@article{bruno_hubbard_lynch_2023, title={Access to Multiple Habitats Improves Welfare: A Case Study of Two Zoo-Housed Black Bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010010}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4010010}, abstractNote={Using various forms of enrichment, animal care specialists encourage species-specific behaviors and discourage stereotypic behaviors. Within the zoo community, bears (Ursids spp.) are commonly housed, yet are prone to exhibiting stress-related behaviors. Here, we assess the effect of access to multiple habitats, including areas of off guest view, on the welfare of two American black bears (U. americanus) housed at the North Carolina Zoo. In this study, we looked at two behaviors, pacing and foraging to represent negative and positive welfare indicators. We performed logistic regressions to model the effect of access on these behaviors. Because having an animal visible to guests is important to consider when creating management plans, we also explored the effect of access on the bears’ visibility. We found that full access reduced the likelihood of pacing by an average of 13% and increased the likelihood of foraging by an average of 5%. Access to multiple areas reduced the probability of visibility by 57% for one individual but did not impact visibility of the other bear. This case study suggests the value of access to zoo animal welfare and should incite future research aimed at exploring the effects of access on various behavioral outcomes.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bruno, Kelly and Hubbard, Cassidy and Lynch, Emily}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={87–98} }
 @article{gregory_hubbard_schlake_mejia_passingham_lewbart_harrison_2022, title={EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0200}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluate the prognosis of chelonians. The objectives were to evaluate lactate, PCV, total solids, glucose, temperature, and HR as prognostic indicators in multiple chelonian species and to determine how the change in lactate concentrations over a 24 h period affects prognosis. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), river cooters (Pseudemys concinna), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated because of prevalence of presentation to the TRT, differences in habitat, and differences in physiology. Hyperlactatemia, an increased lactate over 24 h when the initial lactate concentration was greater than 5 mM/L, and anemia were determined to be significant prognostic indicators of mortality for all turtles, and hypoglycemia was a significant prognostic indicator of mortality for male turtles (P < 0.05).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Hubbard, Cassidy and Schlake, Emily and Mejia, Daniel and Passingham, Kent R. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={209–213} }