@article{roode_shive_hoorntje_bernard_stowe_pool_grindem_2018, title={Multiloculated solitary (unicameral) bone cyst in a young dog}, volume={47}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12618}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12618}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Roode, Sarah C. and Shive, Heather R. and Hoorntje, Willemijn and Bernard, Jennifer and Stowe, Devorah M. and Pool, Roy R. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={484–488} }
 @article{allen_talley_grindem_neel_2018, title={What is your diagnosis? Submandibular mass in a dog}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055524703&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12664}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 47, Issue 4 p. 676-678 WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Submandibular mass in a dog Julie Allen, Corresponding Author Julie Allen ja684@cornell.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-0341 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence J. Allen, Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Email: ja684@cornell.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAshley M. Talley, Ashley M. Talley Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author Julie Allen, Corresponding Author Julie Allen ja684@cornell.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-0341 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence J. Allen, Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Email: ja684@cornell.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAshley M. Talley, Ashley M. Talley Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 October 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12664Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume47, Issue4December 2018Pages 676-678 This article also appears in:What is your diagnosis? Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Allen, Julie and Talley, Ashley M. and Grindem, Carol B. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={676–678} }
 @article{sherman_cullen_westermeyer_grindem_gilger_2016, title={Histiocytic chorioretinitis in a dog}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12421}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12421}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Cullen, John M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Grindem, Carol and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={88–95} }
 @article{meichner_montgomery_borst_murphy_grindem_2016, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={249}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.249.9.1023}, abstractNote={
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Montgomery, Stephanie A. and Borst, Luke B. and Murphy, K. Marcia and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1023–1026} }
 @article{alpi_brown_neel_grindem_linder_harper_2016, title={Scanning technology selection impacts acceptability and usefulness of image-rich content}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1536-5050"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84955278757&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3163/1536-5050.104.1.003}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
Clinical and research usefulness of articles can depend on image quality. This study addressed whether scans of figures in black and white (B&W), grayscale, or color, or portable document format (PDF) to tagged image file format (TIFF) conversions as provided by interlibrary loan or document delivery were viewed as acceptable or useful by radiologists or pathologists.


METHODS
Residency coordinators selected eighteen figures from studies from radiology, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology journals. With original PDF controls, each figure was prepared in three or four experimental conditions: PDF conversion to TIFF, and scans from print in B&W, grayscale, and color. Twelve independent observers indicated whether they could identify the features and whether the image quality was acceptable. They also ranked all the experimental conditions of each figure in terms of usefulness.


RESULTS
Of 982 assessments of 87 anatomic pathology, 83 clinical pathology, and 77 radiology images, 471 (48%) were unidentifiable. Unidentifiability of originals (4%) and conversions (10%) was low. For scans, unidentifiability ranged from 53% for color, to 74% for grayscale, to 97% for B&W. Of 987 responses about acceptability (n=405), 41% were said to be unacceptable, 97% of B&W, 66% of grayscale, 41% of color, and 1% of conversions. Hypothesized order (original, conversion, color, grayscale, B&W) matched 67% of rankings (n=215).


CONCLUSIONS
PDF to TIFF conversion provided acceptable content. Color images are rarely useful in grayscale (12%) or B&W (less than 1%). Acceptability of grayscale scans of noncolor originals was 52%. Digital originals are needed for most images. Print images in color or grayscale should be scanned using those modalities.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION}, author={Alpi, Kristine M. and Brown, James C., Jr. and Neel, Jennifer A. and Grindem, Carol B. and Linder, Keith E. and Harper, James B.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={15–23} }
 @article{meichner_qurollo_anderson_grindem_savage_breitschwerdt_2015, title={Naturally OccurringEhrlichia ewingiiandMycoplasmasp. Co-Infection in a Goat}, volume={29}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13644}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13644}, abstractNote={A 9-year-old nonpregnant, nonlactating doe Boer goat was examined because of a 2-day history of not being able to stand. Other than diarrhea associated with coccidiosis in the first year of life, the goat did not have a history of illness. The owner had obtained the goat at approximately 2 months of age. The goat lived with 3 other goats in the same pen on the same premise located on the coastal plains of North Carolina. The goats spent the majority of time in a barn, with access to a wooded 1-acre lot where they browsed. Routine deworming prophylaxis was verified by fecal egg counts. The goat was vaccinated for clostridial diseases, was fed 1 cup of 13.5% protein commercial goat pellets twice a day, and had free access to good quality coastal Bermuda hay. At presentation for recumbency, the goat was nonweight bearing on the right forelimb and could stand only with assistance, but was unable to walk. Otherwise, the goat was bright, alert, responsive, and had a good appetite. Body condition score (5/5), body weight (65.5 kg), rectal temperature (39.2°C [102.5°F]), heart rate (80 beats per minute), respiratory rate (24 breaths per minute), mucous membrane color, and capillary refill time were normal. An abscess was present on the ventral aspect of the mammary gland. To further assess the lameness, lateral, craniocaudal, and oblique radiographs of the right humerus were obtained, and a mildly comminuted, moderately proximo-caudally and medially displaced short oblique fracture of the proximal humeral diaphysis was identified (Fig 1). Marked soft tissue swelling was associated with the fracture. Mild rounding and blunting of the fracture margins without evidence of callus formation were observed and, consequently, some degree of chronicity (>7–10 days) was considered likely. A CBC identified mild macrocytic normochromic anemia (PCV, 20%; reference range, 22–38%; mean cell volume [MCV], 26.4 fL; reference range, 16–24 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC],}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meichner, K. and Qurollo, B.A. and Anderson, K.L. and Grindem, C.B. and Savage, M. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1735–1738} }
 @article{webb_grindem_dombrowski_2015, title={What is your diagnosis? A soft tissue mass in a Black Rat Snake}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12295}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 44, Issue 4 p. 611-612 What Is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? A soft tissue mass in a Black Rat Snake Kyle L. Webb, Corresponding Author Kyle L. Webb Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K.L. Webb, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA E-mail: kylauren@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCarol Grindem, Carol Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel S. Dombrowski, Daniel S. Dombrowski North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Kyle L. Webb, Corresponding Author Kyle L. Webb Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K.L. Webb, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA E-mail: kylauren@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCarol Grindem, Carol Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel S. Dombrowski, Daniel S. Dombrowski North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12295Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume44, Issue4December 2015Pages 611-612 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Webb, Kyle L. and Grindem, Carol and Dombrowski, Daniel S.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={611–612} }
 @article{davis_grindem_2015, title={What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals from a dog}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12233}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 44, Issue 2 p. 331-332 What is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals from a dog Kaori Uchiumi Davis, Corresponding Author Kaori Uchiumi Davis Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Uchiumi Davis, IDEXX Laboratories, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Kaori Uchiumi Davis, Corresponding Author Kaori Uchiumi Davis Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Uchiumi Davis, IDEXX Laboratories, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12233Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1Osborne CA, Stevens JB. Urinalysis: A Clinical Guide to Compassionate Patient Care. Shawnee Mission, KS: Bayer; 1999. 2Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Swanson LL, Albasan H. Drug-induced urolithiasis. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2008; 39: 55– 63. 3Pierantozzi M, Roura X, Paltrinieri S, Poggi M, Zatelli A. Variation of proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2013; 49: 231– 236. 4Marr JJ. Purine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis and American trypanosomiasis. J Lab Clin Med. 1991; 118: 111– 119. 5Gow AG, Fairbanks LD, Simpson JW, Jacinto AM, Ridyard AE. Xanthine urolithiasis in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. Vet Rec. 2011; 169: 209. Citing Literature Volume44, Issue2June 2015Pages 331-332 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Davis, Kaori Uchiumi and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={331–332} }
