@article{nolin_taylor jr_edens_siegel_ashwell_2023, title={Combining supervised machine learning with statistics reveals differential gene expression patterns related to energy metabolism in the jejuna of chickens divergently selected for antibody response to sheep red blood cells}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102751}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.102751}, abstractNote={Since the 1970s, 2 lines of White Leghorn chickens, HAS and LAS, have been continuously divergently selected for 5-day postinjection antibody titer to injection with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody response is a complex genetic trait and characterizing differences in gene expression could facilitate better understanding of physiological changes due to selection and antigen exposure. At 41 d of age, randomly selected HAS and LAS chickens, which had been coraised from hatch, were either injected with SRBC (HASI and LASI) or kept as the noninjected cohort (HASN and LASN). Five days later, all were euthanized, and samples collected from the jejunum for RNA isolation and sequencing. Resulting gene expression data were analyzed combining traditional statistics with machine learning to obtain signature gene lists for functional analysis. Differences in ATP production and cellular processes were observed in the jejunum between lines and following SRBC injection. HASN vs. LASN exhibited upregulation of ATP production, immune cell motility, and inflammation. LASI exhibits upregulation of ATP production and protein synthesis vs. LASN, reflective of what was observed in HASN vs. LASN. In contrast, no corresponding upregulation of ATP production was observed in HASI vs. HASN, and most other cellular processes appear inhibited. Without exposure to SRBC, gene expression in the jejunum indicates HAS generates more ATP than LAS, suggesting HAS maintains a "primed" system; and gene expression of HASI vs. HASN further suggests this basal ATP production is sufficient for robust antibody responses. Conversely, LASI vs. LASN jejunal gene expression implies a physiological need for increased ATP production with only minimal correlating antibody production. The results of this experiment provide insight into energetic resource needs and allocations in the jejunum in response to genetic selection and antigen exposure in HAS and LAS which may help explain phenotypic differences observed in antibody response.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Nolin, Shelly J. and Taylor Jr, Robert L. and Edens, Frank W. and Siegel, Paul B. and Ashwell, Christopher M.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{he_taylor_bai_ashwell_zhao_li_sun_zhang_song_2023, title={Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and immunity in chickens that vary in Marek's disease resistance}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103036}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.103036}, abstractNote={Marek's disease virus (MDV), a naturally oncogenic, highly contagious alpha herpesvirus, induces a T cell lymphoma in chickens that causes severe economic loss. Marek's disease (MD) outcome in an individual is attributed to genetic and environmental factors. Further investigation of the host-virus interaction mechanisms that impact MD resistance is needed to achieve greater MD control. This study analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in 2 highly inbred parental lines 63 and 72 and 5 recombinant congenic strains (RCS) C, L, M, N, and X strains from those parents. Lines 63 and 72, are MD resistant and susceptible, respectively, whereas the RCS have different combinations of 87.5% Line 63 and 12.5% Line 72. Our DNA methylation cluster showed a strong association with MD incidence. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the parental lines and the 5 RCS were captured. MD-resistant and MD-susceptible markers of DNA methylation were identified as transgenerational epigenetic inheritable. In addition, the growth of v-src DNA tumors and antibody response against sheep red blood cells differed among the 2 parental lines and the RCS. Overall, our results provide very solid evidence that DNA methylation patterns are transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) in chickens and also play a vital role in MD tumorigenesis and other immune responses; the specific methylated regions may be important modulators of general immunity.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={He, Yanghua and Taylor, Robert L., Jr. and Bai, Hao and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Zhao, Keji and Li, Yaokun and Sun, Guirong and Zhang, Huanmin and Song, Jiuzhou}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{wooten_lowman_ashwell_2021, title={Effect of Nutritional Variance of Energy and Crude Protein on Sex Ratio and Development of W-36 Parent Offspring}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2345-6566"]}, url={https://psj.gau.ac.ir/article_5864.html}, DOI={10.22069/psj.2021.19082.1694}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Wooten, McCaide T. and Lowman, Zachary S. and Ashwell, Christopher M.}, year={2021}, pages={255–262} }
 @article{phillips_reading_livingston_livingston_ashwell_2020, title={Evaluation via Supervised Machine Learning of the Broiler Pectoralis Major and Liver Transcriptome in Association With the Muscle Myopathy Wooden Breast}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-042X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2020.00101}, abstractNote={The muscle myopathy wooden breast (WB) has recently appeared in broiler production and has a negative impact on meat quality. WB is described as hard/firm consistency found within the pectoralis major (PM). In the present study, we use machine learning from our PM and liver transcriptome dataset to capture the complex relationships that are not typically revealed by traditional statistical methods. Gene expression data was evaluated between the PM and liver of birds with WB and those that were normal. Two separate machine learning algorithms were performed to analyze the data set including the sequential minimal optimization (SMO) of support vector machines (SVMs) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Machine learning algorithms were compared to identify genes within a gene expression data set of approximately 16,000 genes for both liver and PM, which can be correctly classified from birds with or without WB. The performance of both machine learning algorithms SMO and MLP was determined using percent correct classification during the cross-validations. By evaluating the WB transcriptome datasets by 5× cross-validation using ANNs, the expression of nine genes ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) from PM were able to correctly classify if the individual bird was normal or exhibited WB 100% of the time. These top nine genes were all protein coding and potential biomarkers. When PM gene expression data were evaluated between normal birds and those with WB using SVMs they were correctly classified 95% of the time using 450 of the top genes sorted ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) as a preprocessing step. When evaluating the 450 attributes that were 95% correctly classified using SVMs through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) there was an overlap in top genes identified through MLP. This analysis allowed the identification of critical transcriptional responses for the first time in both liver and muscle during the onset of WB. The information provided has revealed many molecules and pathways making up a complex molecular mechanism involved with the progression of wooden breast and suggests that the etiology of the myopathy is not limited to activity in the muscle alone, but is an altered systemic pathology.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Phillips, Chelsea A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Livingston, Matthew and Livingston, Kimberly and Ashwell, Chris M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{barrett_rowland_schmidt_lamont_rothschild_ashwell_persia_2019, title={Effects of acute and chronic heat stress on the performance, egg quality, body temperature, and blood gas parameters of laying hens}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez541}, abstractNote={The goal of this experiment was to measure the physiological response of individual laying hens exposed to heat stress (HS). Performance, egg quality, body temperature (BT), and blood chemistry of laying hens were individually recorded before and after various intervals of daily cyclic HS. In total, 407 18-week-old W-36 parent-line laying hens (Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA) were housed individually in battery cages. After an acclimation period, baseline data were collected from 22 to 24-wk before the hens were subjected to a daily cyclic HS consisting of 7 h at 35°C returning to 30°C for the remaining 17 h/D from 24 to 28-wk of age. Eggs were collected and individually weighed daily. Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), egg weights, egg mass, BW, and feed efficiency (FE) (g egg/kg FI) were calculated over 2-wk time periods. Eggs were collected for quality assessment the day before HS began, the 2nd day of HS, and on a weekly basis throughout the 4-wk HS. Blood was collected and BT measured the day before heat HS was initiated, on the first day of HS, and again at 2 and 4-wk of HS. Blood PCO2 and iCa decreased, and blood pH increased within 4 to 6 h of HS (P ≤ 0.01). Shell weights decreased with acute HS, possibly due to the reduction in blood iCa (P ≤ 0.01). After 4-wk of HS the blood pH returned to pre-HS levels but iCa remained decreased (P ≤ 0.01). Shell weights remained low and Haugh units decreased after 2 and 4-wk of HS (P ≤ 0.01). Feed efficiency was increased and FI, EP, and BW decreased by 2-wk of HS and remained low through 4-wk (P ≤ 0.01). The cyclic HS had a significant effect on the performance, egg quality, and blood chemistry over the 4-wk HS.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barrett, Nathaniel W. and Rowland, Kaylee and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J. and Rothschild, Max F. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Persia, Michael E.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={6684–6692} }
 @article{rowland_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2019, title={Genetic analysis of production, physiological, and egg quality traits in heat-challenged commercial white egg-laying hens using 600k SNP array data}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1297-9686"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12711-019-0474-6}, abstractNote={Heat stress negatively affects the welfare and production of chickens. High ambient temperature is considered one of the most ubiquitous abiotic environmental challenges to laying hens around the world. In this study, we recorded several production traits, feed intake, body weight, digestibility, and egg quality of 400 commercial white egg-laying hens before and during a 4-week heat treatment. For the phenotypes that had estimated heritabilities (using 600k SNP chip data) higher than 0, SNP associations were tested using the same 600k genotype data. Seventeen phenotypes had heritability estimates higher than 0, including measurements at various time points for feed intake, feed efficiency, body weight, albumen weight, egg quality expressed in Haugh units, egg mass, and also for change in egg mass from prior to heat exposure to various time points during the 4-week heat treatment. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for 10 of these 17 phenotypes. Some of the phenotypes shared QTL including Haugh units before heat exposure and after 4 weeks of heat treatment. Estimated heritabilities differed from 0 for 17 traits, which indicates that they are under genetic control and that there is potential for improving these traits through selective breeding. The association of different QTL with the same phenotypes before heat exposure and during heat treatment indicates that genomic control of traits under heat stress is distinct from that under thermoneutral conditions. This study contributes to the knowledge on the genomic control of response to heat stress in laying hens.}, number={1}, journal={GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Rowland, Kaylee and Ashwell, Chris M. and Persia, Michael E. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{elbeltagy_bertolini_fleming_van goor_ashwell_schmidt_kugonza_lamont_rothschild_2019, title={Natural Selection Footprints Among African Chicken Breeds and Village Ecotypes}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1664-8021"]}, DOI={10.3389/fgene.2019.00376}, abstractNote={Natural selection is likely a major factor in shaping genomic variation of the African indigenous rural chicken, driving the development of genetic footprints. Selection footprints are expected to be associated with adaptation to locally prevailing environmental stressors, which may include diverse factors as high altitude, disease resistance, poor nutrition, oxidative and heat stresses. To determine the existence of a selection footprint, 268 birds were randomly sampled from three indigenous ecotypes from East Africa (Rwanda and Uganda) and North Africa (Baladi), and two registered Egyptian breeds (Dandarawi and Fayoumi). Samples were genotyped using the chicken Affymetrix 600K Axiom® Array. A total of 494,332 SNPs were utilized in the downstream analysis after implementing quality control measures. The intra-population runs of homozygosity (ROH) that occurred in >50% of individuals of an ecotype or in >75% of a breed were studied. To identify inter-population differentiation due to genetic structure, FST was calculated for North- vs. East-African populations and Baladi and Fayoumi vs. Dandarawi for overlapping windows (500 kb with a step-size of 250 kb). The ROH and FST mapping detected several selective sweeps on different autosomes. Results reflected selection footprints of the environmental stresses, breed behavior, and management. Intra-population ROH of the Egyptian chickens showed selection footprints bearing genes for adaptation to heat, solar radiation, ion transport and immunity. The high-altitude-adapted East-African populations’ ROH showed a selection signature with genes for angiogenesis, oxygen-heme binding and transport. The neuroglobin gene (GO:0019825 and GO:0015671) was detected on a Chromosome 5 ROH of Rwanda–Uganda ecotypes. The sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter, SLC6A2 on a Chromosome 11 ROH in Fayoumi breed may reflect its active behavior. Inter-population FST among Egyptian populations reflected genetic mechanisms for the Fayoumi resistance to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), while FST between Egyptian and Rwanda–Uganda populations indicated the Secreted frizzled related protein 2, SFRP2, (GO:0009314) on Chromosome 4, that contributes to melanogenic activity and most likely enhances the Dandarawi chicken adaptation to high-intensity of solar radiation in Southern Egypt. These results enhance our understanding of the natural selection forces role in shaping genomic structure for adaptation to the stressful African conditions.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN GENETICS}, publisher={Frontiers}, author={Elbeltagy, Ahmed R. and Bertolini, Francesca and Fleming, Damarius S. and Van Goor, Angelica and Ashwell, Chris M. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Kugonza, Donald R. and Lamont, Susan J. and Rothschild, Max F.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{dunn_doki_oluyemi_ologhobo_mcdonald_edwards_greenhalgh_morgan_short_gorton_et al._2018, title={2018 Abstracts}, volume={14}, number={1}, booktitle={British Poultry Abstracts}, author={Dunn, IC and Doki, T and Oluyemi, JA and Ologhobo, AD and McDonald, P and Edwards, RA and Greenhalgh, JFD and Morgan, CA and Short, FJ and Gorton, P and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={1–35} }
 @article{monson_van goor_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2018, title={Immunomodulatory effects of heat stress and lipopolysaccharide on the bursal transcriptome in two distinct chicken lines}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-018-5033-y}, abstractNote={Exposure to heat stress suppresses poultry immune responses, which can increase susceptibility to infectious diseases and, thereby, intensify the negative effects of heat on poultry welfare and performance. Identifying genes and pathways that are affected by high temperatures, especially heat-induced changes in immune responses, could provide targets to improve disease resistance in chickens. This study utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate transcriptome responses in the bursa of Fabricius, a primary immune tissue, after exposure to acute heat stress and/or subcutaneous immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a 2 × 2 factorial design: Thermoneutral + Saline, Heat + Saline, Thermoneutral + LPS and Heat + LPS. All treatments were investigated in two chicken lines: a relatively heat- and disease-resistant Fayoumi line and a more susceptible broiler line. Differential expression analysis determined that Heat + Saline had limited impact on gene expression (N = 1 or 63 genes) in broiler or Fayoumi bursa. However, Thermoneutral + LPS and Heat + LPS generated many expression changes in Fayoumi bursa (N = 368 and 804 genes). Thermoneutral + LPS was predicted to increase immune-related cell signaling and cell migration, while Heat + LPS would activate mortality-related functions and decrease expression in WNT signaling pathways. Further inter-treatment comparisons in the Fayoumi line revealed that heat stress prevented many of the expression changes caused by LPS. Although fewer significant expression changes were observed in the broiler bursa after exposure to Thermoneutral + LPS (N = 59 genes) or to Heat + LPS (N = 146 genes), both treatments were predicted to increase cell migration. Direct comparison between lines (broiler to Fayoumi) confirmed that each line had distinct responses to treatment. Transcriptome analysis identified genes and pathways involved in bursal responses to heat stress and LPS and elucidated that these effects were greatest in the combined treatment. The interaction between heat and LPS was line dependent, with suppressive expression changes primarily in the Fayoumi line. Potential target genes, especially those involved in cell migration and immune signaling, can inform future research on heat stress in poultry and could prove useful for improving disease resistance.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Monson, Melissa S. and Van Goor, Angelica G. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Persia, Michael E. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{rowland_hsieh_barrett_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2018, title={Regions of Genomic Control Identified for Feed Efficiency in Laying Hens under Heat Stress}, volume={664}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Rowland, Kaylee and Hsieh, John CF and Barrett, Nathaniel and Ashwell, Chris M and Persia, Mike E and Rothschild, Max F and Schmidt, Carl and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2018}, pages={52} }
