@misc{masot_cox_mold_sund-levander_tingstrom_christelle boersema_botigue_daltrey_hughes_mayhorn_et al._2022, title={Decision support-tools for early detection of infection in older people (aged> 65 years): a scoping review}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1471-2318"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12877-022-03218-w}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Infection is more frequent, and serious in people aged > 65 as they experience non-specific signs and symptoms delaying diagnosis and prompt treatment. Monitoring signs and symptoms using decision support tools (DST) is one approach that could help improve early detection ensuring timely treatment and effective care. Objective To identify and analyse decision support tools available to support detection of infection in older people (> 65 years). Methods A scoping review of the literature 2010–2021 following Arksey and O’Malley (2005) framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A search of MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycINFO using terms to identify decision support tools for detection of infection in people > 65 years was conducted, supplemented with manual searches. Results Seventeen papers, reporting varying stages of development of different DSTs were analysed. DSTs largely focussed on specific types of infection i.e. urine, respiratory, sepsis and were frequently hospital based ( n = 9) for use by physicians. Four DSTs had been developed in nursing homes and one a care home, two of which explored detection of non- specific infection. Conclusions DSTs provide an opportunity to ensure a consistent approach to early detection of infection supporting prompt action and treatment, thus avoiding emergency hospital admissions. A lack of consideration regarding their implementation in practice means that any attempt to create an optimal validated and tested DST for infection detection will be impeded. This absence may ultimately affect the ability of the workforce to provide more effective and timely care, particularly during the current covid-19 pandemic.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GERIATRICS}, author={Masot, Olga and Cox, Anna and Mold, Freda and Sund-Levander, Martha and Tingstrom, Pia and Christelle Boersema, Geertien and Botigue, Teresa and Daltrey, Julie and Hughes, Karen and Mayhorn, Christopher B. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ferreri_mayhorn_2022, title={Identifying and understanding individual differences in frustration with technology}, ISSN={["1464-536X"]}, DOI={10.1080/1463922X.2022.2095458}, journal={THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE}, author={Ferreri, Nina R. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{ferreri_mayhorn_2021, title={That's Not What We Expected: Examining Technology Expectations and Malfunctions on Frustration}, ISSN={["2169-5083"]}, DOI={10.1177/10648046211007709}, abstractNote={Technology malfunctions and expectations for technology performance influence user attitudes and behaviors regarding that technology. An empirical study explored how these factors interact to influence attitudes and performance on a task when exposed to a malfunction and certain expectations for technology performance. Unlike previous research, an interaction was found between malfunction and expectation such that individuals exposed to a malfunction with high expectations were more likely to complain about the incident to the responsible company. This is especially informative for industry customer service as it informs why users complain and what product features should be addressed to remedy the issues.}, journal={ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN}, author={Ferreri, Nina and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{rachmatullah_mayhorn_wiebe_2021, title={The effects of prior experience and gender on middle school students? computer science learning and monitoring accuracy in the Use-Modify-Create progression}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1873-3425"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lindif.2021.101983}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigated middle school students' computer science (CS) learning and monitoring accuracy in the Use-Modify-Create (UMC) progression. This study also examined the effects of prior experience and gender on CS learning and monitoring accuracy measured with sensitivity (proportion of confidence in correct answers) and specificity (proportion of uncertainty in incorrect answers). A total of 255 middle school students participated in this study. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used, and the data were analyzed using multilevel modeling and repeated-measures correlation tests. The results show a non-significant interaction effect of prior experience and gender on students' CS learning and monitoring accuracy. We found that gender significantly interacted with students' CS learning and monitoring accuracy, primarily specificity. In particular, UMC progression was able to reduce the gender gap in CS performance, and improved male monitoring accuracy. The results also showed a significant positive correlation between students' CS performance and sensitivity, and negative correlation with specificity. We discuss the results around the potential advantage of using a UMC progression strategy to reduce gender gaps in CS education, as well as the extent to which UMC can facilitate better instructional environments for serving students with a range of prior experiences.}, journal={LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES}, author={Rachmatullah, Arif and Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Wiebe, Eric N.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lawson_pearson_crowson_mayhorn_2020, title={Email phishing and signal detection: How persuasion principles and personality influence response patterns and accuracy}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103084}, abstractNote={Abstract Phishing is a social engineering tactic where a malicious actor impersonates a trustworthy third party with the intention of tricking the user into divulging sensitive information. Previous social engineering research in a real-world setting has shown an interaction between the personality of the target and the persuasion principle used. This study investigated whether this interaction is present in the realm of email phishing. Additionally, a signal detection theory framework was used to evaluate how the various persuasion principles influence accuracy, sensitivity (d’), and response criterion placement. A personality inventory and an email identification task (phishing or legitimate) were used. These data support previous findings that high extroversion is predictive of increased susceptibility to phishing attacks. The various persuasions principles elicited diverse response criterions and sensitivities, though all investigated persuasion principles resulted in a liberal decision criterion, except one. These findings are interpreted and discussed.