@article{schachar_bocage_nelson_early_mariani_olby_munana_2024, title={Clinical and imaging findings in dogs with nerve root signature associated with cervical intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16982}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16982}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundIntervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is the most common spinal cord disease in dogs. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of nerve root signature (NRS) associated with cervical IVDH.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo detail the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with NRS associated with cervical IVDH.AnimalsForty‐seven client‐owned dogs presenting with thoracic limb NRS and MRI confirmed IVDH.MethodsMedical records from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that met inclusion criteria. Imaging studies were evaluated by 2 individuals to characterize location and severity of neural tissue compression.ResultsChondrodystrophoid dogs comprised the majority of the study cohort, with dachshund the most common breed (n = 10). Three‐quarters of dogs were ≥7 years of age. Interobserver agreement was moderate or good for all of the imaging variables evaluated. The C6‐C7 intervertebral disc space was significantly overrepresented (P = .01), comprising 32% (15/47) of the affected discs. However, 42% (20/47) of cases involved C2‐C3 though C4‐C5 disc sites. Disc material was more frequently located laterally compared to medially within the vertebral canal (P = .0005), and to be associated with compression of the nerve root at the level of the intervertebral foramen (P = .012).Conclusion/Clinical ImportanceNRS is most commonly associated with lateralized or foraminal cervical disc herniations. It is most prevalent with C6‐C7 intervertebral disc involvement, suggesting that there might be unique anatomic factors that contribute to development of NRS at this site, but can be a clinical manifestation of IVDH occurring anywhere along the cervical spine.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Schachar, Jordan and Bocage, Alan and Nelson, Nathan C. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{sabol_mariani_2024, title={Implantation Corridors in Canine Thoracic Vertebrae: A Morphometric Study in Dogs of Varying Sizes}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2567-6911"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1778683}, DOI={10.1055/s-0043-1778683}, abstractNote={Abstract
          Objective Surgical stabilization to treat fractures, luxations, and congenital malformations in the thoracic spine can be difficult due to its unique anatomy and surrounding structures. Our objective was to document the morphometrics of the thoracic vertebrae relating to an ideal trajectory for dorsolateral implant placement in a variety of dog sizes and to assess proximity to important adjacent critical anatomical structures using computed tomography (CT) studies.
          Study Design Medical records for 30 dogs with thoracic CT were evaluated. Implantation corridor parameters for thoracic vertebrae (T1–T13) were measured, including the length, width, angle from midline, and allowable deviation angle for corridors simulated using an ideal implant trajectory. The distances from each vertebra to the trachea, lungs, aorta, subclavian artery, and azygos vein were also measured.
          Results Implantation corridor widths were often very narrow, particularly in the mid-thoracic region, and allowable deviation angles were frequently small. Distances to critical anatomical structures were often less than 1 mm, even in larger dogs.
          Conclusion Thoracic implantation requires substantial precision to avoid breaching the canal, ineffective implant placement, and potential life-threatening complications resulting from invasion of surrounding anatomical structures.}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Sabol, Julianna C. and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{tauro_macri_gaudette_mariani_brenseke_2024, title={Obstructive Hydrocephalus and Cardiomyopathy Secondary to Disseminated Protothecosis in a Boxer Dog}, url={https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1402828}, DOI={10.1155/2024/1402828}, abstractNote={Canine protothecosis is a rare disease caused by saprophytic unicellular achlorophyllous aerobic algae that are ubiquitous in the environment. We report a novel case of neurological and cardiological manifestations associated with disseminated protothecosis. An adult spayed female Boxer dog was presented with a 1-week history of anorexia, progressive central vestibular signs, and a Grade III/VI systolic heart murmur. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed obstructive hydrocephalus at the level of the mesencephalic aqueduct, while echocardiography and elevated troponin levels suggested an infiltrative cardiomyopathy. No obvious cause was identified. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection was not performed due to associated procedural risks. Despite receiving symptomatic treatment and maintaining stability for 3 weeks, the dog eventually suffered cardiorespiratory arrest. Postmortem examination revealed disseminated protothecosis, predominantly affecting the heart and brain. We recommend that in cases where the cause of obstructive hydrocephalus is unclear, especially when CSF collection is not feasible, a comprehensive diagnostic method should be implemented. This includes meticulous investigations to identify infected tissues, followed by sampling and performing cytology/histology and culture tests to confirm the presence of the algal organism. Early diagnosis may allow early treatment, although long-term prognosis remains largely unfavorable due to the absence of effective treatments.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Tauro, Anna and Macri, John and Gaudette, Chris and Mariani, Christopher L. and Brenseke, Bonnie}, editor={pez, Luciano Espino LEditor}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{colon_early_munana_olby_mariani_mancini_fefer_li_briley_bailey_et al._2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ketamine administration via the Omnipod® system in dogs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13440}, abstractNote={AbstractKetamine is an injectable anesthetic agent with analgesic and antidepressant effects that can prevent maladaptive pain. Ketamine is metabolized by the liver into norketamine, an active metabolite. Prior rodent studies have suggested that norketamine is thought to contribute up to 30% of ketamine's analgesic effect. Ketamine is usually administered as an intravenous (IV) bolus injection or continuous rate infusion (CRI) but can be administered subcutaneously (SC) and intramuscularly (IM). The Omnipod® is a wireless, subcutaneous insulin delivery device that adheres to the skin and delivers insulin as an SC CRI. The Omnipod® was used in dogs for postoperative administration of ketamine as a 1 mg/kg infusion bolus (IB) over 1 hour (h). Pharmacokinetics (PK) showed plasma ketamine concentrations between 42 and 326.1 ng/mL. The median peak plasma concentration was 79.5 (41.9–326.1) ng/mL with a Tmax of 60 (30–75) min. After the same infusion bolus, the corresponding norketamine PK showed plasma drug concentrations between 22.0 and 64.8 ng/mL. The median peak plasma concentration was 43.0 (26.1–71.8) ng/mL with a median Tmax of 75 min. The median peak ketamine plasma concentration exceeded 100 ng/mL in dogs for less than 1 h post infusion. The Omnipod® system successfully delivered subcutaneous ketamine to dogs in the postoperatively.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Colon, Claudia and Early, Peter and Munana, Karen and Olby, Natasha and Mariani, Christopher and Mancini, Shelby and Fefer, Gilad and Li, Zhong and Briley, Jessica and Bailey, Kate and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{srinivasan_liu_odion_chongsathidkiet_wachsmuth_haskell-mendoza_edwards_canning_willoughby_hinton_et al._2023, title={Gold Nanostars Obviate Limitations to Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) for the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1557-3265"]}, DOI={10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-1871NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0International(CC}, number={16}, journal={CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH}, author={Srinivasan, Ethan S. and Liu, Yang and Odion, Ren A. and Chongsathidkiet, Pakawat and Wachsmuth, Lucas P. and Haskell-Mendoza, Aden P. and Edwards, Ryan M. and Canning, Aidan J. and Willoughby, Gavin and Hinton, Joseph and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={3214–3224} }
 @article{bray_platt_kent_olby_early_mariani_munana_holmes_2023, title={Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of atlanto-axial subluxation in 42 dogs: Analysis of joint cavity size, subluxation distance, and craniocervical junction anomalies}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2218-6050"]}, DOI={10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.4}, abstractNote={Background: 
Atlanto-axial (AA) subluxation can be a complex syndrome in dogs. Accurate identification and assessment of this condition is key to providing treatment and resolution.  
Aim: 
The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of AA subluxation and associated neurologic deficits. 
Methods: 
A multicenter review of dogs with a diagnosis of AA subluxation was conducted, evaluating signalment, neurologic grade, duration of signs, and MRI characteristics. MRI characteristics included degree of spinal cord compression and joint subluxation, integrity of odontoid ligaments, presence of a dens, spinal cord signal intensity, and presence of syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. A control population with normal AA joints was also evaluated. MR images of 42 dogs with AA subluxation were compared to 26 age and breed-matched control dogs. 
Results: 
Affected dogs had a median age of 27 months and median weight of 2.7 kg, and the most commonly affected breed was Yorkshire terrier (47.5%). Spinal cord signal hyperintensity, increased AA joint size, and cross-sectional cord compression at the level of the dens and mid-body C2 were associated with AA subluxation. No associations were found between cord compression, appearance of the dens, or cord signal intensity and neurologic grade. Affected dogs did not have a higher incidence of Chiari-like malformation, syringohydromyelia, or hydrocephalus than control dogs, and their neurologic grade was not associated with MRI findings. Lack of a dens and/or odontoid ligaments was associated with larger subluxations. 
Conclusion: 
Dogs with clinical signs of AA subluxation were significantly more likely to have intramedullary hyperintensity at the level of compression (p=0.0004), an increased AA joint cavity size (p=0.0005), and increased spinal cord compression at the level of dens and mid-body C2 (p=<0.05). The authors suggest an AA joint cavity size >1.4mm and a subluxation distance >2.5mm as cutoffs for MRI diagnosis of AA subluxation in dogs. No differences were noted between dogs with AA subluxation and control dogs regarding syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation.}, number={9}, journal={OPEN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Platt, Simon R. and Kent, Marc and Olby, Natasha J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Holmes, Shannon P.}, year={2023}, pages={1091–1098} }
 @article{woelfel_mariani_nolan_keenihan_topulos_early_munana_musulin_olby_2023, title={Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16703}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16703}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundPituitary apoplexy refers to hemorrhage or infarction within the pituitary gland resulting in acute neurological abnormalities. This condition is poorly described in dogs.ObjectivesTo document presenting complaints, examination findings, endocrinopathies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), treatments, and outcomes of dogs with pituitary apoplexy.AnimalsTwenty‐six client‐owned dogs with acute onset of neurological dysfunction.MethodsRetrospective case series. Dogs were diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy if MRI or histopathology documented an intrasellar or suprasellar mass with evidence of hemorrhage or infarction in conjunction with acute neurological dysfunction. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and imaging reports.ResultsCommon presenting complaints included altered mentation (16/26, 62%) and gastrointestinal dysfunction (14/26, 54%). Gait or posture changes (22/26, 85%), mentation changes (18/26, 69%), cranial neuropathies (17/26, 65%), cervical or head hyperpathia (12/26, 46%), and hyperthermia (8/26, 31%) were the most frequent exam findings. Ten dogs (38%) lacked evidence of an endocrinopathy before presentation. Common MRI findings included T1‐weighted hypo‐ to isointensity of the hemorrhagic lesion (21/25, 84%), peripheral enhancement of the pituitary mass lesion (15/25, 60%), brain herniation (14/25, 56%), and obstructive hydrocephalus (13/25, 52%). Fifteen dogs (58%) survived to hospital discharge. Seven of these dogs received medical management alone (median survival 143 days; range, 7‐641 days) and 8 received medications and radiation therapy (median survival 973 days; range, 41‐1719 days).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with pituitary apoplexy present with a variety of acute signs of neurological disease and inconsistent endocrine dysfunction. Dogs that survive to discharge can have a favorable outcome.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Nolan, Michael W. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Topulos, Sophia P. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Musulin, Sarah E. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{krane_shockley_malarkey_miller_miller_tokarz_jensen_janardhan_breen_mariani_2022, title={Inter-pathologist agreement on diagnosis, classification and grading of canine glioma}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12853}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12853}, abstractNote={AbstractHistopathological evaluation of tumours is a subjective process, but studies of inter‐pathologist agreement are uncommon in veterinary medicine. The Comparative Brain Tumour Consortium (CBTC) recently published diagnostic criteria for canine gliomas. Our objective was to assess the degree of inter‐pathologist agreement on intracranial canine gliomas, utilising the CBTC diagnostic criteria in a cohort of eighty‐five samples from dogs with an archival diagnosis of intracranial glioma. Five pathologists independently reviewed H&E and immunohistochemistry sections and provided a diagnosis and grade. Percentage agreement and kappa statistics were calculated to measure inter‐pathologist agreement between pairs and amongst the entire group. A consensus diagnosis of glioma subtype and grade was achieved for 71/85 (84%) cases. For these cases, percentage agreement on combined diagnosis (subtype and grade), subtype only and grade only were 66%, 80% and 82%, respectively. Kappa statistics for the same were 0.466, 0.542 and 0.516, respectively. Kappa statistics for oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma and undefined glioma were 0.585, 0.566 and 0.280 and were 0.516 for both low‐grade and high‐grade tumours. Kappa statistics amongst pairs of pathologists for combined diagnosis varied from 0.352 to 0.839. 8 % of archival oligodendrogliomas and 61% of archival astrocytomas were reclassified as another entity after review. Inter‐pathologist agreement utilising CBTC guidelines for canine glioma was moderate overall but varied from fair to almost perfect between pairs of pathologists. Agreement was similar for oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas but lower for undefined gliomas. These results are similar to pathologist agreement in human glioma studies and with other tumour entities in veterinary medicine.}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Krane, Gregory A. and Shockley, Keith R. and Malarkey, David E. and Miller, Andrew D. and Miller, C. Ryan and Tokarz, Debra A. and Jensen, Heather L. and Janardhan, Kyathanahalli S. and Breen, Matthew and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mancini_early_slater_olby_mariani_munana_woelfel_schacher_zhong_messenger_2022, title={Novel subcutaneous cytarabine infusion with the Omnipod system in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0046}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility and pharmacokinetics of cytarabine delivery as a subcutaneous continuous-rate infusion with the Omnipod system.


