@article{duarte_stahl_kim_2023, title={Intestinal Oxidative Damages By F18+<i>Escherichia Coli </i>and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.225}, abstractNote={
 This study investigated the intestinal oxidative damages caused by F18+Escherichia coli and its amelioration with an antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in RCBD. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). The F18+E. coli was orally inoculated to pigs on challenged treatments at d 7. The unchallenged pigs received an oral dose of sterile saline solution. The fecal score was recorded daily. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. On d 14 and 28, fecal and blood samples were collected. On d 28, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal samples. F18+E. coli counting, microbiota composition, and intestinal health variables were analyzed. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure on SAS 9.4. Overall, PC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG (353 to 282 g), G:F (0.71 to 0.55), villus height (527 to 394 µm), and VH:CD (2.22 to 1.58), whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) ADG (298 to 344 g), and G:F (0.55 to 0.61). PC increased (P < 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 14 (3.0 to 4.6), from 14 to 21 (2.8 to 3.9), and from d 21 to 28 (2.5 to 3.2); increased F18+E. coli (5.9 to 7.5 log DNA) in feces at d 14, and protein carbonyl (2.15 to 3.61 nmol/mg protein) in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 14 (4.6 to 4.0) and from d 14 to 21 (3.9 to 3.4) and reduced F18+E. coli (4.3 to 3.9 log DNA) in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (P < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea (5.1 to 1.5%) population in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens (3.0 to 10.0%) and reduced (P < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii (8.7 to 2.0%) populations in feces. Collectively, F18+E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced oxidative damages caused by F18+ E. coli thereby protecting intestinal health by reducing F18+E. coli population in jejunal mucosa and fecal score, consequently improving the growth performance of nursery pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Stahl, Chad and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={185–186} }
 @article{li_stahl_2014, title={Dietary Calcium Deficiency and Excess Both Impact Bone Development and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage Priming in Neonatal Piglets}, volume={144}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.3945/jn.114.194787}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Optimizing calcium nutrition to maximize bone accretion during growth to prevent fragility fractures later in life has spurred greater interest in calcium nutrition in neonates.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary calcium, from deficiency through excess, on bone growth, and the in vivo and in vitro behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neonatal pigs.


METHODS
Twenty-four male and female piglets (24 ± 6 h old) were fed either a calcium-deficient [Ca-D; 0.6% Ca on a dry matter (DM) basis], a calcium-adequate diet (Ca-A; 0.9% Ca on a DM basis), or a calcium-excessive diet (Ca-E; 1.3% Ca on a DM basis) for 14 d to assess the impact of dietary calcium on calcium homeostasis and on the behavior of MSCs.


RESULTS
Growth rate was not affected by the Ca-E diet, although bone ash content was 16% higher (P < 0.05) and urinary calcium excretion was 5-fold higher, when normalized to creatinine, compared with the Ca-A group at trial completion. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in Ca-D piglets in comparison with other groups at both 7 and 14 d. In vivo proliferation of MSCs was 30% higher (P < 0.05) in Ca-E piglets than the other groups. MSCs from both Ca-D- and Ca-E-fed piglets had greater adipogenic potential based on increased gene expression (P < 0.05) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (Ap2) than MSCs from Ca-A piglets. Interestingly, only MSCs from Ca-E-fed piglets had greater (P < 0.05) gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) during adipocytic differentiation than those from Ca-A piglets. To assess alterations in lineage allocation and priming, the most and least osteogenic (O+ and O-, respectively) and adipogenic (A+ and A-, respectively) colonies from each MSC isolation were selected on the basis of functional staining. The O+ colonies from Ca-D piglets expressed lower (P < 0.05) levels of osteocalcin (OC) mRNA than did those from other groups, whereas the O- colonies from Ca-E piglets expressed higher (P < 0.05) levels of mRNA of Pparg, Ap2, and Lpl than did those from other groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Neonatal calcium deficiency appears to reduce the osteogenic priming of MSCs while enlarging a subpopulation of potentially adipogenic cells, and excess dietary calcium appears to allow greater multipotency of MSCs. These programming alterations of MSCs could have long-term consequences for bone health.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Li, Yihang and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1935–1942} }
