@article{rhea_camacho_amoriello_correa_lewbart_cruz_velez_castillo_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/686}, DOI={10.3390/ani13040686}, abstractNote={Globally to date, established international standards for animal welfare, a priority of sustainable agriculture, have primarily focused on large-scale producers. However, across Latin America, including in Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, smallholder farms play a critical role in food safety and security. We assessed five basic animal welfare measures (feed and water access, shelter availability and housing systems, animal health management, animal behavior, and timely euthanasia) for poultry, pigs, and cattle on Floreana Island, Galápagos. Utilizing assessment standards from multiple US sources and international standards, we developed a questionnaire and used it to conduct in-depth interviews during 4–5 July 2022 with eight participating producers, representing 75% of animal agriculture on Floreana. While we identified opportunities to enhance competencies in animal health management and timely euthanasia, farms performed well in the other assessed measures. Future work should promote knowledge transfer and in-country capacity building in farm biosecurity, access to veterinary care, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and euthanasia methods. Efforts to positively impact smallholder farm livelihoods in Galápagos—one of the most biodiverse and protected ecosystems on the planet—will sustainably support human health through the interconnected realms of animal health and welfare, wildlife and environmental health, and food safety and security.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Rhea, Sarah and Camacho, Blanca E. and Amoriello, Carrisa W. and Correa, Maria and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Cruz, Marilyn and Velez, Alberto and Castillo, Paulina and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{roman_willat_piaggio_correa_damian_2023, title={Epidemiology of dog bites to people in Uruguay (2010-2020)}, ISSN={["2053-1095"]}, DOI={10.1002/vms3.1242}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundDog bites to people are a serious public health problem. Limited information exists at the country level in Latin America. The COVID‐19 pandemic changed people's lifestyles and their relationship with pets, and this could potentially affect the incidence of dog bites injuries.ObjectiveThe main objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence of dog‐bite injuries in Uruguay from 2010 to 2020 and to compare the prevalence in 2020 to that of pre‐pandemic years.MethodsCross‐sectional study. Dog‐bite notifications for the 2010 and 2020 period were analysed using data from the Uruguayan Ministry of Public Health.ResultsThe annual dog‐bite injury rate for the 2010–2020 period was 87.51 per 100,000 people. The frequency of bites varied with the victims’ sex, with males accounting for 51.8% of the bites (p < 0.0001), and with age, with a higher frequency of bites in the ≤14 years old age group (p < 0.01). The frequency of dog bites was also higher in spring and summer than in autumn (p < 0.0001). There was no statistical difference in the frequency of dog‐bite injuries when comparing 2020 with the pre‐COVID‐19 pandemic years.ConclusionsIn Uruguay, the frequency of dog‐bite injuries varied with season and with the age and sex of the victim. In the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the number of people bitten by dogs was no different than that of previous years. This is the first study in Latin America to report national rather than regional data and to include all age groups.}, journal={VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE}, author={Roman, Javier and Willat, Gabriela and Piaggio, Jose and Correa, Maria T. and Damian, Juan Pablo}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ripplinger_gruber_correa_martin_crespo_2023, title={Evaluation and establishment of reference intervals using the i-STAT1 blood chemistry analyzer in turkeys}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102806}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.102806}, abstractNote={In veterinary medicine, point-of-care testing techniques have become popular, since they provide immediate results and only small amounts of blood are needed. The handheld i-STAT1 blood analyzer is used by poultry researchers and veterinarians; however, no studies have evaluated the accuracy of this analyzer determined reference intervals in turkey blood. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of storage time on turkey blood analytes, 2) compare the results obtained by the i-STAT1 analyzer to those obtained by the GEM Premier 3000, a conventional laboratory analyzer, and 3) establish reference intervals for blood gases and chemistry analytes in growing turkeys using the i-Stat. For the first and second objectives, we used the CG8+ i-STAT1 cartridges to test blood from 30 healthy turkeys in triplicate and once with the conventional analyzer. To establish the reference intervals, we tested a total 330 blood samples from healthy turkeys from 6 independent flocks during a 3-yr period. Blood samples were then divided into brooder (<1 wk) and growing (1-12 wk of age). Friedman's test demonstrated significant time-dependent changes in blood gas analytes, but not for electrolytes. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that there was agreement between the i-STAT1 and the GEM Premier 300 for most of the analytes. However, Passing-Bablok regression analysis identified constant and proportional biases in the measurement of multiple analytes. Tukey's test revealed significant differences in the whole blood analytes between the means of brooding and growing birds. The data presented in the present study provide a basis for measuring and interpreting blood analytes in the brooding and growing stages of the turkey lifecycle, offering a new approach to health monitoring in growing turkeys.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ripplinger, Eliza N. and Gruber, Erika J. and Correa, Maria T. and Martin, Michael P. and Crespo, Rocio}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{walker_yustyniuk_shamoun_jacob_correa_vaden_borst_2022, title={Detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5‐year retrospective study}, volume={36}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16445}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16445}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., which are frequently coisolated in polymicrobial UTI, cause morbidity among dogs and warrant antimicrobial therapy.ObjectivesTo evaluate clinical features of dogs with polymicrobial E. coli and Enterococcal UTI.AnimalsForty‐four client‐owned dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria and groups of 100 client‐owned dogs with E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial bacteriuria.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of medical records of dogs at a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Prevalence of recurrent UTI and isolate antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clinical outcomes of dogs with recurrent UTI from groups including cost and hospital visits were compared.ResultsRecurrent UTI was more prevalent (P = .05) in dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria (57%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 42%‐70%) compared to the Enterococcal monomicrobial group (40%, 95% CI: 31%‐50%). Escherichia coli from polymicrobial bacteriuria were more frequently resistant to doxycycline (P < .01, 43%, 95% CI: 29%‐58%) and gentamicin (P = .03, 17%, 95% CI: 9%‐31%) compared to E. coli from monomicrobial bacteriuria (17% and 5%, 95% CI: 11%‐26% and 2%‐11% for doxycycline and gentamicin, respectively). Dogs with recurrent UTI from the polymicrobial UTI group had significantly (P = .05) more hospital visits (mean = 6 visits, 95% CI: 1.7‐9.8) compared to recurrent monomicrobial UTI dogs (mean = 4 and 3 visits, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.4 and −0.7 to 7.7 for E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial UTI, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceEscherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Yustyniuk, Valeriia and Shamoun, John and Jacob, Megan E. and Correa, Maria and Vaden, Shelly L. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={1322–1329} }
 @article{hull_harrell_vliet_correa_thakur_2021, title={Antimicrobial resistance and interspecies gene transfer in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from food animals, poultry processing, and retail meat in North Carolina, 2018-2019}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0246571}, abstractNote={The Center for Disease Control and Prevention identifies antimicrobial resistant (AMR)Campylobacteras a serious threat to U.S. public health due to high community burden, increased transmissibility, and limited treatability. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) plays an important role in surveillance of AMR bacterial pathogens in humans, food animals and retail meats. This study investigatedC.coliandC.jejunifrom live food animals, poultry carcasses at production, and retail meat in North Carolina between January 2018-December 2019. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics were used for phenotypic and genotypic characterization to compare AMR profiles, virulence factors associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) (neuABCandcst-IIorcst-III), and phylogenic linkage between 541Campylobacterisolates (C.colin = 343,C.jejunin = 198). Overall, 90.4% (489/541)Campylobacterisolates tested positive for AMR genes, while 43% (233/541) carried resistance genes for three or more antibiotic classes and were classified molecularly multidrug resistant. AMR gene frequencies were highest against tetracyclines (64.3%), beta-lactams (63.6%), aminoglycosides (38.6%), macrolides (34.8%), quinolones (24.4%), lincosamides (13.5%), and streptothricins (5%). A total of 57.6% (114/198)C.jejunicarried GBS virulence factors, while threeC.colicarried theC.jejuni-like lipooligosaccharide locus,neuABCand cst-II. Further evidence ofC.coliandC.jejuniinterspecies genomic exchange was observed in identical multilocus sequence typing, shared sequence type (ST) 7818 clonal complex 828, and identical species-indicator genesmapA,ceuE, andhipO. There was a significant increase in novel STs from 2018 to 2019 (2 in 2018 and 21 in 2019, p<0.002), illustrating variableCampylobactergenomes within food animal production. Introgression betweenC.coliandC.jejunimay aid pathogen adaption, lead to higher AMR and increaseCampylobacterpersistence in food processing. Future studies should further characterize interspecies gene transfer and evolutionary trends in food animal production to track evolving risks to public health.