ANIMALS
6 client-owned dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology were enrolled through the North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital.


PROCEDURES
Cytarabine was delivered at a rate of 50 mg/m2/hour as an SC continuous-rate infusion over 8 hours using the Omnipod system. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 hours after initiation of the infusion. Plasma cytarabine concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A nonlinear mixed-effects approach generated population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates.


RESULTS
The mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 7,510 ng/mL (range, 5,040 to 9,690 ng/mL; SD, 1,912.41 ng/mL), average time to Cmax was 7 hours (range, 4 to 8 hours; SD, 1.67 hours), terminal half-life was 1.13 hours (SD, 0.29 hour), and the mean area under the curve was 52,996.82 hours X μg/mL (range, 35,963.67 to 71,848.37 hours X μg/mL; SD, 12,960.90 hours X μg/mL). Cmax concentrations for all dogs were more than 1,000 ng/mL (1.0 μg/mL) at the 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-hour time points.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
An SC continuous-rate infusion of cytarabine via the Omnipod system is feasible in dogs and was able to achieve a steady-state concentration of more than 1 μg/mL 4 to 10 hours postinitiation of cytarabine and a Cmax of 7,510 ng/mL (range, 5,040 to 9,690 ng/mL; SD, 1,912.41 ng/mL). These are comparable to values reported previously with IV continuous-rate infusion administration in healthy research Beagles and dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology.
}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mancini, Shelby L. and Early, Peter J. and Slater, Bailey M. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Woelfel, Christian W. and Schacher, Jordan A. and Zhong, Li and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mai_burke_reetz_hecht_paek_church_werre_mariani_griffin_glass_2021, title={High-field MRI using standard pulse sequences has moderate to substantial interobserver agreement and good accuracy for differentiation between intracranial extra-axial histiocytic sarcoma and meningioma in dogs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13038}, abstractNote={AbstractIntracranial extra‐axial histiocytic sarcoma shares common MRI features with meningioma. As histiocytic sarcoma carries a generally worse prognosis than meningioma, the ability to differentiate between these two neoplasms is of clinical value. The aim of this retrospective diagnostic accuracy and observer agreement study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of high‐field MRI to differentiate between these two tumors, using standard pulse sequences and published MRI features. A total of 51 dogs were included (26 meningiomas and 25 histiocytic sarcomas). Magnetic resonance imaging examinations were independently assessed by three experienced board‐certified radiologists, evaluating 18 imaging features. They were asked to assign each case to one of three categories (meningioma, histiocytic sarcoma, and undetermined). Agreement for the MRI diagnosis across all three reviewers was moderate (κ 0.54) while paired interobserver agreement ranged from moderate to substantial (κ 0.58‐0.74) with percent agreement ranging between 86.1% and 87.7%. Overall, the probability of correctly diagnosing meningioma in a dog with this tumor ranged between 79.2% and 94.4%, and the probability of correctly diagnosing histiocytic sarcoma in a dog with this tumor ranged between 76.0% and 92.3%. The overall probability to diagnose the correct tumor, irrespective of type, ranged between 79.2% and 89.7%. Histiocytic sarcomas tended to have more extensive edema and more often had combined perilesional and distant meningeal enhancement affecting both pachy‐ and leptomeninges, while for meningiomas, meningeal enhancement tended to more commonly be perilesional and pachymeningeal. Imaging features that seemed more useful to make a correct diagnosis included “location/type of meningeal enhancement,” “osseous changes in the adjacent neurocranium,” “cystic changes,” and “herniation severity.”}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Mai, Wilfried and Burke, Emily E. and Reetz, Jennifer A. and Hecht, Silke and Paek, Matthew and Church, Molly E. and Werre, Stephen R. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Griffin, John F. and Glass, Eric N.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{krane_carly a. o'dea_malarkey_miller_miller_tokarz_jensen_janardhan_shockley_flagler_et al._2021, title={Immunohistochemical evaluation of immune cell infiltration in canine gliomas}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/03009858211023946}, abstractNote={Evasion of the immune response is an integral part of the pathogenesis of glioma. In humans, important mechanisms of immune evasion include recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and polarization of macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. Canine glioma has a robust immune cell infiltrate that has not been extensively characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of immune cells infiltrating spontaneous intracranial canine gliomas. Seventy-three formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples were evaluated using immunohistochemistry for CD3, forkhead box 3 (FOXP3), CD20, Iba1, calprotectin (Mac387), CD163, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Immune cell infiltration was present in all tumors. Low-grade and high-grade gliomas significantly differed in the numbers of FoxP3+ cells, Mac387+ cells, and CD163+ cells ( P = .006, .01, and .01, respectively). Considering all tumors, there was a significant increase in tumor area fraction of CD163 compared to Mac387 ( P < .0001), and this ratio was greater in high-grade tumors than in low-grade tumors ( P = .005). These data warrant further exploration into the roles of macrophage repolarization or Treg interference therapy in canine glioma.}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Krane, Gregory A. and Carly A. O'Dea and Malarkey, David E. and Miller, Andrew D. and Miller, C. Ryan and Tokarz, Debra A. and Jensen, Heather L. and Janardhan, Kyathanahalli S. and Shockley, Keith R. and Flagler, Norris and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{woelfel_robertson_mariani_munana_early_olby_2021, title={Outcomes and prognostic indicators in 59 paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage secondary to thoracolumbar disc extrusion}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13592}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes and prognostic factors after decompressive hemilaminectomy in paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage (DEEH) and thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE).Study designRetrospective, cohort, descriptive study.AnimalsFifty‐nine client‐owned dogs.MethodsMedical records and advanced imaging were reviewed for paraplegic dogs with DEEH. Ambulatory status 6 months after surgery and postoperative complications were recorded. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to explore prognostic factors.ResultsRecords of 22 dogs with and 37 dogs without pelvic limb pain perception at presentation were included. Median age of dogs was 5 years (interquartile range, 4‐7), and mean weight was 26.9 kg (SD, ±9.71). Labradors and Labrador mixes were most common (17/59 [28.8%]). Recovery of ambulation occurred in 17 of 22 (77.3%) dogs with and in 14 of 37 (37.8%) dogs without pain perception prior to surgery. Progressive myelomalacia was recorded in three of 59 (5.1%) dogs, one with pain perception and two without pain perception at presentation. Postoperative complications (14/59 [23.7%]) were common. Factors independently associated with outcome included clinical severity (odds ratio [OR] 0.179, P = .005), number of vertebrae with signal interruption in half Fourier single‐shot turbo spin‐echo sequences (HASTEi; OR, 0.738; P = .035), and ratio of vertebral sites decompressed to HASTEi (OR, 53.79; P = .03).ConclusionParaplegic medium to large breed dogs with DEEH have a less favorable outcome after surgical decompression than paraplegic dogs with TL‐IVDE.Clinical significanceDogs with DEEH can have severe postoperative complications. Loss of pain perception and increased HASTEi are associated with a poor outcome, while more extensive decompression improves outcome.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Robertson, James B. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={527–536} }
 @article{woelfel_bray_early_mariani_olby_2021, title={Subaxial cervical articular process subluxation and dislocation: Cervical locked facet injuries in dogs}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13746}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo describe neurologic signs, diagnostic imaging findings, potential treatments, and outcomes in dogs with subaxial cervical articular process subluxation and dislocation, or a “locked facet.”Study designRetrospective case series.AnimalsTen client‐owned dogs.MethodsDogs with a diagnosis of cervical locked facets were identified through medical records and imaging reports searches. Data on presenting signs, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome were recorded.ResultsAll cases were small or toy‐breed dogs with preceding trauma. Four dogs were tetraplegic with intact pain perception, five were nonambulatory tetraparetic, and one was ambulatory tetraparetic, with half of the tetraparetic dogs having worse motor function in the thoracic limbs. The only sites affected were C5/6 (n = 6) and C6/7 (n = 4). All dogs had unilateral dorsal displacement of the cranial articular process of the caudal vertebra relative to the caudal articular process of the cranial vertebra at the luxation site. Five dogs were treated surgically, three by external coaptation, one by restriction, and one was euthanized the day after diagnosis. All dogs with outcome data (n = 8) became ambulatory. Nonambulatory dogs returned to ambulation in a median of 4 weeks (IQR 1‐12; range 1‐28).ConclusionIn these dogs, locked facet injuries affected the caudal cervical vertebrae in small breeds and could be identified on imaging through the presence of dorsal displacement of a cranial articular process. Our small cohort had a functional recovery regardless of treatment.Clinical signiicanceLocked facet injuries should be a differential for small or toy‐breed dogs with a cervical myelopathy secondary to trauma.}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Bray, Katherine Y. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mariani_roe_2021, title={Use of Top Hat Audience Response Software in a Third-Year Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Course}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.1117-171r}, abstractNote={ Audience response devices are useful tools that can improve student engagement and learning during instructional sessions. The purpose of this article is to describe our experience with a new cloud-based application known as Top Hat, which includes audience response tools in its application suite. The software was used in a multi-specialty, multi-instructor medicine and surgery course in the third year of a veterinary curriculum. In addition to standard multiple-choice and short-answer questions, Top Hat has several unique question types and methods of displaying the responses given. These include displaying free-text responses in a word cloud format and a “click-on-target” question type that allows students to indicate their response by clicking on a location within an image. Responses for this latter question type are displayed in a heat map format. A discussion tool is also available, which allows students to respond, read other students’ responses in real time, and then reply again if warranted. This feature also supports drawing-based responses. The variety of question types was very useful in keeping students engaged during teaching sessions, giving this application several advantages over systems that are limited to multiple-choice questions only. In addition, the application allowed rapid identification of areas of student knowledge and misunderstandings, which facilitated the direction of further discussion and clarification of important learning issues. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={27–32} }
 @article{mariani_niman_boozer_ruterbories_early_munana_olby_2021, title={Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with neoplastic or inflammatory central nervous system disorders}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16181}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16181}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key molecular driver of angiogenesis and vascular permeability and is expressed by a wide variety of neoplasms. Although blood VEGF concentrations have been quantified in intracranial tumors of dogs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VEGF concentration might be a more sensitive biomarker of disease.ObjectiveConcentrations of VEGF in CSF are higher in dogs with central nervous system (CNS) neoplasia compared to those with meningoencephalomyelitis and other neurologic disorders.AnimalsOne hundred and twenty‐six client‐owned dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital.MethodsCase‐control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was archived from dogs diagnosed with CNS neoplasia and meningoencephalomyelitis. Control dogs had other neurological disorders or diseases outside of the CNS. A commercially available kit was used to determine VEGF concentrations.ResultsDetectable CSF VEGF concentrations were present in 49/63 (77.8%) neoplastic samples, 22/24 (91.7%) inflammatory samples, and 8/39 (20.5%) control samples. The VEGF concentrations were significantly different between groups (P < .0001), and multiple comparison testing showed that both neoplastic and inflammatory groups had significantly higher concentrations than did controls (P < .05), but did not differ from each other. Gliomas and choroid plexus tumors had significantly higher VEGF concentrations than did the control group (P < .05).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCerebrospinal fluid VEGF concentrations may serve as a marker of neoplastic and inflammatory CNS disorders relative to other conditions.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Niman, Zachary E. and Boozer, Lindsay B. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{guevar_bleedorn_cullum_hetzel_zlotnick_mariani_2020, title={Accuracy and safety of three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guides for thoracolumbar vertebral column instrumentation in dogs: Bilateral and unilateral designs}, ISBN={1532-950X}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13558}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and accuracy of a unilateral three‐dimensionally printed animal‐specific drill guide (3DASDG) design for unilateral stabilization in the thoracolumbar vertebral column of dogs compared to a bilateral design.Study designCadaveric study.Sample populationFifty‐two corridors in one canine cadaver.MethodsTwo 3DASDG designs with 2 drilling tubes each were created from T8 to L7 vertebrae. Fifty‐two corridors were drilled on the right and the left sides by using unilateral and bilateral designs, respectively. Planned and postoperative trajectories (entry point, exit point, angle) were compared to establish the accuracy. Statistical analysis was used for accuracy comparison between designs. Safety was evaluated by using Zdichavsky classification.ResultsUnilateral and bilateral drill guide designs were not different for entry point and angle deviations; however, they were different for the exit point deviations. Two corridors breached outside the vertebra. For all guides, mean entry and exit point deviations were less than 1 and 2 mm, respectively. The maximum entry or exit point deviation in both groups was 4.7 mm. The mean angle deviation was <3.5°, and the maximum angle deviation was 9.3°.ConclusionNo difference was detected in accuracy of entry points and angle deviations between drill guide designs tested in normal vertebrae. The technique was classified as highly safe.Clinical significanceA unilateral drill guide design may be a safe alternative to bilateral guides for unilateral stabilization of the thoracolumbar vertebral column in dogs.}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Guevar, Julien and Bleedorn, Jason and Cullum, Thomas and Hetzel, Scott and Zlotnick, Josh and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2020} }