 @article{meichner_olsson_stewart_musser_grindem_2015, title={What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals in a dog}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12296}, abstractNote={A 24.1 kg, 1.5-year-old intact male Labrador Retriever was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital (NC State VH) Emergency Service for a 3-day history of vomiting, hematochezia, fever, and generalized lymphadenopathy. The referring veterinarian treated the dog with a single dose of enrofloxacin 130 mg IV and discharged him with oral minocycline 10 mg/kg once daily. The dog vomited all oral medications. At NC State VH, CBC abnormalities included mild normocytic anemia (HCT 30.6%, reference interval [RI] 37– 55%;MCV 69.9 fL, RI 60–72 fL) with mildly elevated MCHC (39.8 g/dL, RI 34–38 g/dL), marked leukocytosis (180,900/ lL, RI 4390–11,610/lL), characterized bymarkedmonocytosis (103,113/lL, RI 75–840/lL), moderate neutrophilia (25,326/lL, RI 2840–9112/lL), marked left shift (12,663 band neutrophils), marked increase in intermediateand late-stage myelomonocytic precursors (25,326/lL), moderate lymphocytosis (14,472/lL, RI 594–3305/lL), and thrombocytopenia (52,000/lL, RI 200,000–500,000/lL). In the absence of hemolysis, gross lipemia, and Heinz bodies, MCHC was considered falsely increased due to extreme leukocytosis. Results of a biochemical panel including urea (17 mg/ dL, RI 7–25) and creatinine (1.0 mg/dL, RI 0.3–1.4) were within normal limits. Voided urinalysis included a sediment examination (Figure 1). Acute leukemia was diagnosed and the dog was euthanized. Based on clinical signs, cytology of peripheral lymph node aspirates, microscopic blood smear review, peripheral blood flow cytometry, and necropsy, final diagnosis was acute monocytic (AML-M5) or acute myelomonocytic (AML-M4) leukemia.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Olsson, Sandra A. and Stewart, Danielle R. and Musser, Margaret L. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={613–614} }
 @article{balakrishnan_pritchard_ericson_grindem_phillips_jennings_mathews_tran_birkenheuer_breitschwerdt_et al._2014, title={Prostatitis, Steatitis, and Diarrhea in a Dog following Presumptive Flea-Borne Transmission of Bartonella henselae}, volume={52}, ISSN={0095-1137 1098-660X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00942-14}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.00942-14}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Balakrishnan, N. and Pritchard, J. and Ericson, M. and Grindem, C. and Phillips, K. and Jennings, S. and Mathews, K. and Tran, H. and Birkenheuer, A. J. and Breitschwerdt, Edward and et al.}, editor={Munson, E.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={3447–3452} }
 @article{cora_neel_grindem_kissling_hess_2013, title={Comparison of automated versus manual neutrophil counts for the detection of cellular abnormalities in dogs receiving chemotherapy: 50 cases (May to June 2008)}, volume={242}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.11.1539}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.11.1539}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Cora, Michelle C. and Neel, Jennifer A. and Grindem, Carol B. and Kissling, Grace E. and Hess, Paul R.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1539–1543} }
 @article{qurollo_davenport_sherbert_grindem_birkenheuer_breitschwerdt_2013, title={Infection with Panola MountainEhrlichiasp. in a Dog with Atypical Lymphocytes and Clonal T-Cell Expansion}, volume={27}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12148}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12148}, abstractNote={An 11-year-old, castrated male Scottish Terrier from Raleigh, NC that lived predominantly indoors and had no travel history was referred to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex (NCSU-VHC) in October 2012 for routine reevaluation of hepatobiliary disease. The dog's previous 3-year medical history included biliary mucocele (2010); neutrophilic hepatitis (2011); recurrent Escherichia coli urinary tract infections, esophageal dysmotility, aspiration pneumonia, and transient thrombocytopenia (2012); and food responsive enteropathy (2009–2012). All of these medical problems were well controlled at the time of examination and no clinical abnormalities were reported by the dog's owners. In the months before the present examination, ticks occasionally were noted and fleas were commonly found on the dog despite reported use of preventive therapies. On physical examination, the dog was obese (body condition score, 7 out of 9) and had mild hepatomegaly, both of which had been present for more than a year. Notable CBC findings included mild thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 143,000/μL; reference interval [RI], 190,000–468,000/μL) and an increased number of atypical lymphocytes (1,773/μL), with normal appearing lymphocytes within the laboratory reference range (1,854/μL; RI, 594–3,305/μL) and an otherwise normal differential cell count. A review of the blood smear by a pathologist identified a population of immature lymphocytes with angular nuclei and cell shape, multiple nucleoli, and deeply basophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm that had a tendency to mold into surrounding cells (Fig 1). These morphologic abnormalities raised the suspicion of possible lymphoid neoplasia, although these changes can be seen secondary to reactive processes such as chronic inflammatory or infectious diseases. Serum biochemical abnormalities included an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP; 817 IU/L; RI, 16–140 IU/L) and alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT; 60 IU/L; RI, 12–54). During the previous 12-month period, ALT activity varied between normal and 80 IU/L and ALP activity varied between 359 and 534 IU/L. Because these hematological and serum biochemical abnormalities were present 2 weeks later, abdominal ultrasound examination was repeated and identified mottled splenic parenchyma and several previously identified changes including hyperechoic nodular hepatomegaly; mild dystrophic mineralization of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and prostate; and, a thickened urinary bladder apex. Splenic cytology identified a mixed lymphoid population and mild extramedullary hematopoiesis. Liver cytology identified normal hepatocytes and an expansion of intermediate lymphocytes, raising concern for lymphoma. Cytology of a palpably normal popliteal lymph node identified expansion of intermediate to large lymphocytes, most consistent with lymphoma (Fig 2). T-cell clonality was documented in a liver aspirate after submission to NCSU-CVM Clinical Immunology Laboratory for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR). Aseptically collected ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anticoagulated whole blood and serum were submitted to the NCSU-CVM Vector Borne Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory (VBDDL) for a vector-borne pathogen serology panel and Bartonella alpha-Proteobacteria Growth Medium (BAPGM) enrichment blood culture PCR platform. The dog was seronegative for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, and Borrelia burgdorferi and for Dirofilaria immitis antigen using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based kit (SNAP® 4Dx® Plusa); the dog was seronegative for antibodies to Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, Bartonella henselae, and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, using indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. By IFA, the dog was seroreactive to Rickettsia rickettsii (1:64; laboratory cut-off value, 1:64) and Ehrlichia canis (1:1028; laboratory cut-off value, 1:64) antigens, but seronegative to Ehrlichia spp. peptides in the SNAP 4Dx Plusa kit, which is known to detect antibodies against E. canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii. Bartonella enrichment blood culture and PCR were negative. Nine months before this presentation, the dog was seronegative in the NCSU-CVM-VBDDL to the vector-borne pathogens tested above. Because of the discrepancy between the E. canis IFA and SNAP 4Dx Plusa test results, Ehrlichia spp. PCR was performed on DNA extracted from the dog's EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood using a previously described 16S ribosomal RNA PCR assay.1 A 351 base pair portion of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, sequenced, and investigated in the NCBI GenBank nucleotide database. The partial 16S rRNA gene identified infection with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. (PME) with 100% coverage (331 bp) and 100% identity to PME 16S ribosomal RNA gene (DQ324367.1). To confirm these results, alternative PME genes, including gltA and map1 were targeted. Furthermore, sodb, a gene not previously sequenced for PME, was amplified using newly developed primers designed to amplify Ehrlichia spp. sodb genes. Primers designed to amplify a 311 bp portion of PME gltA (EPM-gltA-Forward, 5′-CGTGTTTTTCTGCCTTAGCTGCAC and EPM-gltA-Reverse, 5′-CGGCCCAGAAGAACC TGTCA) based on a published PME gltA sequence (DQ363995.1) and a second set of primers designed to target a 480 bp portion of PME map1 (EPM-map1-Forward-3, 5′-CGAGAGCCAACGTTTACAT and EPM-map1-Reverse-2, 5′-GTACCAATACCTGCACATAC) based on published PME map1 sequences (DQ324368.1, EU272373.1 and EU272355.1) were used. Primers designed to amplify a 300 bp portion of sodb (sodb-Forward, 5′-TTTAATAATGCTGGTCAAGTATGGAATCAT and sodb-Reverse, 5′-AAGCGTGTTCCCATACATCCATAG) based on published Ehrlichia spp. sodb sequences (AF392615.1, CP000107.1) were used. Reactions contained 5 μL of DNA extract, 12.5 μL of MyTaqHS-2Xb, 0.125 μM (or 0.25 μM for sodb primers) of each primerc and RNAse-free, molecular-grade water to a final volume of 25 μL. All reactions were performed in a thermocyclerd with an aluminum block under the following conditions, with respective primer annealing temperatures specified: initial temperature at 94°C for 3 minutes, 55 cycles consisting of denaturation at 94°C for 10 seconds, annealing at 68°C (gltA), 62°C (map1), 58°C (sodb) for 10 seconds, extension at 72°C for 15 seconds, and a final extension at 72°C for 30 seconds. Negative controls (RNAse-free, molecular-grade water and uninfected canine genomic DNA) were included in all assays. Amplified PCR products were sequenced directlye and alignments were made with GenBank sequences using AlignX software.f Sequence identities for the partial gltA and map1 genes are as follows, all with 100% coverage: gltA, 100% similar (269 bp) to PME partial gltA gene from an infected goat (DQ363995.1) and Amblyomma americanum tick (EU272374.1); map1, 100% similar (460 bp) to PME partial map1 gene from an infected goat (DQ324368.1) and A. americanum tick (EU272373.1). Before this study, there was no sequence for PME sodb deposited in GenBank. The highest sequence identities assigned by BLASTg for the partial gene amplified using Ehrlichia spp. sodb primers are as follows, all with 100% coverage: sodb, 89% (264/295 bp) similar to multiple strains of E. ruminantium sodb gene, with the highest Max scores reported for Senegal (DQ647026.1), Pokoase (DQ647024.1), and Kumm1 (DQ647023.1) strains, 83% (245/295 bp) similar to E. canis strain Jake sodb (CP000107.1) and 