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Hull, Dawn M. and Harrell, Erin and Vliet, Arnoud H. M. and Correa, Maria and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2022, title={Evidence of sheep and abattoir environment as important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli}, volume={363}, ISSN={["1879-3460"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, abstractNote={The increase in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) foodborne pathogens, including E. coli and Salmonella in animals, humans, and the environment, is a growing public health concern. Among animals, cattle, pigs, and chicken are reservoirs of these pathogens worldwide. There is a knowledge gap on the prevalence and AMR of foodborne pathogens in small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). This study investigates the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and Salmonella from sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina. We conducted a year-round serial cross-sectional study and collected a total of 1128 samples from sheep (n = 780) and their abattoir environment (n = 348). Sheep samples consisted of feces, cecal contents, carcass swabs, and abattoir resting area feces. Environmental samples consisted of soil samples, lairage swab, animal feed, and drinking water for animals. We used CHROMAgar EEC with 4 μg/ml of Cefotaxime for isolating ESBL E. coli, and ESBL production was confirmed by double-disk diffusion test. Salmonella was isolated and confirmed using standard methods. All of the confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 14 antimicrobials to elucidate susceptibility profiles. The prevalence of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella was significantly higher in environmental samples (47.7% and 65.5%) compared to the sheep samples (19.5% and 17.9%), respectively (P < 0.0001). We recovered 318 ESBL E. coli and 368 Salmonella isolates from sheep and environmental samples. More than 97% (310/318) of ESBL E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). Most Salmonella isolates (77.2%, 284/368) were pansusceptible, and 10.1% (37/368) were MDR. We identified a total of 24 different Salmonella serotypes by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The most common serotypes were Agona (19.8%), Typhimurium (16.2%), Cannstatt (13.2%), Reading (13.2%), and Anatum (9.6%). Prevalence and percent resistance of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella isolates varied significantly by season and sample type (P < 0.0001). The co-existence of ESBL E. coli in the same sample was associated with increased percent resistance of Salmonella to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Sulfisoxazole, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. We presumed that the abattoir environment might have played a great role in the persistence and dissemination of resistant bacteria to sheep as they arrive at the abattoir. In conclusion, our study reaffirms that sheep and their abattoir environment act as important reservoirs of AMR ESBL E. coli and MDR Salmonella in the U.S. Further studies are required to determine associated public health risks.}, journal={International Journal of Food Microbiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={109516} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2021, title={Identification of CTX-M type ESBL E. coli from sheep and their abattoir environment using whole-genome sequencing}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111480}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens10111480}, abstractNote={Widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (E. coli) in animals, retail meats, and patients has been reported worldwide except for limited information on small ruminants. Our study focused on the genotypic characterization of ESBL E. coli from healthy sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina, USA. A total of 113 ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep (n = 65) and their abattoir environment (n = 48) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the WGS data. Multiple CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes were detected, namely blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65. Other beta-lactamase genes detected included blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1A/B/C, and blaCARB-2. In addition, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and/or point mutations that confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and folate-pathway antagonists were identified. The majority of the detected plasmids were shared between isolates from sheep and the abattoir environment. Sequence types were more clustered around seasonal sampling but dispersed across sample types. In conclusion, our study reported wide dissemination of ESBL E. coli in sheep and the abattoir environment and associated AMR genes, point mutations, and plasmids. This is the first comprehensive AMR and WGS report on ESBL E. coli from sheep and abattoir environments in the United States.}, number={11}, journal={Pathogens}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2021}, pages={1480} }
 @article{ruiz-jimenez_gruber_correa_crespo_2021, title={Comparison of portable and conventional laboratory analyzers for biochemical tests in chickens}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.060}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.060}, abstractNote={Antemortem blood biochemical and blood gas analyses are routinely used in health screening and diagnosis of disease in domestic veterinary species. These testing modalities are not routinely performed in poultry, in part, due to the distance from the diagnostic laboratory. Portable blood analyzers such as the i-STAT and VetScan (VS2) can be used to obtain results on the farm without delay, potentially offering a more practical option for poultry practitioners. We investigated the time effect on blood chemistry values and compared the results obtained using the i-STAT and VS2 with those obtained using conventional laboratory analyzers (GEM Premier 3000 and Cobas c501, respectively). We tested blood from 60 healthy chickens. Each sample was tested in triplicate using each of the portable analyzers and once using conventional analyzers. All samples were analyzed within 60 minutes of collection. The concentrations of some analytes were outside the limit of detection of the portable analyzers (i.e., bile acids). Although statistically significant differences were found for some biochemical analytes over time, the actual mean or median differences were too small to be considered of clinical importance. As observed in mammals, significant time-dependent changes in blood gas analytes were observed in whole blood samples exposed to ambient air. Correlation coefficients between portable and conventional analyzers were moderate to high for most of the analytes. For the most part, there was an agreement between the portable and conventional analyzers. We identified constant and proportional biases in the measurement of multiple analytes by both the i-STAT and VS2. Future studies are warranted to establish analyzer-specific reference intervals for poultry.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ruiz-Jimenez, Fernando and Gruber, Erika and Correa, Maria and Crespo, Rocio}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={746–754} }
 @article{dixon-jimenez_coleman_rapoport_creevy_roth_correa_moorhead_2018, title={Approaches to Canine Heartworm Disease Treatment Among Alumni of a Single College of Veterinary Medicine}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6601}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
               This descriptive study was designed to ascertain the current heartworm treatment strategies employed by veterinary graduates of a single college of veterinary medicine, to assess the frequency with which each of these treatment strategies is prescribed, and to report the motivation behind the use of these treatment strategies. A survey containing a combination of multiple-choice and open-ended questions was distributed via e-mail with an online link during 2013 to graduates of the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Demographic data and opinions regarding treatment for cases of canine heartworm disease (HWD) were obtained, and motivation for recommending different treatment strategies was assessed. Nearly all 170 respondents (99%) indicated that they recommend melarsomine dihydrochloride for first-line treatment of canine HWD. Exercise restriction (80%) and monthly heartworm preventive (75%) were components of the treatment approach to HWD with no clinical signs. The majority of respondents (74%) indicated that when first-line treatment recommendations were declined, they endorsed long-term administration of ivermectin (i.e., “slow-kill” method) despite current American Heartworm Society guidelines that recommend against the use of long-term macrocyclic lactone administration for the monotherapy treatment of canine HWD. Respondents also indicated that owners’ financial concerns frequently result in modification of HWD treatment. Routine inclusion of exercise restriction is commonly, but not universally, utilized and may represent an opportunity for improvement in the management of this disease. In addition, when first-line recommendations for heartworm disease treatment are declined, a two-dose melarsomine protocol instead of the slow-kill method should be considered.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Dixon-Jimenez, Amy C. and Coleman, Amanda E. and Rapoport, Gregg S. and Creevy, Kate E. and Roth, Ira and Correa, Maria and Moorhead, Andrew R.}, year={2018}, pages={246–256} }