 @article{odle_lin_jacobi_kim_stahl_2014, title={The Suckling Piglet as an Agrimedical Model for the Study of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism}, volume={2}, ISSN={2165-8102 2165-8110}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158}, abstractNote={The neonatal pig ranks among the most prominent research models for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Its precocial development at birth affords ready adaptation to artificial rearing systems, and research using this model spans a wide array of nutrients. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo methodologies supporting both invasive, reduction-science research as well as whole-animal preclinical investigations have been developed. Potential applications may dually benefit both agricultural and medical sciences (e.g., "agrimedical research"). The broad scope of this review is to outline the fundamental elements of the piglet model and to highlight key aspects of relevance to various macronutrients, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins/amino acids, and calcium/phosphorus. The review examines similarities between piglets and infants and also piglet idiosyncrasies, concluding that, overall, the piglet represents an adaptable and robust model for pediatric nutrition and metabolism research.}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Animal Biosciences}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Odle, Jack and Lin, Xi and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Kim, Sung Woo and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={419–444} }
 @article{herfel_jacobi_lin_jouni_chichlowski_stahl_odle_2013, title={Dietary supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum strain AH1206 increases its cecal abundance and elevates intestinal interleukin-10 expression in the neonatal piglet}, volume={60}, ISSN={0278-6915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020}, DOI={10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020}, abstractNote={Intestinal microbiota of infants differ in response to gestational age, delivery mode and feeding regimen. Dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria is one method of promoting healthy populations. We examined the impact of a novel probiotic strain of Bifidobacterium longum (AH1206) on the health, growth and development of neonatal pigs as a model for infants. Day-old pigs were fed milk-based formula containing AH1206 at 0, 109, or 1011 CFU/d for 18 d (n = 10/treatment). Differences were not detected in growth, organ weights or body temperatures (P > 0.1); however pigs fed the high dose showed a small (2%) reduction in feed intake. Bacterial translocation was not affected as indicated by total anaerobic and aerobic counts (CFU) in samples of spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (P > 0.1). Feeding AH1206 had no effects on fecal consistency, but increased the density of B. longum in the cecum. Ileal TNF expression tended to increase (P = 0.08) while IL-10 expression increased linearly (P = 0.01) with supplementation. Based upon findings in the suckling piglet model, we suggest that dietary supplementation with B. longum (AH1206) may be safe for human infants based on a lack of growth, development or deleterious immune-related effects observed in piglets.}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Herfel, Tina M. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Lin, Xi and Jouni, Zeina E. and Chichlowski, Maciej and Stahl, Chad H. and Odle, Jack}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={116–122} }
 @article{hudson_seabolt_odle_bost_stahl_piller_2013, title={Sublethal Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Challenge Model in Pigs To Evaluate Protection following Immunization with a Soybean-Derived Vaccine}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1556-679X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872252914&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1128/cvi.00526-12}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In an effort to develop a sustainable platform for manufacturing protein-based vaccine candidates, we expressed a triple mutant of staphylococcal enterotoxin B carrying the L45R, Y89A, and Y94A modifications in transgenic soybean seeds (soy-mSEB). Soy-mSEB possessed no detectable superantigen activity in vitro. We found that this soybean-derived, nontoxic mutant of SEB could be stably expressed, stored in seeds for extended periods at room temperature without degradation, and easily purified from contaminating soy proteins. Vaccination of pigs with purified soy-mSEB, or the identical triple mutant expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli-mSEB), resulted in high antibody titers against the native toxin in immunized animals. In fact, titers were indistinguishable regardless of the immunogen used, demonstrating the equivalence of soy-mSEB and E. coli-mSEB vaccinations. Antisera from either immunized group were able to block native SEB superantigen activity in an in vitro neutralization assay. Similar results were obtained when immunized animals were challenged with a sublethal dose of native toxin. Significant reductions in toxin-induced serum cytokine levels were observed in soy-mSEB- and E. coli-mSEB-immunized pigs compared to control animals. The reductions in SEB-induced cytokine responses were similar regardless of the immunogen used for vaccination. Surprisingly, however, some clinical symptoms, such as prostration, lethargy, emesis, and/or diarrhea, were still observed in all immunized animals. These studies demonstrate the potential for soybean-derived proteins as a platform technology for sustainable vaccine manufacturing and the usefulness of a sublethal challenge model in pigs for evaluating the efficacy of potential SEB vaccine candidates.