80% (236/295 bp) similar to E. chaffeensis strain Arkansas sodb (AF392615.1). The PME partial sodb gene sequence was submitted to Genbank (Accession number KC702804). Primer sets specific for Rickettsia ompA, E. canis p30, E. ewingii p28, and E. chaffeensis p28 did not amplify DNA from the PME-infected blood sample, suggesting this dog was not likely coinfected with Rickettsia or other Ehrlichia species. Retrospective PCRs using DNA extracted from predoxycycline splenic cytologic smears were negative (16S rRNA, gltA, map1, sodb, E. canis p30, E. ewingii p28, and E. chaffeensis p28) for pathogen DNA. Treatment for suspected lymphoma was not initiated because of the possibility that lymphocytosis and other lymphocytic abnormalities were due to a reactive process secondary to ehrlichiosis.2-4 Treatment with doxycycline (approximately 5 mg/kg PO q12h) was commenced for 30 days. After starting doxycycline treatment, occasional vomiting was noted. Resolution of the thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis occurred 1 week after starting the treatment. ALP and ALT activities remained increased at 1,989 IU/L and 119 IU/L, respectively. One week after completion of doxycycline, repeat aspiration cytology identified a mixed lymphoid population with expansion of intermediate lymphocytes and mild extramedullary hematopoiesis within the spleen, a mixed lymphoid population within the popliteal lymph node, and an expansion of intermediate lymphocytes and mild vacuolar change within the liver. Flow cytometry of the liver showed a population of large, granular cells with positive intracellular staining for CD3, consistent with T-cell lymphoma. When cytology was repeated again 4 weeks after completion of doxycycline, there was resolution of the abnormal lymphoid population in liver and lymph nodes, but there were increased numbers of lymphoblasts and mild persistent extramedullary hematopoiesis within the spleen (Fig 3). ALP and ALT activities had decreased to 1,352 IU/L and 66 IU/L, respectively. Throughout the 3-month time period described in this case report, the owners reported no clinical abnormalities other than occasional gastrointestinal signs, but felt in retrospect that the dog may have been slightly lethargic as they reported it was more energetic after completion of the doxycycline treatment regimen. Furthermore, 5 subsequent CBCs performed over the next 6 months remained normal. EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood and convalescent serum samples collected from the dog approximately 2 weeks after starting doxycycline treatment were PCR negative for PME (16S rRNA, gltA, map1 and sodb) and the SNAP 4Dx Plus was positive for anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies, respectively. Convalescent serum, collected approximately 5 weeks after completion of antibiotic treatment, was minimally reactive (1:32) to R. rickettsii antigens, whereas the dog remained E. canis seroreactive by both IFA (1:512) and SNAP 4Dx Plusa (weak Ehrlichia spp. positive). EDTA whole blood collected at this time remained PCR negative (16S rRNA, gltA, map1 and sodb) for PME. In this report, we provide molecular evidence of PME in a thrombocytopenic dog with abnormal lymphocytosis and clonal T-cell expansion. Treatment with doxycycline resulted in resolution of thrombocytopenia, abnormal lymphocytosis, and abnormal lymphoid cells in liver and lymph nodes, supporting a potential role for PME as a cause of host immune dysregulation. These findings also support a potential pathogenic role for PME as a cause of thrombocytopenia in dogs from the United States. Cytopathology and flow cytometry in this case identified a large number of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and in hepatic and splenic tissue aspirates with a high number of intermediate lymphocytes, granular CD3+ cells, and clonal T-cell expansion. Intracellular infections that induce cell-mediated immunity can cause cytological changes similar to malignancy.5, 6 A study characterizing peripheral blood smears in human ehrlichiosis patients infected with either E. chaffeensis or E. ewingii documented prominent large granular lymphocytes with atypical, folded, hyperchromatic nuclei that might be confused with neoplastic NK or NK-like T-cells.6 Immunophenotypes compared between dogs with naturally acquired canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and healthy dogs found that dogs with CME had higher relative numbers of CD3+ T-cells in peripheral blood than did healthy dogs.7 Additional studies found that dogs experimentally infected with E. canis had transitory CD8+ lymphocytosis in both peripheral blood and lymph nodes.8, 9 Additional studies describe clinically ill, E. canis-seropositive dogs with an increasing percentage of peripheral blood CD8+ lymphocytes.3, 10 PARR results from the dog in this case demonstrated clonal T-cell expansion, typically associated with malignancy. At least 2 reports, however, describe this phenomenon in dogs with E. canis infections.2, 4 In a previous report, an E. canis-seropositive dog with pancytopenia and clonal T-cell expansion was treated with doxycycline, which resolved the pancytopenia and the dog remained healthy 2 years later.2 Further investigation is needed to determine if expanded T-cells in E. canis infections are transitory or potentially could develop into lymphoid malignancy, particularly in association with chronic undiagnosed infections. As current evidence suggests, a role for Ehrlichia spp. in immune dysregulation is likely, but the extent may be subject to host factors, species and strain virulence, as well as phase of the disease. CME has acute, subclinical, and chronic phases representing different infection durations and variations in clinical disease manifestations. One recent study, however, found no statistically significant differences among CD3+, CD8+, and, CD4+ cells in peripheral blood samples from dogs with clinical or subclinical CME.11 Signs of lymphoid malignancy continue to be monitored in the dog of this report. Resolution of the immunologic abnormalities noted in liver, lymph node, and blood after doxycycline treatment, however, strongly supports an infectious etiology. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of PME infection in a dog. Genetically and antigenically similar to E. ruminantium, PME was first identified by PCR in a goat experimentally infested with A. americanum ticks collected from Panola Mountain State Park, Georgia.12 Goats infected with PME developed serous nasal discharge and febrile illness with hematologic changes consisting of decreased ALP activities and neutropenia; rare morulae in mononuclear cells were identified in 1 goat.12, 13 PME also was detected by PCR in whole blood from a man in Atlanta, GA who developed myalgia after being bitten by a nymphal A. americanum tick.14 No hematologic abnormalities were reported, and clinical signs resolved after doxycycline treatment. The role, if any, of PME in the overall pathogenesis of the various disease manifestations described in the dog of this report over its 3 year history of illness is impossible to assess. At the time PME was identified, the dog was asymptomatic and hematological abnormalities were limited to thrombocytopenia, increased numbers of atypical lymphocytes, and progressively increasing ALP activity (after initiation of doxycycline). The most notable characteristics of illness that potentially were related to PME infection in this dog included thrombocytopenia, cytological changes in the liver, lymph node and spleen, and clonal T-cell expansion. After treatment with doxycycline, sequential resolution of most of these abnormalities occurred. It is not clear when the dog became infected with PME, but serum screened for exposure to vector-borne pathogens 8 months earlier was negative, and the dog's owners reported flea and tick exposure over the previous 6-month time period. PME exposure presumably occurred in central NC because the dog had no travel history outside of the state. This is not a surprising finding, given documentation of PME in A. americanum from the eastern United States, with PME-positive ticks detected in FL, GA, KY, NJ, and NY.15 In addition, deer from AR, NC, and VA were PCR positive for PME and were shown to be competent reservoirs for the pathogen.16 Documentation of PME in this dog supports the possibility that this tick-borne organism may represent an unrecognized human or ruminant pathogen in NC and surrounding states. Currently, serological diagnostics specific for PME are not available. Serum from goats infected with PME was weakly IFA seropositive to E. chaffeensis and seropositive by ELISA to the MAP1 protein from E. ruminantium.12, 13 Serum from the dog of this report reacted strongly with E. canis antigen by IFA, but less strongly with the synthetic antigens used in a commercial ELISA (SNAP 4Dx Plus). Antibodies to other Ehrlichia spp. such as E. chaffeensis have been shown to cross-react with E. canis antigens, and it is likely that the reactivity from this PME-infected dog also represented a cross-reaction.17 Whereas E. canis, E. ewingii, and E. chaffeensis were not detected by PCR, we cannot rule out the possibility that seroreactivity was because of previous exposure with one of these pathogens. In addition to highlighting the emergence of vector-borne pathogens in a novel host species, the findings in this case report underscore the challenges faced in diagnosing canine lymphocytic malignancies and reinforce the need to better understand the immunopathology of canine ehrlichiosis, which can be caused by E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, E. muris, and PME in dogs in North America. Documentation of abnormal or expanded lymphocyte populations in the blood or tissues of dogs should prompt diagnostic consideration of infection with an intracellular pathogen, including Ehrlichia spp. Conflict of Interest: Authors disclose no conflict of interest.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Qurollo, B.A. and Davenport, A.C. and Sherbert, B.M. and Grindem, C.B. and Birkenheuer, A.J. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1251–1255} }
 @article{collicutt_grindem_neel_2012, title={Comparison of manual polychromatophilic cell and automated reticulocyte quantification in evaluating regenerative response in anemic dogs}, volume={41}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00432.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00432.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundDegree of polychromasia and reticulocyte counts are commonly used in veterinary medicine to evaluate response to anemia. The quantitative association between these 2 measurements has not been evaluated.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Collicutt, Nancy B. and Grindem, Carol B. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={256–260} }