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Lawson, Patrick and Pearson, Carl J. and Crowson, Aaron and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mayhorn_wogalter_2020, title={Forensic human factors and ergonomics: theory in practice}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1464-536X"]}, DOI={10.1080/1463922X.2020.1731860}, abstractNote={This lead article of the special issue on Forensic Human Factors and Ergonomics (guest edited by Michael S. Wogalter and Christopher B Mayhorn) introduces the readership to the topic then describes...}, number={3}, journal={THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Wogalter, Michael S.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={259–265} }
 @article{lawson_crowson_mayhorn_2019, title={Baiting the Hook: Exploring the Interaction of Personality and Persuasion Tactics in Email Phishing Attacks}, volume={822}, ISBN={["978-3-319-96076-0"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-96077-7_42}, abstractNote={Phishing is a social engineering tactic where a malicious actor impersonates a trustworthy third party with the intention of tricking the user into divulging sensitive information. Previous social engineering research has shown an interaction between personality and the persuasion principle used to generate non-electronic messages. This study investigates whether this interaction is present in the realm of email phishing. To investigate this, we used a personality inventory and an email identification task (phishing or legitimate). Our data confirms previous findings that high extroversion is predictive of increased susceptibility to phishing attacks. However, extraversion was also found to be associated with increased susceptibility to phishing emails that utilize specific persuasion principles such as liking. Findings are discussed in terms of potential approaches to anti-phishing interventions within organizations.}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS ASSOCIATION (IEA 2018), VOL V: HUMAN SIMULATION AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS, WORK WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS (WWCS), PROCESS CONTROL}, author={Lawson, Patrick A. and Crowson, Aaron D. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2019}, pages={401–406} }
 @article{pearson_mayhorn_2019, title={Who Should I Trust (Human vs. Automation)? The Effects of Pedigree in a Dual Advisor Context}, volume={822}, ISBN={["978-3-319-96076-0"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-96077-7_2}, abstractNote={Source type bias (human vs automation) may influence the development of trust in decision aids. Situations involving two decision-aids may depend on the influence of pedigree (perceived expertise) such that decision making or reliance behavior is affected. In this task, the Convoy Leader decision-making paradigm developed by Lyons and Stokes (2012) was adapted to address advisor pedigree such that the human and automated information sources could be of high or low pedigree. Two hundred participants were asked to make eight decisions regarding the route taken by a military convoy based on intelligence (e.g., past insurgent attacks, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) detected, etc.) provided by two information sources (human and automation) of varying degrees of pedigree. In two of these eight decisions, the decision-aids provided conflicting information. Results indicated that participants were likely to demonstrate a bias such that they were more likely to trust the information coming from the human advisor regardless of pedigree. This bias towards the human was only reversed when the automated decision aid was presented as having far greater pedigree. Measures of trust attitudes were highly indicative of decision making behaviors. The findings are addressed in terms of design within a dual-advisor context where human operators may receive conflicting information from advisors of different source types.}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS ASSOCIATION (IEA 2018), VOL V: HUMAN SIMULATION AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS, WORK WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS (WWCS), PROCESS CONTROL}, author={Pearson, Carl J. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2019}, pages={10–17} }
 @article{pearson_geden_mayhorn_2019, title={Who's the real expert here? Pedigree's unique bias on trust between human and automated advisers}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102907}, abstractNote={We assessed the effects of source type bias (human or automation) on adviser trust in a dual adviser decision-making task.Source type and reliability's effects on adviser trust have been studied in a dual-adviser context, but the influence of pedigree (perceived expertise) across source types lacked robust investigation. As situations with two decision-aids of uneven pedigree can easily arise, it is critical to understand how operators are biased towards a decision-aid of a certain source type and pedigree.A decision-making task similar to the paradigm of Convoy Leader (Lyons and Stokes, 2012) was given to participants, where a military convoy route had to be selected in the presence of IEDs and insurgent activity. We measured behavioral reliance and trust attitudes. Pedigree was manipulated via controlled adviser descriptions, in a manner consistent with past investigations (Madhavan and Wiegmann, 2007a).We found a trust bias towards the human adviser, reversed only when there is a far greater pedigree in the automated adviser. Trust attitudes were also strongly indicative of reliance behaviors.Pedigree is a strong influencer of trust in a decision-aid and biased towards human advisers. Trust is highly predictive of reliance decisions.System designers must take care with how "expert" automation is portrayed, particularly if it is used in conjunction with other human advisers (e.g.: conflicting advice from air-traffic control and an onboard system).