}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Hudson, Laura C. and Seabolt, Brynn S. and Odle, Jack and Bost, Kenneth L. and Stahl, Chad H. and Piller, Kenneth J.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={24–32} }
 @article{mahajan_alexander_seabolt_catrambone_mcclung_odle_pfeiler_loboa_stahl_2011, title={Dietary Calcium Restriction Affects Mesenchymal Stem Cell Activity and Bone Development in Neonatal Pigs}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79951993863&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3945/jn.110.131193}, abstractNote={The effects of dietary calcium (Ca) deficiency on skeletal integrity are well characterized in growing and mature mammals; however, less is known about Ca nutrition during the neonatal period. In this study, we examined the effects of neonatal Ca nutrition on bone integrity, endocrine hormones, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) activity. Neonatal pigs (24 ± 6 h of age) received either a Ca-adequate (1.2 g/100 g) or an ~40% Ca-deficient diet for 18 d. Ca deficiency reduced (P < 0.05) bone flexural strength and bone mineral density without major differences in plasma indicators of Ca status. There were no meaningful differences in plasma Ca, phosphate (PO(4)), parathyroid hormone, or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol due to Ca nutrition throughout the study. Calcium deficiency also reduced (P < 0.05) the in vivo proliferation of MSC by ~50%. In vitro studies utilizing homologous sera demonstrated that MSC activity was affected (P < 0.05) by both the Ca status of the pig and the sera as well as by their interaction. The results indicate that neonatal Ca nutrition is crucial for bone integrity and suggest that early-life Ca restriction may have long-term effects on bone integrity via programming of MSC.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Mahajan, Avanika and Alexander, Lindsey S. and Seabolt, Brynn S. and Catrambone, Daniel E. and McClung, James P. and Odle, Jack and Pfeiler, T. Wayne and Loboa, Elizabeth G. and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={373–379} }
 @article{callaway_edrington_brabban_kutter_karriker_stahl_wagstrom_anderson_poole_genovese_et al._2011, title={Evaluation of Phage Treatment as a Strategy to Reduce Salmonella Populations in Growing Swine}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2010.0671}, abstractNote={Salmonella is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that causes human illnesses and morbidity and mortality in swine. Bacteriophages are viruses that prey on bacteria and are naturally found in many microbial environments, including the gut of food animals, and have been suggested as a potential intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella levels in the live animal. The present study was designed to determine if anti-Salmonella phages isolated from the feces of commercial finishing swine could reduce gastrointestinal populations of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium in artificially inoculated swine. Weaned pigs (n = 48) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (control or phage-treated). Each pig was inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (2 × 10(10) colony forming units/pig) via oral gavage at 0 h and fecal samples were collected every 24 h. Swine were inoculated with a phage cocktail via oral gavage (3 × 10(9) plaque forming units) at 24 and 48 h. Pigs were humanely killed at 96 h, and cecal and rectal intestinal contents were collected for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Fecal Salmonella populations in phage-treated pigs were lower (p < 0.09) than controls after 48 h. Phage treatment reduced intestinal populations of inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs compared to controls at necropsy. Cecal populations were reduced (p = 0.07) by phage treatment >1.4 log(10) colony forming units/g digesta, and rectal populations were numerically reduced. The number of pigs that contained inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium was reduced by phage treatment, but a significant (p < 0.05) reduction was only observed in the rectum. We conclude that phages can be a viable tool to reduce Salmonella in swine. Further research needs to be performed to determine the most efficacious dosing regimens and the most effective combinations of phages targeting the diverse Salmonella population found in swine before they can enter the food supply.}, number={2}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Callaway, Todd R. and Edrington, Tom S. and Brabban, Andrew and Kutter, Betty and Karriker, Locke and Stahl, Chad and Wagstrom, Elizabeth and Anderson, Robin and Poole, Toni L. and Genovese, Ken and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={261–266} }