 @article{anderson_kearns_lyman_correa_2019, title={Staphylococci in dairy goats and human milkers, and the relationship with herd management practices}, volume={171}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.11.021}, abstractNote={Staphylococci are the most common bacteria isolated from goat milk. This includes Staphylococcus aureus, an important animal and human pathogen, and various coagulase negative staphylococci or CNS. In this study, we identified S. aureus isolates from goat milk samples and nares and from the hands and noses of people milking the goats, as well as CNS from goat milk. A total of 497 milk samples, 502 goat nasal swabs and 97 human swabs were collected on 30 North Carolina goat dairies. A survey was used to elicit information on herd management practices for each dairy and to aid in the assessment of the association between those practices and the presence of staphylococci. We found a very low prevalence of 1.4% (6/497) of S. aureus in milk, but a considerably higher prevalence of 46.2% (232/502) S. aureus in goat nasal swabs. Nearly one-third (32.6%; 162/497) of goat milk samples were CNS-culture-positive, with S. simulans, S. caprae, S. xylosus and S. chromogenes commonly isolated. Milkers’ hands and nasal swab samples were more frequently positive (25.8%; 25/97) for S. aureus than were goat milk samples (1.4%; 6/497). A wide range of milking routines was found, and gloves were not commonly worn by milkers (only 10% of farms milkers always wore gloves). The most common use of milk was home consumption and 28 of the 30 goat dairies reported the consumption of unpasteurized milk.}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Anderson, Kevin L. and Kearns, Rachael and Lyman, Roberta and Correa, Maria T.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={13–22} }
 @article{royal_hunt_scharf_correa_mariani_2018, title={Strategies Used for Making Healthy Eating Choices among Veterinary Medical Students}, volume={45}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0317-041r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0317-041r}, abstractNote={ Healthy eating is a challenge for most college students, and students in the field of veterinary medicine are no exception. Health experts have recommended that universities emphasize the importance of healthy eating and promote healthy eating habits among students. However, before we can begin offering targeted interventions to promote healthy eating strategies and behaviors, we must first understand students' current strategies used for making healthy eating choices, self-reported eating habits, and perceptions of diet quality. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand veterinary medical students' perceptions of current diet quality and to characterize their strategies for making healthy eating choices. Results indicate veterinary medical students employ a wide range of strategies and behaviors for healthy eating, yet few students reported eating a diet of poor quality. We conclude that while most students report eating a relatively healthy diet, variation in strategies used suggests room for improvement for many. This article discusses potential intervention strategies to promote healthy eating among veterinary students. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Hunt, Suzanne and Scharf, Valery and Correa, Maria and Mariani, Christopher}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={364–380} }
 @article{lashnits_correa_hegarty_birkenheuer_breitschwerdt_2017, title={Bartonella
 Seroepidemiology in Dogs from North America, 2008-2014}, volume={32}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14890}, abstractNote={BackgroundImproved understanding of Bartonella species seroepidemiology in dogs may aid clinical decision making and enhance current understanding of naturally occurring arthropod vector transmission of this pathogen.ObjectivesTo identify demographic groups in which Bartonella exposure may be more likely, describe spatiotemporal variations in Bartonella seroreactivity, and examine co‐exposures to other canine vector‐borne diseases (CVBD).AnimalsA total of 15,451 serology specimens from dogs in North America were submitted to the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2014.MethodsBartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae, and Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) serology results, as well as results from a commercial assay kit screening for Dirofilaria immitis antigen and Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, and Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, and Rickettsia species IFA results were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsOverall, 3.26% of dogs were Bartonella spp. seroreactive; B. henselae (2.13%) and B. koehlerae (2.39%) were detected more frequently than B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (1.42%, P < 0.0001). Intact males had higher seroreactivity (5.04%) than neutered males (2.87%, P < 0.0001) or intact or spayed females (3.22%, P = 0.0003). Mixed breed dogs had higher seroreactivity (4.45%) than purebred dogs (3.02%, P = 0.0002). There was no trend in seasonal seroreactivity; geographic patterns supported broad distribution of exposure, and co‐exposure with other CVBD was common.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBartonella spp. exposure was documented throughout North America and at any time of year. Male intact dogs, mixed breed dogs, and dogs exposed to other CVBD have higher seroreactivity to multiple Bartonella species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lashnits, E. and Correa, M. and Hegarty, B.C. and Birkenheuer, A. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={222–231} }
 @article{gookin_correa_peters_malueg_mathews_cullen_seiler_2015, title={Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case-Control Study}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13649}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation.ObjectiveTo determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs.AnimalsEighty‐one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date‐matched control dogs from a single referral institution.MethodsMedical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded.ResultsDogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949–5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing's disease (95% CI, 1.228–10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094–4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103–78.239).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Correa, M. T. and Peters, A. and Malueg, A. and Mathews, K. G. and Cullen, J. and Seiler, G.}, year={2015}, pages={1464–1472} }
 @article{palamar_peterson_deperno_correa_2013, title={Assessing rabies knowledge and perceptions among ethnic minorities in Greensboro, North Carolina}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.593}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.593}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTHuman behaviors play a fundamental role in the epidemiology of urban wildlife diseases, and those behaviors are shaped by knowledge and ethnicity. We evaluated knowledge of rabies, transmission routes, vector species, and response to rabies exposure with a bilingual (English/Spanish) in‐person survey in Greensboro, North Carolina. Ethnicity, gender, and education level were predictors of rabies knowledge. Latinos and African Americans had less rabies knowledge than non‐Latino Whites. Non‐Latino Whites and men had less knowledge than women. Only 41% of African American respondents identified animal bites as a route of rabies transmission to humans, and less than half of all respondents knew that washing a bite wound with soap and water was useful rabies prevention. Our knowledge scale was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73) and could be valuable for future studies of zoonotic disease knowledge. Future rabies educational campaigns should focus on developing culturally sensitive, language appropriate educational materials geared to minorities. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Palamar, Maria Baron and Peterson, M. Nils and Deperno, Christopher S. and Correa, Maria T.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={1321–1326} }
 @article{keelara_scott_morrow_gebreyes_correa_nayak_stefanova_thakur_2013, title={Longitudinal Study of Distributions of Similar Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Serovars in Pigs and Their Environment in Two Distinct Swine Production Systems}, volume={79}, ISSN={0099-2240 1098-5336}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01419-13}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01419-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine and compare the prevalences and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial-resistant (AR)
            Salmonella
            isolates from pigs reared in antimicrobial-free (ABF) and conventional production systems at farm, at slaughter, and in their environment. We collected 2,889 pig fecal and 2,122 environmental (feed, water, soil, lagoon, truck, and floor swabs) samples from 10 conventional and eight ABF longitudinal cohorts at different stages of production (farrowing, nursery, finishing) and slaughter (postevisceration, postchill, and mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN]). In addition, we collected 1,363 carcass swabs and 205 lairage and truck samples at slaughter. A total of 1,090
            Salmonella
            isolates were recovered from the samples; these were isolated with a significantly higher prevalence in conventionally reared pigs (4.0%;
            n
            = 66) and their environment (11.7%;
            n
            = 156) than in ABF pigs (0.2%;
            n
            = 2) and their environment (0.6%;
            n
            = 5) (
            P
            < 0.001).
            Salmonella
            was isolated from all stages at slaughter, including the postchill step, in the two production systems.
            Salmonella
            prevalence was significantly higher in MLN extracted from conventional carcasses than those extracted from ABF carcasses (
            P
            < 0.001). We identified a total of 24 different serotypes, with
            Salmonella enterica
            serovar Typhimurium,
            Salmonella enterica
            serovar Anatum,
            Salmonella enterica
            serovar Infantis, and
            Salmonella enterica
            serovar Derby being predominant. The highest frequencies of antimicrobial resistance (AR) were exhibited to tetracycline (71%), sulfisoxazole (42%), and streptomycin (17%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antimicrobials; MDR) was detected in 27% (
            n
            = 254) of the
            Salmonella
            isolates from the conventional system. Our study reports a low prevalence of
            Salmonella
            in both production systems in pigs on farms, while a higher prevalence was detected among the carcasses at slaughter. The dynamics of
            Salmonella
            prevalence in pigs and carcasses were reciprocated in the farm and slaughter environment, clearly indicating an exchange of this pathogen between the pigs and their surroundings. Furthermore, the phenotypic and genotypic fingerprint profile results underscore the potential role played by environmental factors in dissemination of AR
            Salmonella
            to pigs.