 @article{mariani_zlotnick_harrysson_marcellin-little_malinak_gavitt_guevar_2021, title={Accuracy of three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guides for implant placement in canine thoracic vertebrae: A cadaveric study}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13557}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13557}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of three‐dimensionally (3‐D) printed drill guides in constraining the trajectory of drill tracts for implants in canine thoracic vertebrae.Study designExperimental ex vivo study.Sample populationFive canine thoracic vertebral column specimens.MethodsGuides to constrain drill trajectories were designed on the basis of computed tomographic (CT) imaging of six thoracic vertebrae (T8‐T13) and were 3‐D printed. The guides were used to create drill tracts in these vertebrae by both an experienced and a novice surgeon, and CT imaging was repeated. The entry point and angulation of actual and planned drill tracts were compared for both surgeons. Unintended cortical violations were also assessed by using a modified Zdichavsky classification.ResultsFifty‐eight drill tracts were created in 30 vertebrae. Mean entry point deviation was 1.4 mm (range, 0.4‐3.4), and mean angular deviation was 5.1° (range, 1.5°‐10.8°). There were no differences between surgeons in entry point deviation (P = .07) or angular deviation (P = .22). There were no unintended cortical bone violations, and all drill tracts were classified as modified Zdichavsky grade I.ConclusionThe 3‐D printed guides used in the current study yielded drill tracts with small linear and angular errors from intended paths and 100% accuracy for placement within vertebral pedicles and bodies. This technique was conveniently used by both an experienced and a novice surgeon.Clinical significanceThis technique might be immediately applicable to clinical cases requiring thoracic vertebral stabilization and may allow safe and accurate implant placement for surgeons with varying experience levels.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Zlotnick, Joshua A. and Harrysson, Ola and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Malinak, Kristen and Gavitt, Ashley and Guevar, Julien}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={294–302} }
 @article{fenn_ru_jeffery_moore_tipold_soebbeler_wang‐leandro_mariani_early_muñana_et al._2020, title={Association between anesthesia duration and outcome in dogs with surgically treated acute severe spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15796}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15796}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundRetrospective research recently identified a possible relationship between duration of surgery and outcome in severely affected dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL‐IVDH).HypothesisThat increased duration of surgery is associated with poorer outcome in dogs with absent pain perception treated surgically for TL‐IVDH.AnimalsTwo hundred ninety‐seven paraplegic dogs with absent pain perception surgically treated for acute TL‐IVDH.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Medical records of 5 institutions were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were paraplegia with absence of pain perception, surgical treatment of TL‐IVDH, and 1‐year postoperative outcome (ambulatory: yes or no). Canine data, outcome, and surgery and total anesthesia duration were retrieved.ResultsIn this study, 183/297 (61.6%) dogs were ambulatory within 1 year, 114 (38.4%) dogs failed to recover, including 74 dogs (24.9%) euthanized because of progressive myelomalacia. Median anesthesia duration in dogs that regained ambulation within 1 year of surgery (4.0 hours, interquartile range [IQR] 3.2‐5.1) was significantly shorter than those that did not (4.5 hours, IQR 3.7‐5.6, P = .01). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated a significant negative association between both duration of surgery and total anesthesia time and ambulation at 1 year when controlling for body weight and number of disk spaces operated on.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFindings support a negative association between increased duration of anesthesia and outcome in this group of dogs. However, the retrospective nature of the data does not imply a causal relationship.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fenn, Joe and Ru, Hongyu and Jeffery, Nick D. and Moore, Sarah and Tipold, Andrea and Soebbeler, Franz J. and Wang‐Leandro, Adriano and Mariani, Christopher L. and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{mariani_nye_ruterbories_tokarz_green_lau_zidan_early_muñana_olby_et al._2020, title={Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15953}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15953}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentrations increase after seizure activity in many human patients independent of the underlying disease process. The effect of seizure activity on CSF lactate concentration in dogs is unknown.Hypothesis/ObjectivesCerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is unaffected by seizure activity in dogs and is more dependent on the underlying disease process causing the seizures.AnimalsOne‐hundred eighteen client‐owned dogs with seizure disorders.MethodsCase series. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration was determined using a commercially available lactate monitor. Seizure semiology, time from last seizure to CSF collection, number of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection, and clinical diagnosis were recorded.ResultsDogs with focal seizures had higher CSF lactate concentrations than did those with generalized seizures (P= .03). No differences in lactate concentrations were found among dogs with single seizures, cluster seizures or status epilepticus (P= .12), among dogs with CSF collection at different time points after the last seizure activity (P= .39) or among dogs having different numbers of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection (P= .42). A significant difference (P= .001) was found in CSF lactate concentrations among diagnostic groups, and dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic disease had higher concentrations than did dogs with idiopathic or unknown epilepsy.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Nye, Carolyn J. and Ruterbories, Laura and Tokarz, Debra A. and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bray_mariani_early_muñana_olby_2021, title={Continuous rate infusion of midazolam as emergent treatment for seizures in dogs}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15993}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15993}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundMidazolam delivered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) might be effective in dogs with cluster seizures (CS) or status epilepticus (SE).ObjectiveTo describe the use and safety of midazolam CRI in dogs with CS or SE.AnimalsOne‐hundred six client‐owned dogs presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital with CS or SE.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records for dogs with CS or SE treated with a midazolam CRI.ResultsSeventy‐nine dogs presented with CS and 27 dogs had SE. Seizure control was achieved in 82/106 dogs (77.4%) receiving a midazolam CRI. The median dose associated with seizure control was 0.3 mg/kg/h (range, 0.1‐2.5 mg/kg/h). The median duration of CRI was 25 hours (range, 2‐96 hours). Seizures were controlled in 34/40 dogs (85%) with idiopathic epilepsy, 32/43 dogs (74%) with structural epilepsy, 12/16 dogs (75%) with unknown epilepsy, and 4/7 dogs (57%) with reactive seizures (P = .20). Seizure control was achieved in 81% of dogs with CS and 67% in dogs with SE (P = .18). Dogs with idiopathic/unknown epilepsy were more likely to survive than those with structural epilepsy (87% vs 63%, P = .009). Adverse effects were reported in 24 dogs (22.6%) and were mild in all cases.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMidazolam CRI is apparently safe and might be an effective treatment in dogs with CS or SE.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lewis_early_mariani_munana_olby_2020, title={Influence of Duration of Injury on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Acute Canine Spinal Cord Injury}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2019.6786}, abstractNote={Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) quantifies microstructural lesion characteristics but impact of the interval between spinal cord injury (SCI) and examination on imaging characteristics is unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of duration of injury on DTI indices in dogs with acute, spontaneous SCI due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) and explore associations with clinical severity. Twenty-six dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH of variable severity who underwent DTI were included. Neurologic severity was graded using the Modified Frankel Score (0-V). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated on regions of interest within and adjacent to the lesion epicenter. Relationships between FA or MD and duration (injury to imaging interval) or neurologic severity were determined using regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum. Median age was 6.8 years (1-13), median duration was 1.5 days (1-9) and neurologic signs ranged from ambulatory paraparesis (MFS II) to paraplegia with absent pain perception (MFS V). Mean FA was 0.61+/-0.09 cranial to the lesion, 0.57+/-0.12 at the epicenter and 0.55+/-0.10 caudally. Mean MD was 1.18x10-3+/-0.0002 cranially, 1.09x10-3+/-0.0002 at the epicenter and 1.14x10-3+/-0.0002 caudally. Accounting for neurologic severity and age, FA caudal to the epicenter decreased with increasing duration of injury (p = 0.02). Lower MD within the lesion epicenter was associated with worse neurologic severity (p = 0.01). Duration of injury should be considered when interpreting DTI results in dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH. MD might differentiate injury severity in the acute setting and be worthy of development as an imaging biomarker.}, number={21}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Lewis, Melissa J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2261–2267} }
 @article{bomba_sheets_valdivia_khagi_ruterbories_mariani_borst_tokarz_hingtgen_2021, title={Personalized-induced neural stem cell therapy: Generation, transplant, and safety in a large animal model}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2380-6761"]}, DOI={10.1002/btm2.10171}, abstractNote={AbstractIn this study, we take an important step toward clinical translation by generating the first canine‐induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). We explore key aspects of scale‐up, persistence, and safety of personalized iNSC therapy in autologous canine surgery models. iNSCs are a promising new approach to treat aggressive cancers of the brain, including the deadly glioblastoma. Created by direct transdifferentiation of fibroblasts, iNSCs are known to migrate through the brain, track down invasive cancer foci, and deliver anticancer payloads that significantly reduce tumor burden and extend survival of tumor‐bearing mice. Here, skin biopsies were collected from canines and converted into the first personalized canine iNSCs engineered to carry TNFα‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and thymidine kinase (TK), as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for in vivo tracking. Time‐lapse analysis showed canine iNSCs efficiently migrate to human tumor cells, and cell viability assays showed both TRAIL and TK monotherapy markedly reduced tumor growth. Using intraoperative navigation and two delivery methods to closely mimic human therapy, canines received autologous iNSCs either within postsurgical cavities in a biocompatible matrix or via a catheter placed in the lateral ventricle. Both strategies were well tolerated, and serial MRI showed hypointense regions at the implant sites that remained stable through 86 days postimplant. Serial fluid sample testing following iNSC delivery showed the bimodal personalized therapy was well tolerated, with no iNSC‐induced abnormal tissue pathology. Overall, this study lays an important foundation as this promising personalized cell therapy advances toward human patient testing.}, number={1}, journal={BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Bomba, Hunter N. and Sheets, Kevin T. and Valdivia, Alain and Khagi, Simon and Ruterbories, Laura and Mariani, Christopher L. and Borst, Luke B. and Tokarz, Debra A. and Hingtgen, Shawn D.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{amengual-batle_jose-lopez_durand_czopowicz_beltran_guevar_lazzerini_de decker_munana_early_et al._2020, title={Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15838}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundTraumatic skull fractures (TSF) are relatively frequent in dogs and cats, but little information is available regarding their clinical and imaging features.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the neurological and computed tomographic (CT) features of a large cohort of dogs and cats with TSF.AnimalsNinety‐one dogs and 95 cats with TSF identified on CT.MethodsMulticenter retrospective comparative study. Signalment, cause of trauma, fracture locations and characteristics, presence of neurological deficits, and 1‐week survival were recorded. Fractures were classified according to the extent of fragmentation and displacement.ResultsThe cranial vault was affected more frequently in dogs (P = .003), whereas the face and base of the cranium more often was affected in cats (P < .001). Cats presented with multiple fractures more frequently (P < .001). All animals with TSF in the cranial vault were more likely to develop neurological signs (P = .02), especially when depressed fractures were present (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7‐8.2; P = .001). Animals with TSF located only in the facial region were less likely to have neurological signs (odds ratio with Mantel‐Haenszel's method [ORMH], 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1‐0.6; P = .004). Most affected animals (84.9%) survived the first week post‐trauma. Death was more likely with fractures of the cranial vault (P = .003), especially when fragmented (P = .007) and displaced (P = .004).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTraumatic skull fracture distribution and patterns are different between dogs and cats. Cranial vault fractures were associated with neurological deficits and worse survival. The presence of TSF alone should not be considered a negative prognostic factor because most affected animals survived the first week.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Amengual-Batle, Pablo and Jose-Lopez, Roberto and Durand, Alexane and Czopowicz, Michal and Beltran, Elsa and Guevar, Julien and Lazzerini, Kali and De Decker, Steven and Munana, Karen and Early, Peter and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1975–1985} }
 @article{mariani_nye_tokarz_green_lau_zidan_early_guevar_muñana_olby_et al._2019, title={Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disorders}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15606}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15606}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate is frequently used as a biomarker in humans with inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders including bacterial meningitis and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.HypothesisCerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations are increased in a subset of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.AnimalsOne hundred two client‐owned dogs diagnosed with inflammatory CNS disease.MethodsCase series. Cases were identified both prospectively at the time of diagnosis and retrospectively by review of a CSF biorepository. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate was analyzed with a commercially available, handheld lactate monitor. Subcategories of inflammatory disease were created for comparison (eg, steroid‐responsive meningitis arteritis, meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology).ResultsCerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations were above reference range in 47% of dogs (median, 2.5 mmol/L; range, 1.0‐11.7 mmol/L). There was no significant difference in lactate concentrations between disease subcategories (P = .48). Significant but weak correlations were noted between CSF lactate concentration and nucleated cell count (r = .33, P < .001), absolute large mononuclear cell count (r = .44, P < .001), absolute small mononuclear cell count (r = .39, P < .001), absolute neutrophil cell count (r = .24, P = .01), and protein (r = .44, P < .001). No correlation was found between CSF lactate concentration and CSF red blood cell count (P = .58). There was no significant association of CSF lactate concentration with survival (P = .27).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations could serve as a rapid biomarker of inflammatory CNS disease in dogs.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Nye, Carolyn J. and Tokarz, Debra A. and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Guevar, Julien and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2701–2708} }