 @article{alexander_qu_cutler_mahajan_rothschild_cai_dekkers_stahl_2010, title={A calcitonin receptor (CALCR) single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with growth performance and bone integrity in response to dietary phosphorus deficiency}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2008-1730}, abstractNote={Although concerns over the environmental impact of excess P in the excreta from pig production and governmental regulations have driven research toward reducing dietary supplementation of P to swine diets for over a decade, recent dramatic increases in feed costs have further motivated researchers to identify means to further reduce dietary P supplementation. We have demonstrated that genetic background impacts P utilization in young pigs and have identified genetic polymorphisms in several target genes related to mineral utilization. In this study, we examined the impact of a SNP in the calcitonin receptor gene (CALCR) on P utilization in growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 gilts representing the 3 genotypes identified by this CALCR SNP (11, 12, and 22) were fed a P-adequate (PA) or a marginally P-deficient (approximately 20% less available P; PD) diet for 14 wk. As expected, P deficiency reduced plasma P concentration, bone strength, and mineral content (P < 0.05). However, the dietary P deficiency was mild enough to not affect the growth performance of these pigs. A genotype x dietary P interaction (P < 0.05) was observed in measures of bone integrity and mineral content, with the greatest reduction in bone strength and mineral content due to dietary P deficiency being associated with the allele 1. In Exp. 2, 168 pigs from a control line and low residual feed intake (RFI) line were genotyped for the CALCR SNP and fed a PA diet. As expected, pigs from the low RFI line consumed less feed but also gained less BW when compared with the control line (P < 0.05). Although ADFI did not differ between genotypes, pigs having the 11 genotype gained less BW (P < 0.05) than pigs having the 12 or 22 genotypes. Pigs of the 11 and 12 genotypes had bones that tolerated greater load when compared with animals having the 22 genotype (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed in bone modulus and ash % (P < 0.10). These data are supportive of the association of this CALCR SNP with bone integrity and its response to dietary P restriction. Although the allele 1 is associated with greater bone integrity and mineral content during adequate P nutrition, it is also associated with the greatest loss in bone integrity and mineral content in response to dietary P restriction. Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that regulate P utilization may lead to novel strategies to produce more environmentally friendly pigs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Alexander, L. S. and Qu, A. and Cutler, S. A. and Mahajan, A. and Rothschild, M. F. and Cai, W. and Dekkers, J. C. and Stahl, C. H.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={1009–1016} }
 @article{alexander_mahajan_odle_flann_rhoads_stahl_2010, title={Dietary Phosphate Restriction Decreases Stem Cell Proliferation and Subsequent Growth Potential in Neonatal Pigs}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77249140527&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3945/jn.109.117390}, abstractNote={Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and satellite cells are essential for postnatal muscle and bone development and phosphate (PO(4)) restriction reduces both muscle and skeletal tissue growth, no research to our knowledge has investigated the possible mechanism by which this mineral may affect early cell programming. Twenty piglets obtained at 1 d of age (1.8 +/- 0.3 kg) received either a PO(4)-adequate diet or a 25% less PO(4)-available diet over a 15-d trial. Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and blood samples collected every 5 d. After 15 d, pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine 4 h prior to tissue collection. As expected, PO(4) deficiency resulted in reduced growth (P < 0.05), feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.05), and bone mineral content (P < 0.05), as well as lower plasma concentrations of both PO(4) (P < 0.01) and parathyroid hormone (P < 0.05). In addition to these classical indicators of PO(4) deficiency, there was also reduced proliferation of both MSC (P < 0.01) and satellite cells (P < 0.05) in vivo. The expression of osteocalcin mRNA in bone marrow was also 2-fold greater (P < 0.01) within the PO(4)-adequate treatment group. These data indicate that in addition to reductions in muscle and bone growth, dietary PO(4) affects proliferation of tissue-specific stem cells in vivo. Nutritional programming of tissue-specific stem cells by dietary PO(4) may have profound implications for life-long growth potential.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Alexander, Lindsey S. and Mahajan, Avanika and Odle, Jack and Flann, Kyle L. and Rhoads, Robert P. and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={477–482} }