          }, number={17}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Keelara, Shivaramu and Scott, H. Morgan and Morrow, William M. and Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. and Correa, Maria and Nayak, Rajesh and Stefanova, Rossina and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={5167–5178} }
 @article{raske_lewbart_dombrowski_hale_correa_christian_2012, title={BODY TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SPECIES}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0244r.1}, abstractNote={Ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group of animals that rely on external sources to maintain a preferred body temperature. Amphibians and reptiles have a preferred optimal temperature zone that allows for optimal biological function. Physiologic processes in ectotherms are influenced by temperature; these animals have capabilities in which they make use of behavioral and physiologic mechanisms to thermoregulate. Core body, ambient air, body surface, and surface/water temperatures were obtained from six ectothermic species including one anuran, two snakes, two turtles, and one alligator. Clinically significant differences between core body temperature and ambient temperature were noted in the black rat snake, corn snake, and eastern box turtle. No significant differences were found between core body and ambient temperature for the American alligator, bullfrog, mata mata turtle, dead spotted turtle, or dead mole king snake. This study indicates some ectotherms are able to regulate their body temperatures independent of their environment. Body temperature of ectotherms is an important component that clinicians should consider when selecting and providing therapeutic care. Investigation of basic physiologic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature) from a diverse population of healthy ectothermic vertebrates may provide baseline data for a systematic health care approach.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Raske, Matthew and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Hale, Peyton and Correa, Maria and Christian, Larry S.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={517–521} }
 @article{maggi_mozayeni_pultorak_hegarty_bradley_correa_breitschwerdt_2012, title={Bartonellaspp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region}, volume={18}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1805.111366}, DOI={10.3201/eid1805.111366}, abstractNote={Prevalence of Bartonella spp. was high, especially among patients with a history of Lyme disease.}, number={5}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Maggi, Ricardo G. and Mozayeni, B. Robert and Pultorak, Elizabeth L. and Hegarty, Barbara C. and Bradley, Julie M. and Correa, Maria and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={783–791} }
 @article{hernandez_galbreath_riddle_moore_palamar_levy_deperno_correa_yabsley_2013, title={Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North Carolina and current status of the parasite in the USA}, volume={112}, ISSN={0932-0113 1432-1955}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an intestinal nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor) that can cause fatal larva migrans in numerous species of birds and mammals, including humans. Historically, this parasite has been rare in the southeastern USA but recently has been reported in eastern Tennessee and isolated parts of Georgia and Florida. The objective of the current study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of B. procyonis in raccoons from North Carolina. In western North Carolina, in counties bordering Tennessee, B. procyonis was detected in nine of 74 (12 %) raccoons sampled in 2010-2011. In general, worm burdens (average 20 worms) were low, but one raccoon had 122 adult worms. No difference was noted in prevalence by year or age, but significantly more males were infected compared with females. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region from three samples were identical to B. procyonis. In central North Carolina (Guilford County), all 34 raccoons and 49 fecal samples tested were negative. Collation of data from previous studies conducted in the Southeast indicates that B. procyonis has been reported from numerous counties, but surveillance has been patchy and many negative results are >30 years old. These results indicate that B. procyonis is established in North Carolina and given the zoonotic and wildlife health implications of this parasite, additional surveillance in North Carolina and other southeastern states is warranted.}, number={2}, journal={Parasitology Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hernandez, Sonia M. and Galbreath, Brianna and Riddle, Dennis F. and Moore, Andrew P. and Palamar, Maria B. and Levy, Michael G. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Correa, Maria T. and Yabsley, Michael J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={693–698} }
 @article{royal_lascelles_lewbart_correa_jones_2012, title={Evaluation of Cyclooxygenase Protein Expression in Traumatized Versus Normal Tissues from Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina)}, volume={43}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0154.1}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0154.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  This pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. Five eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. Tissues were obtained from the five turtles. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate tissues for COX-1 and COX-2 proteins. Densiometric analysis was used to compare Western blot bands within each turtle. COX-1 and COX-2 were found in the liver, kidney, grossly normal muscle, and grossly traumatized (inflamed) muscle of all study turtles. In all cases, COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were increased in traumatized muscle over grossly normal nontraumatized muscle. The highest levels of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were found in kidney and liver. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-1 protein in liver and kidney, but traumatized muscle compared with grossly normal muscle had significantly greater COX-1 but not COX 2 protein concentrations. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-2 protein in liver and kidney. Traumatized muscle expressed nonstatistically significant greater amounts of COX-2 compared with grossly normal muscle. COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are expressed in turtle tissues, and both isoforms are up-regulated during inflammation of muscle tissue. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block both COX isoforms might be more efficacious than COX-2–selective drugs. This work suggests that NSAIDs should be evaluated for potential liver and kidney toxicity in turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Royal, Lillian W and Lascelles, B. Duncan X and Lewbart, Gregory A and Correa, Maria T and Jones, Samuel L}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={289–295} }
 @article{anderson_lyman_moury_ray_watson_correa_2012, title={Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2011-4913}, abstractNote={The specific purpose was to investigate the possible interrelationships of genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus found in mammary glands, horn flies, and extramammary sites on 3 southeastern US dairies. A total of 1,228 samples were obtained from various sources on the 3 dairy herds, each of which had a history of Staph. aureus mastitis. Dairy herds studied had access to pasture, and samples were collected during the summer when horn flies (Haematobia irritans) were active. Samples collected included milk samples from all lactating herd cows, colostrum samples from heifers calving during the study period, heifer body sites (mouth, nostrils, and teats), the heifer environment (water, feed, and soil/vegetation/pasture), horn flies, and humans (hands and nostrils). Isolation of Staph. aureus was attempted from all samples, with isolates subjected to genotypic analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 244/1228 (or 19.9%) of all samples were positive for Staph. aureus. For milk samples, 52/383 (or 13.6%) of samples were Staph. aureus positive, and 70/411 (or 17.0%) of heifer quarter colostrum samples were positive. Horn fly samples were frequently positive, with over one-half (29/52, or 55.8%) of samples positive for Staph. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus obtained during the study comprised isolates from 12 different genotype groups as defined in this study. Identical genotypes were obtained from horn flies, heifer colostrum samples, and cow milk samples. Group B genotypes were shared among flies, heifer colostrum samples, body sites, and cow milk samples, whereas group A genotypes were common to the same sample locations and body sites but rarely (once) found in horn flies. We conclude, based upon the finding of identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes in flies, heifer body sites, and heifer colostrum samples, that flies and heifer body sites could be important sources of Staph. aureus for heifer intramammary infections.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. and Moury, K. and Ray, D. and Watson, D. W. and Correa, M. T.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={4921–4930} }
 @article{lascelles_dong_marcellin-little_thomson_wheeler_correa_2012, title={Relationship of orthopedic examination, goniometric measurements, and radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in cats}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-10}, DOI={10.1186/1746-6148-8-10}, abstractNote={Available information suggests a mismatch between radiographic and orthopedic examination findings in cats with DJD. However, the extent of the discrepancy between clinical and radiographic signs of OA in companion animals has not been described in detail. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between orthopedic examination findings, joint goniometry, and radiographic signs of DJD in 100 cats, in a prospective observational design. Cat temperament, pain response to palpation, joint crepitus, effusion and thickening were graded. Radiographs of appendicular joints and the axial skeleton were made under sedation. Joint motion was measured by use of a plastic goniometer before and after sedation. Associations between radiographic degenerative joint disease (DJD) and examination findings were assessed to determine sensitivity, specificity and likelihood estimations. Pain response to palpation was elicited in 0-67% of the joints with DJD, with a specificity ranging from 62-99%; crepitus was detected in 0-56% of the joints and its specificity varied between 87 and 99%; for effusion, values ranged between 6 and 38% (specificity, 82-100%), and thickening, 0-59% (specificity, 74-99%). Joints with DJD tended to have a decreased range of motion. The presence of pain increased the odds of having DJD in the elbow (right: 5.5; left: 4.5); the presence of pain in the lower back increased the odds of spinal DJD being present (2.97 for lumbar; 4.67 for lumbo-sacral). Radiographic DJD cannot be diagnosed with certainty using palpation or goniometry. However, negative findings tend to predict radiographically normal joints. Palpation and goniometry may be used as a tool to help to screen cats, mostly to rule out DJD.}, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, publisher={BioMed Central}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Dong, Yaa-Hui and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Thomson, Andrea and Wheeler, Simon and Correa, Maria}, year={2012}, month={Jan} }
 @article{meuten_hickey_franklin_grossi_tobias_newman_jennings_correa_sannes_2012, title={WNT7B in fibroblastic foci of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1465-9921}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-13-62}, DOI={10.1186/1465-9921-13-62}, abstractNote={Abstract
          
            Background
            Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating interstitial pneumonia causing a loss of respiratory surface area due to a proliferative fibrotic response involving hyperplastic, hypertrophic, and metaplastic epithelium, cystic honeycomb change, septal expansion, and variable inflammation. Wnt (wingless) signaling glycoproteins are known to be involved in lung development and tissue repair, and are up-regulated in patients with IPF. Based on previous qRT-PCR data showing increased Wnt7B in lungs of IPF patients, a systematic, quantitative examination of its tissue site distribution was undertaken.
          
          
            Methods
            Tissue samples from the Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC) of 39 patients diagnosed with mild to severe IPF/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and 19 normal patients were examined for the immunolocalization of Wnt7B.