 @article{lau_nettifee_early_mariani_olby_muñana_2019, title={Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15543}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15543}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundSteroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is a common inflammatory neurologic disorder of dogs for which certain breeds are predisposed.ObjectivesTo determine whether breed differences exist in clinical features, treatment response, and relapse in a population of North American dogs with SRMA, and to evaluate the effect of disease on dogs' quality of life (QoL).AnimalsSixty‐one client‐owned dogs with SRMA: 29 dogs identified through an American Kennel Club‐Canine Health Foundation survey and 32 dogs from North Carolina (NC) State Veterinary Hospital.MethodsRetrospective case series. Caregivers completed an online survey to assess QoL.ResultsBreeds represented most often included the Golden Retriever (n = 12), Bernese Mountain Dog (10), Wirehaired Pointing Griffon (9), Boxer (9), and Beagle (6). No breed differences were identified with respect to clinical severity, diagnostic findings, or outcome. Twenty‐nine dogs (48%) had ≥1 disease relapse. There was a significant effect of cerebrospinal fluid nucleated cell count on the frequency of disease relapse (P = .003), but no relationship was identified between treatment protocol and relapse. Dogs' QoL was associated with the severity of corticosteroid‐related adverse effects (P = .03), which were dose‐related (r = .24, P = .02) and more prevalent in Wirehaired Pointing Griffons than in other breeds (P = .04).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceGolden Retrievers and Wirehaired Pointing Griffons should be considered among the breeds recognized to develop SRMA. Treatment with higher corticosteroid dosages is correlated with more severe adverse effects and worse QoL, but it may not improve clinical outcome.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lau, Jeanie and Nettifee, Julie A. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Muñana, Karen R.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1719–1727} }
 @article{stafford_kortum_castel_green_lau_early_muñana_mariani_yoder_olby_2019, title={Presence of cerebrospinal fluid antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15616}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15616}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundPresumed autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs are common. In people, antibodies against neuronal cell surface antigens that are associated with a wide variety of neurological syndromes have been identified. The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies that target neuronal cell surface proteins has not been reported in dogs with neurologic disorders.ObjectivesAutoantibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens can be found in the CSF of dogs with inflammatory CNS disease. Our aim was to determine whether 6 neuronal cell surface autoantibodies were present in the CSF of dogs diagnosed with inflammatory and noninflammatory CNS disease.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with CNS disease and complete diagnostic evaluation including magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis were included. One healthy dog was included as a negative control.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid was tested for 6 antigenic targets with a commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay test kit.ResultsThere were 32 dogs with neurological disease, 19 diagnosed with inflammatory disease (encephalitis and meningitis), 10 with noninflammatory disease (neoplasia, intervertebral disk disease, degenerative myelopathy, and epilepsy), 2 with no diagnosis, and 1 with neoplasia and meningoencephalitis. Anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) antibodies were detected in 3 dogs (3/32; 9.38%). All 3 dogs responded to treatment of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFurther evaluation of the prevalence and clinical relevance of CSF and serum antibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens is warranted. Defining antigenic targets associated with encephalitis in dogs might allow diagnostic categorization of MUE antemortem.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stafford, Emma G. and Kortum, Amanda and Castel, Aude and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Yoder, Jeffrey A. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2175–2182} }
 @article{castel_olby_ru_mariani_muñana_early_2019, title={Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study}, volume={15}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundProgressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a usually fatal complication of acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) in dogs but its risk factors are poorly understood. The objective of this retrospective case-control study was to identify risk factors for PMM by comparing dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following IVDE that did and did not develop the disease after surgery. We also investigated whether any risk factors for PMM influenced return of ambulation. Medical records of client-owned dogs with paraplegia and loss of pain perception that underwent surgery for IVDE from 1998 to 2016, were reviewed. Dogs were categorized as PMM yes or no based on clinical progression or histopathology. Walking outcome at 6 months was established. Signalment, onset and duration of signs (categorized), steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (yes or no), site of IVDE (lumbar intumescence or thoracolumbar) and longitudinal extent of IVDE were retrieved and their associations with PMM and walking outcome were examined using logistic regression.ResultsOne hundred and ninety seven dogs were included, 45 with and 152 without PMM. A 6-month-outcome was available in 178 dogs (all 45 PMM dogs and 133 control dogs); 86 recovered walking (all in the control group). Disc extrusions at the lumbar intumescence were associated with PMM (p = 0.01, OR: 3.02, CI: 1.3–7.2). Surgery performed more than 12 h after loss of ambulation was associated with PMM (OR = 3.4; CI = 1.1–10.5,p = 0.03 for 12-24 h and OR = 4.6; CI = 1.3–16.6,p = 0.02 for the > 24 h categories when compared with the ≤12 h category). Treatment with corticosteroids was negatively associated with PMM (OR: 3.1; CI: 1.3–7.6,p = 0.01). The only variable to affect walking outcome was longitudinal extent of IVDE (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.3–5.3,p = 0.006).ConclusionDogs with lumbar intumescence IVDE are at increased risk of PMM. Timing of surgery and corticosteroid use warrant further investigations. PMM and recovery of walking are influenced by different factors.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Castel, Aude and Olby, Natasha J. and Ru, Hongyu and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{olby_lim_wagner_zidan_early_mariani_muñana_laber_2019, title={Time course and prognostic value of serum GFAP, pNFH, and S100β concentrations in dogs with complete spinal cord injury because of intervertebral disc extrusion}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15439}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15439}, abstractNote={BackgroundA noninvasive biomarker is needed to predict recovery from severe spinal cord injury (SCI) because of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE). Proteins released from neural and glial cells can be detected in the blood and show promise as prognostic tools, but their concentration is influenced by time after injury.Hypothesis/ObjectivesSerum concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH), and S100β will follow different time courses; measurement of combinations of these proteins will predict outcome.AnimalsThirty‐one dogs with TL‐IVDE causing paralysis with no pain perception.MethodsProspective study. Serum samples were taken at presentation and intervals over 56 days and banked at −80°C. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, pNFH, and S100β concentrations were measured using ELISA tests and plotted against time from onset of nonambulatory status. Outcome was established at 6 months. The association between biomarker concentration and outcome was examined using logistic regression, receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, and model development.ResultsThirty‐one dogs participated, 3/31 (10%) developed progressive myelomalacia and 19/31 (62%) recovered ambulation. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100β concentrations rose for the first 1 to 3 days, and were undetectable by 14 and 28 days, respectively. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain concentrations peaked at 14 days and were detectable at 56 days. Glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations in the first 72 hours after onset of nonambulatory status predicted recovery with an accuracy of 76.7%‐89% depending on sample timing.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSerum GFAP concentrations can be used to predict outcome in clinically complete SCI. A rapid inexpensive bedside test is needed.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Lim, Ji‐Hey and Wagner, Nikki and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Laber, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={726–734} }
 @article{zidan_sims_fenn_williams_griffith_early_mariani_munana_guevar_olby_et al._2018, title={A randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial of postoperative rehabilitation in dogs after surgical decompression of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={32}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15086}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15086}, abstractNote={BackgroundExperimental evidence shows benefit of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) but there are limited objective data on the effect of rehabilitation on recovery of dogs after surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL‐IVDH).ObjectiveCompare the effect of basic and intensive post‐operative rehabilitation programs on recovery of locomotion in dogs with acute TL‐IVDH in a randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsThirty non‐ambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic (with pain perception) dogs after decompressive surgery for TL‐IVDH.MethodsBlinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs were randomized (1:1) to a basic or intensive 14‐day in‐house rehabilitation protocol. Fourteen‐day open field gait score (OFS) and coordination (regulatory index, RI) were primary outcomes. Secondary measures of gait, post‐operative pain, and weight were compared at 14 and 42 days.ResultsOf 50 dogs assessed, 32 met inclusion criteria and 30 completed the protocol. There were no adverse events associated with rehabilitation. Median time to walking was 7.5 (2 – 37) days. Mean change in OFS by day 14 was 6.13 (confidence intervals: 4.88, 7.39, basic) versus 5.73 (4.94, 6.53, intensive) representing a treatment effect of −0.4 (−1.82, 1.02) which was not significant, P=.57. RI on day 14 was 55.13 (36.88, 73.38, basic) versus 51.65 (30.98, 72.33, intensive), a non‐significant treatment effect of −3.47 (−29.81, 22.87), P = .79. There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups.ConclusionsEarly postoperative rehabilitation after surgery for TL‐IVDH is safe but doesn't improve rate or level of recovery in dogs with incomplete SCI.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Sims, Cory and Fenn, Joe and Williams, Kim and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1133–1144} }
 @article{royal_hunt_scharf_correa_mariani_2018, title={Strategies Used for Making Healthy Eating Choices among Veterinary Medical Students}, volume={45}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0317-041r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0317-041r}, abstractNote={ Healthy eating is a challenge for most college students, and students in the field of veterinary medicine are no exception. Health experts have recommended that universities emphasize the importance of healthy eating and promote healthy eating habits among students. However, before we can begin offering targeted interventions to promote healthy eating strategies and behaviors, we must first understand students' current strategies used for making healthy eating choices, self-reported eating habits, and perceptions of diet quality. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand veterinary medical students' perceptions of current diet quality and to characterize their strategies for making healthy eating choices. Results indicate veterinary medical students employ a wide range of strategies and behaviors for healthy eating, yet few students reported eating a diet of poor quality. We conclude that while most students report eating a relatively healthy diet, variation in strategies used suggests room for improvement for many. This article discusses potential intervention strategies to promote healthy eating among veterinary students. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Hunt, Suzanne and Scharf, Valery and Correa, Maria and Mariani, Christopher}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={364–380} }
 @article{zidan_fenn_griffith_early_mariani_muñana_guevar_olby_2018, title={The Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Post-Operative Pain and Locomotor Recovery in Dogs with Acute, Severe Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial}, volume={35}, ISSN={0897-7151 1557-9042}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, abstractNote={Spinal cord injury (SCI) attributed to acute intervertebral disc extrusions (IVDEs) is common in dogs and is treated by surgical decompression. Dogs with sensorimotor complete injuries have an incomplete recovery. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) reduce post-operative pain through anti-inflammatory effects and there is growing evidence for neuroprotective effects. This randomized, controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PEMF on post-operative pain and neurological recovery in dogs with surgically treated sensorimotor complete SCI attributed to acute IVDE. Sixteen dogs with surgically treated complete thoracolumbar SCI were randomized to receive PEMF (15 min every 2 h for 2 weeks then twice-daily for 4 weeks) or placebo starting immediately after diagnosis. The primary outcome was gait score at 2 weeks. Secondary measures of gait, pain perception, and proprioceptive function were evaluated at 2 and 6 weeks. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration was measured as an SCI biomarker. Post-operative pain was quantified by measuring mechanical sensory thresholds (MSTs) at control and surgical sites. There was no significant difference in demographics or GFAP concentration between the two groups at trial entry. There was no difference in primary outcome or in secondary measures of gait, but proprioceptive placing was significantly better at 6 weeks and GFAP concentrations were significantly lower at 2 weeks in the PEMF group. MSTs were significantly higher in the PEMF-treated group. We conclude that PEMF reduced incision-associated pain in dogs post-surgery for IVDE and may reduce extent of SCI and enhance proprioceptive placing. Larger clinical trials are warranted.}, number={15}, journal={Journal of Neurotrauma}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Fenn, Joe and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1726–1736} }
 @article{dorman_foster_olesnevich_bolon_castel_sokolsky-papkov_mariani_2018, title={Toxicity associated with ingestion of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel dog pad}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718782583}, DOI={10.1177/1040638718782583}, abstractNote={ Superabsorbent sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large amounts of liquids are used in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and other applications. These polymers are generally considered “nontoxic” with acute oral median lethal doses (LD50) >5 g/kg. Despite this favorable toxicity profile, we identified a novel toxic syndrome in dogs and rats following the ingestion of a commercial dog pad composed primarily of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel. Inappropriate mentation, cerebellar ataxia, vomiting, and intention tremors were observed within 24 h after the ingestion of up to 15.7 g/kg of the hydrogel by an adult, castrated male Australian Shepherd mix. These observations prompted an experimental study in rats to further characterize the toxicity of the hydrogel. Adult, female Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 9) were assessed before and after hydrogel ingestion (2.6–19.2 g/kg over 4 h) using a functional observation battery and spontaneous motor activity. Clinical signs consistent with neurotoxicity emerged in rats as early as 2 h after the end of hydrogel exposure, including decreased activity in an open field, hunched posture, gait changes, reduced reaction to handling, decreased muscle tone, and abnormal surface righting. Hydrogel-exposed rats also had reduced motor activity when compared with pre-exposure baseline data. Rats that ingested the hydrogel did not develop nervous system lesions. These findings support the conclusion that some pet pad hydrogel products can induce acute neurotoxicity in animals under high-dose exposure conditions. }, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Dorman, David C. and Foster, Melanie L. and Olesnevich, Brooke and Bolon, Brad and Castel, Aude and Sokolsky-Papkov, Marina and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={708–714} }