 @article{elbetagy_bertolini_fleming_van goor_schmidt_lamont_rothschild_2017, title={Evidence of Natural Selection Footprints Among Some African Chicken Breeds and Village Ecotypes}, volume={663}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Elbetagy, Ahmed R and Bertolini, Francesca and Fleming, Damarius S and Van Goor, Angelica and Schmidt, Carl and Lamont, Susan J and Rothschild, Max F}, year={2017}, pages={40} }
 @article{monson_van goor_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2017, title={Exposure to Heat Stress and anImmune Stimulus AffectsGene Expression in Chicken Immune Tissues}, volume={663}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Monson, Melissa S and Van Goor, Angelica G and Ashwell, Christopher M and Persia, Michael E and Rothschild, Max F and Schmidt, Carl J and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2017}, pages={47} }
 @article{lillie_sheng_honaker_dorshorst_ashwell_siegel_carlborg_2017, title={Genome-wide standing variation facilitates long-term response to bidirectional selection for antibody response in chickens}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3414-7}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-016-3414-7}, abstractNote={Long-term selection experiments provide a powerful approach to gain empirical insights into adaptation, allowing researchers to uncover the targets of selection and infer their contributions to the mode and tempo of adaptation. Here we implement a pooled genome re-sequencing approach to investigate the consequences of 39 generations of bidirectional selection in White Leghorn chickens on a humoral immune trait: antibody response to sheep red blood cells. We observed wide genome involvement in response to this selection regime. Many genomic regions were highly differentiated resulting from this experimental selection regime, an involvement of up to 20% of the chicken genome (208.8 Mb). While genetic drift has certainly contributed to this, we implement gene ontology, association analysis and population simulations to increase our confidence in candidate selective sweeps. Three strong candidate genes, MHC, SEMA5A and TGFBR2, are also presented. The extensive genomic changes highlight the polygenic genetic architecture of antibody response in these chicken populations, which are derived from a common founder population, demonstrating the extent of standing immunogenetic variation available at the onset of selection.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lillie, Mette and Sheng, Zheya and Honaker, Christa F. and Dorshorst, Ben J. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Siegel, Paul B. and Carlborg, Orjan}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{fleming_weigend_simianer_weigend_rothschild_schmidt_ashwell_persia_reecy_lamont_2017, title={Genomic Comparison of Indigenous African and Northern European Chickens Reveals Putative Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance Related to Environmental Selection Pressure}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2160-1836"]}, DOI={10.1534/g3.117.041228}, abstractNote={Global climate change is increasing the magnitude of environmental stressors, such as temperature, pathogens, and drought, that limit the survivability and sustainability of livestock production. Poultry production and its expansion is dependent upon robust animals that are able to cope with stressors in multiple environments. Understanding the genetic strategies that indigenous, noncommercial breeds have evolved to survive in their environment could help to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying biological traits of environmental adaptation. We examined poultry from diverse breeds and climates of Africa and Northern Europe for selection signatures that have allowed them to adapt to their indigenous environments. Selection signatures were studied using a combination of population genomic methods that employed FST, integrated haplotype score (iHS), and runs of homozygosity (ROH) procedures. All the analyses indicated differences in environment as a driver of selective pressure in both groups of populations. The analyses revealed unique differences in the genomic regions under selection pressure from the environment for each population. The African chickens showed stronger selection toward stress signaling and angiogenesis, while the Northern European chickens showed more selection pressure toward processes related to energy homeostasis. The results suggest that chromosomes 2 and 27 are the most diverged between populations and the most selected upon within the African (chromosome 27) and Northern European (chromosome 2) birds. Examination of the divergent populations has provided new insight into genes under possible selection related to tolerance of a population’s indigenous environment that may be baselines for examining the genomic contribution to tolerance adaptions.}, number={5}, journal={G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS}, author={Fleming, Damarius S. and Weigend, Steffen and Simianer, Henner and Weigend, Annett and Rothschild, Max and Schmidt, Carl and Ashwell, Chris and Persia, Mike and Reecy, James and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1525–1537} }
 @article{fleming_weigend_simianer_weigend_rothschild_schmidt_ashwell_persia_reecy_lamont_2017, title={Genomic comparison of indigenous African and Northern European chickens reveals putative mechanisms of stress tolerance related to environmental selection pressure}, volume={7}, number={5}, journal={G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics}, publisher={G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics}, author={Fleming, Damarius S and Weigend, Steffen and Simianer, Henner and Weigend, Annett and Rothschild, Max and Schmidt, Carl and Ashwell, Chris and Persia, Mike and Reecy, James and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2017}, pages={1525–1537} }
 @article{lowman_wooten_ashwell_anderson_barnes_2017, title={Protein and Caloric Intake on the Reproductive Performance Parameters of Hy-Line W-36 Parent Stock males}, volume={16}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Lowman, Zachary S and Wooten, McCaide T and Ashwell, Christopher M and Anderson, Kenneth E and Barnes, H John}, year={2017}, pages={242–247} }
 @article{van goor_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2017, title={Unique genetic responses revealed in RNA-seq of the spleen of chickens stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and short-term heat}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0171414}, abstractNote={Climate change and disease have large negative impacts on poultry production, but little is known about the interactions of responses to these stressors in chickens. Fayoumi (heat and disease resistant) and broiler (heat and disease susceptible) chicken lines were stimulated at 22 days of age, using a 2x2x2 factorial design including: breed (Fayoumi or broiler), inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline), and temperature (35°C or 25°C). Transcriptional changes in spleens were analyzed using RNA-sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Thirty-two individual cDNA libraries were sequenced (four per treatment) and an average of 22 million reads were generated per library. Stimulation with LPS induced more differentially expressed genes (DEG, log2 fold change ≥ 2 and FDR ≤ 0.05) in the broiler (N = 283) than the Fayoumi (N = 85), whereas heat treatment resulted in fewer DEG in broiler (N = 22) compared to Fayoumi (N = 107). The double stimulus of LPS+heat induced the largest numbers of changes in gene expression, for which broiler had 567 DEG and Fayoumi had 1471 DEG of which 399 were shared between breeds. Further analysis of DEG revealed pathways impacted by these stressors such as Remodelling of Epithelial Adherens Junctions due to heat stress, Granulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesis due to LPS, and Hepatic Fibrosis/Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation due to LPS+heat. The genes and pathways identified provide deeper understanding of the response to the applied stressors and may serve as biomarkers for genetic selection for heat and disease tolerant chickens.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Van Goor, Angelica and Ashwell, Chris M. and Persia, Michael E. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ashwell_persia_lamont_rothschild_schmidt_van goor_2017, title={Unique genetic responses revealed in RNAseq of the spleen of chickens stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and short-term heat}, publisher={PLoS (Public Library of Science)}, author={Ashwell, Chris M and Persia, Michael E and Lamont, Susan J and Rothschild, Max F and Schmidt, Carl J and Van Goor, Angelica}, year={2017} }
 @article{barnwell_farin_ashwell_farmer_galphin_farin_2016, title={Differences in mRNA populations of short and long bovine conceptuses on Day 15 of gestation}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.22640}, abstractNote={The majority of pregnancy loss in cattle occurs between Days 8 and 16 of gestation, coincident with the initiation of conceptus elongation and the onset of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Differences in conceptus length on the same day of gestation may be related to an inherent lack of developmental competency or may simply be a consequence of asynchrony with the maternal environment. The objective of this work was to characterize differential patterns of mRNA expression between short and long bovine conceptuses recovered on Day 15 of gestation. Embryos were produced from super‐ovulated Holstein donor cows, and groups of Grade‐1 and Grade‐3 compact morulas were transferred into recipient heifers at Day 6.5 of their cycle. Conceptuses were recovered at Day 15 of gestation, and measured to assess overall length and area. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed on individual GeneChip Bovine Genome Arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Gene expression was compared between conceptuses derived from the transfer of Grade‐1 versus Grade‐3 embryos; no differences were identified in the profiles of Day‐15 conceptuses of these different embryo grades. When gene expression was compared between conceptuses classified as either short (mean length of 4.2 ± 0.1 mm [standard error]) or long (24.7 ± 1.9 mm) upon recovery at Day 15 of gestation, a total of 348 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 221 genes were up‐regulated and 127 were down‐regulated in long compared to short conceptuses. In summary, differences in gene expression were identified between conceptuses recovered on Day 15 of gestation, based on their length. These data may be used to identify genes and cellular pathways involved in enhanced conceptus elongation that could serve as markers of successful pregnancy. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 424–441, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={5}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Barnwell, Callie V. and Farin, Peter W. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Farmer, William T. and Galphin, Samuel P., Jr. and Farin, Charlotte E.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={424–441} }
 @article{differences in mrna populations of short and long bovine conceptuses on day 15 of gestation_2016, volume={83}, number={5}, journal={Molecular reproduction and development}, year={2016}, pages={424–441} }
 @article{fleming_koltes_markey_schmidt_ashwell_rothschild_persia_reecy_lamont_2016, title={Genomes of African Chickens Show Evolutionary Response to Environmental Stress}, volume={662}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Fleming, Damarius S and Koltes, James E and Markey, Alyssa D and Schmidt, Carl J and Ashwell, Chris M and Rothschild, Max F and Persia, Michael E and Reecy, James M and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2016}, pages={62} }
 @article{fleming_koltes_markey_schmidt_ashwell_rothschild_persia_reecy_lamont_2016, title={Genomic analysis of Ugandan and Rwandan chicken ecotypes using a 600 k genotyping array}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-016-2711-5}, abstractNote={Indigenous populations of animals have developed unique adaptations to their local environments, which may include factors such as response to thermal stress, drought, pathogens and suboptimal nutrition. The survival and subsequent evolution within these local environments can be the result of both natural and artificial selection driving the acquisition of favorable traits, which over time leave genomic signatures in a population. This study's goals are to characterize genomic diversity and identify selection signatures in chickens from equatorial Africa to identify genomic regions that may confer adaptive advantages of these ecotypes to their environments. Indigenous chickens from Uganda (n = 72) and Rwanda (n = 100), plus Kuroilers (n = 24, an Indian breed imported to Africa), were genotyped using the Axiom® 600 k Chicken Genotyping Array. Indigenous ecotypes were defined based upon location of sampling within Africa. The results revealed the presence of admixture among the Ugandan, Rwandan, and Kuroiler populations. Genes within runs of homozygosity consensus regions are linked to gene ontology (GO) terms related to lipid metabolism, immune functions and stress-mediated responses (FDR < 0.15). The genes within regions of signatures of selection are enriched for GO terms related to health and oxidative stress processes. Key genes in these regions had anti-oxidant, apoptosis, and inflammation functions. The study suggests that these populations have alleles under selective pressure from their environment, which may aid in adaptation to harsh environments. The correspondence in gene ontology terms connected to stress-mediated processes across the populations could be related to the similarity of environments or an artifact of the detected admixture.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Fleming, D. S. and Koltes, J. E. and Markey, A. D. and Schmidt, C. J. and Ashwell, C. M. and Rothschild, M. F. and Persia, M. E. and Reecy, J. M. and Lamont, S. J.}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @article{elbeltagy_fleming_bertolini_van goor_ashwell_schmidt_lamont_rothschild_2016, title={P4060 Runs of homozygosity reveal natural selection footprints of some African chicken breeds and village ecotypes}, volume={94}, number={suppl_4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Elbeltagy, AR and Fleming, DS and Bertolini, F and Van Goor, AG and Ashwell, CM and Schmidt, CJ and Lamont, SJ and Rothschild, MF}, year={2016}, pages={108–109} }
 @article{lowman_ashwell_2016, title={Parental diet effects on egg component weights and shell quality}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfw024}, abstractNote={Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding laying hens a low protein and energy diet (LPE), a high protein and energy diet (HPE), and a commercial protein and energy diet (control) on whole egg components, egg weight, and shell quality. The hens were fed their respective diets from 15 to 30 wk of age. At 30 wk of age, egg component weight and percentages were measured along with eggshell quality. The results demonstrated that birds fed the LPE diet had significantly lower albumen, yolk, and total egg weights that the control and HPE groups. The LPE group had significantly lower levels of total albumen protein than the control group. The HPE hens had significantly lower shell thickness and pore concentration than the LPE group, demonstrating that dietary levels of CP and ME can alter not only shell quality component but also albumen protein levels.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, publisher={Poultry Science Association, Inc.}, author={Lowman, Z. S. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={437–442} }
 @article{van goor_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2016, title={Quantitative trait loci identified for blood chemistry components of an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-016-2601-x}, abstractNote={Heat stress in poultry results in considerable economic losses and is a concern for both animal health and welfare. Physiological changes occur during periods of heat stress, including changes in blood chemistry components. A highly advanced intercross line, created from a broiler (heat susceptible) by Fayoumi (heat resistant) cross, was exposed to daily heat cycles for seven days starting at 22 days of age. Blood components measured pre-heat treatment and on the seventh day of heat treatment included pH, pCO2, pO2, base excess, HCO3, TCO2, K, Na, ionized Ca, hematocrit, hemoglobin, sO2, and glucose. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these traits and their calculated changes was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a 600 K SNP panel. There were significant increases in pH, base excess, HCO3, TCO2, ionized Ca, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sO2, and significant decreases in pCO2 and glucose after 7 days of heat treatment. Heritabilities ranged from 0.01-0.21 for pre-heat measurements, 0.01-0.23 for measurements taken during heat, and 0.00-0.10 for the calculated change due to heat treatment. All blood components were highly correlated within measurement days, but not correlated between measurement days. The GWAS revealed 61 QTL for all traits, located on GGA (Gallus gallus chromosome) 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12–14, 17, 18, 21–28, and Z. A functional analysis of the genes in these QTL regions identified the Angiopoietin pathway as significant. The QTL that co-localized for three or more traits were on GGA10, 22, 26, 28, and Z and revealed candidate genes for birds’ response to heat stress. The results of this study contribute to our knowledge of levels and heritabilities of several blood components of chickens under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Most components responded to heat treatment. Mapped QTL may serve as markers for genomic selection to enhance heat tolerance in poultry. The Angiopoietin pathway is likely involved in the response to heat stress in chickens. Several candidate genes were identified, giving additional insight into potential mechanisms of physiologic response to high ambient temperatures.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Van Goor, Angelica and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Persia, Michael E. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{elbeltagy_fleming_bertolini_van goor_ashwell_schmidt_lamont_rothschild_2016, title={Runs of homozygosity reveal natural selection footprints of some African chicken breeds and village ecotypes}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas2016.94supplement4108a}, abstractNote={The earliest evidence of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) introduction into Africa was in Egypt in the New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty (1307–1196 BC) through the ancient cinnamon trade. Chickens were introduced in Eastern Africa (EA) later via Egypt or direct introduction via Indian Ocean trading. With the absence of genetic improvement schemes and breeding associations, EA rural chicken populations are likely under natural selection, and most are considered as ecotypes, not breeds. A few populations, e.g., Egyptian Fayoumi have fixed criteria and are registered as a breed. The current study aims to assess probable co-ancestry among six African chicken populations, in comparison with a highly inbred US Fayoumi line, to investigate the inter-population genomic variation due to natural selective pressure and to determine functional variants associated with Runs of Homozygosity (ROH). The populations studied included three indigenous African ecotypes from Uganda (UGN), Rwanda (RWN) and Egyptian naked-neck (ENN); two Egyptian registered breeds; Fayoumi (FEG) and Dandarawi (DEG), one hybrid developed in India and sampled in Uganda, Kuroiler (KRL), and a highly inbred US Fayoumi (FUS). A total of 290 birds were randomly sampled from villagers in Egypt, Rwanda, and Uganda, representing indigenous populations, and 6 birds were sampled from the inbred FUS flock. Birds were genotyped using the Affymetrix 600K Axiom® Genome-Wide Chicken Genotyping Array. ROH were defined using PLINK v1.9, for a minimum ROH length of 500kb, with no more than one missing SNP and one heterozygous SNP genotype per window. A total number of 15,277 ROH were detected across the studied populations. ROH length ranged between 500kb to around 50Mb. ROH were classified into three length categories; short (500kb to < 1Mb, n = 9970; 65.3%); medium (1Mb to < 5Mb, n = 4960; 32.5%) and long (≥ 5Mb, n = 347; 2.3%). The average number of ROH per bird was highest for the inbred FUS (240.7), and the least for the DAN (19.9) indicating outbreeding. Intra-breed regions with a high occurrence of ROH were identified on several chromosomes indicating ROH landscaping, where several genes involved in survivability and tolerance (i.e., reproduction, metabolism, muscle formation, ion-exchange, and heat and oxidative stresses tolerance) were detected. This study illustrates the distribution of ROH and functional variants within ROH in some African breeds and ecotypes. Detecting genomic regions involved in traits under natural selection contributes to our understanding of regions of importance for selection and distribution of functional variants in the chicken genome.}, number={S4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Elbeltagy, A. R. and Fleming, D. S. and Bertolini, F. and Van Goor, A. G. and Ashwell, C. M. and Schmidt, C. J. and Lamont, S. J. and Rothschild, M. F.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={108–109} }
 @article{fleming_koltes_fritz-waters_rothschild_schmidt_ashwell_persia_reecy_lamont_2016, title={Single nucleotide variant discovery of highly inbred Leghorn and Fayoumi chicken breeds using pooled whole genome resequencing data reveals insights into phenotype differences}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-016-3147-7}, abstractNote={Analyses of sequence variants of two distinct and highly inbred chicken lines allowed characterization of genomic variation that may be associated with phenotypic differences between breeds. These lines were the Leghorn, the major contributing breed to commercial white-egg production lines, and the Fayoumi, representative of an outbred indigenous and robust breed. Unique within- and between-line genetic diversity was used to define the genetic differences of the two breeds through the use of variant discovery and functional annotation. Downstream fixation test (F ST ) analysis and subsequent gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis elucidated major differences between the two lines. The genes with high F ST values for both breeds were used to identify enriched gene ontology terms. Over-enriched GO annotations were uncovered for functions indicative of breed-related traits of pathogen resistance and reproductive ability for Fayoumi and Leghorn, respectively. Variant analysis elucidated GO functions indicative of breed-predominant phenotypes related to genomic variation in the lines, showing a possible link between the genetic variants and breed traits.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Fleming, D. S. and Koltes, J. E. and Fritz-Waters, E. R. and Rothschild, M. F. and Schmidt, C. J. and Ashwell, C. M. and Persia, M. E. and Reecy, J. M. and Lamont, S. J.}, year={2016}, month={Oct} }
 @article{van goor_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2016, title={UNIQUE GENETIC RESPONSES REVEALED IN RNA-SEQ OF THE SPLEEN OF CHICKENS STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND HEAT}, volume={1001}, journal={The genomics of heat stress and immune response in chickens}, author={Van Goor, Angelica and Ashwell, Chris M and Persia, Mike E and Rothschild, Max F and Schmidt, Carl J and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2016}, pages={102} }
 @article{dorshorst_harun-or-rashid_bagherpoor_rubin_ashwell_gourichon_tixier-boichard_hallbook_andersson_2015, title={A Genomic Duplication is Associated with Ectopic Eomesodermin Expression in the Embryonic Chicken Comb and Two Duplex-comb Phenotypes}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1553-7404"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pgen.1004947}, abstractNote={Duplex-comb (D) is one of three major loci affecting comb morphology in the domestic chicken. Here we show that the two Duplex-comb alleles, V-shaped (D*V) and Buttercup (D*C), are both associated with a 20 Kb tandem duplication containing several conserved putative regulatory elements located 200 Kb upstream of the eomesodermin gene (EOMES). EOMES is a T-box transcription factor that is involved in mesoderm specification during gastrulation. In D*V and D*C chicken embryos we find that EOMES is ectopically expressed in the ectoderm of the comb-developing region as compared to wild-type embryos. The confinement of the ectopic expression of EOMES to the ectoderm is in stark contrast to the causal mechanisms underlying the two other major comb loci in the chicken (Rose-comb and Pea-comb) in which the transcription factors MNR2 and SOX5 are ectopically expressed strictly in the mesenchyme. Interestingly, the causal mutations of all three major comb loci in the chicken are now known to be composed of large-scale structural genomic variants that each result in ectopic expression of transcription factors. The Duplex-comb locus also illustrates the evolution of alleles in domestic animals, which means that alleles evolve by the accumulation of two or more consecutive mutations affecting the phenotype. We do not yet know whether the V-shaped or Buttercup allele correspond to the second mutation that occurred on the haplotype of the original duplication event.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS GENETICS}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Dorshorst, Ben and Harun-Or-Rashid, Mohammad and Bagherpoor, Alireza Jian and Rubin, Carl-Johan and Ashwell, Chris and Gourichon, David and Tixier-Boichard, Michele and Hallbook, Finn and Andersson, Leif}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @article{lamont_kaiser_rothschild_persia_ashwell_schmidt_2015, title={Breed differences in physiologic response to embryonic thermal conditioning and post-hatch heat stress in chickens}, volume={661}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Lamont, Susan J and Kaiser, Michael G and Rothschild, Max F and Persia, Michael E and Ashwell, Chris and Schmidt, Carl}, year={2015}, pages={58} }
 @article{bjorkquist_rothschild_persia_ashwell_schmidt_lamont_2015, title={Genetic Markers Found for Response to Heat Stress in Chickens}, volume={661}, number={1}, journal={Animal Industry Report}, author={Bjorkquist, Angelica G and Rothschild, Max F and Persia, Michael E and Ashwell, Chris and Schmidt, Carl and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2015}, pages={60} }
 @article{van goor_bolek_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2015, title={Identification of quantitative trait loci for body temperature, body weight, breast yield, and digestibility in an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1297-9686"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12711-015-0176-7}, abstractNote={Losses in poultry production due to heat stress have considerable negative economic consequences. Previous studies in poultry have elucidated a genetic influence on response to heat. Using a unique chicken genetic resource, we identified genomic regions associated with body temperature (BT), body weight (BW), breast yield, and digestibility measured during heat stress. Identifying genes associated with a favorable response during high ambient temperature can facilitate genetic selection of heat-resilient chickens. Generations F18 and F19 of a broiler (heat-susceptible) × Fayoumi (heat-resistant) advanced intercross line (AIL) were used to fine-map quantitative trait loci (QTL). Six hundred and thirty-one birds were exposed to daily heat cycles from 22 to 28 days of age, and phenotypes were measured before heat treatment, on the 1st day and after 1 week of heat treatment. BT was measured at these three phases and BW at pre-heat treatment and after 1 week of heat treatment. Breast muscle yield was calculated as the percentage of BW at day 28. Ileal feed digestibility was assayed from digesta collected from the ileum at day 28. Four hundred and sixty-eight AIL were genotyped using the 600 K Affymetrix chicken SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array. Trait heritabilities were estimated using an animal model. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these traits and changes in BT and BW was conducted using Bayesian analyses. Candidate genes were identified within 200-kb regions around SNPs with significant association signals. Heritabilities were low to moderate (0.03 to 0.35). We identified QTL for BT on Gallus gallus chromosome (GGA)14, 15, 26, and 27; BW on GGA1 to 8, 10, 14, and 21; dry matter digestibility on GGA19, 20 and 21; and QTL of very large effect for breast muscle yield on GGA1, 15, and 22 with a single 1-Mb window on GGA1 explaining more than 15 % of the genetic variation. This is the first study to estimate heritabilities and perform GWAS using this AIL for traits measured during heat stress. Significant QTL as well as low to moderate heritabilities were found for each trait, and these QTL may facilitate selection for improved animal performance in hot climatic conditions.}, number={1}, journal={GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Van Goor, Angelica and Bolek, Kevin J. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Persia, Mike E. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{schmdt_pritchett_sun_davis_hubbard_kniel_markland_wang_ashwell_persia_et al._2015, title={RNA-seq: primary cells, cell lines and heat stress}, journal={bioRxiv}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Schmdt, Carl J and Pritchett, Elizabeth M and Sun, Liang and Davis, Richard VN and Hubbard, Allen and Kniel, Kalmia E and Markland, Sarah M and Wang, Qing and Ashwell, Chris and Persia, Michael and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={013979} }
 @article{stern_ashwell_dasarathy_mozdziak_2015, title={The effect of hyperammonemia on myostatin and myogenic regulatory factor gene expression in broiler embryos}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1751-732X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929513015&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s1751731115000117}, abstractNote={Myogenesis is facilitated by four myogenic regulatory factors and is significantly inhibited by myostatin. The objective of the current study was to examine embryonic gene regulation of myostatin/myogenic regulatory factors, and subsequent manipulations of protein synthesis, in broiler embryos under induced hyperammonemia. Broiler eggs were injected with ammonium acetate solution four times over 48 h beginning on either embryonic day (ED) 15 or 17. Serum ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos for both ED17 and ED19 collected samples when compared with sham-injected controls. Expression of mRNA, extracted from pectoralis major of experimental and control embryos, was measured using real-time quantitative PCR for myostatin, myogenic regulatory factors myogenic factor 5, myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor 4 and paired box 7. A significantly lower (P<0.01) myostatin expression was accompanied by a higher serum ammonia concentration in both ED17 and ED19 collected samples. Myogenic factor 5 expression was higher (P<0.05) in ED17 collected samples administered ammonium acetate. In both ED17 and ED19 collected samples, myogenic regulatory factor 4 was lower (P⩽0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos. No significant difference was seen in myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin or paired box 7 expression between treatment groups for either age of sample collection. In addition, there was no significant difference in BrdU staining of histological samples taken from treated and control embryos. Myostatin protein levels were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and also showed lower myostatin expression (P<0.05). Overall, it appears possible to inhibit myostatin expression through hyperammonemia, which is expected to have a positive effect on embryonic myogenesis and postnatal muscle growth.}, number={6}, journal={ANIMAL}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Stern, R. A. and Ashwell, C. M. and Dasarathy, S. and Mozdziak, P. E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={992–999} }
 @article{schmid_smith_burt_aken_antin_archibald_ashwell_blackshear_boschiero_brown_et al._2015, title={Third Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2015}, volume={145}, ISSN={["1424-859X"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5120589}, DOI={10.1159/000430927}, abstractNote={Opening insights into new technologies in avian genomics 
 
The chicken has long been a model organism for genetic and developmental studies. It is now beginning to take its place as a model genome, opening up the fields of phylogenetics and comparative genomics like never before. This report comes at a time of huge technological advances (particularly in sequencing methodologies) and summarizes the current efforts to complete the gaps in the genome. It describes the progress that has been made in genomic annotation, particularly with respect to noncoding RNAs and genetic variants. Reviews of comparative genomics, avian evolution and sex determination are included as well as transcriptomic case studies and developments in epigenetic studies. The Third Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes also features the National Avian Research Facility and how it has developed into a resource for the study of avian biology, genetics, infection and disease. In this volume researchers interested in genetics, genomics and evolution will find detailed information that has not been available until now.}, number={2}, journal={CYTOGENETIC AND GENOME RESEARCH}, author={Schmid, Michael and Smith, Jacqueline and Burt, David W. and Aken, Bronwen L. and Antin, Parker B. and Archibald, Alan L. and Ashwell, Chris and Blackshear, Perry J. and Boschiero, Clarissa and Brown, C. Titus and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={78–179} }
 @article{schmid_smith_burt_aken_antin_archibald_ashwell_blackshear_boschiero_brown_et al._2015, title={Third report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2015}, volume={145}, number={2}, journal={Cytogenetic and genome research}, publisher={Karger Publishers}, author={Schmid, Michael and Smith, Jacqueline and Burt, David W and Aken, Bronwen L and Antin, Parker B and Archibald, Alan L and Ashwell, Chris and Blackshear, Perry J and Boschiero, Clarissa and Brown, C Titus and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={78–179} }
 @article{davis_lamont_rothschild_persia_ashwell_schmidt_2015, title={Transcriptome Analysis of Post-Hatch Breast Muscle in Legacy and Modern Broiler Chickens Reveals Enrichment of Several Regulators of Myogenic Growth}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0122525}, abstractNote={Agriculture provides excellent model systems for understanding how selective pressure, as applied by humans, can affect the genomes of plants and animals. One such system is modern poultry breeding in which intensive genetic selection has been applied for meat production in the domesticated chicken. As a result, modern meat-type chickens (broilers) exhibit enhanced growth, especially of the skeletal muscle, relative to their legacy counterparts. Comparative studies of modern and legacy broiler chickens provide an opportunity to identify genes and pathways affected by this human-directed evolution. This study used RNA-seq to compare the transcriptomes of a modern and a legacy broiler line to identify differentially enriched genes in the breast muscle at days 6 and 21 post-hatch. Among the 15,945 genes analyzed, 10,841 were expressed at greater than 0.1 RPKM. At day 6 post-hatch 189 genes, including several regulators of myogenic growth and development, were differentially enriched between the two lines. The transcriptional profiles between lines at day 21 post-hatch identify 193 genes differentially enriched and still include genes associated with myogenic growth. This study identified differentially enriched genes that regulate myogenic growth and differentiation between the modern and legacy broiler lines. Specifically, differences in the ratios of several positive (IGF1, IGF1R, WFIKKN2) and negative (MSTN, ACE) myogenic growth regulators may help explain the differences underlying the enhanced growth characteristics of the modern broilers.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Davis, Richard V. N. and Lamont, Susan J. and Rothschild, Max F. and Persia, Michael E. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Schmidt, Carl J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @article{sun_lamont_cooksey_mccarthy_tudor_vijay-shanker_derita_rothschild_ashwell_persia_et al._2015, title={Transcriptome response to heat stress in a chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1466-1268"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12192-015-0621-0}, abstractNote={Heat stress triggers an evolutionarily conserved set of responses in cells. The transcriptome responds to hyperthermia by altering expression of genes to adapt the cell or organism to survive the heat challenge. RNA-seq technology allows rapid identification of environmentally responsive genes on a large scale. In this study, we have used RNA-seq to identify heat stress responsive genes in the chicken male white leghorn hepatocellular (LMH) cell line. The transcripts of 812 genes were responsive to heat stress (p < 0.01) with 235 genes upregulated and 577 downregulated following 2.5 h of heat stress. Among the upregulated were genes whose products function as chaperones, along with genes affecting collagen synthesis and deposition, transcription factors, chromatin remodelers, and genes modulating the WNT and TGF-beta pathways. Predominant among the downregulated genes were ones that affect DNA replication and repair along with chromosomal segregation. Many of the genes identified in this study have not been previously implicated in the heat stress response. These data extend our understanding of the transcriptome response to heat stress with many of the identified biological processes and pathways likely to function in adapting cells and organisms to hyperthermic stress. Furthermore, this study should provide important insight to future efforts attempting to improve species abilities to withstand heat stress through genome-wide association studies and breeding.}, number={6}, journal={CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Sun, Liang and Lamont, Susan J. and Cooksey, Amanda M. and McCarthy, Fiona and Tudor, Catalina O. and Vijay-Shanker, K. and DeRita, Rachael M. and Rothschild, Max and Ashwell, Chris and Persia, Michael E. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={939–950} }
 @article{feng_gao_dorshorst_song_gu_li_li_liu_rubin_zhao_et al._2014, title={A cis-Regulatory Mutation of PDSS2 Causes Silky-Feather in Chickens}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1553-7404"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pgen.1004576}, abstractNote={Silky-feather has been selected and fixed in some breeds due to its unique appearance. This phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene (hookless, h). Here we map the silky-feather locus to chromosome 3 by linkage analysis and subsequently fine-map it to an 18.9 kb interval using the identical by descent (IBD) method. Further analysis reveals that a C to G transversion located upstream of the prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2) gene is causing silky-feather. All silky-feather birds are homozygous for the G allele. The silky-feather mutation significantly decreases the expression of PDSS2 during feather development in vivo. Consistent with the regulatory effect, the C to G transversion is shown to remarkably reduce PDSS2 promoter activity in vitro. We report a new example of feather structure variation associated with a spontaneous mutation and provide new insight into the PDSS2 function.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS GENETICS}, author={Feng, Chungang and Gao, Yu and Dorshorst, Ben and Song, Chi and Gu, Xiaorong and Li, Qingyuan and Li, Jinxiu and Liu, Tongxin and Rubin, Carl-Johan and Zhao, Yiqiang and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Aug} }
 @article{feng_gao_dorshorst_song_gu_li_li_liu_rubin_zhao_et al._2014, title={A cis-regulatory mutation of PDSS2 causes silky-feather in chickens}, volume={10}, number={8}, journal={PLoS genetics}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Feng, Chungang and Gao, Yu and Dorshorst, Ben and Song, Chi and Gu, Xiaorong and Li, Qingyuan and Li, Jinxiu and Liu, Tongxin and Rubin, Carl-Johan and Zhao, Yiqiang and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={e1004576} }
 @article{fulton_arango_ali_bohorquez_lund_ashwell_settar_o'sullivan_koci_2014, title={Genetic Variation within the Mx Gene of Commercially Selected Chicken Lines Reveals Multiple Haplotypes, Recombination and a Protein under Selection Pressure}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108054}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0108054}, abstractNote={The Mx protein is one of the best-characterized interferon-stimulated antiviral mediators. Mx homologs have been identified in most vertebrates examined; however, their location within the cell, their level of activity, and the viruses they inhibit vary widely. Recent studies have demonstrated multiple Mx alleles in chickens and some reports have suggested a specific variant (S631N) within exon 14 confers antiviral activity. In the current study, the complete genome of nine elite egg-layer type lines were sequenced and multiple variants of the Mx gene identified. Within the coding region and upstream putative promoter region 36 SNP variants were identified, producing a total of 12 unique haplotypes. Each elite line contained from one to four haplotypes, with many of these haplotypes being found in only one line. Observation of changes in haplotype frequency over generations, as well as recombination, suggested some unknown selection pressure on the Mx gene. Trait association analysis with either individual SNP or haplotypes showed a significant effect of Mx haplotype on several egg production related traits, and on mortality following Marek's disease virus challenge in some lines. Examination of the location of the various SNP within the protein suggests synonymous SNP tend to be found within structural or enzymatic regions of the protein, while non-synonymous SNP are located in less well defined regions. The putative resistance variant N631 was found in five of the 12 haplotypes with an overall frequency of 47% across the nine lines. Two Mx recombinants were identified within the elite populations, indicating that novel variation can arise and be maintained within intensively selected lines. Collectively, these results suggest the conflicting reports in the literature describing the impact of the different SNP on chicken Mx function may be due to the varying context of haplotypes present in the populations studied.}, number={9}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Fulton, Janet E. and Arango, Jesus and Ali, Rizwana A. and Bohorquez, Elaine B. and Lund, Ashlee R. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Settar, Petek and O'Sullivan, Neil P. and Koci, Matthew D.}, editor={Arez, Ana PaulaEditor}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={e108054} }
 @article{genetic variation within the mx gene of commercially selected chicken lines reveals multiple haplotypes, recombination and a protein under selection pressure_2014, volume={9}, number={9}, journal={PloS one}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, year={2014}, pages={e108054} }
 @inproceedings{angel_ashwell_2014, title={NUTRITIONAL IMPRINTING: EARLY DIETARY MANUPULATIONS}, booktitle={Advancing Poultry Production Massey Technical Update Conference}, author={Angel, Roselina and Ashwell, Chris}, year={2014}, pages={37} }
 @article{bjorkquist_ashwell_persia_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2014, title={QTL for body composition traits during heat stress revealed in an advanced intercross line of chickens}, volume={55}, number={36}, journal={Change}, author={Bjorkquist, A and Ashwell, C and Persia, M and Rothschild, MF and Schmidt, C and Lamont, SJ}, year={2014}, pages={2–27} }
 @article{coble_fleming_persia_ashwell_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2014, title={RNA-seq analysis of broiler liver transcriptome reveals novel responses to high ambient temperature}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1471-2164"]}, DOI={10.1186/1471-2164-15-1084}, abstractNote={In broilers, high ambient temperature can result in reduced feed consumption, digestive inefficiency, impaired metabolism, and even death. The broiler sector of the U.S. poultry industry incurs approximately $52 million in heat-related losses annually. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of cyclic high ambient temperature on the transcriptome of a metabolically active organ, the liver. This study provides novel insight into the effects of high ambient temperature on metabolism in broilers, because it is the first reported RNA-seq study to characterize the effect of heat on the transcriptome of a metabolic-related tissue. This information provides a platform for future investigations to further elucidate physiologic responses to high ambient temperature and seek methods to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat.Transcriptome sequencing of the livers of 8 broiler males using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology resulted in 138 million, 100-base pair single end reads, yielding a total of 13.8 gigabases of sequence. Forty genes were differentially expressed at a significance level of P-value < 0.05 and a fold-change ≥ 2 in response to a week of cyclic high ambient temperature with 27 down-regulated and 13 up-regulated genes. Two gene networks were created from the function-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the differentially expressed genes: "Cell Signaling" and "Endocrine System Development and Function". The gene expression differences in the liver transcriptome of the heat-exposed broilers reflected physiological responses to decrease internal temperature, reduce hyperthermia-induced apoptosis, and promote tissue repair. Additionally, the differential gene expression revealed a physiological response to regulate the perturbed cellular calcium levels that can result from high ambient temperature exposure.Exposure to cyclic high ambient temperature results in changes at the metabolic, physiologic, and cellular level that can be characterized through RNA-seq analysis of the liver transcriptome of broilers. The findings highlight specific physiologic mechanisms by which broilers reduce the effects of exposure to high ambient temperature. This information provides a foundation for future investigations into the gene networks involved in the broiler stress response and for development of strategies to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat on animal production and welfare.}, number={1}, journal={BMC GENOMICS}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Coble, Derrick J. and Fleming, Damarius and Persia, Michael E. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Rothschild, Max F. and Schmidt, Carl J. and Lamont, Susan J.}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @article{in_2014, title={ZS Lowman, FW Edens, CM Ashwell and SJ Nolin}, volume={13}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={In, Indexed}, year={2014}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{anderson_ashwell_smith_shine_smith_taylor_2013, title={Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03306}, abstractNote={Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon is inherited as a single gene disorder, and its progression closely mirrors the human disease. Representational difference analysis and microarray were used to identify genes that were differentially expressed between the susceptible WC-As and resistant Show Racer (SR-Ar) aortic tissue. The RNA extracted from 1-d-old squab aortas was used to make cDNA for each experiment. Fifty-six unique genes were found using representational difference analysis, with 25 exclusively expressed in the WC-As, 15 exclusive to the SR-Ar, and 16 nonexclusive genes having copy number variation between breeds. Caveolin and β-actin were expressed in the WC-As, whereas the proteasome maturation protein and the transcription complex CCR4-NOT were exclusive to the SR-Ar. Microarray analysis revealed 48 genes with differential expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor and p53 binding protein were among the 17 genes upregulated in the WC-As. Thirty-one genes were upregulated in the SR-Ar including the transforming growth factor-β signaling factor SMAD2 and heat shock protein 90. Genes representing several biochemical pathways were distinctly different between breeds. The most striking divergences were in cytoskeletal remodeling, proteasome activity, cellular respiration, and immune response. Actin cytoskeletal remodeling appears to be one of the first differences between susceptible and resistant breeds, lending support to the smooth muscle cell phenotypic reversion hypothesis of human atherogenesis.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, J. L. and Ashwell, C. M. and Smith, S. C. and Shine, R. and Smith, E. C. and Taylor, R. L., Jr.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={2668–2680} }
 @article{atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo_2013, volume={92}, number={10}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, year={2013}, pages={2668–2680} }
 @article{al-hassani_al-hassani_abdul-hassan_abbasi_kazemi_ali_javed_ali_akram_pasha_et al._2013, title={Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism associations with growth, body composition, skeleton integrity and metabolic traits in chickens.}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={Asian Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Al-Hassani, AS and Al-Hassani, DH and Abdul-Hassan, IA and Abbasi, HA and Kazemi, M and Ali, A and Javed, K and Ali, A and Akram, M and Pasha, HM and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={13351–13354} }
 @article{oliveira_druyan_uni_ashwell_ferket_2013, title={Metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2012-02354}, abstractNote={The last stages of embryonic development are crucial for turkeys as their metabolism shifts to accommodate posthatch survival and growth. To better understand the metabolic change that occurs during the perinatal period, focused microarray methodology was used to identify changes in the expression of key genes that control metabolism of turkey embryos from 20 d of incubation (E) until hatch (E28). Gene expression patterns were evaluated in liver, pectoral muscle, and hatching muscle and were associated with measured embryonic growth and tissue glycogen concentration. Within the studied period, the expression of 60 genes significantly changed in liver, 53 in pectoral muscle, and 51 in hatching muscle. Genes related to lipid metabolism (enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, and thyroxine deiodinase) had reduced expression between E22 and E26, corresponding to the period of expected limited oxygen supply. In contrast, genes related to opposing pathways in carbohydrate metabolism, such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (hexokinases, glucose-6 phosphatase, phosphofructokinases, glucose 1-6 phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), or glycogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase) had rather static expression patterns between E22 and E26, indicating their enzymatic activity must be under posttranscriptional control. Metabolic survey by microarray methodology brings new insights into avian embryonic development and physiology.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Oliveira, J. E. and Druyan, S. and Uni, Z. and Ashwell, C. M. and Ferket, P. R.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={1011–1028} }
 @article{metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays_2013, volume={92}, number={4}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2013}, pages={1011–1028} }
 @article{metabolic profiling of late-term turkey embryos by microarrays._2013, volume={92}, number={4}, journal={Poultry science}, year={2013}, pages={1011–1028} }
 @article{coble_fleming_persia_ashwell_rothschild_schmidt_lamont_2013, title={RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF BROILER LIVER Transcriptome reveals novel responses to heat stress}, volume={94}, journal={The effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on gene expression in chickens}, author={Coble, DJ and Fleming, D and Persia, ME and Ashwell, CM and Rothschild, MF and Schmidt, CJ and Lamont, SJ}, year={2013} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_2013, title={Selective Sweeps In Lines Selected For Antibody Response To Sheep Red Blood Cells}, booktitle={Plant and Animal Genome XXI Conference}, author={Ashwell, Chris}, year={2013} }
 @article{lowman_others_2012, title={Actigen Influence on the Gene Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Ross 708 Broiler Chickens.}, author={Lowman, Zachary Scott and others}, year={2012} }
 @article{baurhoo_ferket_ashwell_de oliviera_zhao_2012, title={Cell Walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Differentially Modulated Innate Immunity and Glucose Metabolism during Late Systemic Inflammation}, volume={7}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030323}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0030323}, abstractNote={Background Salmonella causes acute systemic inflammation by using its virulence factors to invade the intestinal epithelium. But, prolonged inflammation may provoke severe body catabolism and immunological diseases. Salmonella has become more life-threatening due to emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant strains. Mannose-rich oligosaccharides (MOS) from cells walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown to bind mannose-specific lectin of Gram-negative bacteria including Salmonella, and prevent their adherence to intestinal epithelial cells. However, whether MOS may potentially mitigate systemic inflammation is not investigated yet. Moreover, molecular events underlying innate immune responses and metabolic activities during late inflammation, in presence or absence of MOS, are unknown. Methods and Principal Findings Using a Salmonella LPS-induced systemic inflammation chicken model and microarray analysis, we investigated the effects of MOS and virginiamycin (VIRG, a sub-therapeutic antibiotic) on innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that MOS and VIRG modulated innate immunity and metabolic genes differently. Innate immune responses were principally mediated by intestinal IL-3, but not TNF-α, IL-1 or IL-6, whereas glucose mobilization occurred through intestinal gluconeogenesis only. MOS inherently induced IL-3 expression in control hosts. Consequent to LPS challenge, IL-3 induction in VIRG hosts but not differentially expressed in MOS hosts revealed that MOS counteracted LPS's detrimental inflammatory effects. Metabolic pathways are built to elucidate the mechanisms by which VIRG host's higher energy requirements were met: including gene up-regulations for intestinal gluconeogenesis (PEPCK) and liver glycolysis (ENO2), and intriguingly liver fatty acid synthesis through ATP citrate synthase (CS) down-regulation and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and malic enzyme (ME) up-regulations. However, MOS host's lower energy demands were sufficiently met through TCA citrate-derived energy, as indicated by CS up-regulation. Conclusions MOS terminated inflammation earlier than VIRG and reduced glucose mobilization, thus representing a novel biological strategy to alleviate Salmonella-induced systemic inflammation in human and animal hosts.}, number={1}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Baurhoo, Bushansingh and Ferket, Peter and Ashwell, Chris M. and de Oliviera, Jean and Zhao, Xin}, editor={Chakravortty, DipshikhaEditor}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={e30323} }
