographic and seasonal patterns in clutch size are at least partially influenced by temperature-dependent physiological processes. Therefore, we suggest that it is important to examine physiological responses of birds (e.g., embryo development, incubation energetics) directly influenced by physical properties of the environment, which exhibit predictable types of spatial and temporal variation (e.g., temperature, humidity, day length). We review two recently proposed, complementary hypotheses that are excellent candidates for this approach. By one mechanism, the thermal inertia of large clutches makes them favorable in cooler weather (the clutch-cooling hypothesis of J. M. Reid et al.). By the other, the reduction in egg viability under warm temperatures favors small clutches (the egg-viability hypothesis of S. H. Stoleson and S. R. Beissinger)1. Using general linear mixed models, we found that large-scale nesting patterns of Eastern Bluebirds and Red-winged Blackbirds are consistent with the egg-viability hypothesis in that females appear to initiate incubation before clutch completion when they lay large clutches at low latitudes. Although attempts have been made to overcome the logistical obstacles associated with studying large-scale phenomena through meta-analyses and multiple small-scale study sites, we demonstrate the significant potential of new technologies combined with volunteer-based studies to validate these hypotheses as we outline directions for future research. 
 
Table 1. Predictions arising from the egg-viability hypothesis (EV) and the clutch-cooling hypothesis (CC)}, number={8}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Hochachka, Wesley M. and Butcher, Greg and Dhondt, André A.}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={2018–2031} }
 @article{cooper_phillips_hochachka_dhondt_2004, title={Bluebirds put their eggs into more than one basket}, volume={18}, number={3}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Phillips, T.R. and Hochachka, W.M. and Dhondt, A.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{walters_cooper_daniels_pasinelli_schiegg_2004, place={Cambridge, UK}, title={Conservation biology}, ISBN={9780521530996 9780521822718 9780511606816}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511606816.013}, DOI={10.1017/cbo9780511606816.013}, abstractNote={The primary objective of conservation is to preserve biodiversity. Biodiversity encompasses not only distinct life forms such as species and subspecies, but also unique adaptations such as cooperative breeding. Cooperatively breeding birds exhibit a variety of distinctive traits that render some species unusually vulnerable to, or resistant to, habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, and to the problems inherent to small populations. Especially relevant are extreme philopatry, sensitivity to habitat quality, and the presence of large numbers of non-breeding adults (helpers). To our knowledge, no one has previously assessed how cooperative breeders as a group are faring against the threats to their continued existence they currently face. In this chapter we conduct such an assessment and examine the interaction between the distinctive features of cooperative breeders and the various threats to biodiversity.}, booktitle={Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Walters, Jeffrey R. and Cooper, Caren B. and Daniels, Susan J. and Pasinelli, Gilberto and Schiegg, Karin}, editor={Koenig, Walter D. and Dickinson, Janis L.Editors}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={197–209} }
 @misc{cooper_2004, title={Techno-Birds}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2004}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cooper_phillips_2003, title={Incubation Matters}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Phillips, T.R.}, year={2003} }
 @article{cooper_walters_ford_2002, title={Effects of remnant size and connectivity on the response of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation}, volume={102}, ISSN={0158-4197 1448-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu01007}, DOI={10.1071/mu01007}, abstractNote={Abstract We studied approximately 50 groups of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) in connected and unconnected (isolated) woodland remnants in the New England Tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–98. Large and small, unconnected remnants were more likely to contain territories lacking females than were connected habitat remnants. Using General Linear Mixed Models to control for the non-independence of groups studied in the same remnants, we found that neither remnant size nor connectivity affected nest success rate, brood size, or fledgling production. Survival of females was lower in small remnants and greatest in large, unconnected remnants. Lower survival in small remnants suggests area-sensitivity, but this effect cannot explain patterns in recruitment of females because there was no shortage of females in small, connected remnants. We conclude that remnant connectivity influences dispersal success of Brown Treecreepers, with dispersal being disrupted when remnants are unconnected. Therefore, isolation-sensitivity, not area-sensitivity, is the primary basis of the species’ sensitivity to habitat fragmentation.}, number={3}, journal={Emu - Austral Ornithology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Walters, Jeffrey R. and Ford, Hugh}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={249–256} }