 @article{nye_mariani_2018, title={Validation of a portable monitor for assessment of cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12567}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12567}, abstractNote={BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentration may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in dogs. Previous studies have used methods requiring relatively large sample volumes or prolonged storage prior to analysis. An effective method to immediately quantify lactate in smaller CSF volumes would be beneficial.ObjectivesThe main objectives were to evaluate the utility, accuracy, and precision of a portable meter for CSF lactate analysis in dogs and to develop a provisional RI using this device. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of different storage conditions on lactate concentrations.MethodsThe Lactate Plus device was used to analyze CSF samples. Device accuracy and precision were assessed by spiking CSF samples with concentrated sodium lactate solutions and by repeated analysis of samples, respectively. The provisional RI was generated using CSF samples from dogs with unremarkable laboratory data, central nervous system imaging, and conventional cytologic and chemical CSF analysis. Select samples were analyzed before and after storage at 4°C, −20°C, and −80°C.ResultsSpiked samples showed lactate concentrations comparable to expected concentrations. The CV of immediate repeated measurements was 0–9.69%. Sample storage at 4°C for 24 hours showed similar results but variation was higher with other storage conditions. The provisional RI was 1.02–2.49 mmol/L.ConclusionsThe Lactate Plus has acceptable accuracy and precision for the quantification of CSF lactate in dogs. Lactate in CSF is ideally quantified immediately after collection as a subset of samples show variation with storage although most stored samples show acceptable variation.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Nye, Carolyn J. and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={108–114} }
 @article{fenn_laber_williams_rousse_early_mariani_munana_decker_volk_olby_et al._2017, title={Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14677}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14677}, abstractNote={BackgroundOutcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of general anesthesia on functional outcome in dogs undergoing surgery to treat thoracolumbar IVDE.AnimalsEighty‐four client‐owned dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDE treated by decompressive hemilaminectomy.MethodsExploratory, retrospective observational study. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and anesthetic monitoring variables, including duration of anesthesia and surgery, hypotension, bradycardia, temperature, and respiratory parameters. Multivariable regression tree analysis was performed to explore associations between anesthetic variables and functional outcome scores after 6 weeks, as well as return to ambulatory status.ResultsEpisodes of bradycardia (69%) and hypotension (57%) were frequent. Across all outcome measures, regression tree analysis highlighted functional grade at presentation as the primary determining factor, and among pain perception negative dogs, there was a possible association between increased duration of surgery and poorer outcome. In dogs with intact pain perception, duration of bradycardia, mean body temperature, and mean end‐tidal carbon dioxide were highlighted.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceExploratory statistical methods can facilitate hypothesis‐generating studies to inform prospective investigations in veterinary medicine. Although the mechanism is uncertain, increased duration of surgery might be associated with poorer outcome in pain perception negative dogs with thoracolumbar IVDE.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fenn, J. and Laber, E. and Williams, K. and Rousse, C. A. and Early, P. J. and Mariani, C. L. and Munana, Karen and Decker, S. De and Volk, H. A. and Olby, N. J. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={814–824} }
 @article{castel_olby_mariani_muñana_early_2017, title={Clinical Characteristics of Dogs with Progressive Myelomalacia Following Acute Intervertebral Disc Extrusion}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14829}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14829}, abstractNote={BackgroundProgressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a catastrophic disease associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Published data on the clinical characteristics of this disease are limited.ObjectiveTo describe the onset and progression of clinical signs of PMM in a large case cohort.AnimalsFifty‐one dogs, 18 with histopathologically confirmed PMM, 33 presumptively diagnosed based on clinical signs and diagnostic imaging.MethodsRetrospective study. Dogs with confirmed IVDE and either a histopathologic diagnosis of PMM or a high clinical suspicion were identified by medical record search. Data on nature and progression of signs were extracted.ResultsTwenty‐four of 51 dogs were Dachshunds. T12–T13 was the most common site of disc extrusion (12 of 56), and 18 of 55 of mid‐to‐caudal lumbar discs (between L3 and L6) were affected. Onset of PMM signs ranged from present at first evaluation (17/51) to 5 days after presentation, with 25 of 51 cases developing signs within 48 hours. Progression of signs from onset of PMM to euthanasia or death, excluding 7 cases euthanized at presentation, ranged from 1 to 13 days with 23 being euthanized within 3 days. Nonspecific systemic signs were documented in 30 of 51 dogs.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe majority of dogs developed PMM within 2 days of presentation and was euthanized within another 3 days. However, onset can be delayed up to 5 days after presentation with progression to euthanasia taking as long as 2 weeks. Mid‐to‐caudal lumbar discs might be associated with an increased risk of PMM.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Castel, A. and Olby, N.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1782–1789} }
 @article{smith_westermeyer_mariani_gilger_davidson_2017, title={Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016)}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12528}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12528}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo characterize ocular and neurologic findings, causes, and treatment outcomes of dogs with optic neuritis.ProcedureMedical records from dogs with a diagnosis of optic neuritis at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Hospital between 1983 and 2016 were reviewed.ResultsNinety‐six cases (20 unilateral, 76 bilateral), comprised of 38 males and 58 females with a mean age of 6.1 ± 3.0 years (range 0.5‐13), were identified. Seventy‐four cases were presented for vision loss, and 42 had other concurrent neurologic abnormalities. Funduscopic findings included optic nerve head elevation (n = 92), peripapillary retinal edema or separation (n = 37), retinal hemorrhage or dilation of retinal vasculature (n = 23), and multiple inflammatory foci in the peripapillary region (n = 13). Retrobulbar optic neuritis was diagnosed in four cases. The final diagnoses included the following: multifocal meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE, n = 35), isolated optic neuritis (I‐ON, n = 42), neoplasia (n = 10), microbial infection (n = 6), orbital inflammation (n = 2), and suspected ivermectin toxicosis (n = 1). Dogs with I‐ON were more commonly male, and medium‐to‐large breed, when compared to dogs with MUE. Follow‐up was available in 72 cases, 50 of which remained blind, 10 had partial visual improvement, and 12 were assessed as having normal vision in the affected eye(s).ConclusionOptic neuritis was most commonly associated with multifocal MUE or was isolated as the sole neurologic finding, with a similar incidence between the two groups. Findings suggest that a clinical syndrome of isolated optic neuritis, distinct from multifocal MUE, occurs in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Gilger, Brian C. and Davidson, Michael G.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={442–451} }
 @article{lewis_olby_early_mariani_muñana_seiler_griffith_2016, title={Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats}, volume={30}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14526}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14526}, abstractNote={BackgroundQuantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.ObjectivesDefine the normal position of caudal fossa structures on brain MRIs in dogs and cats utilizing morphometry, compare this to dogs and cats with caudal transtentorial herniation (CTH), foramen magnum herniation (FMH) or both identified on MRI, and investigate associations between herniation severity, clinical signs, and 24‐hour outcome.AnimalsNinety‐two controls (66 dogs, 26 cats), 119 cases with herniation (88 dogs, 31 cats).MethodsRetrospective case series. The MRI database was searched for controls with normal brain anatomy and cases with brain herniation. Morphometry in controls established TTX (transtentorial to rostroventral cerebellum) to quantify CTH and FMX (caudoventral cerebellum to foramen magnum) to quantify FMH. Measurements were compared between cases and controls. Correlations with specific clinical variables and outcome were investigated.ResultsMeasurements in medium/large control dogs versus small dog and cat controls were significantly different (P < .001, TTX: −0.46, −0.305, −0.3, FMX: 0.695, 0.27, 0.25, respectively). 119/1564 (7.6%) cases that underwent brain imaging had brain herniation. TTX and FMX were significantly different between controls and cases with CTH or FMH (P < .001). 67/89 (75%) cases with supratentorial lesions had no signs directly attributable to herniation. 71/119 (60%) had a normal anesthetic recovery. TTX was significantly associated with 24‐hour survival (P < .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceBrain herniation can be quantified on MRI. Clinical signs directly attributable to brain herniation commonly are absent, and more severe CTH based on TTX is associated with a worse short‐term outcome.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lewis, M.J. and Olby, N.J. and Early, P.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Seiler, G.S. and Griffith, E.H.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1672–1680} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.HypothesisCranberry extract reduces risk of bacteriuria in dogs after acute TL‐IVDH.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with acute onset TL‐IVDH causing nonambulatory status.MethodsRandomized, placebo‐controlled, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs with acute TL‐IVDH were recruited 48 hours postoperatively and randomized to receive cranberry extract or placebo in a masked fashion. Urine cultures and neurological examinations were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The number of dogs with bacteriuria (all bacterial species) and bacteriuria (E. coli) were primary and secondary outcome measures and were evaluated using chi‐squared test. Urine antiadhesion activity (AAA) was measured in a subset (N = 47) and examined in a secondary analysis evaluating additional risk factors for bacteriuria.ResultsBacteriuria was detected 17 times in 94 dogs (6 placebo, 11 cranberry, P = .12). There were 7 E. coli. positive cultures (1 placebo, 6 cranberry, P = .09). Dogs in both groups had positive urine AAA (14/21: placebo, 16/26: cranberry), and dogs with urine AAA had significantly fewer E. coli positive cultures (n = 1) than dogs without it (n = 4) (P = .047).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis clinical trial did not show a benefit of oral cranberry extract but had low power. Cranberry extract supplementation did not impact urine AAA, but a possible association between urine AAA and lower risk of E. coli bacteriuria was identified. Other doses could be investigated.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{nye_musulin_hanel_mariani_2017, title={Evaluation of the Lactate Plus monitor for plasma lactate concentration measurement in dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12557}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12557}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo compare the Lactate Plus handheld monitor to a reference blood gas analyzer for determining plasma lactate concentrations in canine whole blood.DesignProspective observational study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsNinety‐four dogs hospitalized or admitted through the emergency service provided 125 blood samples. Only dogs that required a venous or arterial blood gas evaluation as a part of their diagnostic assessment or ongoing management were included.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsCanine whole blood samples were assayed for plasma lactate concentration with a reference blood gas analyzer and the Lactate Plus monitor. Correlation and Bland–Altman analyses were used to compare results between the 2 methods. A subset of blood samples was repeatedly analyzed with the Lactate Plus to assess monitor precision. Plasma lactate measurements from the Lactate Plus monitor showed excellent correlation with those from the reference analyzer (ρ = 0.98, P < 0.0001). Bland–Altman analysis revealed a small bias (0.1296). Agreement between the 2 methods was less consistent for lactate concentrations >5 mmol/L. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0–26.2% (median, 3.7%) and was <15% for 50/53 samples.ConclusionsThe Lactate Plus provides a fast and affordable method to measure plasma lactate concentration in dogs. Results showed excellent agreement with the reference analyzer and precision of the instrument was acceptable.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Nye, Carolyn J. and Musulin, Sarah E. and Hanel, Rita M. and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2017}, pages={66–70} }
 @article{rousse_olby_williams_harris_griffith_mariani_muñana_early_2016, title={Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={213}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, abstractNote={Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rousse, C.A. and Olby, N.J. and Williams, K. and Harris, T.L. and Griffith, E.H. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={59–63} }
 @article{enders_olby_mariani_2016, title={Use of posaconazole for treatment of disseminated protothecosis in a dog}, volume={4}, ISSN={2052-6121}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000350}, DOI={10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000350}, abstractNote={A two‐year‐old female spayed Vizsla presented with progressive ataxia and visual deficits of three weeks’ duration and chronic intermittent large bowel diarrhoea. Protothecal organisms were identified on cytology of rectal scrapings and aspirates of intra‐abdominal lymph nodes and Prototheca species were cultured from cerebrospinal fluid.Treatment with posaconazole for two weeks yielded a marked improvement, with progression of neurological signs noted after changing to itraconazole due to cost. The dog was humanely euthanased 31 days after diagnosis. The clinical improvement produced by posaconazole in this case suggests it may be an effective therapy for this typically fatal disease, but it may currently be cost prohibitive. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported use of posaconazole for treatment of disseminated protothecosis in a dog.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Record Case Reports}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Enders, Brittany and Olby, Natasha and Mariani, Christopher L}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={e000350} }