 @article{escobar_grindem_neel_suter_2012, title={Hematologic Changes After Total Body Irradiation and Autologous Transplantation of Hematopoietic Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cells in Dogs With Lymphoma}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857676739&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0300985811410721}, abstractNote={ Dogs with and without lymphoma have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation in a research setting for decades. North Carolina State University is currently treating dogs with B- and T-cell lymphoma in a clinical setting with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplants, using peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells harvested using an apheresis machine. Complete blood counts were performed daily for 15 to 19 days posttransplantation to monitor peripheral blood cell nadirs and subsequent CD34+ cell engraftment. This study documents the hematologic toxicities of total body irradiation in 10 dogs and the subsequent recovery of the affected cell lines after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant, indicating successful CD34+ engraftment. All peripheral blood cell lines, excluding red blood cells, experienced grade 4 toxicities. All dogs had ≥ 500 neutrophils/μl by day 12, while thrombocytopenia persisted for many weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at discharge. }, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Escobar, C. and Grindem, C. and Neel, J. A. and Suter, S. E.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={341–343} }
 @article{stowe_birkenheuer_grindem_2012, title={Pathology in practice}, volume={241}, DOI={10.2460/javma.241.8.1029}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Stowe, D. A. M. and Birkenheuer, A. J. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2012}, pages={1029–1031} }
 @article{neel_snyder_grindem_2012, title={Thrombocytosis: a retrospective study of 165 dogs}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861785376&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00416.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundThrombocytosis has been associated with various conditions, including inflammation, neoplasia, iron deficiency, splenectomy, and drug administration.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Snyder, Laura and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={216–222} }
 @article{neel_grindem_2010, title={Learning-Style Profiles of 150 Veterinary Medical Students}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952457320&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.37.4.347}, abstractNote={ Awareness of student learning-style preferences is important for several reasons. Understanding differences in learning styles permits instructors to design course materials that allow all types of learners to absorb and process information. Students who know their own learning style are better able to help themselves in courses taught in a non-preferred method by developing study strategies in line with their preferred learning method. We used the Felder and Solomon Index of Learning Styles to assess the learning-style profiles of 150 veterinary students in three consecutive years. Students were predominantly active (56.7%), sensing (79.3%), visual (76.7%), and sequential (69.3%). Most were balanced on the active–reflective (59.3%) and global–sequential (50%) dimensions, and 61.3% and 54% were moderately to strongly sensing and visual, respectively. Small but significant numbers of students were moderately to strongly intuitive (8.7%), verbal (13%), and global (12%). The most common patterns were active–sensing–visual–sequential (26%), reflective–sensing–visual–sequential (19.3%), active–sensing–visual–global (8.7%), and active–sensing–verbal–sequential (8.7%). Although most students (65.3%) were balanced on one to two dimensions, 77.3% had one or more strong preferences. Our results show that although people have dominant learning-style preference and patterns, they have significant minor preferences and patterns across all dimensions with moderate to strong preferences on each scale. These results indicate that a balanced approach to teaching is essential to allow all students to learn optimally. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2010}, pages={347–352} }
 @article{escobar_grindem_2010, title={What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals in a dog}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00266.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 39, Issue 4 p. 513-514 What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals in a dog Carolina Escobar, Carolina Escobar Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Carolina Escobar, Carolina Escobar Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 October 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2010.00266.x Carolina Escobar, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USAE-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Osborne CA, Stevens J. Urine sediment: Under the microscope. In: Urinalysis: A Clinical Guide to Compassionate Patient Care. Shawnee, KS: Bayer Corporation; 1999: 125–150. 2 Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Swanson LL, et al. Drug-induced urolithiasis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2008; 39: 55–63. 3 Yarlagadda SG, Perazella MA. Drug-induced crystal nephropathy: an update. Expert Opin Drug Safe. 2008; 7: 147–158. 4 Dichiara A, Atkinson M, Goodman Z, Sherman K. Ciprofloxacin-induced acute cholestatic liver injury and associated renal failure. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2008; 54: 307–315. 5 Chopra N, Fine PL, Price B, Atlas I. Bilateral hydronephrosis from ciprofloxacin induced crystalluria and stone formation. J Urol. 2000; 164: 438. Volume39, Issue4December 2010Pages 513-514 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Escobar, Carolina and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={513–514} }
 @article{renschler_tarigo_neel_grindem_2008, title={What is your diagnosis? Particulate material in peritoneal fluid from a dog}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44449114150&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00006.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:9‐year‐old castrated male Greyhound dog was presented for evaluation of vomiting and lethargy of 1‐week duration. On physical examination, the dog was febrile and dehydrated with a tense abdomen and petechial hemorrhages. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included relative polycythemia, mild lymphopenia with reactive lymphocytes, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, hyperbilirubinemia, increased ALP, mild hypokalemia, hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, increased D‐dimer concentration, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid revealed marked suppurative inflammation with intracellular barium sulfate particles. The day before presentation, the referring veterinarian had administered oral barium sulfate in an upper gastrointestinal contrast study. Radiographs revealed free contrast material in the peritoneal cavity, consistent with gastrointestinal perforation, and leakage of contrast material. Abdominal exploratory surgery revealed a mid‐jejunal perforation and a hepatic nodule. Histopathologic diagnosis of the jejunal and liver lesions was T‐cell lymphoma. The patient recovered well postoperatively and received chemotherapy for treatment of lymphoma. Most commercial barium sulfate preparations contain relatively uniform, weakly birefringent, pale yellow particles <1 μm in diameter. Because barium sulfate is found occasionally in clinical specimens, cytopathologists should be familiar with its cytologic appearance.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Renschler, Janelle and Tarigo, Jaime and Neel, Jennifer and Grindem, Carol}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={129–131} }
 @article{neel_tarigo_tater_grindem_2007, title={Deep and superficial skin scrapings from a feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cat}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047251149&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00191.x}, abstractNote={Abstract An 8‐year‐old, neutered male, domestic shorthair cat housed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory Animal Research facility as part of a research colony was examined because of mulifocal skin lesions. The lesions consisted of patchy alopecia with mild crusting of the periauricular region, neck, and dorsum; periauricular excoriations; marked dorsal seborrhea and scaling; and generalized erythematous papules. A moderate amount of ceruminous exudate was present in both ear canals. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were positive. An ear swab specimen and superficial and deep skin scrapings were obtained, mounted with oil on glass slides, and coverslipped for microscopic examination. Two populations of mites were observed: a large population of slender, long (∼200 μm), adult mites with long, tapering abdomens that comprised two‐thirds of the total body length; and a smaller population of more translucent and shorter mites (∼100 μm) with wide, blunt abdomens that had prominent transverse ridges. The interpretation was demodicosis, with Demodex cati and D gatoi co‐infection. Histologic sections of biopsies from skin lesions on the neck, dorsum, and periauricular area contained a mild perivascular and perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Diffusely within the follicular lumina and occasionally within the superficial keratin, a myriad of Demodex organisms were observed. Intrafollicular mites were compatible in appearance with D cati whereas those in the corneal layer were suggestive of D gatoi. Demodicosis is an uncommon disease of cats, and rare cases of dual infection have been documented, occasionally in FIV‐infected cats. The dual infection emphasizes the importance of doing both superficial and deep skin scrapings and of recognizing the unique microscopic features of different Demodex mites.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Tarigo, Jaime and Tater, Kathy C. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={101–104} }