 @article{callaway_edrington_brabban_kutter_karriker_stahl_wagstrom_anderson_genovese_mcreynolds_et al._2010, title={Occurrence of Salmonella-Specific Bacteriophages in Swine Feces Collected from Commercial Farms}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2009.0512}, abstractNote={Salmonella is one of the leading causes of human foodborne illness and is associated with swine production. Bacteriophages are naturally occurring viruses that prey on bacteria and have been suggested as a potential intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella levels in food animals on the farm and in the lairage period. If phages are to be used to improve food safety, then we must understand the incidence and natural ecology of both phages and their hosts in the intestinal environment. This study investigates the incidence of phages that are active against Salmonella spp. in the feces of commercial finishing swine. Fecal samples (n = 60) were collected from each of 10 commercial swine finishing operations. Samples were collected from 10 randomly selected pens throughout each operation; a total of 600 fecal samples were collected. Salmonella spp. were found in 7.3% (44/600) of the fecal samples. Bacteriophages were isolated from fecal samples through two parallel methods: (1) initial enrichment in Salmonella Typhimurium; (2) initial enrichment in Escherichia coli B (an indicator strain), followed by direct spot testing against Salmonella Typhimurium. Bacteriophages active against Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from 1% (6/600) of the individual fecal samples when initially enriched in Salmonella Typhimurium, but E. coli B-killing phages were isolated from 48.3% (290/600) of the fecal samples and only two of these phages infected Salmonella Typhimurium on secondary plating. Collectively, our results indicate that bacteriophages are widespread in commercial swine, but those capable of killing Salmonella Typhimurium may be present at relatively low population levels. These results indicate that phages (predator) populations may vary along with Salmonella (prey) populations; and that phages could potentially be used as a food safety pathogen reduction strategy in swine.}, number={7}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Callaway, Todd R. and Edrington, Tom S. and Brabban, Andrew and Kutter, Elizabeth and Karriker, Locke and Stahl, Chad and Wagstrom, Elizabeth and Anderson, Robin C. and Genovese, Ken and McReynolds, Jack and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={851–856} }
 @article{inskeep_stahl_odle_oakes_hudson_bost_piller_2010, title={Oral Vaccine Formulations Stimulate Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses against Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in a Piglet Model}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1556-679X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955288601&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1128/cvi.00078-10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Despite the potential for its use as an agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism, no approved vaccine against staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) exists. Nontoxic, mutant forms of SEB have been developed; however, it has been difficult to determine the efficacy of such subunit vaccine candidates due to the lack of superantigen activity of native SEB in rodents and due to the limitations of primate models. Since pigs respond to SEB in a manner similar to that of human subjects, we utilized this relevant animal model to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of a triple mutant of SEB carrying the amino acid changes L45R, Y89A, and Y94A. This recombinant mutant SEB (rmSEB) did not possess superantigen activity in pig lymphocyte cultures. Furthermore, rmSEB was unable to compete with native SEB for binding to pig leukocytes. These in vitro studies suggested that rmSEB could be a safe subunit vaccine. To test this possibility, piglets immunized orally with rmSEB formulations experienced no significant decrease in food consumption and no weight loss during the vaccination regimen. Oral vaccination with 1-mg doses of rmSEB on days 0, 7, 14, and 24 resulted in serum IgG and fecal IgA levels by day 36 that cross-reacted with native SEB. Surprisingly, the inclusion of cholera toxin adjuvant in vaccine formulations containing rmSEB did not result in increased antibody responses compared to formulations using the immunogen alone. Taken together, these studies provide additional evidence for the potential use of nontoxic forms of SEB as vaccines.}, number={8}, journal={CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Inskeep, Tiffany K. and Stahl, Chad and Odle, Jack and Oakes, Judy and Hudson, Laura and Bost, Kenneth L. and Piller, Kenneth J.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1163–1169} }