 @article{nierobisz_sporer_strasburg_reed_velleman_ashwell_felts_mozdziak_2012, title={Differential expression of genes characterizing myofibre phenotype}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1365-2052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84859745099&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02249.x}, abstractNote={Skeletal muscle is composed of metabolically heterogeneous myofibres that exhibit high plasticity at both the morphological and transcriptional levels. The objective of this study was to employ microarray analysis to elucidate the differential gene expression between the tonic-'red' anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle, the phasic-'white' posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and 'mixed'-phenotype biceps femoris (BF) in 1-week-and 19-week-old male turkeys. A total of 170 differentially expressed genes were identified in the muscle samples analysed (P < 0.05). Gene GO analysis software was utilized to identify top gene networks and metabolic pathways involving differentially expressed genes. Quantitative real-time PCR for selected genes (BAT2D, CLU, EGFR and LEPROT) was utilized to validate the microarray data. The largest differences were observed between ALD and PLD muscles, in which 32 genes were over-expressed and 82 genes were under-expressed in ALD1-PLD1 comparison, and 70 genes were over-expressed and 70 under-expressed in ALD19-PLD19 comparison. The largest number of genes over-expressed in ALD muscles, as compared to other muscles, code for extracellular matrix proteins such as dystroglycan and collagen. The gene analysis revealed that phenotypically 'red' BF muscle has high expression of glycolytic genes usually associated with the 'white' muscle phenotype. Muscle-specific differences were observed in expression levels of genes coding for proteins involved in mRNA processing and translation regulation, proteosomal degradation, apoptosis and insulin resistance. The current findings may have large implications in muscle-type-related disorders and improvement of muscle quality in agricultural species.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL GENETICS}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Nierobisz, L. S. and Sporer, K. R. B. and Strasburg, G. M. and Reed, K. M. and Velleman, S. G. and Ashwell, C. M. and Felts, J. V. and Mozdziak, P. E.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={298–308} }
 @article{qiu_croom_ali_ballou_smith_ashwell_hassan_chiang_koci_2012, title={Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865634686&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2011-4611}, abstractNote={Direct fed microbials and probiotics are used to promote health in livestock and poultry; however, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. We previously reported that direct fed microbial supplementation in young broilers reduced ileal respiration without changing whole-body energy expenditure. The current studies were conducted to further investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial on energy metabolism in different tissues of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks (16 chicks/pen) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: standard control starter diet (CSD) and CSD plus direct fed microbial (DFMD; 0.3%) with 6 pens/treatment. Body weight, feed consumption, whole-body energy expenditure, organ mass, tissue respiration rates, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ATP concentrations were measured to estimate changes in energy metabolism. No differences in whole body energy expenditure or BW gain were observed; however, decreased ileal O(2) respiration (P < 0.05) was measured in DFMD fed broilers. In contrast, the respiration rate of the thymus in those broilers was increased (P < 0.05). The PBMC from DFMD fed broilers had increased ATP concentrations and exhibited increased ATP turnover (P < 0.01). To determine if the increased energy consumption by PBMC corresponded with an altered immune response, broilers were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assayed for differences in their humoral response. The DFMD-fed broilers had a faster rate of antigen specific IgG production (P < 0.05) and an increase in total IgA (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation with the direct fed microbial used in this study resulted in energy re-partitioning to the immune system and an increase in antibody production independent of changes in whole body metabolism or growth performance.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Qiu, R. and Croom, J. and Ali, R. A. and Ballou, A. L. and Smith, C. D. and Ashwell, C. M. and Hassan, H. M. and Chiang, C. -C. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={2639–2651} }
 @article{direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system_2012, volume={90}, number={8}, journal={Journal of animal science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2012}, pages={2639–2651} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_2012, title={Genome-wide methylation analysis of chicken primordial germ cells}, booktitle={Plant and Animal Genome XX Conference, January}, author={Ashwell, Chris}, year={2012}, pages={14–18} }
 @article{barnwell_ashwell_farin_farmer_farin_2012, title={Global Gene Expression Analysis of Long and Short Day 15 Bovine Conceptuses Produced In Vivo.}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Barnwell, Callie V and Ashwell, Christopher M and Farin, Peter W and Farmer, William T and Farin, Charlotte E}, year={2012} }
 @article{physiological studies on the sex-linked dwarfism of the fowl: a review on the search for the gene's primary effect._2012, volume={11}, number={9}, journal={Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, publisher={orgz}, year={2012}, pages={1785–1794} }
 @article{dorshorst_molin_rubin_johansson_stromstedt_pham_chen_hallbook_ashwell_andersson_2011, title={A Complex Genomic Rearrangement Involving the Endothelin 3 Locus Causes Dermal Hyperpigmentation in the Chicken}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1553-7404"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pgen.1002412}, abstractNote={Dermal hyperpigmentation or Fibromelanosis (FM) is one of the few examples of skin pigmentation phenotypes in the chicken, where most other pigmentation variants influence feather color and patterning. The Silkie chicken is the most widespread and well-studied breed displaying this phenotype. The presence of the dominant FM allele results in extensive pigmentation of the dermal layer of skin and the majority of internal connective tissue. Here we identify the causal mutation of FM as an inverted duplication and junction of two genomic regions separated by more than 400 kb in wild-type individuals. One of these duplicated regions contains endothelin 3 (EDN3), a gene with a known role in promoting melanoblast proliferation. We show that EDN3 expression is increased in the developing Silkie embryo during the time in which melanoblasts are migrating, and elevated levels of expression are maintained in the adult skin tissue. We have examined four different chicken breeds from both Asia and Europe displaying dermal hyperpigmentation and conclude that the same structural variant underlies this phenotype in all chicken breeds. This complex genomic rearrangement causing a specific monogenic trait in the chicken illustrates how novel mutations with major phenotypic effects have been reused during breed formation in domestic animals.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS GENETICS}, publisher={Public Library of Science}, author={Dorshorst, Ben and Molin, Anna-Maja and Rubin, Carl-Johan and Johansson, Anna M. and Stromstedt, Lina and Pham, Manh-Hung and Chen, Chih-Feng and Hallbook, Finn and Ashwell, Chris and Andersson, Leif}, year={2011}, month={Dec} }
 @article{dorshorst_siegel_ashwell_2011, title={Genomic regions associated with antibody response to sheep red blood cells in the chicken}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0268-9146"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02146.x}, abstractNote={F(1) and F(2) populations were generated by crossing two lines of chickens divergently selected from a common founder population for 32 generations for either high or low antibody response 5 days post-injection of a non-pathogenic antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). The number of loci with major effects on day 5 SRBC titers was estimated to be more than 7 in this population. There was a significant association between MHC haplotype and day 5 antibody titers as well as body weight at sexual maturity. A significant difference between reciprocal F(2) crosses for both 5- and 12-day antibody titers suggests that sex chromosome and/or parent of origin effects on autosomal loci have an important role in immune response. A single marker-trait association analysis on 1024 genetic markers and 128 F(2) individuals detected 11 genomic regions associated with antibody response traits and 17 regions associated with body weight gain. Several of the genomic regions identified as being associated with antibody response have been described previously, while novel regions associated with antibody response were identified on chromosomes 11 and 24. Based on the lack of overlap of the regions associated with body weight and antibody response, we conclude that while these phenotypes are inversely correlated in the selected lines, they are controlled by distinct genetic loci and may be reflective of intense selection pressure on loci affecting the partitioning of nutrients between the immune system and growth pathways.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL GENETICS}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author={Dorshorst, B. J. and Siegel, P. B. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={300–308} }
 @inproceedings{bone development of three breed crosses of broilers is affected by incubation profiles_2010, volume={93}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, year={2010}, pages={543–543} }
 @article{ozden_black_ashwell_tipsmark_borski_grubb_2010, title={Developmental Profile of Claudin-3,-5, and-16 Proteins in the Epithelium of Chick Intestine}, volume={293}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.21163}, abstractNote={Proteins in the claudin family are a main component of tight junctions and form a seal that modulates paracellular transport in intestinal epithelium. This research tests the hypothesis that claudins 3, 5, and 16 will appear in the epithelium of embryonic intestine during functional differentiation. Immunohistochemistry is utilized to explore the developmental patterns of claudin‐3, ‐5, and ‐16 proteins in the epithelium of embryonic chick intestine from 9 days prior to hatching through the early post‐hatch period. These claudin proteins either changed their cellular localization or first appeared around the time of hatching. After hatching, claudin‐3 expression was prominent in basal–lateral regions of the epithelium along the entire villus, but was absent from crypts. Claudin‐5 was expressed most strongly in the crypt and lower villus epithelium within junctional complexes, whereas immunostaining of claudin‐16 was localized within goblet cells of the upper villus region. The relative mRNA levels of claudin‐3, ‐5, and ‐16 showed similar patterns; transcript levels rose between 18 and 20 days of development, then dropped by 2 days post‐hatch. Results of this work indicate that the claudin proteins assume their final locations within the epithelium around the time of hatching, suggesting that in addition to their known barrier and fence functions within tight junctions, these claudins may have additional roles in the differentiation and/or physiological function of chick intestine. The localization of claudin‐16 to goblet cells and its distribution in the more mature cells of the upper villus region suggest an unexpected role in goblet cell maturation and mucus secretion. Anat Rec 293:1175–1183, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={7}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company Hoboken}, author={Ozden, Ozkan and Black, Betty L. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Tipsmark, Christian K. and Borski, Russell J. and Grubb, Brenda J.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={1175–1183} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_angel_2010, title={Early life nutritional conditioning with dietary phosphorus}, volume={93}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Ashwell, CM and Angel, R}, year={2010}, pages={216–216} }
 @article{dorshorst_okimoto_ashwell_2010, title={Genomic Regions Associated with Dermal Hyperpigmentation, Polydactyly and Other Morphological Traits in the Silkie Chicken}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esp120}, abstractNote={The Silkie chicken has been a model of melanoctye precursor and neural crest cell migration and proliferation in the developing embryo due to its extensive hyperpigmentation of dermal and connective tissues. Although previous studies have focused on the distribution and structure of the Silkie's pigment or the general mechanisms by which this phenotype presents itself, the causal genetic variants have not been identified. Classical breeding experiments have determined this trait to be controlled by 2 interacting genes, the sex-linked inhibitor of dermal melanin (Id) and autosomal fibromelanosis (Fm) genes. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-trait association analysis was used to detect genomic regions showing significant association with these pigmentation genes in 2 chicken mapping populations designed to segregate independently for Id and Fm. The SNP showing the highest association with Id was located at 72.3 Mb on chromosome Z and 10.3-13.1 Mb on chromosome 20 showed the highest association with Fm. Prior to this study, the linkage group to which Fm belonged was unknown. Although the primary focus of this study was to identify loci contributing to dermal pigmentation in the Silkie chicken, loci associated with various other morphological traits segregating in these populations were also detected. A single SNP in a highly conserved cis-regulatory region of Sonic Hedgehog was significantly associated with polydactyly (Po). Genomic regions in association with silkie feathering or hookless (h), feathered legs (Pti), vulture hock (V), rose comb (R), and duplex comb (D) were also identified.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dorshorst, Ben and Okimoto, Ron and Ashwell, Chris}, year={2010}, pages={339–350} }
 @article{sopandi_aksono h_ahmed_moushumi_ahmed_ali_reza_haq_jahan_rahmatullah_et al._2010, title={Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice.}, volume={6}, number={3}, journal={Asian Journal of Agricultural Research}, publisher={orgz}, author={Sopandi, Tatang and Aksono H, E Bimo and Ahmed, R and Moushumi, SJ and Ahmed, H and Ali, M and Reza, H and Haq, WM and Jahan, R and Rahmatullah, M and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={168–170} }
 @article{ashwell_2010, title={Nutrigenomics for poultry--New tools for maximizing performance}, journal={Semantic Scholar}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M}, year={2010} }
 @article{ashwell_angel_2010, title={Nutritional genomics: a practical approach by early life conditioning with dietary phosphorus}, volume={39}, journal={Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia}, publisher={SciELO Brasil}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M and Angel, Roselina}, year={2010}, pages={268–278} }
 @inproceedings{testosterone exposure alters embryonic bursal gene expression in chicken lines selected for differential antibody response_2010, volume={93}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, year={2010}, pages={544–544} }
 @article{dorshorst_ashwell_2009, title={Genetic mapping of the sex-linked barring gene in the chicken}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2009-00134}, abstractNote={The sex-linked barring gene of the chicken (Gallus gallus), first identified in 1908, produces an alternating pattern of white and black bars in the adult plumage. More recent studies have shown that melanocytes in the developing feather follicle of the Barred Plymouth Rock experience premature cell death, whereas initially it was thought that melanocytes remained viable in the region of the feather devoid of pigmentation but were simply inhibited from synthesizing melanin. In an attempt to reconcile these 2 different hypotheses at the molecular level, we have taken a gene mapping approach to isolate the sex-linked barring gene variant. We developed a mapping population consisting of 71 F2 chickens from crossing a single Barred Plymouth Rock female with a White Crested Black Polish male. Existing and novel microsatellite markers located on the chicken chromosome Z were used to genotype all individuals in our mapping population. Single marker association analysis revealed a 2.8-Mb region of the distal q arm of chicken chromosome Z to be significantly associated with the barring phenotype (P<0.001). Further analysis suggests that the causal mutation is located within a 355-kb region showing complete association with the barring phenotype and containing 5 known genes [micro-RNA 31 (miRNA-31), methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B), tripartite motif 36 (TRIM36), and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I, beta subunit (PGGT1B)], none of which have a defined role in normal melanocyte function. Although several of these genes or their homologs are known to be involved in processes that could potentially explain the barring phenotype, our results indicate that further work directed at fine-mapping this region is necessary to identify this novel mechanism of melanocyte regulation.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Dorshorst, B. J. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2009}, month={Sep} }
 @article{taylor_ashwell_2009, title={Landmark contributions from the first one hundred years of Poultry Science Symposium: Introduction}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00543}, abstractNote={described a Subsequent work showed that photoperiod stimulatory effects on the gonads by elevating hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons. The paper provided a foundation for brain chemistry and brain development studies. It further contributed to understanding gonadal development in photoperiod-ic birds through dissection of the neural pathways.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Taylor, R. L., Jr. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={811–812} }
 @article{landmark contributions from the first one hundred years of poultry science symposium: introduction_2009, volume={88}, number={4}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, year={2009}, pages={811–812} }
 @article{molecular, cellular, and developmental biology: prehatch intestinal maturation of turkey embryos demonstrated through gene expression patterns_2009, volume={88}, journal={Poultry Science}, year={2009}, pages={2600–2609} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_2009, title={Nutritional epigenetics: Early life conditioning with dietary phosphorus}, booktitle={Proceedings of the... Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M}, year={2009} }
