@article{boger_manfredi_yob_weber_jacobs_2022, title={Beta defensins as biomarkers: detectable in LPS-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal, aseptic, and probable septic equine synovial fluid}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0204}, abstractNote={Abstract OBJECTIVES Diagnosis of equine septic arthritis is not straightforward, and increasing time between onset, diagnosis, and treatment can have serious consequences for quality of life. Defensins are used in diagnosis of human joint infection. The presence of beta defensins (BDs) in equine synovial fluid and their utility as a biomarker of sepsis has not been investigated; therefore, our objectives were to (1) compare in vitro gene expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine neutrophils to unstimulated neutrophils and (2) compare BD protein expression from normal, aseptically inflamed, and septic equine joints. ANIMALS 5 horses for isolated neutrophil BD expression and 21 synovial fluid samples from 14 horses. PROCEDURES RT-qPCR analysis was performed for BD gene expression of stimulated and unstimulated equine peripheral neutrophils. BD protein expression was evaluated from equine joints with no disease, aseptic inflammation, and septic inflammation using a commercial ELISA designed for horses and analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test (significant at P < .05). RESULTS A significant increase was noted in expression of BD-3 in LPS stimulated as compared to unstimulated neutrophils. There were no significant differences in BD expression noted between joints with no disease, aseptic inflammation, and septic inflammation. Low case numbers and different types of cases in the aseptic inflammation group were main limitations. BD expression patterns in samples from stimulated equine peripheral neutrophils and synovial fluid were identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE BDs are detectable in equine synovial fluid and can be stimulated from peripheral neutrophils. Further examination is needed to define their role as biomarkers of joint disease.}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Boger, Brooke L. and Manfredi, Jane M. and Yob, Chelsey and Weber, Patty Sue D. and Jacobs, Carrie C.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jacobs_o'neil_prange_2022, title={Efficacy of a commercial dry sleeve cryotherapy system for cooling the equine metacarpus}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13847}, abstractNote={Objective To determine the ability of a commercial cryotherapy system (Game Ready Equine) to cool the metacarpal subcutaneous tissue and the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in horses. Study design Experimental study. Animals or sample population Six healthy adult horses. Methods Thermocouples were implanted into the metacarpal subcutaneous tissues and the SDFT of six horses. Two treatments (cryotherapy or cryotherapy with 5–50 mmHg intermittent compression) were randomly assigned to forelimbs and performed for 20 minutes. Temperatures were compared to the target range of 10–19°C and between groups. Results Only one limb in the cryotherapy/compression group reached the target range after cryotherapy. Temperatures did not differ between treatment groups at time 0. Lowest temperatures achieved in the subcutaneous tissue (p = .0043) and SDFT (p = .005) were 4.9 and 7.6°C lower when intermittent compression was applied. Similarly, applying compression induced a maximum change in temperature of approximately 7.0°C in the subcutaneous tissue (p = .014) and 10.2°C in the SDFT (p = .0001). Conclusion The cryotherapy system did not cool equine subcutaneous tissue or SDFT to the target temperature range, except in one limb. Combining cryotherapy with intermittent compression did result in lower temperatures and a greater change in temperature of the subcutaneous tissue and SDFT. Clinical significance When using this cryotherapy system, the addition of intermittent compression should be considered to achieve lower temperatures and potentially greater reduction in inflammation. Further studies are warranted to determine the effect of longer treatment times, higher compression settings, and the optimal temperature for benefits in normal and diseased equine tissues.}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Jacobs, Carrie C. and O'Neil, Erin and Prange, Timo}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{jacobs_schnabel_mcilwraith_blikslager_2022, title={Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13561}, abstractNote={Orthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non-selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Jacobs, Carrie C. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and McIlwraith, C. Wayne and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{schnabel_horne_jacobs_2022, title={Tendon sheath masses - What are the differential diagnoses and what diagnostics are needed?}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13665}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Jacobs, Carrie C.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }