@article{keeney_gorges_gremling_chinnadurai_harrison_2023, title={HYPERKALEMIA IN FOUR ANESTHETIZED RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0100}, abstractNote={Abstract: Four clinically healthy red wolves (Canis rufus) developed hyperkalemia during routine anesthetic procedures. All cases were anesthetized using a combination of dexmedetomidine (10–24 mcg/kg), ketamine (2–3 mg/kg), and either midazolam (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2–0.48 mg/kg). Additional anesthetics were given to effect. Total anesthetic time ranged from 60 to 420 min. Three out of four cases were treated using terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg SC), which successfully resolved the hyperkalemia. No bradyarrhythmias were seen in any cases where electrocardiography (ECG) was monitored (3/4). All cases recovered from anesthesia, with one prolonged recovery. All animals are clinically healthy at the time of writing. Factors including anesthetic duration, the use of α-2 agonists, hyperthermia, and genetics are discussed as possible triggers for hyperkalemia. Serial blood gases, with electrolyte measurements, are recommended during anesthesia of red wolves, particularly when anesthetic time may be prolonged or the patient suffers from hyperthermia. Terbutaline appears to be a successful treatment should hyperkalemia arise.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Gorges, Melinda A. and Gremling, Megan M. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={387–393} }
 @article{hepps keeney_waltzek_oliveira viadanna_frasca_reinhardt_lovy_lewbart_2023, title={Myxobolus lentisuturalis infection in a farmed population of goldfish Carassius auratus from the USA}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao03735}, abstractNote={Myxobolus lentisuturalis is a myxozoan parasite of piscine muscle that has been described in goldfish Carassius auratus and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio. This report documents a naturally occurring infection of M. lentisuturalis in a population of farmed goldfish in the USA. Postmortem examination was performed on 4 affected goldfish. Gross findings included large cystic cavities along the dorsal midline filled with caseous exudate. Histopathology revealed myxozoan plasmodia and spores in the epaxial muscles with varying degrees of granulomatous and necrotizing myositis accompanied by lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. Spore morphology and dimensions were consistent with M. lentisuturalis, as observed by light microscopy. PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA of infected muscle samples from 2 goldfish confirmed the parasite to have 99-100% nucleotide identity to M. lentisuturalis sequences recovered from similar cases of this parasite infecting goldfish in China and Italy and Prussian carp in China. This is the first reported case of M. lentisuturalis in the USA and furthers the understanding of the pathogenicity of this under-described parasite.}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Hepps Keeney, Caitlin M. and Waltzek, Thomas B. and Oliveira Viadanna, Pedro H. and Frasca, Salvatore, Jr. and Reinhardt, Emily and Lovy, Jan and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={7–14} }
 @article{strobel_baker_berliner_tang_keeney_lewbart_2023, title={NALTREXONE AS A PROMISING TREATMENT FOR CLINICAL SIGNS OF LATERAL LINE DEPIGMENTATION IN PALETTE SURGEONFISH (PARACANTHURUS HEPATUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0022}, abstractNote={Abstract: Lateral line depigmentation (LLD) is a common condition in managed tropical saltwater fish, and treatment is somewhat elusive. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, enhances epithelial cell replication, cytokine production, and angiogenesis to stimulate wound healing in mice. A treatment trial with 11 palette surgeonfish with LLD was performed. Seven fish underwent a single topical treatment of a mixture of 4 mg naltrexone and 10 g iLEX petroleum paste applied topically to LLD lesions. Four additional fish served as controls: two received only topical iLEX and two received no treatment. Severity of disease was scored on a 0–3 scale. Inflammatory response was gauged on a separate 0–3 scale for 5 d after treatment based on severity of erythema, as seen in a clinical case performed prior to this study. After 11 days, four affected animals that lacked an inflammatory response after naltrexone topical treatment were administered a single dose of intralesional 0.04% naltrexone (4 mg diluted into 10 ml saline). Lesions on all fish were photographed and measured at day 33. Clinical improvements in lesion size and pigmentation were apparent following topical naltrexone therapy in fish with severe lesions. Although these cases are promising, more data are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of naltrexone 0.04% in treating LLD lesions in palette surgeonfish.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Strobel, Megan M. and Baker, Kendra C. and Berliner, Aimee L. and Tang, Karisa N. and Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={137–142} }
