@article{nalepa_bohannon_oten_2023, title={Size of emerald ash borer in North Carolina, USA: Preliminary evidence for a sawtooth cline?}, ISSN={["1461-9563"]}, DOI={10.1111/afe.12598}, abstractNote={We test the hypothesis of Marshall et al. (2013) that in the United States there is a converse Bergmann's cline in body size of Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer, EAB), with the largest females ( x¯  = 12.6 mm length) collected at the most southern latitudes tested (37° N). In 2020, we employed three techniques to collect EAB at a North Carolina (NC) site located at 35.64° N (purple prism traps [PPTs], log emergence, Cerceris fumipennis biosurveillance). The study was repeated in 2021, but with green funnel traps replacing log emergence. EAB collected by C. fumipennis in three altitudinally disparate regions of NC were also measured. Overall, EAB collected in 2020 averaged 12.02 mm, with those emerged from logs significantly smaller than those from PPTs. Length of females collected from C. fumipennis at three elevations was not significantly different and averaged 12.01 mm. In 2021, females collected from funnel traps, PPTs and C. fumipennis were not significantly different and larger ( x¯  = 12.41 mm) than in 2020; eliminating the smaller log‐emerged EAB from the 2020 data set did not change the outcome. Mean EAB size in NC never reached the reported 12.6 mm at 37° N, regardless of the technique or altitude tested. Our expansion of the latitudinal range in which EAB body size has been studied may shift the proposed converse Bergmann's cline to that of a sawtooth or other non‐linear model, likely associated with a transition in EAB voltinism at or near NC latitudes.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Bohannon, G. Ryan and Oten, Kelly L. F.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{yaguchi_kobayashi_maekawa_nalepa_2021, title={Extra-pair paternity in the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder: Social but not genetic monogamy}, ISSN={["1365-294X"]}, DOI={10.1111/mec.16185}, abstractNote={Subsocial Cryptocercus cockroaches are the sister group to termites and considered to be socially monogamous. Because genetic monogamy is a suggested requirement for evolution of cooperative breeding/eusociality, particularly in hymenopterans, clarification of the mating biology of Cryptocercus would help illuminate evolutionary trends in eusocial insects. To investigate possible extra‐pair paternity in C. punctulatus, microsatellite markers were used to analyse offspring parentage, the stored sperm in females and results of experimental manipulation of sperm competition. Extra‐pair paternity was common in field‐collected families, but a lack of maternal alleles in several nymphs suggests sampling error or adoption. Isolating prereproductive pairs and assaying subsequently produced nymphs confirmed that nymphs lacked alleles from the pair male in 40% of families, with extra‐pair male(s) siring 27%–77% of nymphs. Sperm of extra‐pair males was detected in the spermatheca of 51% of paired prereproductive females. Mate switching and surgical manipulation of male mating ability indicated a tendency towards last male sperm precedence. Overall, the results demonstrate that about half of young females are serially monogamous during their maturational year, but bond, overwinter and produce their only set of offspring in company of the last mated male (=pair male). Repeated mating by the pair male increases the number of nymphs sired, but because many females use stored sperm of previous copulatory partners to fertilize eggs, pair males extend parental care to unrelated nymphs. The results suggest that genetic monogamy either developed in the termite ancestor after splitting from the Cryptocercus lineage, or that genetic monogamy may not be a strict prerequisite for the evolution of termite eusociality.}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}, author={Yaguchi, Hajime and Kobayashi, Itaru and Maekawa, Kiyoto and Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{nalepa_2020, title={Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-701X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fevo.2020.00014}, abstractNote={Lower termites, as well as their sister group, the subsocial wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus, rely on flagellated eukaryotic symbionts in the hindgut to cooperatively digest their wood diet. In Cryptocercus these flagellates undergo encystment cycles tightly coordinated with the molting cycle of their host, yet the resultant cysts play no demonstrated role in their transmission to neonates; the trophozoite stage of the flagellates is passed directly from parents to offspring via hindgut fluids (proctodeal trophallaxis). This pattern suggests that encystment is a vestige from a gregarious cockroach ancestor, when the flagellates had a functional, two-stage life cycle and the cysts were horizontally transmitted among hosts via coprophagy. The strong integration between flagellate encystment cycles and host developmental physiology in Cryptocercus indicates that the relationship of the flagellates with their proposed gregarious cockroach ancestor was not commensal, but parasitic, with flagellates likely obtaining benefits by taking advantage of host gut metabolites and ingested plant debris. When vertical transmission evolved the parasites were ‘captured,’ and their fitness became inescapably embedded in the fitness of their host. The vertical transmission of gut flagellates and the origin of host subsociality via proctodeal trophallaxis can be considered two sides of the same coin. From the host point of view proctodeal trophallaxis marks the origination of parental care by provisioning neonates with nourishment, metabolites and beneficial microbiota. From the flagellate point of view, proctodeal trophallaxis was a shift from horizontal to vertical transmission, pushing them from the parasitic to the mutualistic end of the symbiotic spectrum, arguably making this host behavioral change the most critical juncture in the evolutionary trajectory of the termite lineage.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{nalepa_shimada_maekawa_luykx_2017, title={Distribution of Karyotypes of the Cryptocercus punctulatus Species Complex (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1536-2442"]}, DOI={10.1093/jisesa/iex045}, abstractNote={During the period between 1999 and 2006, wood-feeding cockroaches in the Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder species complex were collected throughout Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. The chromosome numbers of insects from 59 sites were determined, and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on mitochondrial COII and nuclear ITS2 DNA. The distribution of the three male karyotypes found in the park (2n = 37, 39, and 45) is mapped and discussed in relation to recent disturbances and glacial history. Clades of the three karyotype groups meet near the ridgeline separating North Carolina from Tennessee in the center of the park, suggesting that these may have originated from separate lower elevation refugia after the last glacial maximum. The timing of divergence and a significant correlation between elevation difference and genetic distance in two of the clades supports this hypothesis. The ecological role of the cockroaches in the park is discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Shimada, Keisuke and Maekawa, Kiyoto and Luykx, Peter}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{yaguchi_hayashi_tohoku_nalepa_maekawa_2017, title={Genetic data indicate that most field-collected woodroach pairs are unrelated}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1744-7917"]}, DOI={10.1111/1744-7917.12358}, abstractNote={Woodroaches in the genus Cryptocercus are subsocial cockroaches that utilize decaying logs for both shelter and as a food source (Nalepa, 1984). Based on molecular phylogenetic studies of multiple independent data (e.g., Lo et al., 2000; Inward et al., 2007), Cryptocercus and termites are shown to have a sister group relationship within the cockroach clade. The 2 groups also share multiple traits related to ecology, social structure, symbionts, and digestive physiology. Consequently, to discuss eusocial evolution in termites, Cryptocercus would serve as an important group for a “model-taxon by homology” (Klass et al., 2008). Adults of Cryptocercus spp. are completely wingless cockroaches. They typically pair up in late summer/early fall and initiate nest building, but they do not reproduce until the following summer (Nalepa, 1984). At that time, they produce several (up to 5) oothecae, each containing about 10−40 eggs; they then care for the hatched offspring (Nalepa, 1988, 1990). Coexisting with parents is necessary for the optimum development of offspring (Nalepa & Arellano, 2016). The logs these insects use for food and shelter vary greatly in size and are patchily distributed. Consequently, there is a possibility that new adults may either pair up and utilize decaying wood adjacent to their natal nest in a large log, leading to a relatively inbred mating strategy, or disperse to initiate nests in other logs on the forest floor, resulting in outbreeding. Studies of dispersing adults utilizing pitfall traps indicated that some females of C. punctulatus had sperm in their spermathe-}, number={3}, journal={INSECT SCIENCE}, author={Yaguchi, Hajime and Hayashi, Yoshinobu and Tohoku, Takafumi and Nalepa, Christine A. and Maekawa, Kiyoto}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={522–526} }
