Christina Cowger

Arnold, C. J., Hahn, E. A., Whetten, R., Chartrain, L., Cheema, J., Brown, J. K. M., & Cowger, C. (2024). Multiple routes to fungicide resistance: Interaction of <i>Cyp51</i> gene sequences, copy number and expression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, 25(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13498

Babar, M. A., Khan, N., Blount, A., Barnett, R. D., Harrison, S. A., Dewitt, N., … Mailhot, D. (2024, April 8). Registration of 'FL16045-25': An early-maturing, high-yielding, disease-resistant soft red facultative wheat cultivar for the southern United States. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20343

Mergoum, M., Johnson, J. W., Sutton, S., Lopez, B., Bland, D., Buck, J. W., … Cowger, C. (2025). Registration of 'GA09436-16LE12': A new soft red winter wheat cultivar adapted to the US southeast region. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20403

Boyles, R. E., Ballen-Taborda, C., Brown-Guedira, G., Costa, J., Cowger, C., DeWitt, N., … Winn, Z. J. (2023, August 10). Approaching 25 years of progress towards Fusarium head blight resistance in southern soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT BREEDING, Vol. 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.13137

Adhikari, U., Brown, J., Ojiambo, P. S., & Cowger, C. (2023, May 5). Effects of Host and Weather Factors on the Growth Rate of Septoria nodorum Blotch Lesions on Winter Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-22-0476-R

Hawkes, C. V., Allen, X., Balint-Kurti, P., & Cowger, C. (2023). Manipulating the plant mycobiome to enhance resilience: Ecological and evolutionary opportunities and challenges. PLOS PATHOGENS, 19(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011816

Cowger, C., Read, Q. D. D., Clark, L., & Dong, Y. (2023, April 11). Optimal Timing of Fungicide Application to Manage Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Barley. PLANT DISEASE, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-23-0021-RE

Kloppe, T., Whetten, R. B., Kim, S. B., Powell, O. R., Lück, S., Douchkov, D., … Cowger, C. (2023). Two pathogen loci determine <i>Blumeria graminis. New Phytologist, 238(4), 1546–1561. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18809

Mergoum, M., Johnson, J., Buck, J., Buntin, G. D., Sutton, S., Lopez, B., … Cowger, C. (2022, May 28). A new soft red winter wheat cultivar 'GA 08535-15LE29' adapted to Georgia and the US southeast region. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20235

Ackerman, A. J., Holmes, R., Gaskins, E., Jordan, K. E., Hicks, D. S., Fitzgerald, J., … Boyles, R. E. (2022). Evaluation of Methods for Measuring Fusarium-Damaged Kernels of Wheat. AGRONOMY-BASEL, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020532

Adhikari, U., Cowger, C., & Ojiambo, P. S. (2023). Evaluation of a Model for Predicting Onset of Septoria nodorum Blotch in Winter Wheat. PLANT DISEASE, 107(4), 1122–1130. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1469-RE

Sotiropoulos, A. G., Arango-Isaza, E., Ban, T., Barbieri, C., Bourras, S., Cowger, C., … Wicker, T. (2022). Global genomic analyses of wheat powdery mildew reveal association of pathogen spread with historical human migration and trade. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31975-0

Tini, F., Covarelli, L., Cowger, C., Sulyok, M., Benincasa, P., & Beccari, G. (2022, June 2). Infection timing affects Fusarium poae colonization of bread wheat spikes and mycotoxin accumulation in the grain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Vol. 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12002

Kloppe, T., Boshoff, W., Pretorius, Z., Lesch, D., Akin, B., Morgounov, A., … Cowger, C. (2022). Virulence of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, Russia, and Australia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.954958

Mergoum, M., Johnson, J. W., Buck, J. W., Sutton, S., Lopez, B., Bland, D., … Cambron, S. E. (2021, August 4). 'GA JT141-14E45': A new soft red winter wheat cultivar adapted to Georgia and the US Southeast region. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, Vol. 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20070

Mergoum, M., Johnson, J. W., Buck, J. W., Sutton, S., Lopez, B., Bland, D., … Cambron, S. E. (2021). A new soft red winter wheat cultivar, 'GA 07353-14E19', adapted to Georgia and the US Southeast environments. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, 15(2), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20113

Reeves, E. R., Kerns, J. P., Cowger, C., & Shew, B. B. (2021). Pythium spp. Associated with Root Rot and Stunting of Winter Crops in North Carolina. PLANT DISEASE, 105(11), 3433–3442. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2403-RE

Cowger, C., Meyers, E., & Whetten, R. (2022). Sensitivity of the US Wheat Powdery Mildew Population to Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides and Determination of the Complete Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Cytochrome b Gene. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 112(2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-21-0132-R