 @article{de oliveira_druyan_uni_ashwell_ferket_2009, title={Prehatch intestinal maturation of turkey embryos demonstrated through gene expression patterns}, volume={88}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00548}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00548}, abstractNote={Some of the challenges faced by neonatal turkeys include weakness, reduced feed intake, impaired growth, susceptibility to disease, and mortality. These symptoms may be due to depleted energy reserves after hatch and an immature digestive system unable to replenish energy reserves from consumed feed. To better understand enteric development in turkeys just before hatch, a new method was used to identify the patterns of intestinal gene expression by utilizing a focused microarray. The duodenums of 24 turkey embryos were sampled on embryonic day (E)20, E24, E26, and hatch (E28). The RNA populations of 96 chosen genes were measured at each time point, from which 81 significantly changed (P < 0.01). These genes were clustered by gene expression pattern similarity into 4 groups. The expression pattern of hormone receptors revealed that intestinal tissues may be less responsive to growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and triiodothyronine during the last 48 h before hatch, when developmental emphasis switches from cell proliferation to functional maturation. Based on gene expression patterns, we concluded that at hatch, poults should have the capacity to 1) digest disaccharides but not oligopeptides, due to increased expression of sucrase-isomaltase but decreased expression of aminopeptidases and 2) absorb monosaccharides and small peptides due to high expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter-4 and peptide transporter-1.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={de Oliveira, J.E. and Druyan, S. and Uni, Z. and Ashwell, C.M. and Ferket, P.R.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={2600–2609} }
 @article{prehatch intestinal maturation of turkey embryos demonstrated through gene expression patterns_2009, volume={88}, number={12}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2009}, pages={2600–2609} }
 @article{the effects of intra-amnionic feeding of arginine and/or ß-hyroxy-ß-methylbutyrate on jejunal gene expression in the turkey embryo and hatchling_2009, volume={8}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={Asian Network for Scientific Information}, year={2009}, pages={437–445} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_angel_2008, title={Dietary conditioning results in enduring effects on gene expression}, volume={23}, booktitle={WORLD’S POULTRY CONGRESS}, author={Ashwell, CM and Angel, R}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{angel_ashwell_2008, title={Dietary conditioning results in improved phosphorus utilization}, volume={4}, booktitle={World’s Poultry Congress 2008: Brisbane Proceedings; June 29--July}, author={Angel, R and Ashwell, CM}, year={2008} }
 @inproceedings{effect of in ovo feeding on turkey embryo intestinal morphology_2008, volume={87}, booktitle={POULTRY SCIENCE}, year={2008}, pages={31–31} }
 @article{druyan_oliveira_ashwell_2008, title={Focused Microarrays as a Method to Evaluate Subtle Changes in Gene Expression}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00513}, abstractNote={Recent studies using microarray technologies for the chicken have reported information regarding the effects of specific experimental treatments on gene expression levels often resulting in large gene lists and limitations on the statistical significance levels detected. In most cases, with these limitations, along with thresholds of +/-2-fold differences in expression levels, that are used to create these gene lists, much of the biological information may have been overlooked. In this study, a focused 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray was developed to address the apparent limits of detection and issues with multiple testing resulting from the use of microarrays that include only a single spot (probe) for each gene. Gene expression was assayed across the development of the chicken embryonic heart from d 7 to 20 of incubation. When using a mixed-model approach and ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, including replicates within the focused array significantly increased the sensitivity with which differences could be detected across sample groups, as compared with single-spot data. By incorporating replication into the focused array, 50 genes were detected as being differentially expressed in the embryonic heart across the time points sampled. This compares with only 7 genes detected as being differentially expressed when a more typical, less statistically stringent single-spot analysis is conducted. Based on our observations, the use of focused microarrays allows for the thorough investigation of gene expression patterns, with detection of significant changes in gene expression of +/-7%. This limit of detection is far superior to that of real-time PCR, which is able to detect significant changes in expression from +/-33 to 55%, depending on the specific application. The ability to detect small differences in expression will allow investigators to identify subtle effects that have perhaps been overlooked in many prior assays, including single-spot arrays. Subtle shifts in gene expression are exactly those that occur during embryonic development, nutritional manipulation, and the initial stages of disease before clinical signs appear.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Druyan, S. and Oliveira, J. E. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={2418–2429} }
 @article{druyan_de oliveira_ashwell_2008, title={Focused microarrays as a method to evaluate subtle changes in gene expression}, volume={87}, number={11}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Druyan, S and De Oliveira, JE and Ashwell, CM}, year={2008}, pages={2418–2429} }
 @article{jackson_anderson_ashwell_petitte_mozdziak_2007, title={CA125 expression in spontaneous ovarian adenocarcinomas from laying hens}, volume={104}, ISSN={0090-8258}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.YGYNO.2006.07.024}, DOI={10.1016/J.YGYNO.2006.07.024}, abstractNote={Currently, there is not a fully characterized model for human ovarian cancer; however, 2- to 4-year-old laying hens spontaneously develop ovarian tumors. CA125 expression is a hallmark of ovarian cancer in women. The major objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro growth of avian ovarian tumor cells, and CA125 expression in avian ovarian tumors.Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate CA125 expression in avian ovarian tumor tissue. A high temperature antigen retrieval step was an essential part of the CA125 staining procedure. In vitro growth curves were constructed for avian ovarian cancer cells. Western blotting was used to estimate the size of the CA125 reactive protein and to confirm CA125 expression.The growth of avian tumors in culture fits a sigmoidal curve for cell growth and suggests a cell cycle time of 28 h. The tumors taken from the chicken stained positive for CA125. Approximately 90% of cells isolated from avian ovarian tumors also stained positive for CA125. Western blots show a band of approximately 25 kDa when immunodetected with CA125.Similar to human ovarian tumors, chicken ovarian tumors express CA125. Cultured chicken ovarian cancer cells express CA125 and CA125 expression does not appear to change with time in culture.}, number={1}, journal={Gynecologic Oncology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jackson, Emily and Anderson, Ken and Ashwell, Chris and Petitte, James and Mozdziak, Paul E.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={192–198} }
 @inproceedings{changes in the late term turkey embryo metabolism due to in ovo feeding_2007, volume={90}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, year={2007}, pages={214–214} }
 @article{yan_angel_ashwell_2007, title={Characterization of the chicken small intestine type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.67}, abstractNote={Intestinal absorption and renal resorption play a critical role in overall phosphorus homeostasis in chickens. Using RNase-ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR, we obtained a cDNA from the broiler small intestine that encodes a type IIb Na-dependent phosphate transporter. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 2,022 bp and predicts a 674-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of approximately 74 kDa. Prediction of membrane spanning domains based on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the amino acids suggests 8 transmembrane domains, with both the NH(2) and COOH termini being intracellular. The Na-inorganic phosphate (Pi) IIb cotransporter has relative high homology with other type II Na-Pi cotransporters but low homology with the type I or type III Na-Pi cotransporters. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a single mRNA transcript present predominantly in the small intestine, with the highest expression in the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. In situ hybridization indicated that the Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA is expressed throughout the vertical cryptvillus axis of the small intestine. Reduction of P in the diet of chicks from hatch to 4 d of age resulted in a significant induction of Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA expression in the small intestine. Further study is needed to elucidate its physiological role in intestinal phosphate absorption in chickens.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Yan, F. and Angel, R. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={67–76} }
 @article{hill_ashwell_nolin_keeley_billingham_hinek_starcher_2007, title={Dietary iron deficiency compromises normal development of elastic fibers in the aorta and lungs of chicks}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/137.8.1895}, abstractNote={Elastic fibers play a key role in the structure and function of numerous organs that require elasticity. Elastogenesis is a complex process in which cells first produce a microfibrillar scaffold, composed of numerous structural proteins, upon which tropoelastin assembles to be cross-linked into polymeric elastin. Recently, it was demonstrated that low concentrations of free iron upregulate elastin gene expression in cultured fibroblasts. The present studies were conducted to assess whether low-iron diets would affect the deposition of elastic fibers in an in vivo model. One-day-old chicks were fed semipurified diets containing 1.3 (low), 12 (moderate), and 24 (control) mg/kg of iron. After 3 wk, chicks in the low-iron group were underweight and anemic. Their aortas were smaller with significantly thinner walls than control chicks, yet elastin or collagen content did not decrease relative to total protein. They also demonstrated a significantly lower stress-strain resistance than the controls. Electron microscopy demonstrated that aortic and lung smooth muscle cells were vacuolated and surrounded by loose extracellular matrix and disorganized elastic lamellae with diffuse and fragmented networks of elastic fibers and microfibrils. Immunohistology demonstrated that fibrillin-3 (FBN3) was disorganized and markedly reduced in amount in aortas of the low-iron chicks. Elastin messenger RNA levels were not downregulated in the tissues from the low-iron-fed chicks; however, there was a significant reduction in expression of the FBN1 and FBN3 genes compared with control chicks. The studies indicate that iron deficiency had a pronounced negative effect on elastic fiber development and suggests that fibrillin may have an important role in this pathology.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Hill, Charles H. and Ashwell, Chris M. and Nolin, Shelly J. and Keeley, Fred and Billingham, Catherine and Hinek, Aleksander and Starcher, Barry}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1895–1900} }
 @article{awad_aschenbach_setyabudi_razzazi-fazeli_böhm_zentek_2007, title={ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR}, volume={86}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Awad, WA and Aschenbach, JR and Setyabudi, FMCS and Razzazi-Fazeli, E and Böhm, J and Zentek, J}, year={2007}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{fasina_moran_ashwell_conner_leslie_mckee_2007, title={Effect of dietary gelatin supplementation on the expression of selected enterocyte genes, intestinal development and early chick performance}, volume={6}, journal={Int J Poult Sci}, author={Fasina, YO and Moran, ET and Ashwell, CM and Conner, DE and Leslie, M and Mckee, SR}, year={2007}, pages={944–951} }
 @article{zhou_evock-clover_mcmurtry_ashwell_lamont_2007, title={Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis to Identify Chromosomal Regions Affecting Phenotypic Traits in the Chicken. II. Body Composition}, volume={86}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Zhou, H and Evock-Clover, CM and McMurtry, JP and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2007}, pages={267} }
 @article{zhou_deeb_evock-clover_mitchell_ashwell_lamont_2007, title={Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. III. Skeletal integrity}, volume={86}, number={2}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Zhou, H and Deeb, Nader and Evock-Clover, CM and Mitchell, AD and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2007}, pages={255–266} }
 @article{zhou_evock-clover_mcmurtry_ashwell_lamont_2007, title={Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. IV. Metabolic traits}, volume={86}, number={2}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Zhou, H and Evock-Clover, CM and McMurtry, JP and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2007}, pages={267–276} }
 @article{yin_zeng_luo_han_amirinia_emrani_arbabe_torshizi_javaremi_barker_et al._2007, title={Identification and characterization of a polymorphic mono-nucleotide microsatellite within 16S rRNA gene in chicken mitochondrial genome.}, volume={6}, number={8}, journal={Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, publisher={orgz}, author={Yin, Juan and Zeng, Sheng-Cheng and Luo, Yu-Zhu and Han, Jian-Lin and Amirinia, C and Emrani, H and Arbabe, MAR and Torshizi, RV and Javaremi, AN and Barker, JS and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={1195–1199} }
 @inproceedings{angel_ashwell_2007, title={Improved phosphorus utilization in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life}, volume={90}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Angel, R and Ashwell, CM}, year={2007}, pages={72–73} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_angel_2007, title={Long-term effects on the expression of the intestinal Na-P type IIb cotransporter in broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets early in life}, volume={90}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Ashwell, CM and Angel, R}, year={2007}, pages={481–481} }
 @article{furqon_gunawan_ulupi_suryati_sumantri_sulandari_zein_paryanti_sartika_abubakar_et al._2007, title={Single strand conformation polymorphism in intron I of the chicken apoVLDL-II gene, and its relationship with triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein concentrations.}, volume={16}, number={11}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Furqon, A and Gunawan, A and Ulupi, N and Suryati, T and Sumantri, C and Sulandari, S and Zein, MSA and Paryanti, S and Sartika, T and Abubakar, E Suprijatna and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={pp-5} }
 @inproceedings{druyan_cahaner_ashwell_2007, title={The expression patterns of HIF 1 alpha, HYOU1, HO1, and cTnT during embryonic development in the chicken heart}, volume={90}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Druyan, S and Cahaner, A and Ashwell, CM}, year={2007}, pages={224–224} }
 @article{druyan_cahaner_ashwell_2007, title={The expression patterns of hypoxia-inducing factor subunit alpha-1, heme oxygenase, hypoxia upregulated protein 1, and cardiac troponin T during development of the chicken heart}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00152}, abstractNote={Oxygen is one of the critical determinants of appropriate embryonic and fetal development, including cardiogenesis. When the demand of tissues for oxygen exceeds oxygen supply, hypoxic conditions develop. In the developing embryo, hypoxia is associated with increased fetal mortality, cerebrovascular anomalies, cardiovascular dysfunction, and altered angiogenesis. Tissue hypoxia may elicit a broad range of responses, many of which are dependent upon hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. Three genes that are stimulated by hypoxia-hypoxia-inducing factor subunit alpha-1, heme oxygenase, hypoxia upregulated protein 1, and cardiac troponin T, which is responsible for binding tropomyosin to regulate calcium binding and contractility of heart muscle-were examined in the embryonic heart of the chicken to determine if expression patterns were altered throughout development. On embryonic day (E) 7, all 3 hypoxic-induced genes were expressed at their highest levels, followed by a decrease from E7 to E19 followed by an increase between internal (E19) and external pipping (E20). The cardiac troponin T exhibited a similar expression level for E7 and E15 with a similar significant increase at E19 and E20. During these periods of development, significant changes in the primary gas exchange organs occur. Based on our observation of upregulation of these hypoxia response genes, it appears that tissue hypoxia is likely a normal component of embryonic development in the chicken based on the upregulation of hypoxia response genes.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Druyan, S. and Cahaner, A. and Ashwell, C. M.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={2384–2389} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_druyan_ashwell_cassady_2007, title={Transcript profiling of testes from boars divergently selected for testosterone production}, volume={90}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Ashwell, MS and Druyan, S and Ashwell, CM and Cassady, JP}, year={2007}, pages={652–652} }
 @inproceedings{oliveira_ferket_ashwell_uni_2006, title={Assessing liver energy metabolism of late term turkey embryos using microarrays}, volume={85}, booktitle={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Oliveira, J and Ferket, P and Ashwell, C and Uni, Z}, year={2006}, pages={35–35} }
 @inproceedings{kuo_fulton_clover_ashwell_mcmurtry_2006, title={CHICKEN MICROSATELLITE REPEATS: JUNGLE FOWL VS COMMERCIAL BIRDS}, number={P561-241}, booktitle={Plant and Animal Genome VX Conference Abstracts}, author={Kuo, Alice and Fulton, Janet and Clover, Christina and Ashwell, Christopher and McMurtry, John}, year={2006} }
 @article{mcreynolds_moore_kubena_byrd_woodward_nisbet_ricke_2006, title={ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR}, volume={85}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={McReynolds, JL and Moore, RW and Kubena, LF and Byrd, JA and Woodward, CL and Nisbet, DJ and Ricke, SC}, year={2006}, pages={1123–1128} }
 @inproceedings{fasina_moran_ashwell_conner_mckee_2006, title={Effect of dietary gelatin supplementation on early intestinal development and performance of broiler chicks}, volume={85}, booktitle={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Moran, ET and Ashwell, CM and Conner, DF and Mckee, SR}, year={2006}, pages={36–36} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_others_2006, title={Functional genomics: the beginning of a new age in nutrition research.}, booktitle={Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries: Proceedings of Alltech's 22nd Annual Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 23-26 April 2006}, author={Ashwell, CM and others}, year={2006}, pages={199–205} }