 @article{nalepa_2016, title={'Cost' of proctodeal trophallaxis in extant termite individuals has no relevance in analysing the origins of eusociality}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.12276}, abstractNote={Based on patterns of life history and behaviour in both the subsocial sister group of termites (Cryptocercus cockroaches) and the initial stages of colony foundation in one-piece (=OP, nesting in their food source) wood-feeding termites, Nalepa (1988, 1994) proposed that a key proximate step in the origin of termite eusociality was the assumption of parental brood care duties by the first nutritionally independent offspring in the family (alloparents= helpers, functional workers). This behavioural transition and the consequent transfer of costs associated with parental investment from adult parents to juvenile alloparents provides a baseline for the subsequent evolution of life history characteristics specific to extant OP termites, including a sterile soldier caste, small body size, extreme phenotypic plasticity, neotenic reproduction and interdependence of colony members. The hypothesis is also consistent with the reproductive and developmental physiology of cockroaches in a nitrogen-limited environment (Nalepa, 2011a,b, 2015). A contrary view, that alloparental brood care is not a necessary prerequisite for termite eusociality is advanced by Korb et al. (2012) and Korb (2007, 2015), who observed little to no brood care behaviour in alloparents originating from established colonies of drywood termites (Cryptotermes). It is further argued that one component of brood care, proctodeal trophallaxis, would be of little or no cost to individual caregivers because the behaviour is typically a reciprocal interaction (Korb, 2007, 2008a,b, 2010a). Here I suggest that there is little evidence to support claims of the absence of brood care and its correlate, independent offspring, in extant OP termites, and the notion that proctodeal feeding is not costly to individual alloparents is based on misconceptions regarding what may be considered ‘ancestral’ in a termite.}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={27–30} }
 @article{tai_carpenter_weber_nalepa_perlman_keeling_2016, title={Genome Evolution and Nitrogen Fixation in Bacterial Ectosymbionts of a Protist Inhabiting Wood-Feeding Cockroaches}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.00611-16}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={15}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Tai, Vera and Carpenter, Kevin J. and Weber, Peter K. and Nalepa, Christine A. and Perlman, Steve J. and Keeling, Patrick J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={4682–4695} }
 @article{nalepa_arellano_2016, title={Parental social environment alters development of nutritionally independent nymphs in Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae)}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1432-0762"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00265-016-2110-6}, number={6}, journal={BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Arellano, C.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={881–887} }
 @misc{nalepa_2015, title={Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.12197}, abstractNote={1. Numerous cladistic analyses have converged: termites are a monophyletic clade embedded within the paraphyletic cockroaches, and sister group to the biparental, wood‐feeding cockroach Cryptocercus. The latter is, therefore, an appropriate model for testing assumptions regarding early termite evolution.}, number={4}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={323–335} }
 @article{tai_james_nalepa_scheffrahn_perlman_keeling_2015, title={The Role of Host Phylogeny Varies in Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Hindguts of Lower Termites}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.02945-14}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Tai, Vera and James, Erick R. and Nalepa, Christine A. and Scheffrahn, Rudolf H. and Perlman, Steve J. and Keeling, Patrick J.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1059–1070} }
 @article{nalepa_teerling_rutledge_swink_arellano_2012, title={Ball Diamonds as Habitat for Nests of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): Comparisons among Three States}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1937-2353"]}, DOI={10.2317/jkes120418.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Surveys of baseball and softball diamonds for nests of the ground-nesting wasp Cerceris fumipennis were conducted between 2008 and 2011 in three states: Connecticut, Maine and North Carolina. A total of 1398 ball fields were surveyed, with roughly 22% of these positive for nests of the wasp. Nine percent of the fields had ≥15 nests and were therefore of practical use in a biosurveillance program for buprestid pests. Connecticut had the highest proportion of both positive fields and of fields useful for biosurveillance. Among fields with any number of nests, the two northern states had a significantly higher proportion with ≥15 nests. Characteristics of ball diamonds associated with the presence of C. fumipennis are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of using ball diamonds in a biosurveillance program addressed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Teerling, C. and Rutledge, C. E. and Swink, W. and Arellano, C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={219–225} }
 @article{nalepa_evans_lenz_2011, title={Antennal cropping during colony foundation in termites}, ISSN={["1313-2970"]}, DOI={10.3897/zookeys.148.1854}, abstractNote={Abstract The literature on pairing and mating behavior in termites indicates that a number of distal antennal segments in dealates of both sexes are often removed during colony foundation, with terms such as amputation, mutilation and cannibalism typically employed to report the phenomenon. Here we propose the use of the phrase ‘antennal cropping’ to describe the behavior, and assess naturally occurring levels of its occurrence by comparing the number of antennal segments in museum specimens of alates and dealates in 16 species of Australian termites (four families), supplemented by analyzing published data on Coptotermes gestroi. Dealates had significantly fewer antennal segments than alates in 14 of the 16 termite species, with both exceptions belonging to the family Termitidae. Levels of antennal cropping were not significantly different between the sexes but did vary by family. Dealates in the Kalotermitidae removed the most segments (41.3%) and those in the Termitidae removed the fewest (8.9%). We discuss the biological significance of this phylogenetically widespread termite behavior, and suggest that controlled antennal cropping is not only a normal part of their behavioral repertoire but also a key influence that changes the conduct and physiology of the royal pair during the initial stages of colony foundation.}, number={148}, journal={ZOOKEYS}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Evans, Theodore A. and Lenz, Michael}, year={2011}, pages={185–196} }
 @misc{nalepa_2011, title={Body Size and Termite Evolution}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1934-2845"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11692-011-9121-z}, number={3}, journal={EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={243–257} }
 @article{nalepa_mullins_2011, title={Repeated Copulation in the Wood-feeding Cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Does Not Influence Number or Development of Offspring}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1572-8889"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10905-010-9235-7}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Mullins, Donald E.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{nalepa_grayson_2011, title={Surface Activity of the Xylophagous Cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) Based on Collections From Pitfall Traps}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/an10133}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Grayson, K. L.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={364–368} }
 @article{nalepa_2010, title={Altricial development in subsocial cockroach ancestors: foundation for the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in termites}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1525-142X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00394.x}, abstractNote={SUMMARYBasal termites possess two developmental features that eusocial Hymenoptera lack: the majority of colony members are juveniles whose somatic and reproductive development is temporarily or permanently suspended, and individual development is characterized by extreme phenotypic plasticity. An examination of the literature indicates that the basis for these unique ontogenetic characters is not the prolongation of a pronymphal stage into postembryonic development, as recently suggested. Like other hemimetabolous insects, termites have three embryonic cuticles, and the pronymphal (EC3) cuticle is shed during or shortly after hatch. Nonetheless, a different developmental landmark, dorsal closure, occurs later during embryogenesis in termites than it does in their cockroach relatives, clearly indicating ontogenetic repatterning from an ancestral state. An alternate hypothesis for the origin of isopteran phenotypic plasticity becomes apparent if we remain focused on the phylogenetic and social context of termite evolution. Altricial development occurs in both vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, evolves in response to the parental environment, and is displayed by two distantly related, biparental, wood‐feeding cockroaches, includingCryptocercus, the sister‐group to termites. It is therefore likely the condition was present in subsocial termite ancestors, and played a complex, multidimensional role in the transition to eusociality. Most relevant to current arguments is that a shift in responsibility for the care of altricial dependents, from parents to the first nutritionally independent nymphs in the family (alloparents), resulted in the developmental stasis of alloparents at a relatively young age. Because early instar cockroaches are not metamorphically competent, these young alloparents would have provided a novel developmental template on which selection could act.}, number={1}, journal={EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2010}, pages={95–105} }
 @inproceedings{nalepa_2010, title={Elizabeth Anne McMahan: In Memorium (1924-2009)}, volume={56}, number={1}, booktitle={Sociobiology}, author={Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2010}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{todaka_inoue_saita_ohkuma_nalepa_lenz_kudo_moriya_2010, title={Phylogenetic Analysis of Cellulolytic Enzyme Genes from Representative Lineages of Termites and a Related Cockroach}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0008636}, abstractNote={The relationship between xylophagous termites and the protists resident in their hindguts is a textbook example of symbiosis. The essential steps of lignocellulose degradation handled by these protists allow the host termites to thrive on a wood diet. There has never been a comprehensive analysis of lignocellulose degradation by protists, however, as it has proven difficult to establish these symbionts in pure culture. The trends in lignocellulose degradation during the evolution of the host lineage are also largely unknown. To clarify these points without any cultivation technique, we performed meta-expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of cDNA libraries originating from symbiotic protistan communities in four termite species and a wood-feeding cockroach. Our results reveal the establishment of a degradation system with multiple enzymes at the ancestral stage of termite-protistan symbiosis, especially GHF5 and 7. According to our phylogenetic analyses, the enzymes comprising the protistan lignocellulose degradation system are coded not only by genes innate to the protists, but also genes acquired by the protists via lateral transfer from bacteria. This gives us a fresh perspective from which to understand the evolutionary dynamics of symbiosis.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Todaka, Nemuri and Inoue, Tetsushi and Saita, Kanako and Ohkuma, Moriya and Nalepa, Christine A. and Lenz, Michael and Kudo, Toshiaki and Moriya, Shigeharu}, year={2010}, month={Jan} }
 @article{nalepa_mullins_2009, title={Hatching asynchrony, survivorship, and development in young colonies of the subsocial Cockroach cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae)}, volume={54}, number={2}, journal={Sociobiology}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Mullins, D. E.}, year={2009}, pages={489–508} }
 @article{ohkuma_noda_hongoh_nalepa_inoue_2009, title={Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus}, volume={276}, ISSN={["1471-2954"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2008.1094}, abstractNote={Cryptocercuscockroaches and lower termites harbour obligate, diverse and unique symbiotic cellulolytic flagellates in their hindgut that are considered critical in the development of social behaviour in their hosts. However, there has been controversy concerning the origin of these symbiotic flagellates. Here, molecular sequences encoding small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in the symbiotic flagellates of the order Trichonymphida (phylum Parabasalia) in the gut ofCryptocercus punctulatusand compared phylogenetically to the corresponding species in termites. In each of the monophyletic lineages that represent family-level groups in Trichonymphida, the symbionts ofCryptocercuswere robustly sister to those of termites. Together with the recent evidence for the sister-group relationship of the host insects, this first comprehensive study comparing symbiont molecular phylogeny strongly suggests that a set of symbiotic flagellates representative of extant diversity was already established in an ancestor common toCryptocercusand termites, was vertically transmitted to their offspring, and subsequently became diversified to distinct levels, depending on both the host and the symbiont lineages.}, number={1655}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Ohkuma, Moriya and Noda, Satoko and Hongoh, Yuichi and Nalepa, Christine A. and Inoue, Tetsushi}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={239–245} }
 @article{nalepa_maekawa_shimada_saito_arellano_matsumoto_2008, title={Altricial Development in Subsocial Wood-Feeding Cockroaches}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0289-0003"]}, DOI={10.2108/zsj.25.1190}, abstractNote={Abstract Species in the wood-feeding genus Salganea within the cockroach subfamily Panesthiinae (Blaberidae) typically live in biparental families; their first instars suffer high mortality when removed from adults, and in at least one species, adults are known to feed neonates on oral liquids. In the closely related gregarious wood-feeding genus Panesthia, no parental interaction with offspring is known. We compared the external morphology of first instars of these two genera and found that eye development and cuticular pigmentation at hatching are correlated with social structure. First instars of Panesthia have a dark cuticle and well-developed eyes. First instars of Salganea have a pale, transparent cuticle, and eyes significantly smaller than those of Panesthia relative to adult eye size. The body size of the first-instar of Salganea esakii is significantly smaller than that of Panesthia angustipennis spadica, relative to adult body size (24.0 and 27.4% of adult head-capsule width, respectively), but a more general survey suggests that, overall, neonate size may be similar in the two genera. We compared the first instars of these two taxa of Panesthiinae to those in the biparental, wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus (Cryptocercidae) and discuss how decreased investment in both integumentary and ocular development in subsocial cockroaches parallels that seen in altricial vertebrates.}, number={12}, journal={ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Maekawa, Kiyoto and Shimada, Keisuke and Saito, Yukari and Arellano, Consuelo and Matsumoto, Tadao}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={1190–1198} }
 @misc{maekawa_matsumoto_nalepa_2008, title={Social biology of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Salganea (Dictyoptera, Blaberidae, Panesthiinae): did ovoviviparity prevent the evolution of eusociality in the lineage?}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0020-1812"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00040-008-0997-2}, number={2}, journal={INSECTES SOCIAUX}, author={Maekawa, K. and Matsumoto, T. and Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={107–114} }
 @article{everaerts_maekawa_farine_shimada_luykx_brossut_nalepa_2008, title={The Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae) in the eastern United States: Comparison of cuticular hydrocarbons, chromosome number, and DNA sequences}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1055-7903"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.011}, abstractNote={The goal of the current study was to determine if cuticular hydrocarbons could be used to empirically delimit taxa within the Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex in the eastern United States. Cockroaches were collected from rotting logs in 22 locations across four states. Hydrocarbon phenotypes and two mitochondrial (16S and COII) genes and one nuclear (ITS2) gene were independently analyzed to determine their relationship with chromosome number. Five distinct hydrocarbon phenotypes were found, but these were only partly congruent with chromosome number and thus with purported species descriptions. Molecular and cuticular hydrocarbon data each indicate that Cryptocercus with a male karyotype of 2n = 43 belong to at least two distinct, distantly related lineages. One 2n = 43 lineage is sister group to the 2n = 37 and 2n = 39 clade, and has a unique hydrocarbon profile. The other 2n = 43 lineage is sister group to the 2n = 45 samples, and its cuticular hydrocarbons group with four samples of the 2n = 45 lineage. The cuticular hydrocarbons of two additional 2n = 45 samples diverge from this assemblage. Results indicate cuticular hydrocarbons and chromosome number have some degree of evolutionary independence; neither is completely reliable in delineating historical lineages. Our data provide support for the parallel model of chromosome evolution in the species complex.}, number={3}, journal={MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION}, author={Everaerts, C. and Maekawa, K. and Farine, J. P. and Shimada, K. and Luykx, P. and Brossut, R. and Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={950–959} }
 @article{courrent_quennedey_nalepa_robert_lenz_bordereau_2008, title={The fine structure of colleterial glands in two cockroaches and three termites, including a detailed study of Cryptocercus punctulatus (Blattaria, Cryptocercidae) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1873-5495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.asd.2007.03.004}, abstractNote={The colleterial glands of insects are organs associated with the female genital apparatus. In cockroaches, these glands produce secretions that cover two parallel rows of eggs during oviposition, and in oviparous species, these secretions become the tanned, sculpted, rigid outer casing of the ootheca. The goal of this study was to compare the gross anatomy of the colleterial glands and the ultrastructure of their component tubules in the phylogenetically significant genera Cryptocercus (Blattaria) and Mastotermes (Isoptera). Recent studies indicate that cockroaches in the genus Cryptocercus are the sister group of termites, and Mastotermes is the only termite known to produce a cockroach-like ootheca. One additional oviparous cockroach, Therea, and two additional termites, Zootermopsis and Pseudacanthotermes, were also examined. As in other cockroaches, the colleterial glands of Cryptocercus and Therea are asymmetrical, with a well developed bipartite left gland and a smaller right gland. In the termites Mastotermes, Zootermopsis, and Pseudacanthotermes, the colleterial glands are composed of a well-developed, paired, anterior gland and a small posterior gland; histological staining and cytological evidence suggest that these are homologues of the left and the right colleterial glands of cockroaches, respectively. At the ultrastructural level, colleterial gland tubules are made of cells belonging to a modified class 1 type cell in the cockroaches, in Mastotermes, and in Zootermopsis; the latter lays its eggs singly, without a surrounding ootheca-like structure. In the advanced termite Pseudacanthotermes, the tubules are made of secretory units belonging to the class 3 cell type. This study demonstrates that the cytological characteristics of colleterial glands in basal termites are similar to those of cockroaches, whether the termite secretes an oothecal casing that covers two parallel rows of eggs, as in Mastotermes, or lays its eggs singly, as in Zootermopsis. The function of colleterial glands in non-mastotermitid termites is unknown.}, number={1}, journal={ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT}, author={Courrent, Annie and Quennedey, Andre and Nalepa, Christine A. and Robert, Alain and Lenz, Michael and Bordereau, Christian}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={55–66} }
 @misc{klass_nalepa_lo_2008, title={Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta : Dictyoptera): Cryptocercus vs. Parasphaeria boleiriana}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1095-9513"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.028}, abstractNote={Isoptera are highly specialized cockroaches and are one of the few eusocial insect lineages. Cryptocercus cockroaches have appeared to many as ideal models for inference on the early evolution of termites, due to their possible phylogenetic relationship and several shared key attributes in life history. Recently, Pellens, Grandcolas, and colleagues have proposed the blaberid cockroach Parasphaeria boleiriana to be an alternative model for the early evolution in termites. We compare the usefulness of Cryptocercus and P. boleiriana as models for termite evolution. Cryptocercus and lower Isoptera (1) can both feed on comparatively recalcitrant wood, (2) have an obligate, rich and unique hypermastigid and oxymonadid fauna in the hindgut, (3) transfer these flagellates to the next generation by anal trophallaxis, (4) have social systems that involve long-lasting biparental care, and, finally, (5) are strongly suggested to be sister groups, so that the key attributes (1)–(4) appear to be homologous between the two taxa. On the other hand, P. boleiriana (1) feeds on soft, ephemeral wood sources, (2) shows no trace of the oxymonadid and hypermastigid hindgut fauna unique to Cryptocercus and lower Isoptera, nor does it have any other demonstrated obligate relationship with hindgut flagellates, (3) is likely to lack anal trophallaxis, (4) has only a short period of uniparental brood care, and (5) is phylogenetically remote from the Cryptocercus + Isoptera clade. These facts would argue against any reasonable usage of P. boleiriana as a model for the early evolution of Isoptera or even of the clade Cryptocercus + Isoptera. Cryptocercus thus remains an appropriate model-taxon-by-homology for early termite evolution. As compared to P. boleiriana, some other Blaberidae (such as the Panesthiinae Salganea) appear more useful as model-taxa-by-homoplasy for the early evolution of the Cryptocercus + Isoptera clade, as their brooding behavior is more elaborate than in P. boleiriana.}, number={3}, journal={MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION}, author={Klass, Klaus-Dieter and Nalepa, Christine and Lo, Nathan}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={809–817} }
 @book{bell_roth_nalepa_2007, title={Cockroaches: Ecology, behavior, and natural history}, ISBN={0801886163}, publisher={Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Bell, W. J. and Roth, L.. M. and Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2007} }
 @article{nalepa_2007, title={Fly catcher effect in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)? No attraction to lady beetle images on flight traps}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.496}, abstractNote={Field tests were conducted to determine if, at the conclusion of their autumn migratory flight, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) are attracted to and preferentially alight on targets covered with the printed images of lady beetles. There was no significant difference in the number of beetles that landed on targets bearing depictions of coccinellids compared with the number that landed on blank, white controls. Results suggest that commercial traps that rely on images of lady beetles to attract incoming coccinellids are of little practical value.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={496–500} }