Mergoum, M., Johnson, J. W., Buck, J. W., Sutton, S., Lopez, B., Bland, D., … Boyles, R. (2021). Soft red winter wheat 'GA 051207-14E53': Adapted cultivar to Georgia and the US Southeast region. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, 15(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20102

Xue, A. G., Lim, S., Chen, Y., Humphreys, G., Cao, W., Menzies, J., … Serajazari, M. (2021, May 4). Virulence structure of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew, in Ontario, Canada, in 2018 and 2019. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2021.1915876

Reeves, E. R., Kerns, J. P., Cowger, C., & Shew, B. B. (2021). Pythium spp. Associated with Root Rot and Stunting of Winter Wheat in North Carolina. PLANT DISEASE, 105(4), 986–996. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-20-2022-RE

Cowger, C., Ward, T. J., Nilsson, K., Arellano, C., McCormick, S. P., & Busman, M. (2020). Regional and field-specific differences in Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with blighted North Carolina wheat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, 323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108594

Cowger, C., Ward, B., Brown-Guedira, G., & Brown, J. K. M. (2020). Role of Effector-Sensitivity Gene Interactions and Durability of Quantitative Resistance to Septoria Nodorum Blotch in Eastern US Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00155

Anderson, N. R., Freije, A. N., Bergstrom, G. C., Bradley, C. A., Cowger, C., Faske, T., … Wise, K. A. (2020). Sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to Metconazole and Tebuconazole Fungicides Before and After Widespread Use in Wheat in the United States. PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS, 21(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-11-19-0083-RS

Cowger, C., Beccari, G., & Dong, Y. (2020). Timing of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat. PLANT DISEASE, 104(11), 2928–2939. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-20-0527-RE

McKee, G., Cowger, C., Dill-Macky, R., Friskop, A., Gautam, P., Ransom, J., & Wilson, W. (2019). Disease Management and Estimated Effects on DON (Deoxynivalenol) Contamination in Fusarium Infested Barley. Agriculture, 9(7), 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070155

Cowger, C., & Brown, J. K. M. (2019). Durability of Quantitative Resistance in Crops: Greater Than We Know? ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, VOL 57, 2019, Vol. 57, pp. 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100016

Richards, J. K., Stukenbrock, E. H., Carpenter, J., Liu, Z., Cowger, C., Faris, J. D., & Friesen, T. L. (2019, May 31). Local adaptation drives the diversification of effectors in the fungal wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum in the United States (Vol. 5). Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.1101/657007

Richards, J. K., Stukenbrock, E. H., Carpenter, J., Liu, Z., Cowger, C., Faris, J. D., & Friesen, T. L. (2019). Local adaptation drives the diversification of effectors in the fungal wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum in the United States. PLOS Genetics, 15(10), e1008223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008223

Cowger, C., Arellano, C., Marshall, D., & Fitzgerald, J. (2019). Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Barley With Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide. PLANT DISEASE, 103(8), 1858–1864. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1582-RE

Cowger, C., Smith, J., Boos, D., Bradley, C. A., Ransom, J., & Bergstrom, G. C. (2020). Managing a Destructive, Episodic Crop Disease: A National Survey of Wheat and Barley Growers' Experience With Fusarium Head Blight. PLANT DISEASE, 104(3), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1803-SR

Meyers, E., Arellano, C., & Cowger, C. (2019). Sensitivity of the US Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Population to Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides. PLANT DISEASE, 103(12), 3108–3116. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0715-RE

McNally, K. E., Menardo, F., Luthi, L., Praz, C. R., Mueller, M. C., Kunz, L., … Keller, B. (2018). Distinct domains of the AVRPM3(A2/F2) avirulence protein from wheat powdery mildew are involved in immune receptor recognition and putative effector function. NEW PHYTOLOGIST, 218(2), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15026

Beccari, G., Arellano, C., Covarelli, L., Tini, F., Sulyok, M., & Cowger, C. (2019). Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, 290, 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.014

Ceron-Bustamante, M., Ward, T. J., Kelly, A., Vaughan, M. M., McCormick, S. P., Cowger, C., … Nava-Diaz, C. (2018). Regional differences in the composition of Fusarium Head Blight pathogens and mycotoxins associated with wheat in Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, 273, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.003

Wiersma, A. T., Whetten, R. B., Zhang, G., Sehgal, S. K., Kolb, F. L., Poland, J. A., … Olson, E. L. (2018). Registration of Two Wheat Germplasm Lines Fixed for Pm58. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, 12(2), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2017.06.0036crg

Mehra, L. K., Cowger, C., & Ojiambo, P. S. (2017). A Model for Predicting Onset of Stagonospora nodorum Blotch in Winter Wheat Based on Preplanting and Weather Factors. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 107(6), 635–644. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-16-0133-r