}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Pearson, Carl J. and Geden, Michael and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{zielinska_mayhorn_wogalter_2017, title={Connoted hazard and perceived importance of fluorescent, neon, and standard safety colors}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.07.011}, abstractNote={The perceived hazard and rated importance of standard safety, fluorescent, and neon colors are investigated.Colors are used in warnings to enhance hazard communication. Red has consistently been rated as the highest in perceived hazard. Orange, yellow, and black are the next highest in connoted hazard; however, there is discrepancy in their ordering. Safety standards, such as ANSI Z535.1, also list colors to convey important information, but little research has examined the perceived importance of colors. In addition to standard safety colors, fluorescent colors are more commonly used in warnings. Understanding hazard and importance perceptions of standard safety and fluorescent colors is necessary to create effective warnings.Ninety participants rated and ranked a total of 33 colors on both perceived hazard and perceived importance.Rated highest were the safety red colors from the American National Standard Institute (ANSI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) together with three fluorescent colors (orange, yellow, and yellow-green) from 3 M on both dimensions. Rankings were similar to ratings except that fluorescent orange was the highest on perceived hazard, while fluorescent orange and safety red from the ANSI were ranked as the highest in perceived importance.Fluorescent colors convey hazard and importance levels as high as the standard safety red colors.Implications for conveying hazard and importance in warnings through color are discussed.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zielinska, O. A. and Mayhorn, C. B. and Wogalter, M. S.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={326–334} }
 @article{shukla_srivastava_banerjee_aneja_2017, title={Trend and variability of atmospheric ozone over middle Indo-Gangetic Plain: impacts of seasonality and precursor gases}, volume={24}, ISSN={0944-1344 1614-7499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11356-016-7738-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11356-016-7738-2}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Shukla, K. and Srivastava, Prashant K. and Banerjee, T. and Aneja, Viney P.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={164–179} }
 @inproceedings{isukapati_list_2016, title={Using travel time reliability measures with individual vehicle data}, DOI={10.1109/itsc.2016.7795901}, abstractNote={The assessment of travel time reliability for segments and routes is a rapidly advancing frontier. The increasing availability of probe data is making it possible to monitor reliability in real-time based on individual vehicle data as opposed to ex-post-facto based on averages. This paper examines metrics that can be used to monitor reliability based on probe data. The merits of traditional metrics like the planning time index, buffer index, and travel time index are compared with newer ideas like complete cumulative distribution functions and mean/variance combinations. The question is: what is the quality of information about real-time reliability provided by these various options? This paper compares these metrics in the context of probe-based observations of travel times and rates. Also, a new idea for a pairwise metric, the root mean square travel rate τ rms in conjunction with the standard deviation σ τ . These two measures in combination seem to provide a picture of reliability that is nearly as complete as the underlying Cumulative Density Function (CDF) and better than the simpler metrics. These ideas are examined in the context of probe data from I-5 in Sacramento, CA.}, booktitle={2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)}, author={Isukapati, I. K. and List, G. F.}, year={2016}, pages={2131–2136} }
 @article{witschey_zielinska_welk_murphy-hill_mayhorn_zimmermann_2015, title={Quantifying Developers' Adoption of Security Tools}, DOI={10.1145/2786805.2786816}, abstractNote={Security tools could help developers find critical vulnerabilities, yet such tools remain underused. We surveyed developers from 14 companies and 5 mailing lists about their reasons for using and not using security tools. The resulting thirty-nine predictors of security tool use provide both expected and unexpected insights. As we expected, developers who perceive security to be important are more likely to use security tools than those who do not. But that was not the strongest predictor of security tool use, it was instead developers' ability to observe their peers using security tools.}, journal={2015 10TH JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE AND THE ACM SIGSOFT SYMPOSIUM ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ESEC/FSE 2015) PROCEEDINGS}, author={Witschey, Jim and Zielinska, Olga and Welk, Allaire and Murphy-Hill, Emerson and Mayhorn, Chris and Zimmermann, Thomas}, year={2015}, pages={260–271} }
 @article{vilar_rebelo_noriega_teles_mayhorn_2015, title={Signage Versus Environmental Affordances: Is the Explicit Information Strong Enough to Guide Human Behavior During a Wayfinding Task?}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1520-6564"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20557}, abstractNote={This study aims to explore how people behave when they have to find a location within a complex building and are confronted with situations where directional signage i.e., explicit information is in opposition to environmental affordances that naturally direct users towards a specific path, creating a situation with conflicting information e.g., a brighter corridor vs. a darker corridor but with a directional sign indicating to follow the darker one. A virtual reality-based methodology was used and a between-subject design was considered. Thus, participants were given the tasks of finding three publicly accessible central points in a virtual hotel and confronted with a two forced-choice task of local scenes in which environmental variables i.e., corridor width and brightness and signage varied systematically, in two experimental conditions i.e., neutral and signage. For the signage condition, signs were inserted to explicitly point in the opposite direction than that implicitly suggested by the environmental affordances, creating situations with conflicting information. Results indicate that environmental variables were able to direct people indoors acting as environmental affordances. Users preferred to follow the wider and brighter paths. However, when directional signage pointed in the opposite direction of the paths preferred by the participants, most of them complied with signage.}, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES}, author={Vilar, Elisangela and Rebelo, Francisco and Noriega, Paulo and Teles, Julia and Mayhorn, Christopher}, year={2015}, pages={439–452} }