 @article{mahajan_stahl_2009, title={Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol stimulates adipocytic differentiation of porcine mesenchymal stem cells}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1873-4847"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.010}, abstractNote={Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) based on species and culture conditions. We have examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the differentiation of porcine MSC under culture conditions designed to promote proliferation in order to attempt to mimic the conditions in young, rapidly growing animals. The MSC were isolated from bone marrow of a young pig and grown in basal media (BM) containing DMEM+10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Cells received either BM, BM+10−8 M 1,25(OH)2D3 or BM+10−7 M 1,25(OH)2D3 with complete media changes every 3 days for a total of 12 days of culture. On days 3, 6, 9 and 12, viable cell numbers were determined, and samples were collected for gene expression analysis and cytochemical staining. There was a treatment-based reduction in cell numbers on 6, 9 and 12 days (P<.05). The concentrations of mRNAs encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, and adipocyte-binding protein 2 were increased (P<.05) in a manner indicative of adipocytic differentiation by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. However, the mRNA levels of osteocalcin, a late stage marker of osteoblastic differentiation, was also increased (P<.05) by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. An increased percentage of lipid filling, based on Oil Red O staining, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, was also seen with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates the differentiation of porcine MSC towards an adipocytic phenotype.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Mahajan, Avanika and Stahl, Chad H.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={512–520} }
 @article{stahl_lei_larson_2008, title={Introduction to the symposium: Appropriate animal models for nutritional research in health and disease}, volume={138}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/138.2.389}, abstractNote={Historically, many nutritional scientists studied basic animal nutrition; however, as nutritional science has evolved and become more specialized, fewer nutritional scientists are trained in basic animal nutrition. Today an important area of animal nutrition is the development of models to examine the nutritional effects in human health and disease. Despite this increasing area of focus, there is a lack of interface between animal scientists and human nutritionists, who would benefit from working together. Although the purposes may differ, fundamental nutritional research in agriculturally relevant species provides valuable information for both animal agriculture and human health. By realizing this mutual benefit and using it as a rallying point for research collaborations, animal scientists and human nutritionists could make far greater progress in nutritional science. This symposium was an opportunity for both animal and human nutrition researchers to meet and discuss and redefine strategies relating to the use of experimental animal nutrition knowledge. This symposium was intended to provide both conceptual and technical guidance to help expand the interactions between animal and human nutritionists. To accomplish these goals the following were emphasized in this symposium:}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Stahl, Chad H. and Lei, Xingen and Larson, Brian}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={389–390} }
 @article{mcclung_andersen_tarr_stahl_young_2008, title={Physical activity prevents augmented body fat accretion in moderately iron-deficient rats}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/138.7.1293}, abstractNote={Recent studies describe an association between poor iron status and obesity in humans, although the mechanism explaining this relationship is unclear. The present study aimed to determine the effect of moderate iron deficiency and physical activity (PA) on body composition in an animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed iron-adequate (IA; 40 mg/kg) or moderately iron-deficient (ID; 9 mg/kg) diets ad libitum for 12 wk. Rats were assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 10 per group): IA, sedentary (IAS); IA, PA (IAPA); ID, sedentary (IDS); or ID, PA (IDPA). Activity involved running on motorized running wheels at 4 m/min for 1 h/d for 5 d/wk. After 12 wk, ID rats were not anemic, but body iron stores were reduced as indicated by diminished (P < 0.05) femur iron compared with IA rats. Treatment group did not affect body weight or feed consumption. However, fat mass was greater (P < 0.05) in IDS rats (38.6 +/- 6.7%) than IAS (31.8 +/- 2.9%), IAPA (31.8 +/- 2.0%), and IDPA (32.8 +/- 4.5%) rats. Furthermore, lean body mass was diminished in IDS rats (58.7 +/- 6.8%) compared with IAS (65.6 +/- 3.0%), IAPA (65.6 +/- 2.1%), and IDPA (64.7 +/- 4.5%) rats. Thus, moderate iron deficiency may cause increased body fat accretion in rats and PA attenuates that effect.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={McClung, James P. and Andersen, Nancy E. and Tarr, Tyson N. and Stahl, Chad H. and Young, Andrew J.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={1293–1297} }