Wiersma, A. T., Pulman, J. A., Brown, L. K., Cowger, C., & Olson, E. L. (2017). Identification of Pm58 from Aegilops tauschii. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, 130(6), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2874-8

Lukaszewski, A. J., & Cowger, C. (2017). Re-Engineering of the Pm21 Transfer from Haynaldia villosa to Bread Wheat by Induced Homoeologous Recombination. CROP SCIENCE, 57(5), 2590–2594. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.03.0192

Ficke, A., Cowger, C., Bergstrom, G., & Brodal, G. (2018). Understanding Yield Loss and Pathogen Biology to Improve Disease Management: Septoria Nodorum Blotch - A Case Study in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE, 102(4), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1375-fe

Cowger, C., Mehra, L., Arellano, C., Meyers, E., & Murphy, J. P. (2018). Virulence Differences in Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici from the Central and Eastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 108(3), 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-17-0211-r

Abdelrhim, A., Abd-Alla, H. M., Abdou, E.-S., Ismail, M. E., & Cowger, C. (2018). Virulence of Egyptian Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici Population and Response of Egyptian Wheat Cultivars. PLANT DISEASE, 102(2), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-17-0975-re

Ben-David, R., Parks, R., Dinoor, A., Kosman, E., Wicker, T., Keller, B., & Cowger, C. (2016). Differentiation Among Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici Isolates Originating from Wild Versus Domesticated Triticum Species in Israel. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 106(8), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-15-0177-r

Petersen, S., Lyerly, J. H., Maloney, P. V., Brown-Guedira, G., Cowger, C., Costa, J. M., … Murphy, J. P. (2016). Mapping of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in Winter Wheat Cultivar NC-Neuse. CROP SCIENCE, 56(4), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.05.0312

Cowger, C., Weisz, R., Arellano, C., & Murphy, P. (2016). Profitability of Integrated Management of Fusarium Head Blight in North Carolina Winter Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 106(8), 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-15-0263-r

Kelly, A., Proctor, R. H., Belzile, F., Chulze, S. N., Clear, R. M., Cowger, C., … Ward, T. J. (2016). The geographic distribution and complex evolutionary history of the NX-2 trichothecene chemotype from Fusarium graminearum. FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY, 95, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2016.08.003

Petersen, S., Lyerly, J. H., McKendry, A. L., Islam, M. S., Brown-Guedira, G., Cowger, C., … Murphy, J. P. (2017). Validation of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance QTL in US Winter Wheat. CROP SCIENCE, 57(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.07.0415

Mehra, L. K., Cowger, C., Weisz, R., & Ojiambo, P. (2015). Quantifying the effects of wheat residue on severity of Stagonospora nodorum blotch and yield in winter wheat. Phytopathology, 105(11), 1417–1426. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-15-0080-r

Cowger, C., Parks, R., & Kosman, E. (2016). Structure and Migration in US Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici Populations. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 106(3), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-15-0066-r

Petersen, S., Lyerly, J. H., Worthington, M. L., Parks, W. R., Cowger, C., Marshall, D. S., … Murphy, J. P. (2015). Mapping of powdery mildew resistance gene Pm53 introgressed from Aegilops speltoides into soft red winter wheat. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, 128(2), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2430-8

Hao, Y. F., Parks, R., Cowger, C., Chen, Z. B., Wang, Y. Y., Bland, D., … al. (2015). Molecular characterization of a new powdery mildew resistance gene Pm54 in soft red winter wheat. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, 128(3), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2445-1

Bertucci, M., Brown-Guedira, G., Murphy, J. P., & Cowger, C. (2014). Genes Conferring Sensitivity to Stagonospora nodorum Necrotrophic Effectors in Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch-Susceptible US Wheat Cultivars. PLANT DISEASE, 98(6), 746–753. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-13-0820-re

Cowger, C., & Arellano, C. (2013). Fusarium graminearum Infection and Deoxynivalenol Concentrations During Development of Wheat Spikes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 103(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-12-0054-r

Crook, A. D., Friesen, T. L., Liu, Z. H., Ojiambo, P. S., & Cowger, C. (2012). Novel Necrotrophic Effectors from Stagonospora nodorum and Corresponding Host Sensitivities in Winter Wheat Germplasm in the Southeastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 102(5), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-11-0238

Zeatfoss, A. D., Cowger, C., & Ojiambo, P. S. (2011). A Degree-Day Model for the Latent Period of Stagonospora nodorum Blotch in Winter Wheat. PLANT DISEASE, 95(5), 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0651

Agata, K., Alasaad, S., Almeida-Val, V. M. F., Alvarez-Dios, J. A., Barbisan, F., Beadell, J. S., … Carvalho, B. M. (2011). Permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 December 2010-31 January 2011. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11(3), 586–589.