 @article{wogalter_mayhorn_zielinska_2015, title={Use of color in warnings}, journal={Handbook of Color Psychology}, author={Wogalter, M. S. and Mayhorn, C. B. and Zielinska, O. A.}, year={2015}, pages={377–400} }
 @article{mclaughlin_mayhorn_2014, title={Designing effective risk communications for older adults}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1879-1042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ssci.2012.05.002}, abstractNote={Older adults make daily decisions concerning risk communications about product use, activities, or emergency situations. Appropriate compliance with warnings and notifications depends on comprehension of the hazard. Unfortunately, risk communications are often designed without considering the physical and cognitive changes that can accompany aging. This article details age-related changes and their relation to risk communication and includes examples and recommendations for design. It is proposed that designers consider these age-related changes within the larger system of the risk environment and risk communication demands. Iterative design is stressed.}, journal={SAFETY SCIENCE}, author={McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={59–65} }
 @article{vilar_rebelo_noriega_duarte_mayhorn_2014, title={Effects of competing environmental variables and signage on route-choices in simulated everyday and emergency wayfinding situations}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2014.895054}, abstractNote={This study examined the relative influence of environmental variables (corridor width and brightness) and signage (directional and exit signs), when presented in competition, on participants' route-choices in two situational variables (everyday vs. emergency), during indoor wayfinding in virtual environments. A virtual reality-based methodology was used. Thus, participants attempted to find a room (everyday situation) in a virtual hotel, followed by a fire-related emergency egress (emergency situation). Different behaviours were observed. In the everyday situation, for no-signs condition, participants choose mostly the wider and brighter corridors, suggesting a heavy reliance on the environmental affordances. Conversely, for signs condition, participants mostly complied with signage, suggesting a greater reliance on the signs rather than on the environmental cues. During emergency, without signage, reliance on environmental affordances seems to be affected by the intersection type. In the sign condition, the reliance on environmental affordances that started strong decreases along the egress route.}, number={4}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Vilar, Elisangela and Rebelo, Francisco and Noriega, Paulo and Duarte, Emilia and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={511–524} }
 @article{mayhorn_wogalter_laughery_2014, title={Special issue on warnings: Advances in delivery, application, and methods}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2014.02.012}, abstractNote={This special issue of Applied Ergonomics concerns the topic of warnings, safety communications designed to decrease harm to people and property. The field has evolved over time, and with it there has been advancement in knowledge and application. The current special issue contains 14 articles that reflect three distinguishable areas within the warnings literature where such changes are taking place in the laboratories and workplaces of our international colleagues: (1) multimodality of warning delivery, (2) emerging application areas, and (3) new methodology. This special issue brings together a set of studies investigating various factors that might impact safety behavior in diverse settings and domains where warnings are likely to be encountered. It is our hope that the special issue will motivate to development and exploration of new ideas regarding warning design and their use in a variety of applications that improve safety.}, number={5}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, author={Mayhorn, C. B. and Wogalter, M. S. and Laughery, K. R.}, year={2014}, pages={1267–1269} }
 @article{mayhorn_mclaughlin_2014, title={Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural and technological disaster}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1879-1042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014}, abstractNote={Due to a variety of factors such as population growth, globalization, and environmental change, mankind is increasingly susceptible to both natural and technological disasters. To prevent the unnecessary loss of life, human suffering, and property loss, nations around the world now recognize that warning systems are an integral part of risk communication. The current work reviews a number of theoretical frameworks that describe how the public responds to warnings. It seeks to identify the components of effective warnings and evaluative techniques that can be used to judge successful implementation of warning systems. Our goal is to describe the variables that influence disaster warnings in general before discussing terrorism as a case study in disaster warning. Lastly, implications for future research in the area of international disaster warnings are discussed.}, journal={SAFETY SCIENCE}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={43–50} }
 @article{tembe_hong_murphy-hill_mayhorn_kelley_2013, title={American and Indian Conceptualizations of Phishing}, ISSN={["2325-1689"]}, DOI={10.1109/stast.2013.10}, abstractNote={Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk, fifty American and sixty-one Indian participants completed a survey that assessed characteristics of phishing attacks, asked participants to describe their previous phishing experiences, and report phishing consequences. The results indicated that almost all participants had been targets, yet Indian participants were twice as likely to be successfully phished as American participants. Part of the reason appears to be that American participants reported more frequent efforts to protect themselves online such as by looking for the padlock icon in their browser. Statistical analyses indicated that American participants agreed more with items for characteristics of phishing, consequences of phishing and the types of media where phishing occurs, suggesting more cautiousness and awareness of phishing.}, journal={2013 THIRD WORKSHOP ON SOCIO-TECHNICAL ASPECTS IN SECURITY AND TRUST (STAST 2013)}, author={Tembe, Rucha and Hong, Kyung Wha and Murphy-Hill, Emerson and Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Kelley, Christopher M.}, year={2013}, pages={37–45} }