 @article{alexander_qu_cutler_mahajan_lonergan_rothschild_weber_kerr_stahl_2008, title={Response to dietary phosphorus deficiency is affected by genetic background in growing pigs}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2007-0692}, abstractNote={Concern over the environmental effect of P excretion from pig production has led to reduced dietary P supplementation. To examine how genetics influence P utilization, 94 gilts sired by 2 genetic lines (PIC337 and PIC280) were housed individually and fed either a P-adequate diet (PA) or a 20% P-deficient diet (PD) for 14 wk. Initially and monthly, blood samples were collected and BW recorded after an overnight fast. Growth performance and plasma indicators of P status were determined monthly. At the end of the trial, carcass traits, meat quality, bone strength, and ash percentage were determined. Pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma P concentrations and poorer G:F (P < 0.05) over the length of the trial. After 4 wk on trial, pigs fed the PD diet had increased (P < 0.05) plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma parathyroid hormone compared with those fed the PA diet. At the end of the trial, pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P < 0.05) BW, HCW, and percentage fat-free lean and tended to have decreased LM area (P = 0.06) and marbling (P = 0.09) and greater (P = 0.12) 10th-rib backfat than pigs fed the PA diet. Additionally, animals fed the PD diet had weaker bones and also decreased (P < 0.05) ash percentage and increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of 1alpha-hydroxylase and parathyroid hormone receptor mRNA in kidney tissue. Regardless of dietary treatment, PIC337-sired pigs consumed more feed and gained more BW than their PIC280-sired counterparts (P < 0.05) during the study. The PIC337-sired pigs also had greater (P < 0.05) HCW, larger (P < 0.01) LM area, and tended to have (P = 0.07) greater dressing percentage. Meat from the PIC337-sired pigs also tended to have greater (P = 0.12) concentrations of lactate but decreased (P = 0.07) concentrations of total glucose units 24 h postslaughter. Although plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in all the animals fed the PD diet, this elevation due to P deficiency tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in the PIC337-sired pigs after 12 wk on the treatment. The PIC337-sired pigs had stronger (P < 0.01) bones with greater ash percentage than the PIC280-sired pigs. The difference in the strength of the radii between the PIC337-sired pigs fed the PA and PD diets was greater than their PIC280-sired counterparts, which resulted in sire line x treatment interactions (P < 0.05). These data indicate differing mechanisms of P utilization between these genetic lines. Elucidating these mechanisms may lead to strategies to increase efficiency of growth in a more environmentally friendly manner.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Alexander, L. S. and Qu, A. and Cutler, S. A. and Mahajan, A. and Lonergan, S. M. and Rothschild, M. F. and Weber, T. E. and Kerr, B. J. and Stahl, C. H.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={2585–2595} }
 @article{cutler_lonergan_cornick_johnson_stahl_2007, title={Dietary inclusion of colicin E1 is effective in preventing postweaning diarrhea caused by F18-positive Escherichia coli in pigs}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1098-6596"]}, DOI={10.1128/AAC.00360-07}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT With worldwide concern over the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and their contribution to the spread of antibiotic resistance, alternatives to conventional antibiotics are needed. Previous research in our laboratories has shown that colicin E1 is effective against some Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea (PWD) in vitro. In this study we examined the efficacy of the dietary inclusion of colicin E1 in preventing experimentally induced PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli in young pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (23 days of age), identified by genotyping to be susceptible to F18-positive E. coli infections, were individually housed and fed diets containing 0, 11, or 16.5 mg colicin E1/kg diet. Two days after the start of the trial, all animals were orally inoculated with 1 × 109 CFU of each of two F18-positive E. coli strains isolated from pigs with PWD. The dietary inclusion of colicin E1 decreased the incidence and severity of PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli and improved the growth performance of the piglets. Additionally, the reduced incidence of PWD due to dietary colicin E1, lowered the levels of expression of the genes for interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor beta in ileal tissues from these animals. The dietary inclusion of colicin E1 may be an effective alternative to conventional antibiotics in the diets of weaning pigs for the prevention of PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli.}, number={11}, journal={ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY}, author={Cutler, S. A. and Lonergan, S. M. and Cornick, N. and Johnson, A. K. and Stahl, C. H.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={3830–3835} }