 @article{nalepa_2007, title={Hanmnia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in buildings: Relationship between body height and crevice size allowing entry}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1633:HACCIB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Although the introduced lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important predator of aphids in a variety of crop systems during the growing season, it is often a pest in fall and winter when it enters buildings seeking overwintering sites. One of the primary recommendations for managing this annual influx is to prevent beetle entry by caulking or otherwise filling potential entry points in buildings. The goal of this study was to determine how small a gap the beetles are able to enter in choice and no-choice studies by experimentally exploiting their behavioral tendency to seek dark shelters at cool temperatures. Within the size range of adults collected in central North Carolina in 2003 (1.99–3.29 mm body height), no beetles entered a 2-mm access during no-choice experiments. Most (83%) entered a 3-mm gap; those failing to cross the 3-mm threshold were significantly larger than those that traversed it. In choice experiments, 98.2% of beetles entered shelters. As in the previous study, no beetles entered shelters with 2-mm gaps. Significantly fewer were found in shelters with 3-mm entrances than in those with 4- or 5-mm access; beetles that entered 3-mm gaps were significantly smaller than the remainder of the test population. Although no H. axyridis crossed a 2-mm threshold in either experiment, a gap of this size may nonetheless allow admission if it has flexible borders (e.g., foam weather stripping); beetles were observed attempting forced entry into too-small crevices.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1633–1636} }
 @article{nalepa_weir_2007, title={Infection of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) by Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycetes : Laboulbeniales): Role of mating status and aggregation behavior}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jip.2006.11.002}, abstractNote={The ectoparasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens was studied on Harmonia axyridis in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. A primary goal was to investigate transmission of the disease by examining the correlation between the pattern of fungal infection and seasonal change in host behavior. Beetles were collected as they arrived at their winter quarters at two sites; in one site they were also subsampled at mid- and late winter. Insects were sexed and weighed, fungal thalli were counted, and their location on the host body mapped; spermathecae of females were examined for sperm. Infection levels varied between sites, differed significantly between the sexes in one site but not the other, and increased by approximately 40% during winter. The distribution of thalli on the body changed seasonally, in concert with behavioral changes in the host. At fall flight, thalli were found most often on the posterior elytra of mated females, virgin females, and males. This is suggestive that the disease had been spread among both sexes via successful and failed copulation attempts; however, the relatively low incidence of infection on the male venter does not fit the sexual transmission scenario. During winter, thallus location shifts in concert with beetle aggregation behavior, with infections more often located on the head and legs. Fresh weight of beetles decreased by approx. 20% during winter, but was not affected by disease status. Prior to spring flight, uninfected females were preferred as mating partners, but the probable relationship between female age and infection status complicates interpretation of the data.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, Christine A. and Weir, Alexander}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={196–203} }
 @article{lo_engel_cameron_nalepa_tokuda_grimaldi_kitade_krishna_klass_maekawa_et al._2007, title={Save Isoptera: A comment on Inward et al.}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1744-9561"]}, DOI={10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264}, abstractNote={A number of phylogenetic studies during the last decade have shown that termites—one of the main groups of eusocial insects—are a type of cockroach, whose closest living relative is the wood-feeding genus Cryptocercus (reviewed in [Klass & Meier (2006)][1] and [Inward et al. (2007)][2]).

Inward}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Lo, Nathan and Engel, Michael S. and Cameron, Stephen and Nalepa, Christine A. and Tokuda, Gaku and Grimaldi, David and Kitade, Osamu and Krishna, Kumar and Klass, Klaus-Dieter and Maekawa, Kiyoto and et al.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={562–563} }
 @article{noda_inoue_hongoh_kawai_nalepa_vongkaluang_kudo_ohkuma_2006, title={Identification and characterization of ectosymbionts of distinct lineages in Bacteroidales attached to flagellated protists in the gut of termites and a wood-feeding cockroach}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1462-2920"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00860.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Noda, S and Inoue, T and Hongoh, Y and Kawai, M and Nalepa, CA and Vongkaluang, C and Kudo, T and Ohkuma, M}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={11–20} }
 @article{lo_luykx_santoni_beninati_bandi_casiraghi_wen-hua_zakharov_nalepa_2006, title={Molecular phylogeny of Cryptocercus wood-roaches based on mitochondrial COII and 16S sequences, and chromosome numbers in Palearctic representatives}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0289-0003"]}, DOI={10.2108/zsj.23.393}, abstractNote={Abstract Woodroaches of the genus Cryptocercus are subsocial and xylophagous cockroaches, distributed in North America and Asia. Studies on male chromosome number in Nearctic species have shown that diploid numbers vary from 2n=37 to 2n=47; numbers from Palearctic species were heretofore unknown. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the varying number of chromosomes among Nearctic species: the serial reduction hypothesis, and the parallel scenario. We performed phylogenetic analyses of the COII gene in these species and found evidence for the topology (47(45(43(39,37), which is congruent with the serial reduction hypothesis. We also determined chromosome numbers for the first time in Palearctic species, and found Cryptocercus primarius and Cryptocercus relictus to have relatively low chromosome numbers (2n=17–21) compared to their Nearctic relatives. Finally, our study determined the phylogenetic position of Cryptocercus primarius among other Asian taxa.}, number={4}, journal={ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Lo, Nathan and Luykx, Peter and Santoni, Rossana and Beninati, Tiziana and Bandi, Claudio and Casiraghi, Maurizio and Wen-Hua, Lu and Zakharov, Evgueni V. and Nalepa, Christine A.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={393–398} }
 @article{nalepa_2005, title={Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae): dispersal events associated with rainfall}, volume={141}, number={1691}, journal={Entomologist's Monthly Magazine}, author={Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2005}, pages={95–97} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2005, title={Role of visual contrast in the alighting behavior of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) at overwintering sites}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.425}, abstractNote={Abstract The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, CA and Kennedy, GG and Brownie, C}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={425–431} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2004, title={Orientation of multicolored Asian lady beetles to buildings}, volume={50}, number={3}, journal={American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.)}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Kennedy, G. G. and Brownie, C.}, year={2004}, pages={174–175} }
 @article{perry_nalepa_2003, title={A new mode of parental care in cockroaches}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0020-1812"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00040-003-0665-5}, number={3}, journal={INSECTES SOCIAUX}, author={Perry, J and Nalepa, CA}, year={2003}, pages={245–247} }
 @article{lo_bandi_watanabe_nalepa_beninati_2003, title={Evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1537-1719"]}, DOI={10.1093/molbev/msg097}, abstractNote={Bacteria of the genus Blattabacterium are intracellular symbionts that reside in specialized cells of cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. They appear to be obligate mutualists, and are transmitted vertically in the eggs. Such characteristics are expected to lead to equivalent phylogenies for host and symbiont, and we tested this hypothesis using recently accumulated data on relationships among termites and cockroaches and their Blattabacterium spp. Host and symbiont topologies were found to be highly similar, and various tests indicated that they were not statistically different. A close relationship between endosymbionts from termites and members of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Cryptocercus was found, supporting the hypothesis that the former evolved from subsocial, wood-dwelling cockroaches. The majority of the Blattabacterium spp. sequences appear to have undergone similar rates of evolution since their divergence from a common ancestor, and an estimate of this rate was determined based on early Cretaceous host fossils. The results support the idea that the stem group of modern cockroaches radiated sometime between the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous-not the Carboniferous, as has been suggested on the basis of roach-like fossils from this epoch.}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Lo, N and Bandi, C and Watanabe, H and Nalepa, C and Beninati, T}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={907–913} }