 @article{neel_grindem_bristol_2007, title={Introduction and evaluation of virtual microscopy in teaching veterinary cytopathology}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37649014510&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.34.4.437}, abstractNote={ Virtual microscopy (VM) uses a computer to view digitized slides and is comparable to using a microscope to view glass slides. This technology has been assessed in human medical education for teaching histology and histopathology, but, to the authors’ knowledge, no one has evaluated its use in teaching cytopathology in veterinary medical education. We hypothesize that students will respond positively to the use of VM for viewing cytopathology preparations and that the technology can be successfully used for student assessment. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed students regarding their level of satisfaction with features of the VM system, their preference for use of VM in the curriculum, and the potential influence virtual slides may have on student study habits; student performance on a traditional cytopathology practical examination and a similar exam using VM was evaluated. Our results show that student perception of the VM system is generally very positive, with some concerns about resolution and the need for continued exposure to traditional microscopy. Within the curriculum, students indicated a preference for the option of using virtual slides for studying and take-home exercises. Overwhelmingly, students wanted either hybrid laboratory sessions or sessions using glass slides with virtual slides available for study and review. Students identified many VM test-taking features as advantageous compared with traditional glass-slide practical exams as traditionally administered. However, students indicated a strong preference for continued use of traditional microscopy for graded practical exams. Students may be more likely to study slides in preparation for practical examinations if virtual slides are available. Results also indicate that VM can be used successfully for assessment purposes, but students should receive training in using virtual slides if the technology will be used for assessment. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Grindem, Carol B. and Bristol, David G.}, year={2007}, pages={437–444} }
 @article{hawkins_rogala_large_bradley_grindem_2006, title={Cellular composition of bronchial brushings obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with chronic cough and cytologic composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from dogs with chronic cough}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.1.160}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hawkins, EC and Rogala, AR and Large, EE and Bradley, JM and Grindem, CB}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={160–167} }
 @article{neel_tarigo_grindem_2006, title={Gallbladder aspirate from a dog}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846072690&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00167.x}, abstractNote={Abstract A 7‐year‐old, male, castrated, Labrador Retriever with a history of pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease presented for vomiting and anorexia. Serum biochemistry findings were indicative of cholestasis, hepatocellular insult, and decreased hepatic function. Ultrasound examination showed sediment and gas within the gallbladder, and a diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis was made. Emergency gallbladder resection was performed. Cytologic examination of bile fluid collected at surgery showed a mixed population of bacteria (bactibilia) together with fungal organisms consistent with Cyniclomyces guttulatus (previously known as Saccharomycopsis guttulatus). Similar fungal organisms were seen on a fecal smear. Bacteria cultured were normal gastrointestinal flora, supporting ascending infection; the fungal organisms were interpreted as incidental. Histopathology of the gallbladder indicated active (suppurative) and chronic (lymphocytic) cholecystitis and sections of liver tissue had evidence of chronic liver disease. A positive liver culture indicated concurrent bacterial hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Despite supportive care, the dog continued to decline and was euthanized 30 days later. Necropsy results confirmed end stage liver disease, but an initiating cause was not found. This case highlights the role of bactibilia in the development of acute cholecystitis and the unique cytologic appearance of C guttulatus as an incidental finding in bile fluid.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Neel, Jennifer A. and Tarigo, Jaime and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={467–470} }
 @article{hawkins_grooters_cowgill_proulx_davainis_ruslander_grindem_2006, title={Treatment of Conidiobolus sp pneumonia with itraconazole in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 20, Issue 6 p. 1479-1482 Open Access Treatment of Conidiobolus sp. Pneumonia with Itraconazole in a Dog Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.xCitations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 236– 301. 2 Prabhu RM, Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 31– 47. 3 Grooters AM. Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 695– 720. 4 Humber RA, Brown CC, Kornegay RW. Equine zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 573– 576. 5 Temple ME, Brady MT, Koranyi KI, et al. Periorbital cellulitis secondary to Conidiobolus incongruus. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 351– 354. 6 Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Singh P. Orofacial conidiobolo-mycosis due to Conidiobolus incongruus. Mycoses 2003; 46: 137– 140. 7 Khan ZU, Khoursheed M., Makar R., et al. Basidiobolus ranarum as an etiologic agent of gastrointestinal zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2360– 2363. 8 Zamos DT, Schumacher J., Loy JK. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 100– 101. 9 Ketterer PJ, Kelly MA, Connole MD, et al. Rhinocerebral and nasal zygomycosis in sheep caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 85– 87. 10 Morris M., Ngeleka M., Adogwa AO, et al. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis in a sheep. Can Vet J 2001; 42: 227– 228. 11 Carrigan MJ, Small AC, Perry GH. Ovine nasal zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 23– 240. 12 Bauer RW, LeMarie SL, Roy AF. Oral conidiobolomycosis in a dog. Vet Dermatol 1997; 8: 115– 120. 13 Hillier A., Kunkle GA, Ginn PE, et al. Canine subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus sp: A case report and review of Conidiobolus infections in other species. Vet Dermatol 1994; 5: 205– 213. 14 French RA, Ashworth CD. Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Vet Pathol 1994; 31: 120– 122. 15 Moll HD, Schumacher J., Hoover TR. Entomophthoramycosis conidiobolae in a llama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200: 969– 970. 16 Stephens CP, Gibson JA. Disseminated zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus in a deer. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 358– 359. 17 Steiger RR, Williams MA. Granulomatous tracheitis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 311– 314. 18 King JC, Dunphy D. Fatal phycomycosis without underlying disease. J Iowa Med Soc 1972; 62: 485– 488. 19 King DS, Jong SC. Identity of the etiological agent of the first deep entomophthoraceous infection of man in the United States. Mycologia 1976; 68: 181– 183. 20 Eckert HL, Khoury GH, Pore RS, et al. Entomophthora phycomycotic infection reported for the first time in the United States. Chest 1972; 61: 392– 394. 21 Busapakum R., Youngchaiyud U., Sriumpai S., et al. Disseminated infection with Conidiobolus incongruus. Sabouraudia 1983; 21: 323– 330. 22 Jaffey PB, Haque AK, El-Zaatari M., et al. Disseminated Conidiobolus infection with endocarditis in a cocaine abuser. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 1276– 1278. 23 Walker SD, Clark RV, King CT, et al. Fatal disseminated Conidiobolus coronatus infection in a renal transplant patient. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98: 559– 564. 24 Affolter VK, Moore PF. Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: Reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 21: 40– 48. 25 Espinel-Ingroff A. Utility of mould susceptibility testing. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 527– 532. Citing Literature Volume20, Issue6November 2006Pages 1479-1482 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor and Grooters, A. M. and Cowgill, E. S. and Proulx, D. R. and Davainis, G. M. and Ruslander, D. M. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2006}, pages={1479–1482} }
 @article{tarigo_linder_neel_harvey_remick_grindem_2006, title={What is your diagnosis? Reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750693063&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00145.x}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult female, albino South African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) from a research colony at the Biological Resources Facility of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University (NCSU) was presented with depression, lethargy, loss of diving reflex, and a distended abdomen. Cytologic examination of coelomic effusion fluid at the NCSU veterinary teaching hospital revealed a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including heterophils and a predominance of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) that often contained intracytoplasmic, negatively‐stained, rod‐shaped to filamentous organisms consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Ziehl‐Neelsen stain revealed bright pink to red, acid‐fast organisms with a beaded appearance. Histopathologic findings in tissues obtained at necropsy included marked, multifocal to coalescing, heterophilic, granulomatous and fibrinous coelomitis as well as severe multifocal heterophilic and granulomatous hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia and sinusitis/rhinitis. Slender gram‐positive, acid‐fast bacterial rods were identified in sections of coelomic pleura, kidneys, nasal cavities, spleen, liver, and pulmonary interstitium, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Based on mycobacterial culture, the organism was identified as M marinum complex. Mycobacteria are variably gram‐positive, often acid‐fast, small rods that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. The clinical and pathologic spectrum of disease in amphibians depends on host and pathogen status. Xenopus sp and several other frogs are good models for studying the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis infection. In addition to culture, polymerase chain reaction assays may be used for definitive identification of the organisms; accurate speciation may require further genetic investigation.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Tarigo, Jaime and Linder, Keith and Neel, Jennifer and Harvey, Stephen and Remick, Amera and Grindem, Carol}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={341–344} }
 @article{pallatto_wood_grindem_2005, title={Urine sediment from a Chihuahua}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00075.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA 6‐year‐old, intact male Chihuahua was presented with stranguria and painful urination of 5 days duration. Cystine crystals were observed in low numbers in unstained urine sediment preparations, and a diagnosis of cystinuria was made. Uroliths were removed surgically from the urethra and the bladder, and mineral analysis indicated the stones were composed of 100% cystine. Cystinuria results from an inherited defect in renal tubular transport of cystine that affects many breeds and has been found as an autosomal recessive trait in Newfoundlands. Accurate identification of cystine crystals in urine is an important means of diagnosing cystinuria.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Pallatto, V and Wood, M and Grindem, C}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={425–428} }