          
          
            Results
            In normal lung, moderate Wnt7B reactivity was confined to airway epithelium, smooth muscle of airways and vasculature, and macrophages. IPF lung showed strong Wnt7B reactivity in fibroblastic foci, dysplastic airway and alveolar epithelium, and in highly discrete subepithelial, basement membrane-associated regions. All reactive sites were sized and counted relative to specific microscopic regions. Those in the subepithelial sites were found in significantly greater numbers and larger relative area compared with the others. No reactive sites were present in normal patient controls.
          
          
            Conclusions
            The results demonstrate Wnt7B to be expressed at high concentrations in regions of active hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrotic change in IPF patients. In this context and its previously established biologic activities, Wnt7B would be expected to be of potential importance in the pathogenesis of IPF.
          }, number={1}, journal={Respiratory Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Meuten, Travis and Hickey, Ariel and Franklin, Katherine and Grossi, Brian and Tobias, Jeremy and Newman, Donna R and Jennings, Samuel H and Correa, Maria and Sannes, Philip L}, year={2012}, pages={62} }
 @article{correa_lorscheider_2011, title={Certificate on Agricultural Health: Course Development and Needs}, volume={3}, ISSN={1835-9795}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-9795/cgp/v03i01/40243}, DOI={10.18848/1835-9795/cgp/v03i01/40243}, number={1}, journal={Ubiquitous Learning: An International Journal}, publisher={Common Ground Research Networks}, author={Correa, Maria and Lorscheider, Mary}, year={2011}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{mansmann_currie_correa_sherman_orde_2011, title={Equine Behavior Problems-Around Farriery: Foot Pain in 11 Horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.018}, abstractNote={Although foot pain may clearly be the cause when a horse with foot pathology does not tolerate farriery, it may be overlooked or underappreciated as the cause of this behavioral problem when the pathology is mild and/or chronic. In this study, the records of 11 adult horses whose behavior for farriery initially warranted sedation for trimming and shoeing were reviewed. All 11 horses had a history of chronic lameness that was mild to moderate, but foot pain was the presenting complaint in only seven horses - all with chronic laminitis. The other four horses had abnormal foot conformation (long-toe, low-heel, or “club foot), but the lameness had not been attributed to the foot. All 11 horses showed improvement in gait with corrective trimming and shoeing. In each case, sedation for farriery could be discontinued after one to six visits, concurrent with the improvements in gait and foot pathology. On the basis of the survey results from 17 professional farriers, an ethogram of farriery-related undesirable horse behavior was developed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Mansmann, Richard A. and Currie, M. Claire and Correa, Maria T. and Sherman, Barbara and Orde, Kurt}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={44–48} }
 @article{ferreira_anderson_correa_lyman_ruffin_reller_fowler_2011, title={Transmission of MRSA between Companion Animals and Infected Human Patients Presenting to Outpatient Medical Care Facilities}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0026978}, abstractNote={Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen in both human and veterinary medicine. The importance of companion animals as reservoirs of human infections is currently unknown. The companion animals of 49 MRSA-infected outpatients (cases) were screened for MRSA carriage, and their bacterial isolates were compared with those of the infected patients using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Rates of MRSA among the companion animals of MRSA-infected patients were compared to rates of MRSA among companion animals of pet guardians attending a “veterinary wellness clinic” (controls). MRSA was isolated from at least one companion animal in 4/49 (8.2%) households of MRSA-infected outpatients vs. none of the pets of the 50 uninfected human controls. Using PFGE, patient-pets MRSA isolates were identical for three pairs and discordant for one pair (suggested MRSA inter-specie transmission p-value = 0.1175). These results suggest that companion animals of MRSA-infected patients can be culture-positive for MRSA, representing a potential source of infection or re-infection for humans. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of MRSA human-animal inter-specie transmission.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Ferreira, Jorge Pinto and Anderson, Kevin L. and Correa, Maria T. and Lyman, Roberta and Ruffin, Felicia and Reller, L. Barth and Fowler, Vance G., Jr.}, year={2011}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ferreira_fowler_correa_lyman_ruffin_anderson_2011, title={Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus between Human and Hamster}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.02469-10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
          
            Transmission of methicillin-resistant
            Staphylococcus aureus
            (MRSA) between humans and animals is increasingly recognized. We newly document that the transmission of MRSA between human and hamster is possible.
          }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ferreira, Jorge Pinto and Fowler, Vance G., Jr. and Correa, Maria T. and Lyman, Roberta and Ruffin, Felicia and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={1679–1680} }
 @article{anderson_correa_allen_rodriguez_2010, title={Fresh cow mastitis monitoring on day 3 postpartum and its relationship to subsequent milk production}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2009-2885}, abstractNote={The purpose was to determine the association of milk California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell concentration (SCC), and milk differential cell count results on day 3 postcalving with subsequent lactation production and health events. On d 3 postcalving, the CMT was performed and quarter milk samples were collected from 130 dairy cows. Quarter SCC and milk differential cell counts were determined. Microbiology on duplicate quarter milk samples was used to determine the presence of intramammary infection by major or minor pathogens. Production measures obtained using Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing were 150-d standardized and summit milks. Milk culture results on a cow basis included 82 (63.1%) samples with no growth, 31 (23.9%) with major pathogens, and 17 (13.1%) with minor pathogens. Milk culture results comparing cows with no growth to those with any growth (major or minor pathogens) were not associated with statistically significant differences in milk production. Milk culture results comparing cows with major pathogens to those with no growth and minor pathogens combined were associated with statistically significant differences in 150 d milk. Milk production did not differ for cows with CMT results above and below a cut-off of trace, and for SCC results above and below cut-offs of 200,000, 300,000, and 400,000/mL, respectively. Statistically significant differences in milk production were found for cows above and below cut-offs for percentage neutrophils in milk and for absolute neutrophil counts. Associations were found for milk production and number of quarters (0, 1, 2, or 3 and 4 combined) above respective cut-offs for SCC, percentage neutrophils in milk, and absolute numbers of neutrophils in milk, but not for CMT. Milk production differed for cows experiencing any health event versus those with no health event. The most commonly recorded health event was clinical mastitis. Statistically significant associations were detected between health events and milk culture results, SCC, neutrophil percentage, and neutrophil absolute counts. Results of the present investigation indicate that milk monitoring on d 3 of lactation using milk neutrophil percentage or neutrophil absolute counts may be useful as an indication of subsequent milk production.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Correa, M. T. and Allen, A. and Rodriguez, R. R.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={5673–5683} }
 @article{russell_correa_stauber_kase_2010, title={North Carolina Hispanic Farmworkers and Intestinal Parasitism: A Pilot Study of Prevalence and Health-Related Practices,and Potential Means of Foodborne Transmission}, volume={73}, ISSN={0362-028X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.5.985}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x-73.5.985}, abstractNote={Migrant and seasonal farmworkers provide much of the necessary labor to harvest and process agricultural commodities desired by consumers. Little is known about the health status (especially the parasitic burden) of farm laborers, who handpick agricultural items such as fruits and vegetables, despite being implicated as a means of foodborne pathogen transmission. The goal of this research was to develop a framework to investigate enteric parasitic infections among Hispanic farmworkers in Eastern North Carolina. Seventy-one interviews were conducted, 16 stool samples were collected, and two parasite-positive workers were found. In addition, some potentially harmful health practices (e.g., self-medication) were identified. Further research is necessary to fully understand the scope of farmworker health issues and the potential risk of disseminating foodborne pathogens to humans. The study model presented provides a geographically expandable format to allow for various types of health investigations including the prevalence of other pathogens.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Food Protection}, publisher={International Association for Food Protection}, author={Russell, Mindi D. and Correa, Maria T. and Stauber, Christine E. and Kase, Julie A.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={985–988} }