 @article{zhou_deeb_evock-clover_ashwell_lamont_2006, title={Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. I. Growth and average daily gain}, volume={85}, number={10}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Zhou, H and Deeb, Nader and Evock-Clover, CM and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2006}, pages={1700–1711} }
 @article{zhou_deeb_evock-clover_ashwell_lamont_2006, title={Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. II. Body composition}, volume={85}, number={10}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Zhou, H and Deeb, N and Evock-Clover, CM and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2006}, pages={1712–1721} }
 @article{fouad_el-senousey_yang_yao_abdukalykova_ruiz-feria_abdukalykova_zhao_ruiz-feria_al-daraji_et al._2006, title={Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. II. Body composition.}, volume={11}, number={11}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Fouad, AM and El-Senousey, HK and Yang, XJ and Yao, JH and Abdukalykova, ST and Ruiz-Feria, CA and Abdukalykova, ST and Zhao, X and Ruiz-Feria, CA and Al-Daraji, HJ and et al.}, year={2006}, pages={121–127} }
 @article{kuo_fulton_clover_ashwell_mcmurtry_2006, title={IDENTIFICATION OF 876 NEW MICROSATELLITE MARKERS BY USING CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCES}, volume={18}, journal={Cold Spring Harbor Press}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Press Abstract}, author={Kuo, Alice and Fulton, Janet and Clover, Christina and Ashwell, Christopher and McMurtry, John}, year={2006} }
 @article{reed_chaves_knutson_krueth_ashwell_burt_2006, title={Integration of microsatellite-based genetic maps for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0831-2796"]}, DOI={10.1139/G06-084}, abstractNote={ Integration of turkey genetic maps and their associated markers is essential to increase marker density in support of map-based genetic studies. The objectives of this study were to integrate 2 microsatellite-based turkey genetic maps — the Roslin map and the University of Minnesota (UMN) map — by genotyping markers from the Roslin study on the mapping families of the UMN study. A total of 279 markers was tested, and 240 were subsequently screened for polymorphisms in the UMN/Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms (NTBF) mapping families. Of the 240 markers, 89 were genetically informative and were used for genotyping the F2 offspring. Significant genetic linkages (log of odds > 3.0) were found for 84 markers from the Roslin study. BLASTn comparison of marker sequences with the draft assembly of the chicken genome found 263 significant matches. The combination of genetic and in silico mapping allowed for the alignment of all linkage groups of the Roslin map with those of the UMN map. With the addition of the markers from the Roslin map, 438 markers are now genetically linked in the UMN/NTBF families, and more than 1700 turkey sequences have now been assigned to likely positions in the chicken-genome sequence. }, number={10}, journal={GENOME}, author={Reed, K. M. and Chaves, L. D. and Knutson, T. P. and Krueth, S. B. and Ashwell, C. M. and Burt, D. W.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1308–1318} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_oviedo-rondon_clemente-hernandez_salvador_2006, title={Microarray gene expression of breast muscle from chickens red low crude protein diets}, volume={85}, booktitle={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ashwell, C and Oviedo-Rondon, E and Clemente-Hernandez, S and Salvador, F}, year={2006}, pages={172–172} }
 @article{fulton_juul-madsen_ashwell_mccarron_arthur_neil p. o'sullivan_taylor_2006, title={Molecular genotype identification of the Gallus gallus major histocompatibility complex}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1432-1211"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00251-006-0119-0}, abstractNote={The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is commonly defined by serologic reactions of erythrocytes with antibodies specific to the highly polymorphic MHC class I (BF) and MHC class IV (BG) antigens. The microsatellite marker LEI0258 is known to be physically located within the MHC, between the BG and BF regions. DNA from various serologically defined MHC haplotypes was amplified by polymerase chain reaction with primers surrounding this marker. Twenty-six distinctive allele sizes were identified. Some serologically well-defined MHC haplotypes shared a common LEI0258 allele size but could be distinguished either by the addition of information from another nearby marker (MCW0371) or by small indels or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences between the alleles. The association between LEI0258 allele and serologically defined MHC haplotype was very consistent for the same haplotype from multiple sources. Sequence information for the region defined by LEI0258 was obtained for 51 different haplotypes. Two internal repeats whose lengths were 13 and 12 bp, respectively, are the primary basis for allelic variability. Allele size variation ranges from 182 to 552 bp. Four indels and five SNPs in the surrounding sequence provide additional means for distinguishing alleles. Typing with LEI0258 and MCW0371 will be useful in identifying MHC haplotypes in outbred populations of chickens particularly for the initial development of serological reagents.}, number={5-6}, journal={IMMUNOGENETICS}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, author={Fulton, Janet E. and Juul-Madsen, Helle R. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and McCarron, Amy M. and Arthur, James A. and Neil P. O'Sullivan and Taylor, Robert L., Jr.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={407–421} }
 @article{harbaugh_trampel_wesley_hoff_griffith_hurd_2006, title={Rapid aerosol transmission of Salmonella among turkeys in a simulated holding-shed environment}, volume={85}, number={10}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Harbaugh, E and Trampel, D and Wesley, Irene and Hoff, S and Griffith, R and Hurd, H Scott}, year={2006}, pages={1693–1699} }
 @article{sun_richards_rosebrough_ashwell_mcmurtry_coon_2006, title={The relationship of body composition, feed intake, and metabolic hormones for broiler breeder females}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.7.1173}, abstractNote={Three hundred twenty Cobb 500 broiler breeder pullets at 21 wk of age were selected from a flock fed according to Cobb Breeder Management Guide specifications. One hundred sixty pullets at 21 wk of age were switched to ad libitum feeding, and the remaining 160 pullets continued to be control-fed. The pullets were photostimulated at 22 wk and maintained until 36.5 wk. Plasma samples were obtained, BW was determined, and hens were killed for determination of body composition at the following periods: 24 h prior to photostimulation, 2.5 wk after photostimulation, 24 h after first egg, and 36.5 wk following peak egg production. Compared with ad libitum-fed breeders, the restricted breeders had a higher percentage carcass protein and lower percentage carcass fat at all sampling periods. Total egg numbers were greater, and abnormal eggs were less for the restricted pullets compared with the ad libitum-fed pullets at 36.5 wk. Carcass percentage fat of ad libitum-fed pullets was positively related to plasma glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), and 17beta-estradiol but negatively related to plasma insulin, insulin/glucagon M ratio, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Carcass percentage fat of feed-restricted pullets was negatively related to IGF-I, IGF-II, and T4. The T4 was the most important hormone for predicting the percentage carcass fat in ad libitum-fed pullets, and IGF-I was the most important hormone for predicting the percentage carcass fat in feed-restricted pullets. The percentage carcass protein for ad libitum-fed breeders was positively correlated to IGF-I, T4, T3, insulin/glucagon M ratio, and insulin. Carcass percentage protein for feed-restricted breeders was positively correlated to IGF-I, IGF-II, T4, and glucagon. Stepwise regressions for predicting percentage carcass protein for breeders fed by both systems shows that T3 and IGF-I concentrations were the most important for ad libitum-fed breeders, whereas IGF-II and T4 were best for feed-restricted breeders. The hormone status of breeders may be a key indicator to help predict the body composition and thus support management decisions for maintaining optimum production.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Sun, J. M. and Richards, M. P. and Rosebrough, R. W. and Ashwell, C. M. and McMurtry, J. P. and Coon, C. N.}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={1173–1184} }
 @article{kuo_fulton_ashwell_2005, title={Assignment of 42 Microsatellite Markers from Chromosome 28 on Chicken Genome (Genbank Bv 680436-Bv680477)}, journal={Genbank}, author={Kuo, Alice and Fulton, Janet and Ashwell, Christopher}, year={2005} }
 @article{li_deeb_zhou_ashwell_lamont_2005, title={Chicken quantitative trait loci for growth and body composition associated with the very low density apolipoprotein-II gene}, volume={84}, number={5}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Li, H and Deeb, Nader and Zhou, H and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2005}, pages={697–703} }
 @article{rosebrough_ashwell_2005, title={Dietary metformin effects on in vitro and in vivo metabolism in the chicken}, volume={25}, ISSN={0271-5317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.001}, abstractNote={Chickens were fed diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 and 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g metformin (MET)/kg diet in 2 separate experiments to determine whether MET (1,1 dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) regulated plasma glucose and, possibly, feed intake in broiler chickens. Feed intakes in the first experiment were equal, but, in the second experiment, MET at 5 and 10 g/kg reduced feed intake. The first series of diets had no effect on plasma glucose and lactate. The second series of dietary treatments did not affect plasma glucose but did increase plasma lactate, uric acid, and triglycerides linearly. In the second experiment, there were significant decreases in lipogenesis that accompanied increasing doses of MET. The increase in plasma lactic acid suggests that MET stimulates pyruvate kinase in the chicken, as it does in mammals. The lack of effect on plasma glucose also suggests that regulation occurs downstream of pyruvate in the chicken. These findings may explain MET's ability to reduce hepatic triglyceride synthesis and suppress appetite.}, number={5}, journal={Nutrition Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rosebrough, Robert W. and Ashwell, Christopher M.}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={491–497} }
 @article{woodward_kwon_kubena_byrd_moore_nisbet_ricke_2005, title={ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR}, volume={84}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Woodward, CL and Kwon, YM and Kubena, LF and Byrd, JA and Moore, RW and Nisbet, DJ and Ricke, SC}, year={2005}, pages={185–193} }
 @article{do_choi_nahm_2005, title={ENVIRONMENT, WELL-BEING, AND BEHAVIOR}, volume={84}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Do, JC and Choi, IH and Nahm, KH}, year={2005}, pages={679–686} }
 @article{do_choi_nahm_2005, title={Effects of chemically amended litter on broiler performances, atmospheric ammonia concentration, and phosphorus solubility in litter}, volume={84}, number={5}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Do, JC and Choi, IH and Nahm, KH}, year={2005}, pages={679–686} }
 @article{jones_donnelly_stamp dawkins_2005, title={Environmental and management factors affecting the welfare of chickens on commercial farms in the United Kingdom and Denmark stocked at five densities}, volume={84}, number={8}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Jones, TA and Donnelly, CA and Stamp Dawkins, M}, year={2005}, pages={1155–1165} }
 @article{yan_angel_ashwell_mitchell_christman_2005, title={Evaluation of the broiler’s ability to adapt to an early moderate deficiency of phosphorus and calcium}, volume={84}, number={8}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Yan, F and Angel, R and Ashwell, Christopher and Mitchell, Alva and Christman, M}, year={2005}, pages={1232–1241} }
 @article{min_lillehoj_ashwell_van tassell_dalloul_matukumalli_han_lillehoj_2005, title={Expressed sequence tag analysis of Eimeria-stimulated intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in chickens}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Molecular biotechnology}, publisher={Humana Press}, author={Min, Wongi and Lillehoj, Hyun S and Ashwell, Christopher M and Van Tassell, Curtis P and Dalloul, Rami A and Matukumalli, Lakshmi K and Han, Jae Y and Lillehoj, Erik P}, year={2005}, pages={143–149} }
 @inproceedings{zhou_deeb_evock-clover_ashwell_lamont_2005, title={GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE AND QTL MAPPING IN CHICKEN F2 POPULATIONS}, booktitle={Plant and Animal Genome VX Conference Abstracts}, author={Zhou, H and Deeb, Nader and Evock-Clover, C and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, SJ}, year={2005}, pages={209} }
 @article{zhou_mitchell_mcmurtry_ashwell_lamont_2005, title={Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism associations with growth, body composition, skeleton integrity, and metabolic traits in chickens}, volume={84}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Zhou, H and Mitchell, AD and McMurtry, JP and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2005}, pages={212–219} }
 @article{rosebrough_mcmurtry_richards_mitchell_ramsay_ashwell_2005, title={Interactions among endocrine, nutritional and genetic factors controlling metabolism in the broiler}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews}, publisher={Science Reviews 2000 Ltd}, author={Rosebrough, RW and McMurtry, JP and Richards, MP and Mitchell, AD and Ramsay, TG and Ashwell, CM}, year={2005}, pages={95–100} }
 @article{kuo_fulton_ashwell_2005, title={MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FROM CHROMOSOME 27 BY USING THE CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCE (GENBANK BV680374-BV680405)}, journal={Genbank}, author={Kuo, Alice and Fulton, Janet and Ashwell, Christopher}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{kuo_fulton_ashwell_2005, title={USING CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCES TO SEARCH FOR NEW MICROSATELLITE BIOMARKERS}, volume={206}, booktitle={Plant and Animal Genome VX Conference Abstracts}, author={Kuo, Alice and Fulton, Janet and Ashwell, Christopher}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_2005, title={Use of biotechnology in nutrition research}, volume={32}, booktitle={CAROLINA POULTRY NUTRITION CONFERENCE}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M}, year={2005}, pages={107–116} }
 @article{ozden_black_ashwell_tipsmark_borski_others_2005, title={changes in the efficiency of muscular contraction under pressure}, journal={Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology}, author={Ozden, Ozkan and Black, Betty L and Ashwell, Christopher M and Tipsmark, Christian K and Borski, Russell J and others}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{zhou_mitchell_mcmurtry_ashwell_lamont_2004, title={ASSOCIATIONS OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM IN INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 GENE WITH GROWTH, BODY COMPOSITION, SKELETON INTEGRITY, AND METABOLIC TRAITS IN CHICKENS}, booktitle={World Poultry}, author={Zhou, H and Mitchell, Alva and Mcmurtry, John and Ashwell, C and Lamont, S}, year={2004}, pages={1–4} }
 @inproceedings{lillehoj_min_ashwell_van tassell_2004, title={Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags (Est) Cdna Library from Eimeria-Activated Intestinal Intra-Epithelial Lymphocytes}, booktitle={Avian Immunology Group Meeting}, author={Lillehoj, Hyun and Min, Wongi and Ashwell, Christopher and Van Tassell, Curtis}, year={2004}, pages={60} }
 @article{supakorn_wattanachant_benjakul_ledward_dorji_daungjinda_phasuk_dorji_duangjinda_phasuk_et al._2004, title={Biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins. Regulation by novel post-transcriptional mechanisms.}, volume={10}, number={3}, journal={Asian Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Supakorn, China and Wattanachant, S and Benjakul, S and Ledward, DA and Dorji, N and Daungjinda, M and Phasuk, Y and Dorji, N and Duangjinda, M and Phasuk, Y and et al.}, year={2004}, pages={123–128} }
 @inproceedings{yan_ashwell_angel_2004, title={Molecular cloning and characterization of a broiler small intestine Type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter gene}, volume={87}, booktitle={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Yan, F and Ashwell, C and Angel, R}, year={2004}, pages={263–263} }
 @inproceedings{molecular genotype identification of the chicken major histocompatibility complex_2004, booktitle={Proc. International Conference on Animal Genetics, Tokyo, Japan}, year={2004}, pages={59} }
 @article{mcmurtry_ashwell_brocht_caperna_2004, title={Plasma clearance and tissue distribution of radiolabeled leptin in the chicken}, volume={138}, ISSN={1095-6433}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.02.017}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.02.017}, abstractNote={Leptin is an adipose and liver tissue-derived secreted protein in chickens that has been implicated in the regulation of food intake and whole-body energy balance. In this study, the metabolic clearance and tissue uptake of leptin were examined in the chicken (Gallus gallus). Four-week-old broiler males were infused with (125)I-labeled mouse leptin. Chromatography of radiolabeled leptin in plasma produced two peaks, one at 16 kDa (free leptin) and a free iodine peak. No leptin binding protein in blood was detected. Leptin was cleared with a half-life estimate of 23 min. In order to investigate the tissue distribution and uptake of radiolabeled leptin, multiple tissues were removed from infused birds at 15 and 240 min post-infusion, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity was determined. The amounts of radioactivity at 15 min post-infusion in the tissues in rank order were: kidney, testis, lung, spleen, heart, liver, small and large intestine, gizzard, pancreas, bursa, leg and breast muscle, adrenals, and brain. A slightly different pattern of distribution was observed at 240 min post-infusion. We conclude from these studies that unlike mammals, no circulating leptin binding protein is present in chickens. Leptin is metabolized and cleared very rapidly from blood by the kidney.}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McMurtry, John P and Ashwell, Christopher M and Brocht, Donna M and Caperna, Thomas J}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={27–32} }