 @article{nalepa_2003, title={Evolution in the genus Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae): no evidence of differential adaptation to hosts or elevation}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0024-4066"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00225.x}, abstractNote={In a recent paper, Kambhampati, Clark & Brock (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2002; 75: 163–172) suggested that members of the wood-feeding cockroach genus Cryptocercus are differentially adapted to two features of the environment: host log species and elevation. A re-examination of the evidence, however, fails to support their hypothesis. First, their analysis of host preferences was based on a general description of forest type, rather than on the level at which host choice occurs: the dead tree on the forest floor. Cryptocercus in both East Asia and in the eastern United States have been collected from a range of evergreen and deciduous logs. Although C. clevelandi in the western United States is associated primarily with conifers, no evidence of host adaptation exists. Second, there is no support for the described evolutionary trend toward low-altitude habitats among karyotype groups of C. punctulatus in the eastern United States. The findings of Kambhampati et al. are based on inadequate sampling; they did not include the highest and most topographically complex regions of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, nor the lower elevation border regions to the north and east of the range. An analysis of elevational data from 71 collection sites revealed no significant difference in the range of altitudes at which karyotype groups of C. punctulatus are found. In contrast to the suggestions of these authors, a lack of specialization with regard to altitude and host logs was probably the factor that allowed all taxa in the genus to thrive during climatically driven shifts in the geographical location and plant species composition of northern hemisphere mesic forests. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 80, 223–233.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}, author={Nalepa, CA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={223–233} }
 @article{deitz_nalepa_klass_2003, title={Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera Re-examined (Insecta)}, volume={61}, number={1}, journal={Entomologische Abhandlungen}, author={Deitz, L.. L.. and Nalepa, C. and Klass, K.-D.}, year={2003}, pages={69–91} }
 @article{nalepa_luykx_klass_deitz_2002, title={Distribution of karyotypes of the Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) in the Southern Appalachians: Relation to habitat and history}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0276:DOKOTC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The distributional pattern of the four known karyotypes (male 2n = 37, 39, 43, 45) of the Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder species complex is reported, based on 71 sites in the Southern Appalachian Mountains with an emphasis on western North Carolina. Populations with different karyotypes are geographically structured in a mosaic, with at least one karyotype occurring in two disjunct regions. Abrupt geographic transitions between karyotypes suggest a parapatric distribution. We found no overlap in the distribution of the different karyotypes, as recently suggested. Although the boundary zones between karyotypes do not appear to coincide with physical or ecological barriers to dispersal, several transitions between karyotypes occur on or near the highest mountains in the southern Appalachians. We suggest that the different karyotypes arose by vicariance, with current boundaries formed by secondary contact when populations isolated in glacial refugia subsequently spread into high-mountain habitats. Because of their dependence on mature mesic forests, populations of the cockroach likely advance up and down mountainsides in cycles of advances and retreats dictated by climatic oscillations that raise and lower the timberline. We discuss the taxonomic status of the different karyotype groups in the C. punctulatus complex, and conclude that more exacting evidence is required to establish if species-level status is warranted. The conclusions of certain earlier studies are weak because, among other things, karyology was not examined in the sampled specimens, including those designated as types.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Nalepa, CA and Luykx, P and Klass, KD and Deitz, LL}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={276–287} }
 @article{nalepa_kidd_2002, title={Parasitism of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) by strongygaster triangulifer (Diptera : Tachinidae) in North Carolina}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-37.1.124}, abstractNote={Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation C. A. Nalepa, K. A. Kidd; Parasitism of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by Strongygaster triangulifer (Diptera: Tachinidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 2002; 37 (1): 124–127. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.1.124 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, CA and Kidd, KA}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={124–127} }
 @article{jones_nalepa_2002, title={Survey of the termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of St. John, US Virgin Islands}, volume={39}, number={1}, journal={Sociobiology}, author={Jones, S. C. and Nalepa, C. A.}, year={2002}, pages={155–163} }
 @article{meyer_nalepa_devorshak_2001, title={A new species of anicetus (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) parasitizing terrapin scale, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Hemiptera : Coccidae)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.2307/3496402}, abstractNote={Anicetus carolinensis Meyer (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is proposed as the name of a new species found parasitizing terrapin scale, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in North Carolina. Both sexes are described and illustrated together with notes on the life history, host range, and reproductive behavior of the species.}, number={4}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Meyer, JR and Nalepa, CA and Devorshak, C}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={686–690} }
 @article{nalepa_2001, title={Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae) from monadnocks in the Piedmont of North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-36.4.329}, abstractNote={The wood-feeding cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder, is endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains where its range extends from southwestern New York to Alabama. Here, it is reported from four monadnocks (isolated mountains) in the Piedmont of North Carolina. This finding expands the recorded distribution of the insect and is congruent with the pattern of other montane species isolated in these habitats as a result of climatic changes associated with glaciation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, CA}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={329–334} }
 @misc{nalepa_bignell_bandi_2001, title={Detritivory, coprophagy, and the evolution of digestive mutualisms in Dietyoptera}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0020-1812"]}, DOI={10.1007/PL00001767}, number={3}, journal={INSECTES SOCIAUX}, author={Nalepa, CA and Bignell, DE and Bandi, C}, year={2001}, pages={194–201} }
 @article{nalepa_miller_lenz_2001, title={Flight characteristics of Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0020-1812"]}, DOI={10.1007/PL00001757}, number={2}, journal={INSECTES SOCIAUX}, author={Nalepa, CA and Miller, LR and Lenz, M}, year={2001}, pages={144–148} }
 @article{nalepa_li_lu_lazell_2001, title={Rediscovery of the wood-eating cockroach Cryptocercus primarius (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) in China, with notes on ecology and distribution}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Li, L. and Lu, W. and Lazell, J.}, year={2001}, pages={184–190} }
 @inbook{nalepa_bandi_2000, title={Characterizing the ancestors: Paedomorphosis and termite evolution}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_3}, booktitle={Termites: Evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology}, publisher={Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Bandi, C.}, editor={T. Abe, D. E. Bignell and Higashi, M.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={53–75} }