 @article{cowgill_neel_grindem_2003, title={Clinical application of reticulocyte counts in dogs and cats}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346243571&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00099-8}, abstractNote={Reticulocytes are anucleate immature red blood cells that contain a network of RNA, organelles, and mitochondria, which stain with supravital dyes. Both aggregate and punctate reticulocytes are present in domestic cats, and aggregate reticulocytes are used to assess the degree of regeneration in anemic dogs and cats. Multiple factors influence the degree of regenerative response to anemia. These factors include time of reticulocyte measurement, concurrent diseases, species, and ongoing therapy. Although many automated systems for reticulocyte enumeration exist, manual counts remain the gold standard in veterinary medicine.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Cowgill, ES and Neel, JA and Grindem, CB}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1223-+} }
 @article{juopperi_cesta_tomlinson_grindem_2003, title={Extensive cutaneous metastases in a dog with duodenal adenocarcinoma}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2003.tb00320.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  A 6‐year‐old Rottweiler was presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of multiple cutaneous nodules. The dog had a history of anorexia, vomiting, and hind‐limb paraplegia. Results of cytologic examination of the cutaneous nodules were consistent with a round cell tumor. At necropsy, primary tumors were found coalescing in the duodenum and the pancreas and extending into the associated mesentery. Numerous masses also were found throughout the skin, abdominal and thoracic viscera, and lumbar spinal cord. Histologically, the duodenal tumor had variable morphology, with some areas resembling adenocarcinoma and others resembling anaplastic round cell neoplasia; the skin and other metastatic lesions resembled round cell neoplasia. Immunohistochemistry of the cutaneous, duodenal, and pancreatic masses showed the neoplastic cells were positive for pancytokeratin, supporting an epithelial origin. In addition, low numbers of neoplastic cells were positive for periodic acid‐Schiff and Alcian blue, consistent with acid mucin production by duodenal epithelium. These findings confirmed that the cutaneous nodules were metastatic lesions originating from the duodenal adenocarcinoma. Cutaneous metastasis of intestinal carcinoma is rare in domestic animals. This case demonstrates the potential difficulty in diagnosing metastatic lesions based on cytologic and histologic morphology alone, because the cutaneous metastases may not resemble the primary neoplasm morphologically.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Juopperi, TA and Cesta, M and Tomlinson, L and Grindem, CB}, year={2003}, pages={88–91} }
 @article{goodman_hawkins_olby_grindem_hegarty_breitschwerdt_2003, title={Molecular identification of Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs: 15 cases (1997-2001)}, volume={222}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.1102}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Goodman, RA and Hawkins, EC and Olby, NJ and Grindem, CB and Hegarty, B and Breitschwerdt, EB}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1102–1107} }
 @article{larsen_haulena_grindem_gulland_2002, title={Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00288.x}, abstractNote={Background —Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustisrostris) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but the results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Larsen, RS and Haulena, M and Grindem, CB and Gulland, FMD}, year={2002}, pages={106–110} }
 @article{grindem_neel_juopperi_2002, title={Cytology of bone marrow}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036855473&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00052-9}, abstractNote={Cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates can provide a wealth of diagnostic information. Practitioners should not hesitate to perform bone marrow aspirates when indicated. This article is designed to assist the practitioner in the evaluation of bone marrow aspiration biopsies. The indications for marrow evaluation, methods of sample collection, sample preparation, and cytologic examination of bone marrow are discussed. Cases are provided to demonstrate accurate interpretation of bone marrow aspirates.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Grindem, CB and Neel, JA and Juopperi, TA}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1313-+} }
 @article{juopperi_karli_de voe_grindem_2002, title={Granulomatous dermatitis spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00294.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 31, Issue 3 p. 137-139 Granulomatous Dermatitis in a Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki) Tarja Juopperi, Corresponding Author Tarja Juopperi Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Tarja Juopperi, DVM, MS, Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (tarja_juopperi@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorKristie Karli, Kristie Karli Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorRyan De Voe, Ryan De Voe Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Tarja Juopperi, Corresponding Author Tarja Juopperi Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Tarja Juopperi, DVM, MS, Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (tarja_juopperi@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorKristie Karli, Kristie Karli Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorRyan De Voe, Ryan De Voe Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00294.xCitations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue3September 2002Pages 137-139 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Juopperi, T and Karli, K and De Voe, R and Grindem, CB}, year={2002}, pages={137–139} }
 @article{backer_grindem_corbett_cullins_hunter_2001, title={Pet dogs as sentinels for environmental contamination}, volume={274}, ISSN={["0048-9697"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00740-9}, abstractNote={The presence of environmental contaminants in air, water and food may pose significant health risks to the exposed human population. However, problems associated with assessing chronic exposure to low doses of environmental chemicals, multiple exposure routes, diseases with long latency periods, and non-specific health outcomes make it difficult to conduct the appropriate human epidemiologic studies. It may be useful to complement human epidemiology with animal studies. Animals monitored or evaluated in situ for the appropriate suite of endpoints can provide information about both exposure levels and potential adverse health effects. Animals have served as sentinel indicators for health effects associated with a number of environmental exposures, including pesticides and asbestos. Pet dogs may be particularly valuable sentinels because they share the human environment. In addition, dogs respond to many toxic insults in ways analogous to humans, they have physiologically compressed life spans, and they are free from some important lifestyle risk factors for disease. An example of how pet dogs may be used as sentinels for potential human health hazards involves a study of the genotoxic effects resulting from exposure to a mixture of chemicals from nearby Superfund sites. We conducted a cross-sectional study of exposed dogs (living in the community with the Superfund sites) and controls (living in a nearby community). The pet owners completed a questionnaire, and we collected a blood sample from each dog. The blood samples were analyzed for standard clinical parameters and assays for possible genotoxic effects (peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus frequency and lymphocyte subtyping). Pet dogs living near the Superfund sites had a higher micronucleus frequency than control animals, suggesting that the dogs may have been exposed to environmental contaminants from these sites.}, number={1-3}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Backer, LC and Grindem, CB and Corbett, WT and Cullins, L and Hunter, JL}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{barger_grindem_2000, title={Analyzing the results of a complete blood cell count}, volume={95}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Barger, A. M. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={534} }
 @inbook{grindem_2000, title={Infectious and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Grindem, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={438} }
 @article{andrews_grindem_2000, title={Interpreting electrolyte, anion gap, and total carbon dioxide data}, volume={95}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Andrews, J. M. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={548–553} }
 @article{neel_grindem_2000, title={Understanding and evaluating renal function}, volume={95}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Neel, J. A. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={555} }
 @article{noga_wang_grindem_avtalion_1999, title={Comparative clinicopathological responses of striped bass and palmetto bass to acute stress}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0002-8487"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0680:CCROSB>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Selected clinicopathological features were compared between resting striped bass Morone saxatilis and palmetto bass (striped bass female × white bass M. chrysops male) and fish subjected to an acute (2-h-long) confinement stress. The taxa differed significantly in resting plasma lysozyme activities and leukocyte responses to mitogen stimulation. Confined fish of both taxa showed similar elevations in plasma osmolality, potassium, anion gap, creatinine, and glucose, suggesting a shock response. However, striped bass displayed slightly more severe perturbations, including elevated albumin and total protein, that indicated hemoconcentration. At least some of the intertaxon differences may have been associated with the greater ability of palmetto bass to adapt to culture conditions.}, number={4}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Noga, EJ and Wang, CJ and Grindem, CB and Avtalion, R}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={680–686} }
 @article{grindem_breitschwerdt_perkins_cullins_thomas_hegarty_1999, title={Platelet-associated immunoglobulin (antiplatelet antibody) in canine Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-35-1-56}, abstractNote={Antiplatelet antibodies were detected in the sera of dogs with naturally occurring and experimentally induced Rickettsia rickettsii and Ehrlichia canis infections. This is the first known report documenting elevated platelet-associated immunoglobulin (PAIg) titers in Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) infections. In the naturally occurring RMSF infections and ehrlichiosis, the antibodies persisted for weeks or months, even when the platelet counts had normalized. Results of this study indicate an immunological component for rickettsial thrombocytopenia. Therefore, current therapeutic recommendations, especially regarding avoiding the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with rickettsial diseases, need to be critically reviewed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Grindem, CB and Breitschwerdt, EB and Perkins, PC and Cullins, LD and Thomas, TJ and Hegarty, BC}, year={1999}, pages={56–61} }