 @article{zhou_deeb_mitchell_ashwell_lamont_2003, title={Association of Bmp Genes with Skeletal Integrity in Chickens}, volume={82}, number={Suppl 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Zhou, Huaijun and Deeb, Nader and Mitchell, Alva and Ashwell, Christopher and Lamont, Susan}, year={2003}, pages={23} }
 @article{li_deeb_zhou_mitchell_ashwell_lamont_2003, title={Chicken quantitative trait loci for growth and body composition associated with transforming growth factor-beta genes}, volume={82}, number={3}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Li, Hui and Deeb, Nader and Zhou, Huaijun and Mitchell, AD and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, Susan J}, year={2003}, pages={347–356} }
 @article{behra_kumar giri_krishna tripathi_alexander_abdollahi_bahreini-moghadam_emami_fooladian_zafari_ahmed_et al._2003, title={Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of ibuprofen.}, volume={8}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Pharmacology}, publisher={orgz}, author={Behra, Ajay and Kumar Giri, Tapan and Krishna Tripathi, Dulal and Alexander, Amit and Abdollahi, M and Bahreini-Moghadam, A and Emami, B and Fooladian, F and Zafari, K and Ahmed, YAEG and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={331–336} }
 @article{zerehdaran_hassani_gharebash_khanahmadi_farivar_arthur_albers_bessei_blandford_fulponi_et al._2003, title={Estimation of genetic parameters for fat deposition and carcass traits in broilers.}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, publisher={orgz}, author={Zerehdaran, S and Hassani, S and Gharebash, AM and Khanahmadi, A and Farivar, F and Arthur, JA and Albers, GAA and Bessei, W and Blandford, D and Fulponi, L and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={pp-1} }
 @article{richards_poch_coon_rosebrough_ashwell_mcmurty_2003, title={Expression of selected genes related to lipid metabolism in broiler breeder chickens}, volume={133}, journal={Journal of Nutrition}, author={Richards, Mark and Poch, Stephen and Coon, Craig and Rosebrough, Robert and Ashwell, Christopher and McMurty, J}, year={2003}, pages={707–715} }
 @article{richards_poch_coon_rosebrough_ashwell_mcmurtry_2003, title={Feed restriction significantly alters lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder chickens}, volume={133}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Richards, Mark P and Poch, Stephen M and Coon, Craig N and Rosebrough, Robert W and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={2003}, pages={707–715} }
 @article{kuo_blacksburg_ashwell_richards_poch_siegel_blacksburg_denbow_blacksburg_2003, title={Ghrelin Gene Sequence and Expression in Lines of Chickens Selected for High and Low Body Weight}, volume={82}, number={Suppl 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Kuo, A and BLACKSBURG, VA and Ashwell, Christopher and Richards, Mark and Poch, Stephen and Siegel, PVPI and BLACKSBURG, VA and Denbow, DVPI and BLACKSBURG, VA}, year={2003}, pages={62} }
 @article{ashwell_mcmurtry_2003, title={Hypoglycemia and reduced feed intake in broiler chickens treated with metformin}, volume={82}, number={1}, journal={Poultry science}, publisher={Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, author={Ashwell, CM and Mcmurtry, John P}, year={2003}, pages={106–110} }
 @article{richards_poch_coon_rosebrough_ashwell_mcmurtry_2003, title={Nutrient-Gene Interactions}, volume={133}, journal={J. Nutr}, author={Richards, Mark P and Poch, Stephen M and Coon, Craig N and Rosebrough, Robert W and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={2003}, pages={707–715} }
 @article{mcmurtry_brocht_ashwell_allen_leach_coon_2003, title={The development of homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken leptin}, volume={82}, number={Suppl 1}, journal={Poult. Sci}, author={McMurtry, JP and Brocht, DM and Ashwell, Christopher and Allen, Patricia and Leach, R and Coon, C}, year={2003}, pages={84} }
 @inproceedings{li_deeb_zhou_ashwell_lamont_2002, title={Chicken QTLs for growth, body composition, and metabolic factors associated with TGF-beta family genes}, booktitle={Abstract of a poster presented at the Plant, Animal and Microbe Genomes X Conference}, author={Li, H and Deeb, N and Zhou, H and Ashwell, CM and Lamont, SJ}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_mcmurtry_deeb_lamont_2002, title={Endocrine and metabolic factors in unique inbred$\times$ outbred chicken crosses}, booktitle={7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France}, author={Ashwell, CM and McMurtry, JP and Deeb, N and Lamont, SJ}, year={2002} }
 @article{mc murtry_yahav_brocht_ashwell_rosebrough_kahl_leach_2002, title={Endocrine and metabolite adaptations in the thermoconditioned chicken in response to high ambient température}, volume={81}, journal={Poultry Sci}, author={Mc Murtry, John and Yahav, S and Brocht, Donna and Ashwell, Christopher and Rosebrough, Robert and Kahl, Stanislaw and Leach, JR}, year={2002}, pages={214} }
 @article{evock-clover_poch_richards_ashwell_mcmurtry_2002, title={Expression of an uncoupling protein gene homolog in chickens}, volume={133}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology}, publisher={Pergamon}, author={Evock-Clover, Christina M and Poch, Stephen M and Richards, Mark P and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={2002}, pages={345–358} }
 @article{richards_poch_ashwell_2001, title={Identification and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene}, volume={80}, journal={Poult. Sci}, author={Richards, M and Poch, SM and Ashwell, CM}, year={2001}, pages={394} }
 @article{ashwell_ashwell_garrett_bennett_2001, title={Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene}, volume={32}, number={4}, journal={Animal genetics}, author={Ashwell, MS and Ashwell, CM and Garrett, WM and Bennett, GL}, year={2001}, pages={232–233} }
 @inproceedings{richards_poch_ashwell_2001, title={Leptin receptor gene expression in turkeys}, volume={15}, number={5}, booktitle={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Richards, MP and Poch, SM and Ashwell, CM}, year={2001}, pages={A961–A961} }
 @article{mcmurtry_ashwell_richards_vasilatos-younken_2001, title={Leptin: molecular biology and physiology}, journal={Avian Endocrinology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India}, author={McMurtry, JP and Ashwell, C and Richards, M and Vasilatos-Younken, R}, year={2001}, pages={317–328} }
 @article{ashwell_richards_mcmurtry_2001, title={The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight}, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={Domestic animal endocrinology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Ashwell, CM and Richards, MP and McMurtry, JP}, year={2001}, pages={161–168} }
 @article{richards_caperna_elsasser_ashwell_mcmurtry_2000, title={Design and application of a polyclonal peptide antiserum for the universal detection of leptin protein}, volume={45}, number={2}, journal={Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Richards, Mark P and Caperna, Thomas J and Elsasser, Theodore H and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={2000}, pages={147–156} }
 @article{denbow_meade_robertson_mcmurtry_richards_ashwell_2000, title={Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens}, volume={69}, number={3}, journal={Physiology & Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Denbow, D Michael and Meade, Sharonda and Robertson, Adam and McMurtry, John P and Richards, Mark and Ashwell, Chris}, year={2000}, pages={359–362} }
 @article{carlos_paetzel_brubaker_karla_ashwell_lively_cao_bullinger_dalbey_2000, title={PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION, AND DEGRADATION-The role of the membrane-spanning domain of type I signal peptidases in substrate cleavage site selection.}, volume={275}, number={49}, journal={Journal of Biological Chemistry}, publisher={Baltimore [etc.]}, author={Carlos, Joseph L and Paetzel, Mark and Brubaker, Greg and Karla, Andrew and Ashwell, Christopher M and Lively, Mark O and Cao, Guoqing and Bullinger, Patrick and Dalbey, Ross E}, year={2000}, pages={38813–38822} }
 @article{richards_ashwell_mcmurtry_2000, title={Quantitative analysis of leptin mRNA using competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection}, volume={21}, number={4}, journal={ELECTROPHORESIS: An International Journal}, publisher={Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company Hoboken}, author={Richards, Mark P and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={2000}, pages={792–798} }
 @article{carlos_paetzel_brubaker_karla_ashwell_lively_cao_bullinger_dalbey_2000, title={The role of the membrane-spanning domain of type I signal peptidases in substrate cleavage site selection}, volume={275}, number={49}, journal={Journal of Biological Chemistry}, publisher={American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, author={Carlos, Joseph L and Paetzel, Mark and Brubaker, Greg and Karla, Andrew and Ashwell, Christopher M and Lively, Mark O and Cao, Guoqing and Bullinger, Patrick and Dalbey, Ross E}, year={2000}, pages={38813–38822} }
 @article{richards_ashwell_mcmurtry_1999, title={Analysis of leptin gene expression in chickens using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection}, volume={853}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of chromatography A}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Richards, Mark P and Ashwell, Christopher M and McMurtry, John P}, year={1999}, pages={321–335} }
 @article{ashwell_mcmurtry_wang_zhou_vasilatos-younken_1999, title={Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Domestic Animal Endocrinology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Ashwell, CM and McMurtry, JP and Wang, X-H and Zhou, Y and Vasilatos-Younken, Regina}, year={1999}, pages={77–84} }
 @inproceedings{larimore_ashwell_halim_abidin_others_1999, title={First Diverless Subsea Wireline Well Intervention Performed in Offshore Vietnam offers Low-Cost Solution for Light Well Workovers: Case Histories and Future Trends}, booktitle={SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition}, author={Larimore, David and Ashwell, Charles and Halim, Abdul and Abidin, Zainal and others}, year={1999} }
 @article{ashwell_czerwinski_brocht_mcmurtry_1999, title={Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens}, volume={276}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology}, publisher={Am Physiological Soc}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M and Czerwinski, Susan M and Brocht, Donna M and McMurtry, John P}, year={1999}, pages={R226–R232} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_richards_brocht_mcmurtry_1999, title={Leptin expression patterns in embryonic development}, volume={13}, number={4}, booktitle={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Ashwell, CM and Richards, MP and Brocht, DM and McMurtry, JP}, year={1999}, pages={A442–A442} }
 @inbook{lively_ashwell_1999, title={Signal peptidases}, booktitle={Proteases New Perspectives}, publisher={Birkhäuser, Basel}, author={Lively, Mark O and Ashwell, Christopher M}, year={1999}, pages={35–43} }
 @article{benyi_acheampong-boateng_norris_mikasi_altan_ozkan_yakin_appleby_hughes_elson_et al._1998, title={Changes in body composition and adipocyte cellularity of male broilers subjected to varying degrees early-life feed restriction.}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, publisher={orgz}, author={Benyi, K and Acheampong-Boateng, O and Norris, D and Mikasi, MS and Altan, O and Ozkan, S and Yakin, S and Appleby, MC and Hughes, BO and Elson, HA and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={321–326} }
 @article{czerwinski_ashwell_mcmurtry_1998, title={Cloning of turkey insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)}, journal={DNA database}, author={Czerwinski, SM and Ashwell, CM and McMurtry, JP}, year={1998} }
 @article{ashwell_mcmurtry_wang_zhou_vasilatos-younken_1998, title={EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND PAIR-FEEDING ON LEPTIN mRNA EXPRESSION IN LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF BROILER CHICKENS}, volume={2}, journal={BIOTECHNOLOGIE AGRONOMIE SOCIETE ET ENVIRONNEMENT}, publisher={FACULTE UNIVERSITAIRE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DE}, author={Ashwell, C and McMurtry, J and Wang, XH and Zhou, Y and Vasilatos-Younken, R}, year={1998}, pages={45–45} }
 @article{ashwell_1998, title={Investigations into the nature of signal peptidase substrate interactions.}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M}, year={1998} }
 @article{ashwell_czerwinski_mcmurtry_1998, title={Turkey leptin (ob) mRNA, partial cds}, journal={GenBank Accession Number AF082501}, author={Ashwell, CM and Czerwinski, SM and McMurtry, JP}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_lively_1997, title={Eukaryotic signal peptidase recognizes signal peptides asymmetrically}, volume={11}, number={9}, booktitle={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Ashwell, CM and Lively, MO}, year={1997}, pages={A1392–A1392} }
 @article{tjelta_ashwell_hilmarsen_taylor_others_1996, title={Brief-Offshore North-Sea Case-Histories of the Environmentally Friendly Testing Vessel, the Crystal-Sea}, volume={48}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Petroleum Technology}, publisher={Society of Petroleum Engineers}, author={Tjelta, Odd and Ashwell, Charles and Hilmarsen, Gunnar and Taylor, Robert W and others}, year={1996}, pages={324–325} }
 @inproceedings{ashwell_harp_dalbey_lively_1996, title={Probing the substrate binding site of signal peptidases with a synthetic signal peptide model containing a p-benzoyl-phenylalanine photoaffinity label.}, volume={10}, number={6}, booktitle={FASEB JOURNAL}, author={Ashwell, CM and Harp, JL and Dalbey, RE and Lively, MO}, year={1996}, pages={2343–2343} }
 @article{reyes_salas_coon_attia_burke_yamani_jensen_boekholt_grinten_scheurs_et al._1995, title={Nutrient requirements of laying hens.}, volume={11}, number={7}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Reyes, ME and Salas, C and Coon, CN and Attia, YA and Burke, WH and Yamani, KA and Jensen, LS and Boekholt, HA and Grinten, P and Scheurs, VVAM and et al.}, year={1995}, pages={261–270} }
 @inproceedings{tjelta_ashwell_taylor_others_1995, title={Offshore Northern Sea Case Histories of the Environmentally Friendly Testing Vessel, the" Crystal Sea"}, booktitle={Offshore Technology Conference}, author={Tjelta, Odd and Ashwell, Charles and Taylor, Robert W and others}, year={1995} }
 @book{ashwell_bringsli_bullock_taylor_1995, title={The well testing vessel``Crystal Sea:``Cost effective alternative to flaring hydrocarbon into the atmosphere}, institution={American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY (United States)}, author={Ashwell, C and Bringsli, S and Bullock, R and Taylor, RW}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{schreurs_burman_hamid_falck_maribu_ashwell_others_1994, title={Development of gel systems for pipeline dewatering and drying applications}, booktitle={Offshore technology conference}, author={Schreurs, Gerard and Burman, Phil and Hamid, Syed and Falck, Chrisitan and Maribu, Jarleif and Ashwell, Charles and others}, year={1994} }
 @article{ashwell_poole_1993, title={Characterization of the N-terminal region within the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpF protein}, volume={15}, number={5}, journal={Free Radical Biology and Medicine}, publisher={Pergamon}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M and Poole, Leslie B}, year={1993}, pages={506} }
 @article{reyes_salas_coon_attia_burke_yamani_jensen_balnave_boekholt_schreurs_et al._1990, title={Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens.}, volume={10}, number={12}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={Reyes, ME and Salas, C and Coon, CN and Attia, YA and Burke, WH and Yamani, KA and Jensen, LS and Balnave, D and Boekholt, HA and Schreurs, VVAM and et al.}, year={1990}, pages={pp-1} }
 @article{h. musa_h. cheng_b. bao_c. li_m. mekki_h. chen_allendorf_ryman_utter_botstein_et al._1987, title={Genetic diversity of Chinese native chicken breeds based on protein polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and microsatellite polymorphism.}, volume={10}, number={15}, journal={Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, publisher={orgz}, author={H. Musa, Hassan and H. Cheng, Jin and B. Bao, Wen and C. Li, Bi and M. Mekki, Dafaalla and H. Chen, Guo and Allendorf, FW and Ryman, N and Utter, FM and Botstein, D and et al.}, year={1987}, pages={pp-1} }
 @article{dsilva_dsouza_bowers_mccomb_kelley_bowes_julian_stirtzinger_bowes_julian_et al._1977, title={A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol.}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={Asian Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={orgz}, author={DSilva, Avila and DSouza, Cletus JM and Bowers, GN and McComb, RB and Kelley, ML and Bowes, VA and Julian, RJ and Stirtzinger, T and Bowes, VA and Julian, RJ and et al.}, year={1977}, pages={1149–1149} }
 @article{rothschild_ashwell_persia_lamont_van goor_schmidt_1916, title={Quantitative trait loci identified for blood chemistry components of an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress}, publisher={Biomed Central Ltd}, author={Rothschild, Max F and Ashwell, Christopher M and Persia, Michael E and Lamont, Susan J and Van Goor, Angelica and Schmidt, Carl J}, year={1916} }
 @article{2003 poultry science author index, volume={1050}, journal={Catena}, pages={381} }
 @article{abbas_abdou_abi-ghanem_acar_adedokun_adejinmi_adesiji_adeyeye_adrizal_afzali_et al., title={2009 Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting}, author={Abbas, AO and Abdou, AM and Abi-Ghanem, D and Acar, N and Adedokun, SA and Adejinmi, OO and Adesiji, YO and Adeyeye, AA and Adrizal, A and Afzali, AR and et al.} }
 @article{richards_ashwell_mcmurtry, title={ANALYSIS OF LEPTIN GENE EXPRESSION IN CHICKENS USING RT-PCR AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH LASER-INDUCED FLURESCENCE DETECTION}, journal={Journal of Chromatography}, author={Richards, Mark and Ashwell, Christopher and McMurtry, John} }
 @article{lamont_coble_bjorkquist_rothschild_persia_ashwell_schmidt, title={Genomics of heat stress in chickens SJ Lamont1, DJ Coble1, A. Bjorkquist1, MF Rothschild1, M. Persia1, C. Ashwell2 and C. Schmidt3}, author={Lamont, SJ and Coble, DJ and Bjorkquist, A and Rothschild, MF and Persia, M and Ashwell, C and Schmidt, C} }
 @article{siegel_honaker_dunn_haberer_wolc_arango_settar_fulton_o’sullivan_preisinger_et al., title={INVITED CONTRIBUTIONS AND FOCUSED PRESENTATIONS}, author={Siegel, PB and Honaker, CF and Dunn, IC and Haberer, G and Wolc, A and Arango, J and Settar, P and Fulton, JE and O’Sullivan, NP and Preisinger, R and et al.} }
 @article{immunology and pathology: poultry immunology and diseases }
 @article{lowman_ashwell, title={Prestage Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606}, author={Lowman, Zachary S and Ashwell, Christopher M} }
 @article{ashwell, title={The beginning of a new age in nutrition research}, author={Ashwell, Christopher M} }