 @article{olby_muguet-chanoit_lim_davidian_mariani_freeman_platt_humphrey_kent_giovanella_et al._2016, title={A Placebo-Controlled, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Polyethylene Glycol and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate in Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniation}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13657}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13657}, abstractNote={BackgroundAcute intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord injury in dogs and currently there is no proven medical treatment to counter secondary injury effects. Use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as neuroprotectants is advocated but controversial because neither treatment has been tested in placebo‐controlled, randomized, blinded trials in dogs.HypothesisPolyethylene glycol will improve the outcome of severe spinal cord injury caused by IVDH compared to MPSS or placebo.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with acute onset of thoracolumbar IVDH causing paralysis and loss of nociception for <24 hours.MethodsDogs were randomized to receive MPSS, PEG, or placebo; drugs appeared identical and group allocation was masked. Drug administration was initiated once the diagnosis of IVDH was confirmed and all dogs underwent hemilaminectomy. Neurologic function was assessed 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively using an open field gait score (OFS) as the primary outcome measure. Outcomes were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test.ResultsSixty‐three dogs were recruited and 47.6% recovered ambulation. 17.5% developed progressive myelomalacia but there was no association with group. There was no difference in OFS among groups. Although full study power was not reached, conditional power analyses indicated the futility of continued case recruitment.ConclusionsThis clinical trial did not show a benefit of either MPSS or PEG in the treatment of acute, severe thoracolumbar IVDH when used as adjunctive medical treatment administered to dogs presenting within 24 hours of onset of paralysis.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Olby, N. J. and Muguet-Chanoit, A. C. and Lim, J. -H. and Davidian, M. and Mariani, C. L. and Freeman, A. C. and Platt, S. R. and Humphrey, J. and Kent, M. and Giovanella, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={206–214} }
 @article{mariani_jennings_olby_borst_brown_robertson_seiler_mackillop_2015, title={Histiocytic Sarcoma with Central Nervous System Involvement in Dogs: 19 Cases (2006-2012)}, volume={29}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12554}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12554}, abstractNote={BackgroundReports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1–3 animals.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to report the signalments, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome of a series of dogs with HS and CNS involvement.AnimalsNineteen dogs with HS examined at veterinary referral hospitals.MethodsRetrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed and cases with a histopathological diagnosis of CNS HS were included in the study. Diagnostic imaging studies of the CNS were evaluated and histopathologic samples were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis.ResultsRetrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were overrepresented in this cohort of dogs. Tumors involved the brain in 14 dogs and the spinal cord in 5. In 4 dogs, HS was part of a disseminated, multiorgan process whereas it appeared confined to the CNS in 15 dogs. Diagnostic imaging had variable appearances although extraaxial masses predominated in the brain. There was meningeal enhancement in all dogs that was often profound and remote from the primary mass lesion. Pleocytosis was present in all dogs with CSF evaluation. Median survival was 3 days.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBreed predispositions appear to vary from reports of HS in other organ systems. Some unique imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly brain herniation, profound meningeal enhancement, and pleocytosis in combination with 1 or more mass lesions, might help to differentiate this neoplasm from others involving the CNS, although this requires further study.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, C.L. and Jennings, M.K. and Olby, N.J. and Borst, L.B. and Brown, J.C., Jr and Robertson, I.D. and Seiler, G.S. and MacKillop, E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={607–613} }
 @article{schrauwen_barber_schatzberg_siniard_corneveaux_porter_vernau_keesler_matiasek_flegel_et al._2014, title={Identification of Novel Genetic Risk Loci in Maltese Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis and Evidence of a Shared Genetic Risk across Toy Dog Breeds}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112755}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0112755}, abstractNote={Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) affects toy and small breed dogs causing progressive, often fatal, inflammation and necrosis in the brain. Genetic risk loci for NME previously were identified in pug dogs, particularly associated with the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II complex on chromosome 12, but have not been investigated in other susceptible breeds. We sought to evaluate Maltese and Chihuahua dogs, in addition to pug dogs, to identify novel or shared genetic risk factors for NME development. Genome-wide association testing of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Maltese dogs with NME identified 2 regions of genome-wide significance on chromosomes 4 (chr4:74522353T>A, p = 8.1×10−7) and 15 (chr15:53338796A>G, p = 1.5×10−7). Haplotype analysis and fine-mapping suggests that ILR7 and FBXW7, respectively, both important for regulation of immune system function, could be the underlying associated genes. Further evaluation of these regions and the previously identified DLA II locus across all three breeds, revealed an enrichment of nominal significant SNPs associated with chromosome 15 in pug dogs and DLA II in Maltese and Chihuahua dogs. Meta-analysis confirmed effect sizes the same direction in all three breeds for both the chromosome 15 and DLA II loci (p = 8.6×10–11 and p = 2.5×10−7, respectively). This suggests a shared genetic background exists between all breeds and confers susceptibility to NME, but effect sizes might be different among breeds. In conclusion, we identified the first genetic risk factors for NME development in the Maltese, chromosome 4 and chromosome 15, and provide evidence for a shared genetic risk between breeds associated with chromosome 15 and DLA II. Last, DLA II and IL7R both have been implicated in human inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, suggesting that similar pharmacotherapeutic targets across species should be investigated.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Schrauwen, Isabelle and Barber, Renee M. and Schatzberg, Scott J. and Siniard, Ashley L. and Corneveaux, Jason J. and Porter, Brian F. and Vernau, Karen M. and Keesler, Rebekah I. and Matiasek, Kaspar and Flegel, Thomas and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{posner_mariani_swanson_asakawa_campbell_king_2014, title={Perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12127}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12127}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and compare perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective case series.


ANIMALS
157 dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


METHODS
Data were collected sequentially on canine cases presented from the Neurology Section of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for anesthesia and surgery for cervical spinal cord disease. Simultaneously, data were collected on all thoracolumbar spinal surgery cases during the same time period. Data included signalment, drugs administered, surgical approach, disease process, cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia, and outcome.


RESULTS
Data were collected from 164 surgical events in 157 dogs. There were 52 cervical approaches; four dorsal and 48 ventral. All thoracolumbar surgeries were approached dorsolaterally. Four dogs 4/52 (7.6%) undergoing a cervical approach did not survive to discharge. Two dogs (2/8; 25%) underwent atlanto-axial (AA) stabilization and suffered cardiovascular arrest and two dogs (2/38; 5.2%) undergoing cervical ventral slot procedures were euthanized following anesthesia and surgery due to signs of aspiration pneumonia. All dogs undergoing thoracolumbar surgery survived until discharge (112/112). Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery was greater compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery (p = 0.009), however, in dogs undergoing decompressive disc surgery, intraoperative death rates were not different between dogs undergoing a cervical compared with thoracolumbar approaches (p = 0.32) nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.07).


CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Overall, dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery were less likely to survive until discharge compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery was no different than for dogs undergoing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc decompression surgery. However, dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery should be considered at risk for aspiration pneumonia.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Posner, Lysa P. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Swanson, Cliff and Asakawa, Makoto and Campbell, Nigel and King, Adam S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{moore_mariani_van wettere_borst_2013, title={Chronic Compressive Myelopathy and Progressive Neurologic Signs Associated with Melarsomine Dihydrochloride Administration in a Dog}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5911}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5911}, abstractNote={A 7 yr old castrated male Great Dane presented with a history of progressive myelopathy following the intramuscular injection of melarsomine dihydrochloride 8 wk previously. MRI revealed paraspinal and epidural abscesses at the 13th thoracic (T13) and first lumbar (L1) disc space. The dog’s condition worsened despite medical management, necessitating surgical decompression. Surgical decompression resulted in rapid improvement of the patient’s clinical signs. Histopathologic evaluation of the lesions revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. Cultures of fluid and tissue within the lesions were negative for bacterial growth, and no infectious organisms were visualized histologically. Melarsomine-associated neurologic signs can be chronic and progressive in nature, presumably secondary to ongoing sterile inflammation that may result in spinal cord compression.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Moore, Sarah A. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2013}, pages={389–393} }
 @article{mariani_schubert_house_wong_hopkins_heller_milner_lester_lurie_rajon_et al._2015, title={Frameless stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of primary intracranial tumours in dogs}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vco.12056}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12056}, abstractNote={AbstractStereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a procedure that delivers a single large radiation dose to a well‐defined target. Here, we describe a frameless SRS technique suitable for intracranial targets in canines. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with a primary intracranial tumour by imaging or histopathology that underwent SRS were retrospectively reviewed. Frameless SRS was used successfully to treat tumours in 51 dogs with a variety of head sizes and shapes. Tumours diagnosed included 38 meningiomas, 4 pituitary tumours, 4 trigeminal nerve tumours, 3 gliomas, 1 histiocytic sarcoma and 1 choroid plexus tumour. Median survival time was 399 days for all tumours and for dogs with meningiomas; cause‐specific survival was 493 days for both cohorts. Acute grade III central nervous system toxicity (altered mentation) occurred in two dogs. Frameless SRS resulted in survival times comparable to conventional radiation therapy, but with fewer acute adverse effects and only a single anaesthetic episode required for therapy.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Mariani, C. L. and Schubert, T. A. and House, R. A. and Wong, M. A. and Hopkins, A. L. and Heller, H. L. Barnes and Milner, R. J. and Lester, N. V. and Lurie, D. M. and Rajon, D. A. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={409–423} }
 @misc{mariani_2013, title={Terminology and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy in Veterinary Patients}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1946-9837"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.008}, DOI={10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.008}, abstractNote={The classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy is a controversial and dynamic topic that has undergone many iterations in human medicine. The International League against Epilepsy is a multinational organization that has formed a number of task forces and subcommittees to study this issue, and has ratified several reports outlining recommended terminology and classification schemes for human patients. Veterinary publications on this issue have generally adapted these schemes to fit small animal patients, but a formally endorsed system to classify seizures and epilepsy has never been developed for veterinary patients. This review outlines the classification systems that have been published for human patients and summarizes previous efforts by veterinary authors to utilize these methods. Finally, a set of definitions and terminology for use in veterinary patients is proposed, which includes a glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology and a diagnostic scheme for classification of individual patients. This document is intended as a starting point of discussion, which will hopefully eventually result in a formally ratified document that will be useful for communication between health professionals, the design of clinical trials and for guiding treatment decisions and prognostication for veterinary patients with seizures.}, number={2}, journal={TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE}, author={Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={34–41} }
 @article{munana_thomas_inzana_nettifee-osborne_mclucas_olby_mariani_early_2012, title={Evaluation of Levetiracetam as Adjunctive Treatment for Refractory Canine Epilepsy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundThere is little evidence‐based information available to guide treatment of refractory epilepsy in dogs. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is administered to dogs, although its safety and efficacy are unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of LEV as adjunctive therapy for refractory epilepsy in dogs.AnimalsThirty‐four client‐owned dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.MethodsRandomized, blinded trial involving dogs resistant to phenobarbital and bromide. Dogs received LEV (20 mg/kg PO q8h) or placebo for 16 weeks, and after a 4‐week washout were crossed over to the alternate treatment for 16 weeks. Owners kept records on seizure frequency and adverse events. Hemogram, chemistry profile, urinalysis, and serum antiepileptic drug concentrations were evaluated at established intervals.ResultsTwenty‐two (65%) dogs completed the study. Weekly seizure frequency during the 1st treatment period decreased significantly during LEV administration relative to baseline (1.9 ± 1.9 to 1.1 ± 1.3, P = .015). The reduction in seizures with LEV was not significant when compared to placebo (1.1 ± 1.3 versus 1.5 ± 1.7, P = .310). The most common adverse event was ataxia, with no difference in incidence between LEV and placebo (45 versus 18%, P = .090). No changes in laboratory parameters were identified and owners reported an improved quality of life (QOL) with LEV compared to placebo (QOL score 32.7 ± 4.3 versus 29.4 ± 4.5, P = .028).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAdjunctive treatment with LEV appears safe in epileptic dogs. Efficacy of LEV over placebo was not demonstrated, although the power of the study was limited. Further evaluation of LEV as treatment for epilepsy in dogs is warranted.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, K. R. and Thomas, W. B. and Inzana, K. D. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and McLucas, K. J. and Olby, N. J. and Mariani, C. J. and Early, P. J.}, year={2012}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{mariani_boozer_braxton_platt_vernau_mcdonnell_guevar_2013, title={Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with intracranial tumors}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.1.122}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.74.1.122}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To identify matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in CSF from dogs with intracranial tumors.