 @article{zeenat_hatha_viola_vipra_2009, title={Bacteriological quality and risk assessment of the imported and domestic bottled mineral water sold in Fiji}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1477-8920"]}, DOI={10.2166/wh.2009.137}, abstractNote={Considering the popularity of bottled mineral water among indigenous Fijians and tourists alike, a study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of different bottled waters. A risk assessment was also carried out. Seventy-five samples of bottled mineral water belonging to three domestic brands and 25 samples of one imported brand were analysed for heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria and faecal coliforms. HPC counts were determined at 22°C and 37°C using R2A medium and a membrane filtration technique was used to determine the faecal coliform (FC) load in 100 ml of water on mFC agar. Between 28 and 68% of the samples of the various domestic brands failed to meet the WHO standard of 100 colony forming units (cfu) per 100 ml at 22°C and 7% of these also tested positive for faecal coliforms. All imported bottled mineral water samples were within WHO standards. A risk assessment of the HPC bacteria was carried out in terms of beta haemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance. More than 50% of the isolates showed beta haemolytic activity and were multi-drug resistant. While the overall quality of the product was generally good, there is a need to enforce stringent quality standards for the domestic bottlers to ensure the safety of consumers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH}, author={Zeenat, A. and Hatha, A. A. M. and Viola, L. and Vipra, K.}, year={2009}, pages={642–649} }
 @article{fogle_gerard_elce_little_morton_correa_blikslager_2008, title={Analysis of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Administration and Related Factors Associated with Postoperative Colic and Survival in Horses with Small Intestinal Disease}, volume={37}, ISSN={0161-3499 1532-950X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To analyze the effect of the intraoperative use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC) and related perioperative factors on postoperative colic and survival in horses that had abdominal surgery for colic.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=203) that had surgery for small intestinal disease; 33 horses had intraoperative administration of CBMC.Methods—Information was obtained from medical records for 170 horses that had surgery for colic before use of CBMC and 33 horses that had intraoperative CBMC. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate median survival time and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the effect of CBMC and other perioperative variables on survival.Results—Seventy‐five percent of horses administered CBMC survived to 180 days, whereas 75% of untreated horses survived 8 days (median survival time=18 days). Horses not administered CBMC were twice as likely to die compared with horses administered CBMC. Horses that had postoperative ileus (POI) were 1.4 times more likely to die than horses without ileus. Similarly, horses with signs of colic after surgery were 1.3 times more likely to die than horses without postoperative signs of colic.Conclusions—CBMC administration is seemingly protective against death and prolongs survival when used intraoperatively in horses with small intestine disease, particularly horses with postoperative colic or POI. Both POI and colic increased risk of death after surgery.Clinical Relevance—Intraoperative administration of CBMC in horses that have surgery for small intestinal disease may improve survival, possibly by reducing early adhesion formation.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fogle, Callie A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Elce, Yvonne A. and Little, Dianne and Morton, Alison J. and Correa, Maria T. and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={558–563} }
 @article{duncan_marr_birkenheuer_maggi_williams_correa_breitschwerdt_2008, title={Bartonella DNA in the Blood and Lymph Nodes of Golden Retrievers with Lymphoma and in Healthy Controls}, volume={22}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x}, abstractNote={Background:Although lymphoma is the most common neoplastic process reported in dogs, its precise etiology is unknown. Golden Retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting a breed predisposition; however, other factors, including environment, immunity, and infection, are likely contributors to oncogenesis.Hypothesis:We hypothesized that the development of lymphoma in Golden Retrievers may be associated with vector‐borne infections, specificallyBartonella,Anaplasma, orEhrlichiaspecies infections.Animals:Golden Retrievers with lymphoma and healthy Golden Retrievers from across the United States were recruited for study participation.Methods:A matched, case‐control study was performed to determine the association of lymphoma and the presence ofBartonella, Anaplasma, andEhrlichiaspecies in serum, blood, and lymph node aspirates.Results:Using PCR analyses and DNA sequencing, single and coinfections withBartonella henselae,Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella quintana, and/orBartonella vinsonii(berkhoffii) were detected in the blood and lymph node aspirates of Golden Retrievers with lymphoma (5/28 dogs, 18%) and in healthy Golden Retrievers (10/56 dogs, 18%); noAnaplasmaorEhrlichiaDNA was detected in any dog. When compared with dogs with lymphoma, a higher (P<.001) proportion of healthy Golden Retrievers were receiving monthly acaricide treatments (2.6 times higher).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:BartonellaDNA can be detected in blood and lymph nodes; importantly, in this report,Bartonellawas detected in the same proportion of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine the mode of transmission ofBartonellain dogs, whether lymphatic infection is persistent, or whether these bacteria may contribute to the development of lymphoma.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Duncan, A.W. and Marr, H.S. and Birkenheuer, A.J. and Maggi, R.G. and Williams, L.E. and Correa, M.T. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{harvey_krimer_correa_hanes_2008, title={Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for mature laboratory pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) as determined by using the nonparametric rank percentile method}, volume={47}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Harvey, S. B. and Krimer, P. M. and Correa, M. T. and Hanes, M. A.}, year={2008}, pages={35–40} }
 @article{kase_correa_luna_sobsey_2008, title={Isolation, detection and characterization of swine hepatitis E virus from herds in Costa Rica}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1369-1619"]}, DOI={10.1080/09603120701498311}, abstractNote={Although swine HEV isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia have been genetically characterized, little is known about the strains presumed to be circulating in Latin America. In this study, seven commercial swine production sites in Costa Rica were surveyed for HEV. Using RT-PCR, with primers located in ORF2, 19/52 fecal samples produced a product of the expected size following two rounds of amplification. Most positive samples were from swine between the ages of 1.5 and 4 months. This study provides documented evidence for the endemicity of HE infections in swine residing in Central America. Through nucleic acid sequencing, isolates were found to be genetically similar, if not identical, with no amino acid substitutions. By comparison of swine and human HEV strains representing all four genotypes and phylogenetic analysis, our isolates closely resembled the US swine and human and other Genotype III strains, with 85–93% nucleic acid identity.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH}, author={Kase, Julie A. and Correa, Maria T. and Luna, Carlos and Sobsey, Mark D.}, year={2008}, pages={165–176} }
 @article{lascelles_findley_correa_marcellin-little_roe_2007, title={Kinetic evaluation of normal walking and jumping in cats, using a pressure-sensitive walkway}, volume={160}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.15.512}, DOI={10.1136/vr.160.15.512}, abstractNote={The kinetic parameters of the limbs of 23 normal, client‐owned cats were evaluated by encouraging them to walk and jump normally on a pressure‐sensitive walkway. Each cat was encouraged to walk across the walkway five times over a period of 30 to 45 minutes (by using food, toys, the owner's presence and a purpose‐built tunnel) at a target speed of 0·6 m/s (and an acceleration of less than ± 0·1 m/s2). They were then encouraged to jump on to the walkway from a height of 1 m five times at five‐minute intervals. The kinetic parameters of peak vertical force (pvf) and vertical impulse (vi) were measured for each limb (the forelimbs only for the jumps), and expressed as a percentage of bodyweight (pvf %bw and vi %bw/s). Fifteen of the 23 cats satisfactorily completed three to five walks and two to five jumps that could be analysed. There were no significant differences between the pvf or vi of the left and right limbs, but both parameters were significantly greater for the forelimbs than the hindlimbs (P<0·001) for the walking data. The mean (sd) pvf %bw for the forelimbs and hindlimbs were 48·2 (6·0) and 38·3 (4·0), respectively, and the mean vi %bw/s were 16·9 (3·2) and 13·3 (2·8). Jumping down generated significantly greater pvf (P<0·01) and slightly greater vi than during walking; there were no significant differences between the left and right forelimbs. The mean pvf %bw was 148·9 (16·4) and the mean vi %bw/s was 18·1 (4·3).}, number={15}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Findley, K. and Correa, M. and Marcellin-Little, D. and Roe, S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={512-+} }
 @article{lennon_boyle_hutchins_friedenthal_correa_bissett_moses_papich_birkenheuer_2007, title={Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000-2005)}, volume={231}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.231.3.413}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine whether basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration can be used as a screening test to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—110 dogs with nonadrenal gland illnesses and 13 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Procedures—Sensitivity and specificity of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations of either ≤ 1 μg/dL or ≤ 2 μg/dL to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were estimated by use of the ACTH stimulation test as the gold standard.