 @article{cooper_walters_2002, title={Experimental Evidence of Disrupted Dispersal Causing Decline of an Australian Passerine in Fragmented Habitat}, volume={16}, ISSN={0888-8892 1523-1739}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x}, abstractNote={Abstract: We evaluated two hypothetical explanations for the decline of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper ( Climacteris picumnus ) in fragmented habitat: habitat degradation and isolation. We monitored the reproductive performance of approximately 50 breeding groups in Eucalyptus woodlands in the New England tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–1998. In addition, we translocated females to contiguous woodland and woodland fragments with unpaired males. We predicted that experimentally relocated females would reject territories with unpaired males in fragments if the habitat was degraded but not if males were unpaired due to isolation. We moved 11 females to fragments with unpaired males and 5 females to contiguous habitat with unpaired males. Nine females remained with males in fragments. Five of these females attempted nesting and 3 produced fledglings. No female relocated to contiguous habitat with an unpaired male remained or paired. We rejected habitat degradation as an explanation for the current decline of Brown Treecreepers within remnants, although degradation likely played a role in the past at a regional scale. Exceedingly low female recruitment within fragments and a lack of female dispersal between fragments provide additional evidence that female dispersal into territories in fragments rarely occurs naturally. We conclude that patch isolation is responsible for the high proportion of unpaired males in fragmented habitat.}, number={2}, journal={Conservation Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Walters, Jeffrey R.}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={471–478} }
 @article{cooper_walters_2002, title={Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution}, volume={105}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0}, DOI={10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0}, abstractNote={We examined the influence of local habitat and the surrounding landscape on the distribution of Brown Treecreepers in a matrix of woodlands and pastures. Our goals were to: (1) determine the importance and scale of the independent effects of woodland cover and fragmentation on treecreeper distribution, and (2) employ landscape variables to improve models of treecreeper distribution based on local habitat features. Woodland fragmentation was important at a large scale while both woodland cover and fragmentation were important at a smaller scale. Excluding unoccupied sites in highly fragmented landscapes improved the ability of local habitat features to explain Brown Treecreeper distribution, which appeared to be constrained by cavity density. Brown Treecreepers' response to fragmentation at the larger scale may occur because fragmentation disrupts dispersal. Alternatively, their response may be an example of a general phenomenon of fragmentation effects only arising when < 20% of woodland cover remains at a given scale. As fragmentation increases, so does the need to incorporate landscape patterns into wildlife-habitat models.}, number={1}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cooper, Caren B and Walters, Jeffrey R}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{cooper_walters_priddy_2002, title={LANDSCAPE PATTERNS AND DISPERSAL SUCCESS: SIMULATED POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BROWN TREECREEPER}, volume={12}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={We used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to explain the possible role of patch isolation in causing observed declines of Brown Treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus) in northern New South Wales, Australia. Using aerial photographs and a geographic information system, we created a spatially realistic landscape in which territories were constrained to woodlands and the matrix composition mimicked the actual landscape in the study area. We compared observed population behavior to the outcome of simulations based on two dispersal movement rules and three dispersal mortality rules. Under the first movement rule, a dispersing bird's initial direction was selected at random (Random); under the second rule, a bird's initial direction was toward its nearest neighbor (Neighbor). The first mortality rule used a constant mortality rate for dispersing birds, whereas the second and third varied mortality rate dependent on habitat type traversed. In simulations using the Random movement rule, populations in contiguous habitat were relatively stable, whereas populations in fragmented habitat steadily declined due to low female recruitment, which is the same pattern observed in the real population. Populations in both contiguous and fragmented habitat increased under the Neighbor movement rule, suggesting that population dynamics may be sensitive to dispersal search patterns. Varying mortality rate with habitat type had a large effect on population behavior even though long-distance dispersal was infrequent. Thus, for this cooperative breeder, where territories become clumped due to a high rate of territorial budding, matrix habitats continue to influence overall population performance. In this system, conservation efforts must address the quality of the matrix habitats as well as the configuration of remaining habitat.