Sample—CSF from 55 dogs with intracranial tumors and 37 control dogs.
Procedures—Latent and active MMP-2 and -9 were identified by use of gelatin zymography. The presence of MMPs in the CSF of dogs with intracranial tumors was compared with control dogs that were clinically normal and with dogs that had idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy or peripheral vestibular disease. Relationships between MMP-9 and CSF cell counts and protein were also investigated.
Results—Latent MMP-2 was found in CSF samples from all dogs, although active MMP-2 was not detected in any sample. Latent MMP-9 was detected in a subset of dogs with histologically documented intracranial tumors, including meningiomas (2/10), gliomas (3/10), pituitary tumors (1/2), choroid plexus tumors (5/6), and lymphoma (4/4), but was not detected in any control samples. Dogs with tumors were significantly more likely than those without to have detectable MMP-9 in the CSF, and the presence of MMP-9 was associated with higher CSF nucleated cell counts and protein concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Latent MMP-9 was detected in most dogs with choroid plexus tumors or lymphoma but in a smaller percentage of dogs with meningiomas, gliomas, or pituitary tumors. Detection of MMP in CSF may prove useful as a marker of intracranial neoplasia or possibly to monitor response of tumors to therapeutic intervention.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Boozer, Lindsay B. and Braxton, Alicia M. and Platt, Simon R. and Vernau, Karen M. and McDonnell, John J. and Guevar, Julien}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={122–129} }
 @article{lim_koh_olby_piedrahita_mariani_2012, title={Isolation and characterization of neural progenitor cells from adult canine brains}, volume={73}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1963}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1963}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To isolate and characterize neural stem and progenitor cell populations in the brain of adult dogs.
Animals—7 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—Dogs (age, 10 to 60 months) were euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study. The subventricular zone (SVZ) adjacent to the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus were isolated and used to generate single cell suspensions for nonadherent culture. The resulting primary neurospheres were serially passaged to assess self-renewal capacity. Neurospheres were differentiated by the withdrawal of growth factors and the addition of serum. Differentiated and undifferentiated neurospheres were analyzed via reverse transcriptase PCR assay or immunocytochemical staining for markers of pluripotency and neural lineage.
Results—Neurospheres were generated from the SVZ and SGZ in all dogs. The SVZ generated more primary neurospheres than did the SGZ. Serial passage was successful, although few neurospheres could be generated after the fifth passage. Undifferentiated neurospheres were positive for SOX2, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and negative for OCT4 and NANOG. After differentiation, GFAP, neuronal class III β-tubulin, and 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase–positive progeny were noted migrating out of the neurospheres.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested the persistence of SOX2-positive, nestin-positive, GFAP-positive, OCT4-negative, and NANOG-negative neural progenitor cells in the SVZ and SGZ regions of mature canine brains, which are capable of producing multiple cell lineages. This study may serve as a basis for future studies investigating the role of these cells in various disease processes, such as neoplasia, or for regenerative purposes.}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Lim, Ji-Hey and Koh, Sehwon and Olby, Natasha J. and Piedrahita, Jorge and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1963–1968} }
 @article{boozer_davis_borst_zseltvay_olby_mariani_2012, title={Characterization of Immune Cell Infiltration Into Canine Intracranial Meningiomas}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811417249}, DOI={10.1177/0300985811417249}, abstractNote={Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors in dogs. A variety of inflammatory cells have been shown to invade these tumors in people, but little is known about interactions between the immune system and naturally occurring brain tumors in dogs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of a variety of immune cell subsets within canine intracranial meningiomas. Twenty-three formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples were evaluated using immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for CD3, CD79a, CD18, CD11d (αD), CD45RA, forkhead box P3, and Toll-like receptors 4 and 9. Immune cell infiltration was evident in all samples, with a predominance of CD3+T cells. Large numbers of CD18+microglia and macrophages were noted surrounding and infiltrating the tumors, and a subset of these cells within the tumor appeared to be CD11d+. Scattered macrophages at the tumor–brain interface were TLR4+and TLR9+. Rare CD79a+B cells were noted in only a small subset of tumors. Lesser numbers of lymphocytes that were CD11d+, CD45RA+, or FoxP3+were noted in a number of the meningiomas. Although the function of these cells is not yet clear, work in other species suggests that evaluation of this immune cell infiltrate may provide important prognostic information and may be useful in the design of novel therapies.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Boozer, L. B. and Davis, T. W. and Borst, L. B. and Zseltvay, K. M. and Olby, N. J. and Mariani, C. L.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={784–795} }
 @article{muguet-chanoit_olby_lim_gallagher_niman_dillard_campbell_early_mariani_muñana_et al._2011, title={The Cutaneous Trunci Muscle Reflex: A Predictor of Recovery in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Myelopathies Caused by Intervertebral Disc Extrusions}, volume={41}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00921.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00921.x}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo determine whether changes in the cutaneous trunci muscle (CTM) reflex are an early predictor of outcome in dogs with severe acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE).Study DesignMulticenter prospective cohort study.AnimalsDogs (n= 36) with acuteIVDEcausing paraplegia, loss of nociception in pelvic limbs and tail, and an abnormalCTMreflex postoperatively.MethodsThe caudal border of theCTMreflex was established 24 hours after surgery and at discharge, and was reported as moving cranially, caudally, or staying static. Dogs were re‐evaluated at 12–20 weeks and at 7–36 months postoperatively. Outcome was classified as improved or unimproved, successful or unsuccessful, and ascending myelomalacia or not, and compared with early movement of theCTMreflex by construction of contingency tables and performing aFisher's exact test.ResultsBy discharge (mean, 4.7 days;SD= 2.10),CTMreflex progression was caudal in 19 dogs, static in 11, and cranial in 6. Five of 6 dogs with cranial movement developed ascending myelomalacia (P< .0001). Seventeen of 19 dogs with caudal movement showed an improvement by 12–20 weeks (P= .0046) and none developed ascending myelomalacia (P= .0013).ConclusionsPostoperative changes of the caudal border of theCTMreflex are an early indicator of outcome in dogs with severe acuteIVDE. Cranial movement of theCTMreflex is significantly associated with the development of ascending myelomalacia. Caudal movement is significantly associated with improvement, but not associated with a long‐term successful outcome.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muguet-Chanoit, Audrey C. and Olby, Natasha J. and Lim, Ji-Hey and Gallagher, Ryan and Niman, Zachary and Dillard, Stacy and Campbell, James and Early, Peter and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{musulin_mariani_papich_2011, title={Diazepam pharmacokinetics after nasal drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01186.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01186.x}, abstractNote={Musulin, S. E., Mariani, C. L., Papich, M. G. Diazepam pharmacokinetics after nasal drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 17–24.The standard of care for emergency therapy of seizures in veterinary patients is intravenous (i.v.) administration of benzodiazepines, although rectal administration of diazepam is often recommended for out‐of‐hospital situations, or when i.v. access has not been established. However, both of these routes have potential limitations. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam following i.v., intranasal (i.n.) drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs. Six dogs were administered diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) via all three routes following a randomized block design. Plasma samples were collected and concentrations of diazepam and its active metabolites, oxazepam and desmethyldiazepam were quantified with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mean diazepam concentrations >300 ng/mL were reached within 5 min in both i.n. groups. Diazepam was converted into its metabolites within 5 and 10 min, respectively, after i.v. and i.n. administration. The half lives of the metabolites were longer than that of the parent drug after both routes of administration. The bioavailability of diazepam after i.n. drop and atomized nasal administration was 42% and 41%, respectively. These values exceed previously published bioavailability data for rectal administration of diazepam in dogs. This study confirms that i.n. administration of diazepam yields rapid anticonvulsant concentrations of diazepam in the dog before a hepatic first‐pass effect.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Musulin, S. E. and Mariani, C. L. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={17–24} }
 @article{lim_boozer_mariani_piedrahita_olby_2010, title={Generation and Characterization of Neurospheres from Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2152-4971"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cell.2009.0093}, DOI={10.1089/cell.2009.0093}, abstractNote={Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) have been identified as a powerful stem cell source for cellular transplantation therapy. The dog is increasingly used as a model of human neurological disease; however, few studies have reported induction of canine ADSCs to neural lineages. We characterized canine ADSCs and investigated whether they could be induced to differentiate into neural lineages. Subcutaneous adipose tissue collected from the dorsal epaxial region of adult dogs aged from 1 to 6 years was cultured to produce ADSCs that were then induced to neural lineages. RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry were performed to characterize these cell populations. Morphologically fibroblast-like ADSCs were isolated and had similar characteristics to mesenchymal stem cells. Under neurogenic conditions containing basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor, ADSCs formed spherical cellular aggregates that resembled neurospheres. RT-PCR confirmed expression of Sox2 and CD90 by these aggregates. Expression of neural stem/progenitor markers (Nestin, Sox2, Vimentin) and neural lineage markers (A2B5, GFAP, Tuj1) was shown on immunocytochemistry. After differentiation, 60% of the cells were Tuj1 positive. In conclusion, we isolated and generated neural progenitor cells from canine ADSCs. ADSCs have potential for future autologous cell transplantation therapy for neurological disorders.}, number={4}, journal={CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING}, author={Lim, Ji-Hey and Boozer, Lindsay and Mariani, Christopher L. and Piedrahita, Jorge A. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={417–425} }
 @inbook{mariani_2010, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={7th edition.}, title={Neuromuscular Junction Disease}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={Mariani, C.L.}, editor={Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={1473–1477} }
 @inbook{mariani_2010, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={7th edition.}, title={Peripheral Nerve Disorders}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={Mariani, C.L.}, editor={Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={1462–1467} }
 @article{reitman_olby_mariani_thomas_breen_bigner_mclendon_yan_2009, title={IDH1 and IDH2 hotspot mutations are not found in canine glioma}, volume={127}, ISSN={0020-7136}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25017}, DOI={10.1002/ijc.25017}, abstractNote={Human diffuse and anaplastic astrocytomas, well-differenti-ated and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and secondary glio-blastomas frequently (>70%) contain somatic mutations ofthe R132 codon of the cytoplasmic NADPþ-dependent iso-citrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) or the corresponding R172codon in its homolog, IDH2.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Cancer}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reitman, Zachary J. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Thomas, Rachael and Breen, Matthew and Bigner, Darell D. and McLendon, Roger E. and Yan, Hai}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={245–246} }
 @article{sessums_mariani_2009, title={Intracranial Meningioma in dogs and cats. A comparative review}, volume={31}, number={7}, journal={Compendium of Continuing Education for Veterinarians}, author={Sessums, K. and Mariani, C.L.}, year={2009}, pages={330–339} }
 @article{sessums_mariani_2009, title={Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: A comparative review}, volume={31}, number={7}, journal={Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians}, author={Sessums, K. and Mariani, C.}, year={2009}, pages={330–339} }
 @article{levkoff_marshall_ross_caldeira_reynolds_cakiroglu_mariani_streit_laywell_2008, title={Bromodeoxyuridine Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo}, volume={10}, ISSN={1476-5586}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/neo.08382}, DOI={10.1593/neo.08382}, abstractNote={The thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA and has been shown to increase the susceptibility of incorporating cells to ionizing radiation. However, in the absence of secondary stressors, BrdU is thought to substitute relatively benignly for thymidine and is commonly used to "birth-date" proliferative cells. We report a novel antiproliferative effect of BrdU on cancer cells, which is independent of its role in radiosensitization. A single, brief in vitro exposure to BrdU induces a profound and sustained reduction in the proliferation rate of all cancer cells examined. Cells do not die but variably up-regulate some senescence-associated proteins as they accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Bromodeoxyuridine also impairs the proliferative capacity of primary tumor-initiating human glioma cells and may therefore represent a means of targeting cancer stem cells. Finally, conservative in vivo BrdU regimens--in the absence of any other treatment--significantly suppress the progression of gliomas in the highly aggressive, syngeneic RG2 model. These results suggest that BrdU may have an important role as an adjunctive therapeutic for a wide variety of cancers based on new insights into its effect as a negative regulator of cell cycle progression.}, number={8}, journal={Neoplasia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Levkoff, Lindsay H. and Marshall, Gregory P., II and Ross, Heather H. and Caldeira, Maria and Reynolds, Brent A. and Cakiroglu, Meryem and Mariani, Christopher L. and Streit, Wolfgang J. and Laywell, Eric D.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={804–IN13} }
 @article{holawaychuk_hansen_hanel_marks_mariani_2007, title={Head Trauma}, volume={9}, number={6}, journal={Standards of Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine}, author={Holawaychuk, M.K. and Hansen, B.G. and Hanel, R.M. and Marks, S.L. and Mariani, C.L.}, year={2007}, pages={1–8,16} }