 @article{vilar_rebelo_noriega_teles_mayhorn_2013, title={The influence of environmental features on route selection in an emergency situation}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2012.12.002}, abstractNote={Understanding the influence of external information at a lower level of awareness during the processes of route selection could be a key factor to predict user's movements within complex buildings, avoiding wayfinding problems and improving egress in emergency situations. This study aims to verify whether corridor intersection configuration attributes, such as width and brightness, act as factors of attraction to improve the affordance of indoor hallways during an emergency egress situation, using a VR-based methodology. The main hypotheses are that users tend to move along either, wider or brighter corridors. Thirty volunteers participated in this study, moving along 57 different corridors, according to the experimental conditions of the study. The results suggest that people prefer to follow brighter pathways in “T-type” and “F-type” intersections, and wider corridors in “T-type” intersections. In situations where these variables are in conflict, there is a preference for brighter paths in both intersection configurations.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Vilar, Elisangela and Rebelo, Francisco and Noriega, Paulo and Teles, Julia and Mayhorn, Christopher}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={618–627} }
 @article{mayhorn_carpenter_2012, title={Age differences and transfer on control solution testing with blood glucometers}, volume={41}, journal={Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation}, author={Mayhorn, C. B. and Carpenter, E. D.}, year={2012}, pages={370–373} }
 @article{mayhorn_nyeste_2012, title={Training users to counteract phishing}, volume={41}, journal={Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation}, author={Mayhorn, C. B. and Nyeste, P. G.}, year={2012}, pages={3549–3552} }
 @article{mayhorn_wogalter_2010, title={Preface to the Special Issue: Considering the Warning Context - New Research Methodologies and Advances}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20238}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Wogalter, Michael S.}, year={2010}, pages={481–483} }
 @article{goldsworthy_mayhorn_meade_2010, title={Warnings in Manufacturing: Improving Hazard-Mitigation Messaging through Audience Analysis}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1520-6564"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20163}, abstractNote={Hazard mitigation, including warning development, validation, and dissemination, is an important aspect of product safety and workplace and consumer protection. Understanding our audiences—workers and consumers—is an especially important, often overlooked, aspect of risk and harm reduction efforts. In this article, particular attention is paid to audience analysis in hazard communication and warning messaging, with a focus on the potential role of latent class analysis (LCA). We provide an example of using LCA to analyze a hazardous behavior: prescription medicine sharing and borrowing. Four distinct groups of people—ranging from abstainers to at-risk sharers—are identified and discussed. Building better warnings and risk communication techniques is essential to promoting occupational and consumer safety. Audience analysis is a vital component of these efforts. LCA appears to be a worthwhile addition to our analytical toolbox by allowing risk reduction and hazard-mitigation efforts to tailor interventions to a diverse target audience. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES}, author={Goldsworthy, Richard C. and Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Meade, Adam W.}, year={2010}, pages={484–499} }
 @article{mayhorn_goldsworthy_2009, title={New and Improved: The Role of Text Augmentation and the Application of Response Interpretation Standards (Coding Schemes) in a Final Iteration of Birth Defects Warnings Development}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1542-0760"]}, DOI={10.1002/bdra.20601}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND: Several birth defects warning symbols identified as most successful in an earlier study (Mayhorn and Goldsworthy, 2007) were further modified and then evaluated within a nationally distributed field trial (n = 2773). The purpose for the current research was to determine whether symbol warning components could be improved further, whether the addition of text enhanced comprehension uniformly across symbols, and whether results varied by the application of different interpretation standards (coding schemes). METHOD: A total of 11 warning labels were examined: four new symbols plus the existing baseline symbol, each in versions with and without text, plus a text-only condition. Participant interpretation accuracy and preferences were assessed during face-to-face interview sessions. RESULTS: For symbol-only conditions, several candidate symbols outperformed the existing symbol, one substantially so. The effect of adding text to symbols varied significantly by symbol. Symbol plus text and text-only conditions performed equivalently, generally exceeded symbol-only conditions, and often surpassed the American National Standards Institute benchmark of 85% accurate interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: The research effort has identified a teratogen symbol and warning that outperforms the one currently in use. The effort has also identified important pragmatic and conceptual issues that should inform future work to improve medication labeling and other hazard communication. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, number={10}, journal={BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Goldsworthy, Richard C.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={864–871} }
 @article{goldsworthy_mayhorn_2009, title={Prescription Medication Sharing Among Adolescents: Prevalence, Risks, and Outcomes}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1879-1972"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.002}, abstractNote={We interviewed 594 adolescents throughout the United States. One in five reported sharing prescription medication. Of these, less than half received instructions, many delayed professional care, few informed providers, and a third reported experiencing side effects. Efforts to reduce medication sharing prevalence and risks among adolescents may be justified.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH}, author={Goldsworthy, Richard C. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={634–637} }