}, number={6}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Walters, Jeffrey R. and Priddy, Jeffery}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1576–1587} }
 @article{phillips_rohrbaugh_cooper_2002, title={Measuring your success: a look at nest-box occupancy}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Phillips, T. and Rohrbaugh, R.W. and Cooper, C.B.}, year={2002} }
 @article{cooper_phillips_2002, title={Rhythm and Bluebirds: new devices track temperature and incubation rhythms at the nest}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Phillips, T.}, year={2002} }
 @article{cooper_chu_2002, title={The strategy of sitting on eggs}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={Birdscope}, publisher={Cornell Lab of Ornithology}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Chu, M.}, year={2002} }
 @article{cooper_2000, title={Movements of Two Experimentally Displaced Brown Treecreepers Ctimacteris picumnus in a Matrix of Woodland and Pasture}, volume={26}, number={4}, journal={Corella}, author={Cooper, C.B.}, year={2000}, pages={110–113} }
 @article{walters_ford_cooper_1999, title={The ecological basis of sensitivity of brown treecreepers to habitat fragmentation: a preliminary assessment}, volume={90}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00016-6}, DOI={10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00016-6}, abstractNote={We attempted to identify the mechanisms responsible for adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on brown treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus) inhabiting eucalyptus woodland in northeastern New South Wales, Australia by comparing demography and foraging ecology of birds in highly fragmented and relatively unfragmented landscapes. In particular, we investigated three possibilities, disrupted dispersal due to patch isolation, reduced fecundity due to elevated nest predation, and reduced food availability due to habitat degradation. Nesting success was high in both highly fragmented and less fragmented habitat. Of first nests, 88% were successful, and 60% of successful groups attempted a second brood. However, there were many more groups in the more fragmented habitat than in the less fragmented habitat that lacked a female for most or all of the breeding season, and thus did not attempt nesting (64% vs 13%). In both the more fragmented and the less fragmented habitat, both males and females spent about 70% of their time foraging and 65% of their foraging time on the ground. We reject reduced fecundity in fragmented habitat as an explanation of adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on brown treecreepers. Thus sensitivity to habitat fragmentation has a different basis for this species in this landscape than that suggested for Nearctic-Neotropical migrants in eastern North America. We also reject the possibility of reduced food availability in fragmented habitat. Our data support disrupted dispersal as a likely explanation for the decline of brown treecreepers in fragmented habitat. However, we can not rule out forms of habitat degradation other than reduced food availability.}, number={1}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Walters, Jeffrey R and Ford, Hugh A and Cooper, Caren B}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={13–20} }
 @article{cooper_anderson_1996, title={Significance of invertebrate abundance to dabbling duck brood use of created wetlands}, volume={16}, ISSN={0277-5212 1943-6246}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03161346}, DOI={10.1007/bf03161346}, number={4}, journal={Wetlands}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cooper, Caren B. and Anderson, Stanley H.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={557–563} }
 @book{cooper_cwikiel_1995, place={Lansing, MI}, title={Cumulative Impact Assessment in Michigan's Wetland Permit Program: Definitions, Literature Review, and Recommendations}, institution={Michigan Department of Natural Resources}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Cwikiel, J.W.}, year={1995} }
 @book{cooper_ratti_1994, place={Moscow, ID}, title={Preliminary analysis of Tundra swan habitat use associated with Northern Idaho mining and techniques for minimizing exposure to environmental toxicity}, institution={Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho}, author={Cooper, C.B. and Ratti, J.T.}, year={1994} }