 @article{mariani_rajon_bova_streit_2007, title={Nonspecific immunotherapy with intratumoral lipopolysaccharide and zymosan A but not GM-CSF leads to an effective anti-tumor response in subcutaneous RG-2 gliomas}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1573-7373"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-007-9415-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11060-007-9415-2}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"PURPOSE", "NlmCategory"=>"OBJECTIVE"} Nonspecific stimulation of cells of the immune system may be useful in generating an anti-tumor response for a variety of cancers and may work synergistically with currently available cytotoxic therapies. In this study we examined the response of syngeneic rat gliomas to treatment with several nonspecific stimulators of dendritic cells and macrophages alone or in combination with radiation therapy. {"Label"=>"EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} RG-2 gliomas were implanted subcutaneously and treated with intratumoral (IT) injections of the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan A (ZymA) and the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Combination treatment with IT LPS and single-fraction external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was also evaluated. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} Treatment with IT LPS and ZymA delayed tumor growth compared to saline controls. Multiple doses of both substances were superior to single doses, and led to complete tumor regression in 71% (LPS) and 50% (ZymA) of animals. GM-CSF showed no anti-tumor effects in this study. Combinations of IT LPS and EBRT appeared to have a synergistic effect in delaying tumor growth. Rechallenge studies and IT LPS treatment of RG-2 tumors in nude rats suggested the importance of T cells in this treatment paradigm. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSIONS", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} Direct IT treatment with the TLR ligands LPS and ZymA are effective in generating an anti-tumor response. These treatments may synergize with cytotoxic therapies such as EBRT, and appear to require T cells for a successful outcome.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Rajon, Didier and Bova, Francis J. and Streit, Wolfgang J.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={231–240} }
 @article{wong_mariani_powe_clemmons_2007, title={Teratoma in the Cervical Spinal Cord of a Dog}, volume={43}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0430292}, DOI={10.5326/0430292}, abstractNote={An 11-year-old, spayed female giant schnauzer was presented for evaluation of chronic, progressive tetraparesis. Diagnostic imaging was consistent with intervertebral disk protrusion, and surgical decompression and stabilization were performed. Postoperatively the dog did not improve, and further imaging suggested an intramedullary mass at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. The dog was euthanized 7 days after surgery, and a teratoma was found postmortem.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Wong, Michael A. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Powe, Joshua R. and Clemmons, Roger M.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={292–297} }
 @article{mariani_2007, title={The Neurologic Examination and Neurodiagnostic Techniques for Reptiles}, volume={10}, ISSN={1094-9194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvex.2007.04.004}, abstractNote={This article will focus on specifics of performing the neurologic examination and neurodiagnostic testing in reptiles, and how these examinations differ from those performed in more conventional species. Physical examination and history are discussed, as well as invasive and noninvasive testing modalities.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={855–891} }
 @article{mariani_kouri_streit_2006, title={Rejection of RG-2 gliomas is mediated by microglia and T lymphocytes}, volume={79}, ISSN={0167-594X 1573-7373}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-006-9137-x}, DOI={10.1007/s11060-006-9137-x}, abstractNote={Immunotherapy holds great promise for the treatment of invasive brain tumors, and we are interested specifically in evaluating immune stimulation of microglial cells as one potential strategy. In order to better understand the tumor fighting capabilities of microglial cells, we have compared the responses of syngeneic (Fisher 344) and allogeneic (Wistar) rat strains after intracranial implantation of RG-2 gliomas. Animals were evaluated by clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemistry for microglial and other immune cell antigens. While lethal RG-2 gliomas developed in all of the Fisher 344 rats, tumors grew variably in the Wistar strain, sometimes reaching considerable sizes, but eventually all of them regressed. Tumor regression was associated with greater numbers of T cells and CD8 positive cells and increases in MHC I and CD4 positive microglia. Our findings suggest that the combined mobilization of peripheral and CNS endogenous immune cells is required for eradicating large intracranial tumors.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Neuro-Oncology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Kouri, Joshua G. and Streit, Wolfgang J.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={243–253} }
 @article{streit_conde_fendrick_flanary_mariani_2005, title={Role of microglia in the central nervous system's immune response}, volume={27}, journal={Neurological Research}, author={Streit, W.J. and Conde, J.R. and Fendrick, S.E. and Flanary, B.E. and Mariani, C.L.}, year={2005}, pages={685–691} }
 @article{barnes_chrisman_mariani_sims_alleman_2004, title={Clinical signs, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures: 17 cases (1997-2002)}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1723}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1723}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine clinical signs, results of diagnostic testing, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—17 cats with seizures.Procedure—Only those cats in which an underlying metabolic abnormality causing the seizures had been identified, diagnostic imaging of the brain and CSF analysis had been done, or a necropsy had been performed were included. Seizures were classified as being a result of metabolic disease, symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy resulting from a structural lesion of the brain), or probably symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy without any extracranial or identifiable intracranial disease that is not suspected to be genetic in origin).Results—3 cats had seizures associated with an underlying metabolic disease (hepatic encephalopathy), 7 had symptomatic epilepsy (3 with neoplasia and 4 with meningoencephalitis), and 7 had probably symptomatic epilepsy. Six of the 7 cats with symptomatic epilepsy died or were euthanatized within 3 months after the diagnosis was made, whereas 6 of the 7 cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy survived for at least 12 months after the diagnosis was made.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy may have a good long-term prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1723–1726)}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Barnes, Heidi L. and Chrisman, Cheryl L. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Sims, Marclyn and Alleman, Arthur R.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1723–1726} }
 @article{thompson_graham_mariani_2003, place={Thompson MS, Graham JP, Mariani CL}, title={Diagnosis of a porto-azygous shunt using helical computed tomography angiography.}, volume={44}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00457.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00457.x}, abstractNote={Congenital portosystemic shunts occur uncommonly in dogs. Conventional diagnostic methods either do not offer simultaneous diagnosis and anatomic characterization or require an invasive selective catheterization. Helical computed tomography (HCT) is a rapid, noninvasive means of acquiring crosssectional images of any portion of the body. Combined with a peripheral venous injection of contrast medium, HCT can produce computer‐rendered, “angiogram‐like” images of vasculature. These computer‐ generated multiplanar and three‐dimensional HCT angiographic images were helpful in the diagnosis and accurate anatomic characterization of a porto‐azygous shunt. A brief discussion of scanner and contrast medium protocol considerations necessary to achieve adequate vascular opacification for volumetric data reconstructions and diagnosis are outlined.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thompson, Margret S. and Graham, John P. and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={287–291} }
 @article{mariani_2003, title={Full recovery following delayed neurologic signs after smoke inhalation in a dog}, volume={13}, ISSN={1479-3261 1476-4431}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1534-6935.2003.00101.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1534-6935.2003.00101.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective:  To report a dog experiencing full recovery after delayed neurological sequelae secondary to smoke inhalation, and to review the related literature.Case summary:  A 1‐year‐old Australian shepherd dog was found unconscious in a house fire. Although recovery after initial therapy was reportedly complete, the dog's condition acutely worsened 4 days later and progressed to stupor and non‐ambulatory tetraparesis with subsequent pneumonia. Therapy was successful, and the dog regained full neurologic function after approximately one week.New or unique information provided:  Delayed neurologic sequelae may occur in dogs after smoke inhalation (and presumably carbon monoxide) injury. Neurologic recovery can be complete and sustained, even with severe central nervous system dysfunction.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={235–239} }
 @book{chrisman_mariani_platt_clemmons_2003, place={Jackson, Wyoming}, title={Neurology for the Small Animal Practitioner}, ISBN={9781893441828}, publisher={Teton NewMedia}, author={Chrisman, C. and Mariani, C.L. and Platt, S.R. and Clemmons, R.M.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{mariani_2003, place={Kansas City}, title={Spongy Degeneration}, booktitle={CD Canis}, publisher={Vetstream, Inc}, author={Mariani, C.L.}, year={2003} }
 @article{mariani_platt_scase_howerth_chrisman_clemmons_2002, title={Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Cladosporium spp. in Two Domestic Shorthair Cats}, volume={38}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0380225}, DOI={10.5326/0380225}, abstractNote={Two domestic shorthair cats presented for clinical signs related to multifocal central nervous system dysfunction. Both cats had signs of vestibular system involvement and anisocoria, and one had generalized seizure activity. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a neutrophilic pleocytosis with protein elevation in one cat and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the second. Electroencephalography and brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials in the first cat confirmed cerebral cortical and brain-stem involvement. Euthanasia was performed in both cats, and postmortem diagnoses of phaeohyphomycosis secondary to Cladosporium spp. were made based on histopathology and fungal culture in both cats.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Platt, Simon R. and Scase, Timothy J. and Howerth, Elizabeth W. and Chrisman, Cheryl L. and Clemmons, Roger M.}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={225–230} }
 @article{mariani_fulton_2001, title={Atypical Reaction to Acetaminophen Intoxication in a Dog}, volume={11}, ISSN={1479-3261 1476-4431}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00078.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00078.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective: To report an unusual manifestation of acetaminophen intoxication in a dog. Case Summary: A Miniature Pinscher was presented for evaluation of lethargy and facial swelling after ingestion of 500–750 mg/kg of acetaminophen. Laboratory testing revealed eccentrocytes, Heinz bodies, hemoglobinemia, and a declining packed red cell volume consistent with oxidative damage to the erythrocytes. Hepatocellular damage, as monitored by serum alanine aminotransferase, was not documented. The dog responded well to therapeutic intervention, and was discharged from the hospital. The dog returned to the hospital 2 days later with clinical signs and diagnostic tests consistent with acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which was assumed to be due to a toxic etiology. The dog responded well to therapy, regaining normal levels of tear production within six weeks. New or Unique Information Provided: Acetaminophen intoxication may be associated with severe erythrocytic oxidative damage in the absence of detectable hepatic injury in dogs. Acetaminophen intoxication may have the potential to cause acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 123–126)}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Fulton, Robert B.}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={123–126} }
 @article{mariani_platt_newell_terrell_chrisman_clemmons_2001, title={Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cortical necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) in a dog.}, volume={42}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00981.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00981.x}, abstractNote={A 3‐year‐old neutered female mixed breed dog as examined because of severe, generalized seizure activity, tetraparesis, and encepha‐lopathic signs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation was unremarkable except for a mild increase in protein. Serum and CSF titers for infectious diseases were negative. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination of the brain was performed and lesions were found within the cerebral gray matter of the temporal and parietal lobes. The lesions had increased signal intensity on T1, T2, and proton density‐weighted images. There was mild inhomogeneous enhancement following intravenous contrast medium administration. Neurologic status improved and the seizures were well controlled, but the dog never regained normal mentation and euthanasia was performed 10 weeks after initial evaluation. At necropsy, severe cerebral cortical necrosis was found in the regions corresponding to the lesions seen on MR imaging examination. Large numbers of fat‐containing mac‐rophages (gitter cells) were found within these areas, and are thought to be responsible for the characteristic hyperintensity seen on the MR images.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Platt, Simon R. and Newell, Susan M. and Terrell, Scott P. and Chrisman, Cheryl L. and Clemmons, Roger M.}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={524–531} }
 @article{mariani_clemmons_graham_phillips_chrisman_2001, place={Mariani CL}, title={Magnetic resonance imaging of spongy degeneration of the central nervous system in a Labrador retriever}, volume={42}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00941.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00941.x}, abstractNote={A 7‐month‐old, neutered female Labrador Retriever was evaluated for tetraparesis and subtle cerebellar dysfunction. Clinical signs progressed over a period of 6 weeks to severe ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremors, and finally non‐ambulatory tetraparesis. On magnetic resonance imaging of the brain there were large, bilaterally symmetrical, ovoid lesions in the region of the deep cerebellar nuclei that were hyperintense on T2‐weighted and proton density images and hypointense on T1‐weighted images. There were similar but smaller bilaterally symmetrical lesions present within the thalamus. Euthanasia was performed and lesions consistent with the previously described spongy degeneration of Labrador Retrievers were identified. This disease and its relation to similar human heritable leuko‐dystrophies are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Clemmons, Roger M. and Graham, John P. and Phillips, Lynette A. and Chrisman, Cheryl L.}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={285–290} }
 @article{mariani_shelton_alsup_1999, title={Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy and subsequent recovery following tumor removal in a dog}, volume={35}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-4-302}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-35-4-302}, abstractNote={A 10-year-old, intact female Brittany spaniel was presented for evaluation of progressive tetraparesis. Physical examination and diagnostic testing revealed masses within the right mammary chain and left caudal lung lobe. Neuromuscular electrodiagnostic and histopathological findings were compatible with a peripheral polyneuropathy. Upon removal of the tumors, the dog's paresis disappeared. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case in the veterinary literature of improvement following therapy of a suspected paraneoplastic neuropathy.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Mariani, CL and Shelton, SB and Alsup, JC}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={302–305} }