Results—Basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 1 μg/dL had excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.2%) for detecting dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. For basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 2 μg/dL, sensitivity was 100% but specificity was 78.2%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of sensitivity and specificity, basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations had high negative predictive values over a wide range of prevalence rates and can be used to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Dogs with basal cortisol concentrations > 2 μg/dL that are not receiving corticosteroids, mitotane, or ketoconazole are highly unlikely to have hypoadrenocorticism. However, if the basal cortisol concentration is ≤ 2 μg/dL, little to no information regarding adrenal gland function can be obtained and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Lennon, Elizabeth M. and Boyle, Tonya E. and Hutchins, Rae Grace and Friedenthal, Arit and Correa, Maria T. and Bissett, Sally A. and Moses, Lorra S. and Papich, Mark G. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={413–416} }
 @article{degernes_heilman_trogdon_jordan_davison_kraege_correa_cowen_2006, title={Epidemiologic investigation of lead poisoning in trumpeter and tundra swans in Washington State, USA, 2000-2002}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.345}, abstractNote={An observational study was conducted to determine the proportionate mortality of wild trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and tundra (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) swans that died during the winters of 2000–02 in northwestern Washington State, USA. Among 400 swans necropsied, 81% were lead poisoned (302/365 trumpeter swans; 20/35 tundra swans). Mortality started in mid-November and peaked from late December through mid-February; swan mortality that was not associated with lead poisoning was uniformly lower throughout the winter months. Lead poisoning was 24 times more likely to be the cause of death in swans found in Whatcom County compared to swans found in other locations in northwestern Washington State (95% CI: 12.7, 47.0). Mortality attributable to lead poisoning was twice as likely in adults as in juveniles (95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Aspergillosis was documented in 62 trumpeter and two tundra swans, including 37 swans in which mortality was caused by lead poisoning. Males were twice as likely as females to have aspergillosis (95% CI: 1.1, 3.8). Traumatic injuries were documented in 37 trumpeter and seven tundra swans, including seven trumpeter swans with concurrent lead poisoning. Dead swans found outside Whatcom County were four times more likely to have traumatic injuries compared to those found in Whatcom County (95% CI: 1.6, 10.0). Overall, lead-poisoned swans were significantly less likely to have concurrent aspergillosis or traumatic injuries. There was no apparent association between grit ingestion (total mass or mass categorized by size) and lead poisoning or number of lead shot. Not surprisingly, lead-poisoned swans were more likely to have one or more lead shot compared to swans that died from other causes (OR 294; 95% CI: 92, 1,005); lead-poisoned swans were also more likely to have one or more nontoxic shot compared to swans that were not poisoned (OR 63; 95% CI: 19, 318). The source(s) of shot are unknown but likely are in or near Whatcom County, Washington.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Degernes, Laurel and Heilman, Sarah and Trogdon, Maureen and Jordan, Martha and Davison, Mike and Kraege, Don and Correa, Maria and Cowen, Peter}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={345–358} }
 @article{birkenheuer_correa_levy_breitschwerdt_2005, title={Geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and association with dog bites: 150 cases (2000-2003)}, volume={227}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.227.942}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.227.942}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To identify the geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and determine, for dogs other than American Pit Bull Terriers (APBTs), whether infection was associated with a recent dog bite.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—150 dogs.Procedure—Canine blood samples submitted to the North Carolina State University Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between May 2000 and October 2003 for which results of aBabesia-specific polymerase chain reaction assay were positive were identified, and breed and geographic origin of dogs from which samples were obtained were recorded. History and hematologic abnormalities for dogs that were not APBTs were recorded, and possible associations with a recent dog bite were examined.Results—Dogs positive forBabesiaDNA were located in 29 states and 1 Canadian province (Ontario).Babesia gibsoniwas the most commonly detected species, with B gibsoni DNA detected in blood samples from 131 of 144 (91%) dogs. Of the 131 dogs positive forB gibsoniDNA, 122 (93%) were APBTs. Of the 10 dogs positive forBabesia canis vogeliDNA, 6 were Greyhounds. In dogs other than APBTs, there was an association between having recently been bitten by another dog, particularly an APBT, and infection withB gibsoni.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results document an expansion of the known geographic range for babesiosis among dogs in the United States. Testing for babesiosis should be pursued in dogs with clinicopathologic abnormalities consistent with immunemediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia, particularly if there is a history of a recent dog bite. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:942–947)}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Correa, Maria T. and Levy, Michael G. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={942–947} }
 @article{lascelles_dernell_correa_lafferty_devitt_kuntz_straw_withrow_2005, title={Improved survival associated with postoperative wound infection in dogs treated with limb-salvage surgery for osteosarcoma}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1534-4681"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1245/aso.2005.01.011}, DOI={10.1245/aso.2005.01.011}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"BACKGROUND", "NlmCategory"=>"BACKGROUND"} Limb-salvage surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy are performed as a treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs. Approximately 50% of dogs that undergo limb-salvage surgery develop postoperative surgical wound infections. Postoperative surgical infections may affect survival in cancer patients. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of surgical wound infection on survival, local recurrence, and metastasis in relation to other prognostic factors for dogs with spontaneous osteosarcoma treated with limb-salvage surgery. {"Label"=>"METHODS", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} Forty-seven client-owned dogs with osteosarcoma of the distal radius were treated with limb-salvage surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy--either carboplatin or carboplatin and doxorubicin. Hazard ratios were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazard model, and survival functions were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit life-table method. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} Of the 47 dogs in this study, 32 (68%) developed a postoperative wound infection. Infection, dog weight, and extent of the primary tumor (percentage of length) significantly affected survival, and infection and percentage of length significantly affected time to metastasis. None of the variables considered in this study affected local recurrence. Dogs that were diagnosed with an infection were less likely to die (hazard ratio, .446), and dogs with greater body weight and greater percentage length involvement were more likely to die (hazard ratios of 3.37 and 3.66, respectively). {"Label"=>"CONCLUSIONS", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} In dogs with osteosarcoma treated with limb-salvage surgery, infection has a positive influence on survival, as does a smaller initial length of radius involved and lower body weight.}, number={12}, journal={ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY}, publisher={Springer}, author={Lascelles, BDX and Dernell, WS and Correa, MT and Lafferty, M and Devitt, CM and Kuntz, CA and Straw, RC and Withrow, SJ}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1073–1083} }
 @article{lazar_berry_dehaan_peck_correa_2005, title={Long-term radiographic comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00021.x}, abstractNote={Objective—Comparison of 2 methods of surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury in large‐breed dogs using a radiographic osteoarthrosis (OA) scoring system.Study design—Retrospective study.Animals—Client‐owned dogs (n=66).Methods—Radiographs were evaluated from dogs weighing ≥22.7 kg, with surgical management of CCL rupture using extracapsular repair (ECR) or tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Radiographs were taken immediately before surgery and ≥12 months later. An OA score was assigned to each set of radiographs taken at the preoperative and final examinations by evaluating 32 specific features of stifle OA. The difference between preoperative and final OA scores were subtracted and 2 final score categories of a change ≤5 or >5 were created. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the effect of right versus left pelvic limb, age, preoperative weight, postoperative weight, days from surgery until final radiographic recheck, cranial cruciate status at surgery, medial meniscus status at surgery, and ECR versus TPLO.Results—The ECR group had 27 stifles (22 dogs) and the TPLO group had 52 stifles (44 dogs). ECR dogs had a preoperative weight of 33.4±9.3 kg (range 22.7–54.1 kg) and a preoperative OA score of 13.0±8.4 (range 1–34) compared with TPLO dogs that had a preoperative weight of 38.9±9.1 kg (range 25–63.9 kg) and preoperative OA score of 15.9±8.4 (range 4–44). Postoperative weights for ECR and TPLO dogs were 33.6±9 kg (range 21.8–54.6 kg) and 39.4±10.1 kg (range 24–72 kg), respectively. Final OA scores were: ECR dogs, 26.3±10.8 (range, 10–54); TPLO dogs, 23.3±9.5 (range, 12–50). Dogs with a final change in OA score of ≥6 were 5.78 times more likely to have had ECR compared with those that had TPLO as stabilization procedure (odds ratio=5.78; Log‐likelihood testP‐value=.025). Other dependent variables were not significant.Conclusions—Based on logistic regression analysis, dogs with larger OA score differences were 5.78 times more likely to have had ECR than TPLO.Clinical Relevance—Prospective, randomized surgical trials with pre‐defined objective measures would be required to further evaluate the clinical importance of these preliminary findings which suggest that TPLO may help stabilize the cranial tibial thrust as originally proposed.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Lazar, TP and Berry, CR and deHaan, JJ and Peck, JN and Correa, M}, year={2005}, pages={133–141} }