McIntosh, R. A., Zhang, P., Cowger, C., Parks, R., Lagudah, E. S., & Hoxha, S. (2011). Rye-derived powdery mildew resistance gene Pm8 in wheat is suppressed by the Pm3 locus. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, 123(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1589-5

Schmale, D. G., Wood-Jones, A. K., Cowger, C., Bergstrom, G. C., & Arellano, C. (2011). Trichothecene genotypes of Gibberella zeae from winter wheat fields in the eastern USA. PLANT PATHOLOGY, 60(5), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02443.x

Cowger, C., Weisz, R., Anderson, J. M., & Horton, J. R. (2010). Maize Debris Increases Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Severity in North Carolina Winter Wheat. AGRONOMY JOURNAL, 102(2), 688–695. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0357

Maxwell, J. J., Lyerly, J. H., Srnic, G., Parks, R., Cowger, C., Marshall, D., … Murphy, J. P. (2010). MlAB10: A triticum turgidum subsp dicoccoides derived powdery mildew resistance gene identified in common wheat. Crop Science, 50(6), 2261–2267.

Cowger, C., & Arrellano, C. (2010). Plump Kernels with High Deoxynivalenol Linked to Late Gibberella zeae Infection and Marginal Disease Conditions in Winter Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 100(7), 719–728. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-7-0719

Costa, J. M., Bockelman, H. E., Brown-Guedira, G., Cambron, S. E., Chen, X., Cooper, A., … Souza, E. (2010). Registration of the Soft Red Winter Wheat Germplasm MD01W233-06-1 Resistant to Fusarium Head Blight. JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS, 4(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2010.01.0034crg

Mundt, C. C., Sackett, K. E., Wallace, L. R. D., Cowger, C., & Dudley, J. P. (2009). Aerial Dispersal and Multiple-Scale Spread of Epidemic Disease. ECOHEALTH, 6(4), 546–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0251-z

Cowger, C., Parks, R., & Marshall, D. (2009, November). Appearance of Powdery Mildew of Wheat Caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici on Pm17-Bearing Cultivars in North Carolina. PLANT DISEASE, Vol. 93, pp. 1219–1219. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-11-1219B

Mundt, C. C., Sackett, K. E., Wallace, L. D., Cowger, C., & Dudley, J. P. (2009). Long-Distance Dispersal and Accelerating Waves of Disease: Empirical Relationships. AMERICAN NATURALIST, 173(4), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1086/597220

Maxwell, J. J., Lyerly, J. H., Cowger, C., Marshall, D., Brown-Guedira, G., & Murphy, J. P. (2009). MlAG12: a Triticum timopheevii-derived powdery mildew resistance gene in common wheat on chromosome 7AL. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, 119(8), 1489–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1150-y

Parks, R., Carbone, I., Murphy, J. P., & Cowger, C. (2009). Population Genetic Analysis of an Eastern US Wheat Powdery Mildew Population Reveals Geographic Subdivision and Recent Common Ancestry with UK and Israeli Populations. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 99(7), 840–849. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0840

Cowger, C., Patton-Ozkurt, J., Brown-Guedira, G., & Perugini, L. (2009). Post-Anthesis Moisture Increased Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Levels in North Carolina Winter Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 99(4), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-4-0320

Cowger, C., Brunner, P. C., & Mundt, C. C. (2008). Frequency of sexual recombination by Mycosphaerella graminicold in mild and severe epidemics. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 98(7), 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-7-0752

Parks, R., Carbone, I., Murphy, J. P., Marshall, D., & Cowger, C. (2008). Virulence structure of the Eastern US wheat powdery mildew population. PLANT DISEASE, 92(7), 1074–1082. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-1074

Cowger, C., & Weisz, R. (2008). Winter wheat blends (mixtures) produce a yield advantage in north Carolina. AGRONOMY JOURNAL, 100(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0128

Cowger, C., & Murphy, J. P. (2007). Artificial inoculation of wheat for selecting resistance to Stagonospora nodorum blotch. PLANT DISEASE, 91(5), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0539

Cowger, C., & Silva-Rojas, H. V. (2006). Frequency of Phaeosphaeria nodorum, the sexual stage of Stagronospora nodorum, on winter wheat in North Carolina. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 96(8), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0860

Cowger, C., & Sutton, A. L. (2005). The Southeastern U.S. fusarium head blight epidemic of 2003. Plant Health Progress, 1. https://doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-1026-01-rs

Cowger, C., Wallace, L. R. D., & Mundt, C. C. (2005). Velocity of spread of wheat stripe rust epidemics. Phytopathology, 95(9), 972–982. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.95-0972