 @article{gookin_bunch_rush_grindem_1998, title={Evaluation of microcytosis in 18 Shibas}, volume={212}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Bunch, S. E. and Rush, L. J. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={1998}, pages={1258–1259} }
 @article{goldman_breitschwerdt_grindem_hegarty_walls_dumler_1998, title={Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Dogs from North Carolina and Virginia}, volume={12}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02096.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02096.x}, abstractNote={Medical records of 3 dogs from North Carolina and 3 dogs from Virginia with ehrlichial morulae in circulating neutrophils were studied retrospectively. Two clinically distinct disease syndromes, including chronic, moderate to severe anemia (n = 3) and polyarthritis (n = 2) were associated with canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) in these dogs. One dog was clinically healthy, and abnormalities were not detected during physical examination. Clinical signs were nonspecific and included fever, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were normocytic normochromic nonregenerative anemia, moderate thrombocytopenia with large platelets, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia. Considerable variability was found in the serologic responses toEhrlichia equi, Ehrlichia canis, andEhrlichia chaffeensisantigens among the 5 dogs for which stored sera were available for indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16S rRNA gene from blood (collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) of 1 severely anemic dog (dog 3) and 1 polyarthritic dog (dog 4) resulted in DNA sequences nearly identical to the GenBank accessions forEhrlichia ewingii.The DNA sequence from a 3rd dog (dog 5) was most similar to that ofE. canis.Serologic or molecular results support the possibility ofE. ewingii, E. equi, andE. caniscoinfection or serologic cross‐reactivity among canine granulocytic and monocyticEhrlichiaspecies in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. Variability in response to tetracycline or doxycycline treatment was noted in these dogs, with more rapid resolution of signs in dogs with polyarthritis. We report the 1st cases of CGE in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia, including recognition of CGE in a healthy dog.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Goldman, Elizabeth E. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Grindem, Carol B. and Hegarty, Barbara C. and Walls, Jennifer J. and Dumler, J. Stephen}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={61–70} }
 @article{grindem_page_ammerman_breitschwerdt_1998, title={Immunophenotypic Comparison of Blood and Lymph Node from Dogs with Lymphoma}, volume={27}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1998.tb01075.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1998.tb01075.x}, abstractNote={Abstract— Peripheral blood and lymph node tissue from 12 dogs with lymphoma was immunophenotyped. Additionally, the bone marrow was immunophenotyped in 6 dogs. The lymphomas were characterized as B‐cell in 11 dogs and T‐cell in 1 dog. Immunophenotypic patterns in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were variable. The trend in dogs with B‐cell lymphoma was normal to increased percentage of IgG‐positive cells, decreased percentage of pan‐T‐positive cells, decreased percentage of CD4‐positive cells, and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. Simultaneous immunophenotyping of lymph node, blood and bone marrow cannot be recommended routinely without further studies to document its value as an independent prognostic indicator. However, it is potentially useful for tumor staging and monitoring remission, especially in lymphoma patients with a leukemic phase.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grindem, Carol B. and Page, Rodney L. and Ammerman, B.E. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={16–20} }
 @article{plier_grindem_macwilliams_stevens_1998, title={Serum fructosamine concentration in nondiabetic and diabetic cats}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1998.tb01013.x}, abstractNote={Abstract—Differentiating transient hyperglycemia from diabetic hyperglycemia can be difficult in cats since single blood glucose measurements reflect only momentary glucose concentrations, and values may be elevated because of stress‐induced hyperglycemia. Glycated protein measurements serve as monitors of longer‐term glycemic control in human diabetics. Using an automated nitroblue tetrazolium assay, fructosamine concentration was measured in serum from 24 healthy control cats and 3 groups of hospitalized cats: 32 euglycemic, 19 transiently hyperglycemic, and 12 diabetic cats. Fructosamine concentrations ranged from 2.1–3.8 mmol/L in clinically healthy cats; 1.1–3.5 mmol/L in euglycemic cats; 2.0–4.1 mmol/L in transiently hyperglycemic cats; and 3.4 to > 6.0 mmol/L in diabetic cats. Values for within‐run precision at 2 fructosamine concentrations (2.64 mmol/L and 6.13 mmol/L) were 1.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Between‐run coefficient of variation was 3.8% at a fructosamine concentration of 1.85 mmol/L. The mean fructosamine concentration for the diabetic group differed significantly (P = 0.0001) from the mean concentrations of the other 3 groups. Poorly regulated or newly diagnosed diabetic cats tended to have the highest fructosamine values, whereas well‐regulated or over‐regulated diabetic cats had values approaching the reference range. As a single test for differentiating nondiabetic cats from diabetic cats, fructosamine was very sensitive (92%) and specific (96%), with a positive predictive value of 85% and a negative predictive value of 98%. Serum fructosamine concentration shows promise as an inexpensive, adjunct diagnostic tool for differentiating transiently hyperglycemic cats from poorly controlled diabetic cats. (Vet Clin Pathol 27:34–39, 1998)}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Plier, ML and Grindem, CB and MacWilliams, PS and Stevens, JB}, year={1998}, pages={34–39} }
 @article{goldman_grindem_mcdorman_vancamp_1998, title={Uterine fluid from a mare}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1998.tb01074.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 27, Issue 1 p. 15-25 Uterine Fluid from a Mare Dr. Elizabeth E. Goldman BS, DVM, Dr. Elizabeth E. Goldman BS, DVM Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.Search for more papers by this authorDr. Carol B. Grindem DVM, PhD, Corresponding Author Dr. Carol B. Grindem DVM, PhD Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.*at North Carolina State University.Search for more papers by this authorKevin S. McDorman DVM, Kevin S. McDorman DVM Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorSteven VanCamp DVM, Steven VanCamp DVM Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author Dr. Elizabeth E. Goldman BS, DVM, Dr. Elizabeth E. Goldman BS, DVM Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.Search for more papers by this authorDr. Carol B. Grindem DVM, PhD, Corresponding Author Dr. Carol B. Grindem DVM, PhD Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.*at North Carolina State University.Search for more papers by this authorKevin S. McDorman DVM, Kevin S. McDorman DVM Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorSteven VanCamp DVM, Steven VanCamp DVM Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1998.tb01074.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue1March 1998Pages 15-25 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Goldman, EE and Grindem, CB and McDorman, KS and VanCamp, S}, year={1998}, pages={15-+} }
 @article{fernandez_grindem_brown_sharp_saulnier_1997, title={Cytologic and histologic features of a poorly differentiated glioma in a dog}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00733.x}, abstractNote={A 5‐year old female Boxer with a 1‐week history of progressive paresis and paraplegia had a T10‐13 subarachnoid filling defect on myelography. Exploratory hemilaminectomy revealed an intramedullary spinal cord tumor which was subsequently diagnosed as a poorly differentiated glioma, most likely an anaplastic ependymoma. The cytologic, histologic, and immunocytochemical staining characteristics of this neoplasm are described. Differential diagnoses, including primary and secondary tumors involving the central nervous system are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Fernandez, FR and Grindem, CB and Brown, TT and Sharp, NJH and Saulnier, M}, year={1997}, pages={182–186} }
 @article{russell_perkins_grindem_walker_sellon_1997, title={Flow cytometric method for detecting thiazole orange positive (reticulated) platelets in thrombocytopenic horses}, volume={58}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Russell, K. E. and Perkins, P. C. and Grindem, C. B. and Walker, K. M. and Sellon, D. C.}, year={1997}, pages={1092–1096} }
 @article{ruslander_gebhard_tompkins_grindem_page_1997, title={Immunophenotypic characterization of canine lymphoproliferative disorders}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={In Vivo (Athens, Greece)}, author={Ruslander, D. A. and Gebhard, D. H. and Tompkins, M. B. and Grindem, C. B. and Page, R. L.}, year={1997}, pages={169–172} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_davidson_hegarty_papich_grindem_1997, title={Prednisolone at anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dosages in conjunction with doxycycline does not potentiate the severity of Rickettsia rickettsii infection in dogs.}, volume={41}, ISSN={0066-4804 1098-6596}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.1.141}, DOI={10.1128/aac.41.1.141}, abstractNote={Dogs were experimentally inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii to determine if anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dosages of prednisolone, when administered in conjunction with an antirickettsial antibiotic (doxycycline), induced therapeutically relevant pathophysiological consequences that ultimately influence disease outcome. Although the duration of rickettsemia was prolonged in dogs receiving immunosuppressive, but not anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, concurrent administration of doxycycline and corticosteroids conferred no other detected detrimental effects. Treatment with doxycycline or doxycycline in conjunction with prednisolone resulted in decreased R. rickettsii-specific antibody titers; however, examination of appropriately timed acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples would have facilitated an accurate diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in all 16 dogs. We conclude that the concurrent use of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone in conjunction with doxycycline, early in the course of experimental RMSF, confers no clinically relevant detrimental effects and that additional studies might be indicated to detect possible beneficial effects in cases of severe or potentially fulminant RMSF. However, because the illness induced in these dogs was of mild to moderate severity, the results of this study should definitely not be construed as supporting the safety or efficacy of prednisolone for treatment of severe canine or human RMSF.}, number={1}, journal={Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Breitschwerdt, E B and Davidson, M G and Hegarty, B C and Papich, M G and Grindem, C B}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={141–147} }