 @article{keeney_cohen_lewbart_ozawa_2023, title={ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF COELOMIC FLUID IN HEALTHY CORN SNAKES (PANTHEROPHIS GUTTATUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0102}, abstractNote={Abstract: Free coelomic fluid can be a physiologic or pathologic finding in snakes. In this study, ultrasonography was used to assess the presence, volume, and type of coelomic fluid in 18 (16 females, 2 males) clinically healthy corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) using a semiquantitative scoring system. Each snake was divided into five equal regions (R1–R5) by length (from rostrum to vent) and fluid volume was scored on a scale of 0 to 4. Coelomic fluid was sampled when possible and cytologic analysis was performed. The majority of snakes (16/18) were found to have some degree of free coelomic fluid. The coelomic fluid samples that were collected (n= 6) were classified as transudates, acellular or primarily lymphocytic. Fluid was most likely to be found in R3 compared with all other regions and least likely to be found in R1 compared with R2, R3, and R4. A higher score of volume was found in R3 compared with R1 and R5. This study describes the distribution and abundance of coelomic fluid in snakes, as well as a method for point of care ultrasound (POCUS) in this species.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Cohen, Eli B. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Ozawa, Sarah M.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={65–72} }
 @article{lehman_cohen_ozawa_hepps keeney_sommer_2022, title={Imaging Diagnosis: Thoracic radiographic features of toxoplasmosis in a 14-month-old Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus)}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13155}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13155}, abstractNote={Abstract A privately owned 14‐month‐old intact female red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) was presented for acute onset respiratory distress and lethargy. On presentation, the kangaroo was laterally recumbent, tachypneic, dyspneic, lethargic, and obtunded. Thoracic radiographs revealed a severe diffuse mixed pulmonary pattern (alveolar pattern superimposed on a bronchial pattern) and subjective mild generalized cardiomegaly. Due to the severity of clinical signs and grave prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Postmortem examination was consistent with systemic toxoplasmosis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining on infected tissues confirmed Toxoplasma gondii. This is the first published report of radiographic findings for confirmed toxoplasmosis in a red kangaroo or marsupial.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound}, author={Lehman, K. and Cohen, E. and Ozawa, S. and Hepps Keeney, C. and Sommer, S.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={E26–E30} }
 @article{keeney_hung_harrison_2021, title={Comparison of body temperature using digital, infrared, and tympanic thermometry in healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2020.10.005}, abstractNote={Abstract BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative precision and accuracy of multiple methods of thermometry used to assess body temperature in healthy adult ferrets. METHODS Temperature was measured in 20 healthy ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) using noncontact infrared thermometry, digital thermometry in the rectal, inguinal, and axillary regions, and infrared contact-based thermometer in the ear (tympanic) and on the skin of the dorsal back between the shoulder blades. Temperatures were taken pre- and post-handling, evaluated across the set of ferrets for general precision and effect of handling, and compared to assess accuracy. Intraclass correlation analysis and Bland-Altman agreement analyses with rectal temperature being used as reference were conducted. RESULTS Sample time (before and after physical examination) and day (day #1 and day #2), were found to not to be significantly different with respect to temperature measurements (P>0.05). Reproducibility was not high for any of the temperature measurement methods, but was moderate for rectal and tympanic ear measures. The lowest mean difference with rectal temperature was found for tympanic thermometry on the dorsal skin when compared with rectal measurement (+0.05 °C), as opposed to the other four methods of temperature measurement which ranged in their mean differences when compared with rectal measurement (-7.4 to -0.58 °C). Agreement analyses showed constant error and proportional error only for the inguinal temperature method. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Temperature measurements due to tympanic thermometers applied on the dorsal skin have some agreement with respect to digital rectal thermometry in ferrets. Following further validating studies on hypothermic and hyperthermic contexts of usage, this less invasive approach may be a useful method for temperature measurement in clinical settings to reduce stress of the patient and increase efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Hung, Chers S. and Harrison, Taram M.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{keeney_siegal-willott_mangus_holder_2021, title={SPINAL NEMATODIASIS IN A LINED FLAT-TAIL GECKO (UROPLATUS LINEATUS)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0243}, abstractNote={Abstract: A 5-y-old female lined flat-tail gecko (Uroplatus lineatus) presented for acute onset of lethargy and paraplegia and was subsequently euthanized. Histologic examination of the spinal cord revealed a verminous myelitis comprising moderate, multifocal, necrotizing myelitis with intramedullary adult and larval nematodes. Molecular data and morphology indicate a cosmocercid nematode, most likely of the genus Raillietnema, a diverse taxon reported to parasitize reptiles, amphibians, and teleost fish. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of spinal nematodiasis in a reptile species, and the first report of spinal parasitism causing hind-limb paraplegia in a reptile.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Siegal-Willott, Jessica L. and Mangus, Lisa M. and Holder, Kali A.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={849–852} }