 @article{goldsworthy_schwartz_mayhorn_2008, title={Beyond abuse and exposure: Framing the impact of prescription-medication sharing}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2007.123257}, abstractNote={Objectives. We sought to document the frequency, circumstances, and consequences of prescription medication–sharing behaviors and to use a medication-sharing impact framework to organize the resulting data regarding medication-loaning and -borrowing practices. Methods. One-on-one interviews were conducted in 2006, and participants indicated (1) prescription medicine taken in the past year, (2) whether they had previously loaned or borrowed prescription medicine, (3) scenarios in which they would consider loaning or borrowing prescription medicine, and (4) the types of prescription medicines they had loaned or borrowed. Results. Of the 700 participants, 22.9% reported having loaned their medications to someone else and 26.9% reported having borrowed someone else’s prescription. An even greater proportion of participants reported situations in which medication sharing was acceptable to them. Conclusions. Sharing prescription medication places individuals at risk for diverse consequences, and further research regarding medication loaning and borrowing behaviors and their associated consequences is merited.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Goldsworthy, Richard C. and Schwartz, Nancy C. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={1115–1121} }
 @article{kim_mayhorn_2008, title={Exploring students' prospective memory inside and outside the lab}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1939-8298"]}, DOI={10.2307/20445459}, abstractNote={This study compared activity-based intentions with event- and time-based intentions. Forty-five participants completed a laboratory session that tested activity-, event-, and time-based prospective memory. Participants were then asked to keep a record of their planned academic and work-related activities for 1 week. Results revealed a main effect of context such that participants were better at performing intentions in the naturalistic setting than in the laboratory. A strong trend of intention type showed that event-based tasks were more likely to be performed than activity- and time-based tasks. An interaction of context and intention type suggested that participants were significantly better at performing time-based tasks in the naturalistic setting than in the lab. Nearly half of the participants reported using simple memory aids such as alarm clocks, parent or friend reminders, or other external cues. Strikingly, very few reported using electronic devices to aid their memory for future intentions.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Kim, Paul Y. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2008}, pages={241–254} }
 @article{goldsworthy_schwartz_mayhorn_2008, title={Interpretation of pharmaceutical warnings among adolescents}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1879-1972"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.141}, abstractNote={Warnings are an important component of pharmaceutical risk mitigation efforts, yet very little research attention has been directed toward adolescent interpretation of such warnings. This study examined adolescents' interpretations of and preferences for warning symbols and statements related to pharmaceuticals with teratogenic properties.A total of 200 adolescents interpreted one of four warning symbols and four warning statements. Responses were coded using an established three-tier coding system. Symbol preferences were elicited. Interpretation accuracy and symbol preferences were analyzed by symbol and statement.The symbol in use on medication labels at the time of the study elicited nearly goal levels of interpretation accuracy; however it exceeded allowable levels of critical confusion. An alternative symbol elicited more fully correct responses than the existing symbol and was preferred to the existing symbol by a margin of 2 to 1. Yet another symbol was most preferred despite eliciting fewer correct interpretations. The impact of warning statements on overall warning interpretation varied by statement and statement-symbol combinations. At least one statement appeared to lessen the overall message of caution, and few adolescents expressed an awareness of risk if one "may become pregnant" until explicitly informed of this risk.Comprehension of medical warning symbols and statements among adolescents is an important public health issue. Those involved in adolescent health education and research have considerable theoretical and practical tools for approaching the development and evaluation of such warning messages. Understanding how warnings are interpreted can lead to more effective communication efforts and reduce risk.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH}, author={Goldsworthy, Richard C. and Schwartz, Nancy C. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={617–625} }
 @article{marsh_hicks_cook_mayhorn_2007, title={Comparing Older and Younger Adults in an Event-Based Prospective Memory Paradigm Containing an Output Monitoring Component}, volume={14}, ISSN={1382-5585 1744-4128}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/138255891007074}, DOI={10.1080/138255891007074}, abstractNote={Two experiments with younger and older adults were conducted to investigate the output-monitoring component of event-based prospective memory. In the standard form of the task, participants must remember to press a key when a certain class of items is encountered. To evaluate output monitoring, event-based cues were repeated and participants were asked to press a different key if they could remember that an earlier response was made to a particular cue. Younger adults forgot fewer of their successful responses, but displayed a distinct bias to claim that they had responded earlier when actually they had forgotten to respond. By contrast, older adults displayed this bias much less frequently. Elaborated responding to cues had the effect of improving the performance of younger, but not older adults. The results are discussed in terms of natural repetitions and omission errors that might be made in everyday prospective memory tasks.}, number={2}, journal={Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Marsh, Richard L. and Hicks, Jason L. and Cook, Gabriel I. and Mayhorn, Christopher B.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={168–188} }