 @article{sellon_levine_palmer_millikin_grindem_covington_1997, title={Thrombocytosis in 24 Horses (1989-1994)}, volume={11}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00069.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00069.x}, abstractNote={The records of horses presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine between January 1, 1989 and April 30, 1994 were evaluated to determine risk factors associated with thrombocytosis. Of the 2,346 horses for which a CBC was performed, 24 (1.0%) had a platelet count > 400,000/μL. Demographic, diagnostic, physical examination, and clinicopathologic variables from these cases were compared with a reference population consisting of 189 horses with a normal platelet count presenting during the same period. Infectious/inflammatory disorders were observed more commonly in horses with high platelet counts than in horses with normal platelet counts. Initial independent evaluation of demographic variables revealed that horses more than 3 years of age, females, and geldings were less likely to have thrombocytosis than were younger horses or stallions. Independent analysis of clinicopathologic variables revealed that horses with thrombocytosis were more likely to have hyper‐fibrinogenemia, leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, and anemia than were horses with normal platelet counts. Physical examination parameters associated with thrombocytosis included tachycardia and pyrexia. In the final multivariable model, the variables with the strongest association with thrombocytosis included leukocytosis, anemia, and hyper‐fibrinogenemia. Thrombocytosis rarely causes clinical problems in horses and is not likely to require specific antiplatelet therapy. The strong association of thrombocytosis with infectious/inflammatory disorders, however, should lead clinicians to suspect these types of conditions in horses with high platelet counts.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sellon, Debra C. and Levine, Jay F. and Palmer, Kate and Millikin, Everett and Grindem, Carol and Covington, Patrice}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={24–29} }
 @article{barger_grindem_1997, title={What is your diagnosis? A seven-year-old mixed breed dog - Bromide toxicity}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00728.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 26, Issue 4 p. 164-164 A Seven-Year-Old Mixed Breed Dog Anne Barger, Anne Barger Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author Anne Barger, Anne Barger Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00728.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue4December 1997Pages 164-164 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Barger, A and Grindem, CB}, year={1997}, pages={164-+} }
 @article{goldman_grindem_1997, title={What is your diagnosis? Seven-year-old dog with progressive lethargy and inappetence - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T cell origin}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00734.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 26, Issue 4 p. 187-187 Seven-Year-Old Dog With Progressive Lethargy and Inappetence Elizabeth E. Goldman, Elizabeth E. Goldman Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author Elizabeth E. Goldman, Elizabeth E. Goldman Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00734.xCitations: 2 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 Grindem CB: Ultrastructural Morphology of Leukemic Cells From 14 Dogs. Vet Pathol 22: 456–462, 1985. 2 Jain NC: Essentials of Veterinary Hematology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1993, pp 333–335. 3 Ogilvie GK, Moore AS: Managing the Veterinary Cancer Patient. Veterinary Learning Systems Co., Inc., Trenton, 1995, pp 271–273. 4 Hodgkins EM, Zinkl JG, Madewell BR: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Dog. JAVMA 177: 704–707, 1980. 5 Leifer CE, Matus RE: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Dog: 22 Cases (1974–1984). JAVMA 189: 214–217, 1986. 6 Wellman ML, Couto CG, Starkey RJ, et al: Lymphocytosis of Large Granular Lymphocytes in 3 Dogs. Vet Pathol 26: 158–163, 1989. 7 Willard MD, Krehbiel JD, Schmidt GM, et al: Serum and Urine Protein Abnormalities Associated With Lymphocytic Leukemia and Glomerulonephritis in a Dog. JAAHA 17: 381–386, 1981. 8 Weiser MG, Thrall MA, Fulton R., et al: Granular Lymphocytosis and Hyperproteinemia in Dogs With Chronic Ehrlichiosis. JAAHA 27: 84–88, 1991. 9 Melo JV, Catovsky D., Galton DAG: The Relationship Between Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Prolymphocytic Leukaemia. I. Clinical and Laboratory Features of 300 Patients and Characterization of an Intermediate Group. British Journal of Hematology 63: 377–387, 1986. 10 Novotney CA, Gebhard DH, Page RL, et al: Immunophenotypic Characterization of Canine Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, p 22, 1991. 11 Moore PF, Rossetto PV, Danilenko DM, et al: Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Canine CD4 and CD8 Define Functional T-lymphocyte Subsets and High Density Expression of CD4 by Canine Neutrophils. Tissue Antigens 40: 75, 1992. Citing Literature Volume26, Issue4December 1997Pages 187-187 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Goldman, EE and Grindem, CB}, year={1997}, pages={187-+} }
 @article{sellon_levine_millikin_palmer_covington_grindem_1996, title={Risk factors associated with thrombocytopenia in horses}, volume={10}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Sellon, D. C. and Levine, J. F. and Millikin, E. and Palmer, K. and Covington, P. and Grindem, C.}, year={1996}, pages={127–132} }
 @article{grindem_breitschwerdt_corbett_page_jans_1994, title={Thrombocytopenia Associated With Neoplasia in Dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03258.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03258.x}, abstractNote={Ten percent (214/2,059) of all dogs with cancer at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital had thrombocytopenia. The thrombocytopenia was associated with infectious/inflammatory etiologies in 4%, miscellaneous disorders (therapy, bone marrow failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation) in 35%, and neoplasia without identifiable secondary factors in 61% of cancer‐bearing dogs. Classifying these dogs by tumor groups revealed the following proportionate ratios: lymphoid, 29%; carcinoma, 28%; sarcoma, 20%; hemic neoplasia, 7%; multiple, 5%; unclassified, 3%; benign, 3%; brain, 3%; and endocrine, 3%. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were at increased risk of developing thrombocytopenia. Cytotoxic therapy was the major factor increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia in dogs with melanoma. Golden Retrievers were the only breed recognized with a predisposition to develop thrombocytopenia. If thrombocytopenia is identified in a dog with cancer, we recommend thorough evaluation of the coagulation system before surgery or therapy, and careful consideration of the risks and potential benefits of myelosuppressive or L‐asparaginase therapy.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grindem, Carol B. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Corbett, Wayne T. and Page, Rodney L. and Jans, Heather E.}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={400–405} }
 @article{grindem_stevens_brost_johnson_1992, title={CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA WITH MENINGEAL INFILTRATION IN A DOG}, volume={2}, ISSN={["0938-7714"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00426173}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE HAEMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL}, author={GRINDEM, CB and STEVENS, JB and BROST, DR and JOHNSON, DD}, year={1992}, pages={170–174} }
 @article{grindem_breitschwerdt_corbett_jans_1991, title={Epidemiologic Survey of Thrombocytopenia in Dogs: A Report on 987 Cases}, volume={20}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.1991.tb00566.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.1991.tb00566.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grindem, Carol B. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Corbett, Wayne T. and Jans, Heather E.}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={38–43} }
 @article{grindem_riley_sellen_davis_1990, title={Myxosarcoma in a dog}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.1990.tb00557.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 119-121 Myxosarcoma in a Dog Carol B. Grindem D.V.M., Ph.D., Carol B. Grindem D.V.M., Ph.D. Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorJulia Riley D.V.M., M.S., Julia Riley D.V.M., M.S. Experimental Pathology Laboratory P.O. Box 12766 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709Search for more papers by this authorRanee Sellon D.V.M., Ranee Sellon D.V.M. Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Davis D.V.M., Barbara Davis D.V.M. Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author Carol B. Grindem D.V.M., Ph.D., Carol B. Grindem D.V.M., Ph.D. Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorJulia Riley D.V.M., M.S., Julia Riley D.V.M., M.S. Experimental Pathology Laboratory P.O. Box 12766 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709Search for more papers by this authorRanee Sellon D.V.M., Ranee Sellon D.V.M. Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Davis D.V.M., Barbara Davis D.V.M. Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1990.tb00557.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume19, Issue4December 1990Pages 119-121 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Grindem, C. B. and Riley, J. and Sellen, R. and Davis, B.}, year={1990}, pages={119} }
 @article{grindem_fairley_uhlinger_crane_1990, title={PERITONEAL-FLUID VALUES FROM HEALTHY FOALS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04290.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={5}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={GRINDEM, CB and FAIRLEY, NM and UHLINGER, CA and CRANE, SA}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={359–361} }