 @inbook{nalepa_2000, title={Dampwood termites}, booktitle={Handbook of household and structural insect pests}, publisher={Lanham, Md.: Entomological Society of America}, author={Nalepa, C. A.}, editor={R. E. Gold and Jones, S. C.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={113–116} }
 @article{nalepa_kidd_hopkins_2000, title={The multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae): Orientation to aggregation sites}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.150}, abstractNote={Several studies were conducted to determine the cues used by the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) when orienting to aggregation sites in autumn: (1) artificial shelters modeled after those commercially available in mail order catalogues were baited with live adults and hung on the outside of buildings known from past years to be aggregation sites, (2) differential arrival of the two sexes at overwintering sites was examined by collecting and sexing the beetles alighting on buildings at two points in time during the aggregation period, and (3) the distribution of overwintering H. axyridis among beehives was determined in ten apiaries. Results indicate no preference for the artificial shelters and no orientation to the conspecifics within them. Sex ratios of beetles arriving at aggregation sites were consistent over time in two of the three sites examined. During winter, adult H. axyridis were non-randomly distributed among physically similar beehives. We conclude that there is little evidence for volatile aggregation pheromones and suggest that the chemical cues that mediate the final stages of aggregation behavior in H. axyridis may be based on contact chemoreception with conspecifics or the feces and residues that persist in aggregation sites from previous years.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Nalepa, CA and Kidd, KA and Hopkins, DI}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={150–157} }
 @article{nalepa_lenz_2000, title={The ootheca of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera : Mastotermitidae): homology with cockroach oothecae}, volume={267}, ISSN={["0962-8452"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2000.1214}, abstractNote={The basal termite Mastotermes darwiniensis produces an egg mass, the nature of which is controversial. The debate centres on whether it is homologous with the oothecae of mantids and cockroaches and, if so, whether its simple structure is plesiomorphic or apomorphic within the Dictyoptera. Tohelp resolve these issues we observed primary reproductives of M. darwiniensis during oviposition and examined the morphology of the reproductive product. Oviposition is cockroach–like in that the egg mass is assembled within the vestibulum and the eggs are issued externally in pairs. The reproductive product is an ootheca of the blattarian type. A distinct, tanned outer covering is stretched over the two parallel rows of eggs. No keel is present and no calcium oxalate crystals were apparent in the outer covering. We cannot rule out the possibility that the simple structure of the ootheca is plesiomorphic within Dictyoptera. However, based on (i) apomorphies shared by Mastotermes and Blattaria, and (ii) the life habits of Isoptera, a secondary reduction is the more plausible explanation.}, number={1454}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, author={Nalepa, CA and Lenz, M}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={1809–1813} }
 @article{sacchi_nalepa_lenz_bandi_corona_grigolo_bigliardi_2000, title={Transovarial transmission of symbiotic bacteria in Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera : mastotermitidae): Ultrastructural aspects and phylogenetic implications}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1308:TTOSBI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Intracellular symbiotic bacteria in specialized cells (bacteriocytes) of the fat body are found in all cockroaches and in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt. DNA sequence analysis of the bacteria in the two taxa shows them to be phylogenetically related; thus, it has been suggested that the bacteriocyte symbiosis was established in an ancestor common to cockroaches and termites, with a loss of the symbiosis in all other known termite lineages. The offspring of both cockroaches and Mastotermes acquire the symbiosis via transovarial transmission. However, transmission of the bacteria in Mastotermes has not been examined since the pioneering works carried out by Koch in the 1930s. Here we report on transovariole transmission in primary and neotenic reproductives, and show that the ovarioles of both harbor fat body, which contains bacteriocytes. The conspicuous number of ovarian bacteriocytes in neotenic queens corresponds to the pattern previously observed in female nymphs. Bacterial transmission to offspring during the life of the colony thus occurs through continuous provisioning of symbionts to the ovariole from bacteriocytes in ovarian fat body. This pattern parallels that of cockroaches as does the entire mechanism of transovarial transmission.}, number={6}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Sacchi, L and Nalepa, CA and Lenz, M and Bandi, C and Corona, S and Grigolo, A and Bigliardi, E}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1308–1313} }
 @article{frohlich_sass_babenzien_kuhnigk_varma_saxena_nalepa_pfeiffer_konig_1999, title={Isolation of Desulfovibrio intestinalis sp nov from the hindgut of the lower termite Mastotermes darwiniensis}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0008-4166"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjm-45-2-145}, number={2}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Frohlich, J and Sass, H and Babenzien, HD and Kuhnigk, T and Varma, A and Saxena, S and Nalepa, C and Pfeiffer, P and Konig, H}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={145–152} }
 @article{nalepa_bandi_1999, title={Phylogenetic status, distribution, and biogeography of Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae)}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/92.3.292}, abstractNote={Recent morphological studies on Blattaria, as well as molecular data on both these insects and their fat body bacterial endosymbionts, do not agree with Grandcolas's phylogenetic placement of Cryptocercus deep within the Polyphaginae [Grandcolas, P. 1999. Systematics, Endosymbiosis, and Biogeography of Cryptocercus clevelandi and C. punctulatus (Blattaria: Polyphagidae) from North America: a Phylogenetic Perspective. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 92: 285-291]. Therefore, we retain the traditional classification and proposed geographic time frame for evolution of this taxon, which is supported by recent estimations of molecular evolution on endosymbionts (70-25 MYBP) and by geological evidence indicating a window of opportunity for transcontinental movement in North America for an insect with the ecological requirements of Cryptocercus (65-34 MYBP). Further refinement and integration of these hypotheses with the biogeography of related taxa awaits the development of a single, phylogenetically based, internationally accepted classification of relevant cockroach genera, and an explicit delineation of the relationships among extant species of Cryptocercus.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Nalepa, CA and Bandi, C}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={292–302} }
 @article{hopkins_nalepa_kidd_1999, title={Studies of the small hive beetle in North Carolina}, volume={139}, number={7}, journal={American Bee Journal}, author={Hopkins, D. I. and Nalepa, C. A. and Kidd, K. A.}, year={1999}, pages={536} }