 @article{mayhorn_goldsworthy_2007, title={Refining teratogen warning symbols for diverse populations}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1542-0752"]}, DOI={10.1002/bdra.20362}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND: The current research reports on efforts to refine the design of recently developed teratogen warning symbols and to examine their interpretation by different populations such as those with low health literacy, adolescents, and individuals who are not fluent in English. METHODS: Alternative symbols identified as most successful in an earlier study were further refined through the use of multiple focus groups and expert review. Six symbols emerged as potential candidates to replace the current symbol. A nationally distributed field trial (n = 700) examined these six alternate teratogen warnings in addition to the symbol presently in use. RESULTS: Five of the alternate warning symbols exceeded the level of correct interpretation elicited by the current symbol. No symbol exceeded the ANSI limit of 5% critical confusion. Two symbols consistently elicited the most accurate responses in terms of message interpretation, target audience, intended action, and perceived consequences of ignoring the warning. CONCLUSIONS: This effort produced at least two viable alternative symbols that appear to be more effective than the current symbol at communicating both the instruction to not take while pregnant and the consequence that exposure could cause birth defects. Several results varied by participant characteristics. Understanding how members of diverse subpopulations might interact with these warnings should be informative to healthcare professionals. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, number={6}, journal={BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Goldsworthy, Richard C.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={494–506} }
 @inbook{sterns_mayhorn_2006, title={Persuasive pillboxes: Improving medication adherence with personal digital assistants}, volume={3962}, DOI={10.1007/11755494_29}, abstractNote={Personal digital assistants (PDAs) can be used persuasively to change attitudes regarding medication taking, thereby facilitating adherence for older adults. A pillbox that integrates onto the body of the PDA was created as a place to store mid-day pills. Results from a lab and field experiment on older adults’ perceptions and use of PDAs for medication minding are reported. In both the lab and field experiment, older adults were successfully trained to use PDA standard programs and a program for medication reminding. At the conclusion of the 3-month field experiment, a physical pill count yielded increased compliance with two-thirds of the participants missing 1 pill or less in the third month of the study. Implications for PDA training curricula, hardware design, and future research are discussed.KeywordsMedication AdherencePersonal Digital AssistantOlder AdultError RecoveryUsability QuestionnaireThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.}, booktitle={Persuasive Technology: First International Conference on Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being, PERSUASIVE 2006, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, May 18-19, 2006. Proceedings (Lecture notes in computer science; 3962)}, publisher={Berlin; New York: Springer}, author={Sterns, A. A. and Mayhorn, C. B.}, year={2006}, pages={195–198} }
 @article{wogalter_mayhorn_2005, title={Perceptions of driver distraction by cellular phone users and nonusers}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1518/0018720054679399}, abstractNote={The present study examined the perceptions of cellular phone users and nonusers on issues relating to vehicle control and driver distraction. Participants were asked if they own a cellular phone; if so, how much they use it; and their beliefs regarding cellular phone use while driving, including actions involving the use of cellular phones which could potentially cause vehicular accidents and the need for laws. A total of 330 individuals participated; 72% owned a cellular phone. The results indicate that nonusers of cellular phones believed more strongly than users that cellular phone use while driving negatively affects driving performance and that talking on the cellular phone could potentially cause an accident, and they also had a greater preference for new laws limiting such acts. Cellular phone users, more than nonusers, preferred no laws limiting cellular phone use and believed more strongly that other people driving while using a cellular phone were more dangerous than themselves doing the same. Implications of these results are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include interventions that limit driver distractibility.}, number={2}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Wogalter, MS and Mayhorn, CB}, year={2005}, pages={455–467} }
 @article{wogalter_mayhorn_2005, title={Providing cognitive support with technology-based warning systems}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0014-0139"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140130400029258}, abstractNote={New and emerging technologies promise to revolutionize risk communication. The benefits of technology are discussed with regard to the components of a recently described warning process model. Examples are provided to illustrate how technology can potentially improve information accessibility and cognitive support. Design principles such as warning interactivity, dynamic modification and personalization are considered as potential applications of technology that should enhance warning effectiveness in future technology-based systems.}, number={5}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Wogalter, MS and Mayhorn, CB}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={522–533} }
 @article{crawford_leynes_mayhorn_bink_2004, title={Champagne, beer, or coffee? A corpus of gender-related and neutral words}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0743-3808"]}, DOI={10.3758/bf03195592}, abstractNote={A list of gender-related and gender-neutral words for use in testing gender stereotyping and memory was created and evaluated. Words were rated by samples of undergraduates at universities located in the northeast, southeast, and south-central United States. A substantial list of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral words was identified. These lists allow researchers to construct large lists of gender-associated words while being able to control for extraneous variables, such as word frequency and word length. In addition, the high reliability across the samples suggests that gender ratings are a fairly stable phenomenon. Applications for this list are discussed. The word lists presented in Tables 1–3 and the raw data analyzed in this article may be downloaded fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/.}, number={3}, journal={BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS INSTRUMENTS & COMPUTERS}, author={Crawford, JI and Leynes, PA and Mayhorn, CB and Bink, ML}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={444–458} }
