@article{picha_strom_riley_walker_won_johnstone_borski_2009, title={Plasma ghrelin and growth hormone regulation in response to metabolic state in hybrid striped bass: Effects of feeding, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I on in vivo and in vitro GH secretion}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.01.026}, abstractNote={The regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion by ghrelin during variable metabolic states is poorly understood. We examined plasma GH and ghrelin in hybrid striped bass (HSB) undergoing seasonally-based feeding and temperature manipulations. Fasting for 21 days (d) at 24 degrees C resulted in catabolism and up-regulation of plasma GH and ghrelin relative to fed controls. Continued fasting during cold-banking (14 degrees C, 90 d) resulted in a further 43-fold increase in ghrelin while GH remained elevated. A subsequent 19 day refeeding period at 24 degrees C elicited hyperphagic and compensatory growth responses, accompanied by declines in ghrelin and GH. We then tested the role of ghrelin in stimulating GH release in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin resulted in dose-dependent increases in plasma GH after 6 hours (h). Ghrelin also increased GH release from HSB pituitaries during 6h incubations. Lastly, we assessed how metabolic state, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) affect in vitro pituitary GH release. Spontaneous GH release was 5.2-fold higher from pituitaries of fasted compared with fed animals. Ghrelin was equally effective in stimulating GH release from pituitaries of fed and starved animals, while it was ineffective in enhancing GH release from pituitaries of starved (21 d) then refed (4d) HSB. Incubation with IGF-I inhibited GH release regardless of metabolic state. These studies are the first to show that seasonally-based periods of feed deprivation and low temperature yield sustained increases in GH secretion that are likely mediated, at least partially, through elevated ghrelin, reduced IGF-I negative feedback and fasting-induced spontaneous GH release.}, number={3}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Picha, Matthew E. and Strom, Christina N. and Riley, Larry G. and Walker, Alicia A. and Won, Eugene T. and Johnstone, William M. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={365–372} }
 @article{tipsmark_strom_bailey_borski_2008, title={Leptin stimulates pituitary prolactin release through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway}, volume={196}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1677/JOE-07-0540}, abstractNote={Leptin was initially identified as a regulator of appetite and weight control centers in the hypothalamus, but appears to be involved in a number of physiological processes. This study was carried out to examine the possible role of leptin in regulating prolactin (PRL) release using the teleost pituitary model system. This advantageous system allows isolation of a nearly pure population of lactotropes in their natural, in situ aggregated state. The rostral pars distalis were dissected from tilapia pituitaries and exposed to varying concentrations of leptin (0, 1, 10, 100 nM) for 1 h. Release of PRL was stimulated by leptin in a potent and concentration-dependent manner. A time-course experiment showed that the strongest response in PRL release with leptin occurs within the first hour (approximately sixfold), and stimulation was sustained after 16 h (approximately twofold). Many of the actions of leptin are mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) but nothing is known about the cellular mechanisms by which leptin might regulate PRL secretion in vertebrates. We therefore tested whether ERK1/2 might be involved in the leptin PRL response and found that the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, hindered leptin-induced PRL release. We further analyzed leptin response by quantifying tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 using western blots. One hour incubation with leptin induced a concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylated, and thus active, ERK1/2. Our data show that leptin is a powerful stimulator of in vitro PRL release and that its actions occur in part through stimulation of ERK1/2.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian K. and Strom, Christina N. and Bailey, Sean T. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={275–281} }
 @article{tipsmark_weber_strom_grau_hirano_borski_2005, title={Involvement of phospholipase C and intracellular calcium signaling in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of prolactin release from lactotrophs of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.11.009}, abstractNote={Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a potent stimulator of prolactin (PRL) secretion in various vertebrates including the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. The mechanism by which GnRH regulates lactotroph cell function is poorly understood. Using the advantageous characteristics of the teleost pituitary gland from which a nearly pure population of PRL cells can be isolated, we examined whether GnRH might stimulate PRL release through an increase in phospholipase C (PLC), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and intracellular calcium (Ca(i)2+) signaling. Using Ca(i)2+ imaging and the calcium-sensitive dye fura-2, we found that chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) induced a rapid dose-dependent increase in Ca(i)2+ in dispersed tilapia lactotrophs. The Ca(i)2+ signal was abolished by U-73122, an inhibitor of PLC-dependent phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Correspondingly, cGnRH-II-induced tPRL188 secretion was inhibited by U-73122, suggesting that activation of PLC mediates cGnRH-II's stimulatory effect on PRL secretion. Pretreatment with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, impeded the effect of cGnRH-II on Ca(i)2+. To further address the possible involvement of intracellular Ca2+ stores, IP3 concentrations in the tilapia rostral pars distalis (RPD containing 95-99% PRL cells) was determined by a radioreceptor assay. We found that GnRH-II induces a rapid (<5min) and sustained increase in IP3 concentration in the RPD. Secretion of tPRL(188) in response to cGnRH-II was suppressed by Ca2+ antagonists (TMB-8 and nifedipine). These data, along with our previous findings that show PRL release increases with a rise in Ca(i)2+, suggest that GnRH may elicit its PRL releasing effect by increasing Ca(i)2+. Furthermore, the rise in Ca(i)2+ may be derived from PLC/IP3-induced mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores along with influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.}, number={1-2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, CK and Weber, GM and Strom, CN and Grau, EG and Hirano, T and Borski, RJ}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={227–233} }