 @article{nalepa_1998, title={Distribution of Kalotermes approximatus (Isoptera : Kalotermitidae) in North Carolina}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.2307/3496096}, abstractNote={TOMB, G. 1990. Tracking the trophy roach. Miami Herald. 27 Sept. TORPY, B. 1993. All you need is bugs: water beetlemania rages in Cherokee. Atlanta Journal. 23 Aug. TOTTEN, L. B. 1993. Simple remedies, more bug tolerance can cut heavy use of home pesticides. Washington Times. 12 Aug. VERNACI, R. L. 1991. Breeding the killer out of the bee. Washington Times. 26 July. WADE, N. 1994. True rulers of world show their faces. New York Times. 16 Aug. WARREN, J. 1990. Thick with crickets. Los Angeles Times. A3, A25. 13 July. WEBSTER, G. 1995. Back off, killer bees: fire ants chomping to get here. Arizona Republic. 1B, 3B. 12 June. WEISS, R. 1994. Researchers gaze into the (insect) light and gain answers. Washington Post. A3, 9 Aug. WEISS, R. 1995. Mutant bugs: genetically altered heroes or spineless menaces? Washington Post. A3. 18 Dec. WEISS, R. 1991. A swat to mosquito-borne disease. Los Angeles Times. B3. 11 Mar. WIGGINS, G. B. 1983. Entomology and society. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 29: 27-29. WILFORD, J. N. 1993. Before flowers, insects evolved ways to use them. New York Times. 1C, lOC. 3 Aug. WILKIE, C. 1995. Warm winters spawn billions of insect pests. Boston Globe. 29 May. WOOD, A. R. 1994. A big annoyance zooms in on little bugs' wings? B1, B2. Philadelphia Inquirer. 25 June. YATES, N. 1996. A life-sapping threat. Los Angeles Times. 19 Mar. YOON, C. K. 1995. Clever beetles disarm plants spewing toxin. Denver Post. 17A. 12 Mar. YOON, C. K. 1991. Potent perfume. New York Times. B3. 25 Nov. YOON, C. K. 1993. In katydids, male rivalry poses as synchrony. New York Times. liC. 17 Aug. YOON, C. K. 1994. Insects adapted to a single twig: specialization in the extreme. New York Times. 12C. 27 Sept.}, number={2}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Nalepa, CA}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={251–254} }
 @article{nalepa_ahlstrom_nault_williams_1998, title={Mass appearance of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the North Carolina coast.}, volume={109}, number={1998}, journal={Entomological News}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Ahlstrom, K. R. and Nault, B. and Williams, J. L.}, year={1998}, pages={277–281} }
 @article{sacchi_nalepa_bigliardi_lenz_c._s._a._s._laudani_1998, title={Some aspects of intracellular symbiosis during embryo development of Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae)}, volume={40}, number={1998}, journal={Parassitologia}, author={Sacchi, L. and Nalepa, C. A. and Bigliardi, E. and Lenz, M. Bandi and C., Corona and S., Grigolo and A., Lambiase and S. and Laudani, U.}, year={1998}, pages={309–316} }
 @article{sacchi_nalepa_bigliardi_corona_grigolo_laudani_bandi_1998, title={Ultrastructural studies of the fat body and bacterial endosymbionts of Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Blattaria: Cryptocercidae)}, volume={25}, number={1-3}, journal={Symbiosis}, author={Sacchi, L. and Nalepa, C. A. and Bigliardi, E. and Corona, S. and Grigolo, A. and Laudani, U. and Bandi, C.}, year={1998}, pages={251–269} }
 @article{nalepa_byers_bandi_sironi_1997, title={Description of Cryptocercus clevelandi (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) from the northwestern United States, molecular analysis of bacterial symbionts in its fat body, and notes on biology, distribution, and biogeography}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/90.4.416}, abstractNote={Previously published studies on distribution, gut fauna, glandular secretions, karyotypes, 12S and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence divergence, and reproductive isolation suggest that at least 2 species have been included in the taxon Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder. Here we present morphological and biological studies of the insects, including 16S rDNA sequence divergence of their bacterial endosymbionts in the fat body. We conclude that the name C. punctulatus should be restricted to populations from the Appalachian region of the eastern United States. Those in southern Washington, Oregon, and northern California in the northwestern United States are a distinct species here assigned to Cryptocercus clevelandi by G. W. Byers. The genus Cryptocercus now consists of 4 species, whose distribution suggests an early Tertiary origin.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Nalepa, CA and Byers, GW and Bandi, C and Sironi, M}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={416–424} }
 @article{bandi_sironi_nalepa_corona_sacchi_1997, title={Phylogenetically distant intracellular symbionts in termites}, volume={39}, number={1997}, journal={Parassitologia}, author={Bandi, C. and Sironi, M. and Nalepa, C.A. and Corona, S. and Sacchi, L.}, year={1997}, pages={71–75} }
 @inbook{nalepa_bell_1997, title={Post-ovulation parental investment and parental care in cockroaches}, DOI={10.1017/cbo9780511721953.004}, abstractNote={Cockroaches show the entire range of reproductive modes: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous, and intermediate stages. Postparturition parental care is likewise diverse, ranging from species in which females remain with neonates for a few hours, to biparental care that lasts several years and includes feeding the offspring on bodily fluids in a nest. Both ovoviviparity and parental care arose a number of times in the taxon. Evolution of reproductive mode seems most influenced by predators, parasites and cannibalism. Ovoviviparity, aggregation behavior of young nymphs, and diet are suggested as factors influential in the evolution of postparturition parental care. Females regulate parental investment via absorption of oocytes, abortion, cannibalism and brood reduction. The developmental status of cockroaches at hatching ranges along an altricial–precocial spectrum and is correlated with the presence and type of parental care. In several subsocial species neonates are blind, poorly sclerotized, and dependent for food, while in the sole viviparous cockroach nymphs hatch in an advanced state of development and require fewer molts to adulthood than any known cockroach. Association with microorganisms in both the digestive system and the fat body is suggested as one factor influential in the repro – ductive versatility of cockroaches. In particular, the endosymbiont flavobacteria which mediate the storage and recycling of nitrogenous waste products may allow for the variety of modes of postovulation provisioning of offspring.}, booktitle={Social competition and cooperation in insects and Arachnids}, publisher={Cambridge: Cambridge University Press}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Bell, W. J.}, editor={B. J. Crespi and Choe, J. C.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={26–51} }
 @article{nalepa_jones_1992, title={Evolution of monogamy in termites}, volume={65}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Jones, S. C.}, year={1992}, pages={251} }
 @article{nalepa_mullins_1992, title={Initial reproductive investment and parental body size in Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae)}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01019.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Females of the subsocial woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder generally have a single oviposition period during which they produce one to four oöthecae. Monogamous pairs and their recently deposited oöthecae were collected in the field, and measured, weighed and analysed for nitrogen in the laboratory. Females put 9.8 ± 2.4% (mean ± SD) of their dry weight and 11.6 ±0.5% of their body nitrogen into oöthecae. The total nitrogen and dry weight of the brood were positively related to the post‐oviposition total nitrogen and dry weight of the mother. A female's investment, on a per nymph basis, averaged 0.06% of her post‐oviposition dry weight. Females may be able to recover up to 58.7% of the nitrogen invested into a brood by consuming the egg cases after hatch. Overall, there was little variation in the width of head capsules of adults in this species, and this parameter was not significantly different between the sexes. Females were heavier than males (dry weight) (P =0.06). Within pairs, the weights and nitrogen contents of males and females were positively correlated, probably because they feed together in the same log for nearly a year prior to reproduction.}, number={3}, journal={Physiological Entomology}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Mullins, D. E.}, year={1992}, pages={255} }
 @article{nalepa_jones_1991, title={EVOLUTION OF MONOGAMY IN TERMITES}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1469-185X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01136.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS}, author={NALEPA, CA and JONES, SC}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={83–97} }
 @article{nalepa_1990, title={EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF NYMPHS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF HINDGUT SYMBIOSIS IN CRYPTOCERCUS-PUNCTULATUS (DICTYOPTERA, CRYPTOCERCIDAE)}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/83.4.786}, abstractNote={Young families of the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder are described. Brood size immediately following hatch is 36 ± 13 (x ± SD, n = 168) nymphs; the sex ratio is 1:1. The head capsule width and antennal segmentation of the first four instars are described. The protozoan symbiosis of the hindgut paunch appears established by the third stadium. Neonates develop to the third or fourth instar by their first winter.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={NALEPA, CA}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={786–789} }