 @article{mayhorn_nichols_rogers_fisk_2004, title={Hazards in the home: using older adults' perceptions to inform warning design}, volume={11}, ISSN={1566-0974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/156609704/233/327497}, DOI={10.1080/156609704/233/327497}, abstractNote={Older adults' perceptions of hazards associated with home product usage and beliefs about product warnings were assessed. Focus group interview data were coded along the dimensions of (a) product type; (b) hazard type; (c) hazard knowledge; (d) hazard avoidance; (e) product warning presence; and (f) product warning necessity. A survey supplemented the focus group results by gathering measures of usage patterns and usability difficulties associated with various types of household products. Older adults reported routine use of products they considered to be hazardous and identified an array of home safety concerns. Furthermore, personal experience was an important source of older adults' hazard knowledge and they described a number of hazard avoidance strategies. These data provide insight into older adults' home safety behaviour and suggest a number of approaches to improving hazard communication and warning design.}, number={4}, journal={Injury Control and Safety Promotion}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Nichols, Timothy A. and Rogers, Wendy A. and Fisk, Arthur D.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={211–218} }
 @article{mayhorn_stronge_mclaughlin_rogers_2004, title={OLDER ADULTS, COMPUTER TRAINING, AND THE SYSTEMS APPROACH: A FORMULA FOR SUCCESS}, volume={30}, ISSN={0360-1277 1521-0472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601270490272124}, DOI={10.1080/03601270490272124}, abstractNote={Adults over the age of 65 are the fastest growing segment of computer users. Due to this increased demand, effective training programs are essential. Although previous research findings illustrate the importance of older adults’ goals, abilities, and experience levels in learning to use computers, these factors are often neglected in the development of computer training courses. We apply a systems approach to help bridge this gap between research and practice to address the disparity between what older adults would like to learn and the content of computer training courses. We review the literature on training older adults to use computers and report data from a set of structured interviews to illustrate the criticality of each step in the systems approach. Lastly, we provide the means to evaluate existing computer training programs and suggest modifications for improvement. Our purpose is not to evaluate specific programs, but to educate developers about an approach that has proven successful. Specifical...}, number={3}, journal={Educational Gerontology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Stronge, Aideen J. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Rogers, Wendy A.}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={185–203} }
 @article{leynes_mayhorn_2003, title={A reply to R. West's comments on Leynes, Marsh, Hicks, Allen, and Mayhorn}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1053-8100"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00004-1}, abstractNote={Quantify the resource utilization associated with airway foreign bodies in children in the United States using a national database and report observed trends over time. Study type: Cross-sectional analysis of national inpatient database with weighted estimates.The KID database (2000–2009).ICD-9-DM codes for foreign body aspiration were used to identify patients to be included for investigation. Admission rates and charges were aggregated and compared among geographic region, location, and teaching hospital status. These factors were then also trended over time.From 2000 to 2009, airway foreign body diagnoses in children accounted for an estimated 4000 to 5000 admissions, resulting in a mean admission rate of 6.6 per 10,000 pediatric patients annually. Charges related to airway foreign bodies in children rose from a total of $93 million to $486 million in the observed period. There is an increasing trend over time of total charges per patient. Charges appear to be higher in urban locations and teaching hospitals.The public health and economic burden of pediatric airway foreign bodies appears to be rising. Further investigation may be helpful to examine factors that may be contributing to increasing charges and creating strategies to improve cost effectiveness, as well as why there seems to be increased resource utilization in urban locations and teaching hospitals.}, number={1}, journal={CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION}, author={Leynes, PA and Mayhorn, CB}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={25–30} }
 @article{leynes_marsh_hicks_allen_mayhorn_2003, title={Investigating the encoding and retrieval of intentions with event-related potentials}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1019/S1053-8100(02)00002-8}, number={1}, journal={Consciousness and Cognition}, author={Leynes, P. A. and Marsh, R. L. and Hicks, J. L. and Allen, J. D. and Mayhorn, C. B.}, year={2003}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{mayhorn_fisk_whittle_2002, title={Decisions, decisions: Analysis of age, cohort, and time of testing on framing of risky decision options}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0018-7208"]}, DOI={10.1518/0018720024496935}, abstractNote={Decision making in uncertain environments is a daily challenge faced by adults of all ages. Framing decision options as either gains or losses is a common method of altering decision-making behavior. In the experiment reported here, benchmark decision-making data collected in the 1970s by Tversky and Kahneman (1981, 1988) were compared with data collected from current samples of young and older adults to determine whether behavior was consistent across time. Although differences did emerge between the benchmark and the present samples, the effect of framing on decision behavior was relatively stable. The present findings suggest that adults of all ages are susceptible to framing effects. Results also indicated that apparent age differences might be better explained by an analysis of cohort and time-of-testing effects. Actual or potential applications of this research include an understanding of how framing might influence the decision-making behavior of people of all ages in a number of applied contexts, such as product warning interactions and medical decision scenarios.}, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Mayhorn, CB and Fisk, AD and Whittle, JD}, year={2002}, pages={515–521} }