 @article{duncan_correa_levine_breitschwerdt_2005, title={The Dog as a Sentinel for Human Infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 Antibodies in Dogs from Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States}, volume={5}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2005.5.101}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2005.5.101}, abstractNote={Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chisquare test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location.}, number={2}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Correa, Maria T. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={101–109} }
 @article{smith_correa_2004, title={The  effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00143.x}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. Six lactating Holstein cows (4–7 years of age) with rumen fistulas were studied. Cattle were randomly assigned to receive boluses of magnesium hydroxide (162 g) or a powdered form (450 g dissolved in 3.5 L of water) PO daily for 3 days. Analysis of rumen fluid, blood gas tensions, and pH and measurement of serum magnesium concentrations were conducted daily. The study was discontinued after 72 hours, or sooner if rumen pH exceeded 8.0. After at least 3 weeks, the study was repeated with each cow receiving the other form of magnesium hydroxide (powder or bolus). Compared with baseline rumen pH (mean ± SD: 6.22 ± 0.28), magnesium hydroxide boluses caused a significant increase(P< .05) in rumen pH after 48 (7.27 ± 0.11) and 72 (8.01 ± 0.16) hours of administration, whereas the powdered form caused a significant increase(P< .05) in rumen pH after 24 (7.54 ± 0.19) and 48 (8.43 ± 0.22) hours of administration. Both the powdered and bolus forms of magnesium hydroxide decreased rumen protozoal numbers and increased methylene blue reduction times compared with baseline values. There was no change in blood pH, bicarbonate, or base excess values. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly increased(P< .05) in cows that received the magnesium hydroxide powder. The results of this study indicate that magnesium hydroxide has a potent alkalinizing effect on rumen pH and significantly decreases rumen microbial activity.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Smith, Geof and Correa, M. T.}, year={2004}, pages={109–112} }
 @article{duncan_correa_levine_breitschwerdt_2004, title={The Dog as a Sentinel for Human Infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 Antibodies in Dogs from Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States}, volume={4}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221}, abstractNote={Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location.}, number={3}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Correa, Maria T. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={221–229} }
 @article{withers_correa_morrow_stebbins_seriwatana_webster_boak_vaughn_2002, title={Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0002-9637"]}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.384}, abstractNote={In a cross-sectional serosurvey, eastern North Carolina swine workers (n = 165) were compared with non-swine workers (127) for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus as measured by a quantitative immunoglobulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using a cutoff of 20 Walter Reed U/ml, swine-exposed subjects had a 4.5-fold higher antibody prevalence (10.9%) than unexposed subjects (2.4%). No evidence of past clinical hepatitis E or unexplained jaundice could be elicited. Swine (84) and mice (61), from farm sites in the same region as exposed subjects, were also tested. Antibody prevalence in swine (overall = 34.5%) varied widely (10.0-91.7%) according to site, but no antibody was detected in mice. Our data contribute to the accumulating evidence that hepatitis E may be a zoonosis and specifically to the concept of it as an occupational infection of livestock workers.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}, author={Withers, MR and Correa, MT and Morrow, M and Stebbins, ME and Seriwatana, J and Webster, WD and Boak, MB and Vaughn, DW}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={384–388} }
 @article{carver_fetrow_gerig_correa_krueger_barnes_2000, title={Use of statistical modeling to assess risk for early poult mortality in commercial turkey flocks}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.3.303}, abstractNote={Abstract Statistical models were used to identify and quantify risk factors associated with early poult mortality. Mortality patterns were not different for hen and tom flocks, although toms experienced greater mortality. Season of placement, breeder flock age, strain, hatchery, and company had significant effects on risk of poult mortality in the first 14 days after placement. Hen flocks hatched in Virginia or placed in summer had higher risks of mortality. Tom flocks from young breeder hens, hatched in Virginia, or placed in winter had higher risks of mortality. There were strain effects on risk for poult mortality, and effect of breeder flock age on poult mortality was strain specific for hen poults. Median mortality differences among companies ranged from 0.98 to 2.11% at Day 14 for hens, and from 1.27 to 5.76% at Day 14 for toms. There were wide-ranging company effects on risks of mortality.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Carver, D. K. and Fetrow, J. and Gerig, T. and Correa, M. T. and Krueger, K. K. and Barnes, H. J.}, year={2000}, pages={303–318} }
 @article{o'carroll_davies_correa_slenning_1999, title={Effects of sample storage and delayed secondary enrichment on detection of Salmonella spp in swine feces}, volume={60}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={O'Carroll, J. M. and Davies, P. R. and Correa, M. T. and Slenning, B. D.}, year={1999}, pages={359–362} }
 @article{correa-prisant_1999, title={Gathering data on culture and health to develop educational materials on zoonoses for subsistence dairy farmers in Costa Rica}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1300/j096v06n01_04}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Socially and culturally sensitive educational materials on the transmission and prevention of zoonoses for subsistence dairy farmers in Costa Rica are being designed based on information gathered through a series of personal interviews. Women were targeted in the study since they make nutritional and health-related decisions for the family and in particular for children. The women in the study were able to actually describe the symptoms of many zoonotic diseases but were not necessarily able to identify those diseases by their medical name or knew of a vernacular name. All women preferred alternative medicine including herbal treatments and homeopathy for any disease or ailment over western medicine. The radio was identified as the media of choice for health education dissemination for adults while children preferred story or coloring books.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agromedicine}, author={Correa-Prisant, M.}, year={1999}, pages={33–41} }
 @article{peplow_correa-prisant_stebbins_jones_davies_1999, title={Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating}, volume={65}, number={3}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Peplow, M. O. and Correa-Prisant, M. and Stebbins, M. E. and Jones, F. and Davies, P.}, year={1999}, pages={1055–1060} }
 @article{hardie_ramirez_clary_kornegay_correa_feimster_robertson_1998, title={Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: Stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02123.x}, abstractNote={The thoracic bellows mechanism consists of the rib cage and the diaphragm. The purpose of this study was to determine if nontraumatically acquired lesions of the bellows were secondary to underlying disease. Abnormalities of the bellows, specifically stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia, were found in 21 dogs and cats with underlying cardiopulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, or metabolic disease. A case‐control study of Bulldogs demonstrated that hiatal hernia was associated with the more severe manifestations of brachycephalic syndrome. Stress fractures occurred mostly in females and in cats, and involved multiple ribs. Fractures were usually related to severe respiratory effort, but also occurred in association with metabolic disease. Hiatal hernia was also associated with severe respiratory effort, but may be exacerbated if a neuromuscular disorder affecting the diaphragm is present. Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows, such as rib stress fractures and hiatal hernia, may be signs of underlying disease, rather than being primary causes of disease.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hardie, EM and Ramirez, O and Clary, EM and Kornegay, JN and Correa, MT and Feimster, RA and Robertson, ER}, year={1998}, pages={279–287} }
 @article{pappalardo_correa_york_peat_breitschwerdt_1997, title={Epidemiologic evaluation of the risk factors associated with exposure and seroreactivity to Bartonella vinsonii in dogs}, volume={58}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Pappalardo, B. L. and Correa, M. T. and York, C. C. and Peat, C. Y. and Breitschwerdt, E. B.}, year={1997}, pages={467–471} }
 @article{cathers_lewbart_correa_stevens_1997, title={Serum chemistry and hematology values for anesthetized American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana)}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Cathers, T. and Lewbart, G. A. and Correa, M. T. and Stevens, J. B.}, year={1997}, pages={171–174} }
 @article{correa_erb_scarlett_1993, title={RISK-FACTORS FOR DOWNER COW SYNDROME}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77685-7}, abstractNote={A nested case-control study to detect risk factors for the development of the downer cow syndrome 30 d postpartum was conducted. Records from 2705 lactations from 12 Holstein dairy herds in the vicinity of Cornell University were collected prospectively between March 1981 and April 1985. Logistic regression was used to model the risk factors for downer cow syndrome. No confounding or modification effect by season of calving and parity was detected. The cumulative postpartum incidence rate for downer cow syndrome was 1.1%. Clinical hypocalcemia and stillbirth increased the risk of downer cow syndrome fivefold. An interaction term existed between dystocia and retained placenta.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={CORREA, MT and ERB, HN and SCARLETT, JM}, year={1993}, month={Nov}, pages={3460–3463} }