@article{dunmire_braun_zhang_jones_li_woodworth_goodband_tokach_fahrenholz_stark_et al._2021, title={Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline AA and Reducing Sugars on Nursery Pig Growth Performance}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.289}, abstractNote={Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200×400; initially 11.3 kg) were used in an 18-d study to determine the effect of pelleting diets with or without increased concentrations of free amino acids (AA) and reducing sugars (RS) on pig growth performance. There were 9 replications/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), and RS (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grain with solubles and bakery meal included at 20% and 15%, respectively. Diets were pelleted to achieve a conditioning temperature of 86.7°C using a 22.4 kW pellet mill equipped with a 4.7 x 34.9-mm die. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no 3-way interactions observed. For the main effect of feed form, ADFI decreased (P=0.001) and G:F and caloric efficiency improved (P=0.001) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared to mash diets. For the main effect of crystalline AA, pigs fed diets with high crystalline AA had increased (P< 0.024) ADFI compared to those fed diets with low crystalline AA. For the main effect of RS, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P< 0.041) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency compared to those fed low RS. In conclusion, there was no evidence of interactions between treatments, indicating that increasing amounts of crystalline AA and RS did not influence the response to pelleted diets. Pigs fed the high RS diets had reduced feed intake which resulted in reduced gain and improved feed and caloric efficiency.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Dunmire, Kara M. and Braun, Michaela B. and Zhang, Yiqin and Jones, Cassandra K. and Li, Yonghui and Woodworth, Jason C. and Goodband, Robert D. and Tokach, Mike D. and Fahrenholz, Adam C. and Stark, Charles R. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={171–171} }
 @article{evans_garlich_stark_grimes_2021, title={The effect of feed processing of novel unheated, low trypsin inhibitor soybeans on the performance of young female turkeys reared from hatch to 21 days of age}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101399}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a novel low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) fed as mash or crumbled pellet form on the productive performance and digestibility in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d. A total of 336 Hybrid Converter turkey poults were allocated in groups of 7 to 6 treatments, each with 8 replicate cages. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with inclusion level of the low trypsin-inhibitor soybean (0, 20, and 40% LTI) and feed form (mash and crumbled pellet). A single batch of feed was mixed for each inclusion level and divided into 2 aliquots: one remaining as mash and the other conditioned at 82°C for approximately 30 s, pelleted and then crumbled. On d 7, 14, and 21 posthatching, BW, and feed intake (FI) were recorded and BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Excreta samples were collected from d 19 to 21 and pooled by cage. At d 21, intestines were excised, pancreas weights recorded (PRW), and ileal contents collected. There were no interactions (linear, P > 0.05) between LTI inclusion and feed form on BW, BWG, FI, or FCR at d 7 or 21. Increasing LTI resulted in a linear reduction in BW at 7, 14, and 21 d (P < 0.006). Poults fed crumbles were significantly heavier at d 21 than those fed mash feed (P < 0.027) with no interaction of LTI level with feed form. FCR was not significantly greater with increasing LTI. However, poults fed crumbles had a better, lower FCR that those fed mash feed from d 0 to 21 (P < 0.018). There was a significant interaction between feed form and LTI level at 14 d (P < 0.031), but not 7 or 21 d. Pancreatic hypertrophy (PRW) increased linearly with increasing LTI (P < 0.001) with a significant linear interaction with feed form (P < 0.001). Poults fed crumbles had less pancreatic hypertrophy. At 21 d of age, dietary fat digestibility (ALD, %) was linearly reduced with increasing LTI (P < 0.001). However, poults fed crumbles had significantly better fat absorption than poults fed mash (91.2 vs. 85.8%) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). AMEn was significantly better for the poults fed crumbles compared to mash (3228 vs. 3132 kcal/kg) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). Based on the results this trial, it is possible to include up to 20% unheated full fat LTI soybeans into poult starter diets after pelleting. Pelleting improves nutrient utilization, allowing for greater incorporation of the LTI soybean in the crumbled diet compared to the mash diet.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Stark, C. R. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{acosta_petry_gould_jones_stark_fahrenholz_patience_2020, title={Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill?}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txaa171}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P < 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components.}, number={3}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Acosta, Jesus A. and Petry, Amy L. and Gould, Stacie A. and Jones, Cassandra K. and Stark, Charles R. and Fahrenholz, Adam C. and Patience, John F.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{acosta_petry_gould_jones_stark_fahrenholz_patience_2020, title={Effects of grinding method and particle size of wheat grain on energy and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txaa062}, abstractNote={Abstract Feed grains are processed to improve their value in pig diets by exposing kernel contents to enzymatic and microbial action. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing mean particle size (PS) of wheat grain ground with two different grinding methods (GMs) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing and finishing pigs. Forty-eight barrows were housed in individual pens for 11 d for two periods. Pigs were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design: three target mean PS of wheat grain (300, 500, and 700 µm), two GMs (roller mill and hammermill), and two body weight (BW) periods (growing period; initial BW of 54.9 ± 0.6 kg and finishing period; initial BW of 110.7 ± 1.4 kg). Diets contained one of six hard red wheat grain samples, vitamins, minerals, and titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Feed allowance provided 2.5 (for the two lightest pigs in each treatment) or 2.7 (for the remaining six pigs in each treatment) times the estimated daily maintenance energy requirement for each growth stage. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each period. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with pig as a random effect and PS, GM, and BW period and their interactions as fixed effects utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS. Growing pigs had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by lowering mean PS from 700 to 500 μm using either a roller mill or a hammermill. However, digestibility did not increase when PS was reduced from 500 to 300 μm, except for AEE (P < 0.05). Finishing pigs had greater ATTD of DM, GE, N, AEE, and NDF by lowering mean PS with a hammermill from 700 to 500 μm (P < 0.05), but it was greater for 500 μm than for 300 μm (P < 0.05). Using a roller mill reduced the ATTD of DM and NDF by lowering PS from 700 to 300 μm (P < 0.05). The ATTD of GE decreased by lowering PS from 700 to 500 μm with a roller mill (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs. The ATTD of N and AEE for finishing pigs were similar from 700 to 300 μm when ground by a roller mill. These data suggest that the PS that maximized digestibility for a hammermill is 500 μm for both growing and finishing pigs. However, for the roller mill, the PS resulting in the best digestibility were 500 and 700 μm for growing and finishing pigs, respectively.}, number={2}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Acosta, Jesus A. and Petry, Amy L. and Gould, Stacie A. and Jones, Cassandra K. and Stark, Charles R. and Fahrenholz, Adam and Patience, John F.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={682–693} }
 @article{acosta_petry_gould_jones_stark_fahrenholz_patience_2020, title={Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txz146}, abstractNote={Abstract The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P <0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P < 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P < 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response.}, number={1}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Acosta, Jesus A. and Petry, Amy L. and Gould, Stacie A. and Jones, Cassandra K. and Stark, Charles R. and Fahrenholz, Adam C. and Patience, John F.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={10–21} }
 @article{evans_garlich_barasch_stark_fahrenholz_grimes_2019, title={The Effects of Miscanthus Grass as a Bedding Source and the Dietary Inclusion of Unheated, Low-Trypsin Inhibitor Soybeans on the Performance of Commercial Tom Turkeys Reared to Market Age}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfz060}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A study was conducted to evaluate bedding source and the inclusion of rolled, unheated soybeans on the growth performance of male turkeys when reared to market age. Pine shavings are the most common poultry bedding material, however recently, increased marketplace competition has significantly reduced its availability and necessitated the need for economical alternatives. Additionally, the development of new varieties of soybeans with low levels of antinutritional factors have created an opportunity for dietary inclusion with minimal processing. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Miscanthus grass as an alternative to pine shavings litter and to evaluate 2 novel, low trypsin inhibitor soybean varieties as a potential ingredient for turkeys. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with main effects of litter type (Miscanthus grass or pine shavings) and dietary treatment. Diets were defined based on the soy protein source: LO (novel, unheated low oligosaccharide and trypsin inhibitor soybean), LT (novel, unheated low trypsin inhibitor soybean), SBM (commercial solvent extracted soybean meal), or CB (unheated conventional soybeans). Bedding type did not affect BW gain or feed intake at market, however, a tendency for improved FCR was observed when turkeys were raised on Miscanthus grass (P = 0.073). Turkey toms fed diets containing low trypsin inhibitor soybeans had improved BW gain and feed intake with a lower overall FCR compared to turkeys fed diets containing conventional raw whole soybeans. Therefore, there was improved digestibility of the novel soybean lines. Nutrient utilization of the novel low trypsin inhibitor soybeans, however, remained inferior to diets containing solvent extracted soybean meal, which yielded the heaviest BW and lowest FCR with similar feed intake to the low trypsin inhibitor soybean diets.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Barasch, I. B. and Stark, C. R. and Fahrenholz, A. C. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={982–996} }
 @article{xu_lin_stark_ferket_williams_brake_2017, title={Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and 3 bedding floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and nutrient digestibility}, volume={96}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew485}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pew485}, abstractNote={The effects of zero or 50% dietary coarsely ground corn (CC) in pelleted and screened grower and finisher diets on broilers reared on 3 bedding floor types (plastic net [NET], new pine wood shavings litter [NEW], or old pine wood shavings litter [OLD]) on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) were studied in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fine corn was produced with a hammermill (271 μm) and CC with a roller mill (1145 μm). Utilization of CC reduced milling cost by 9.47 cents per MT with similar nutrient content of screened pellets. The 50% CC treatment exhibited improved (P ≤ 0.05) feed intake at 42 d (2.5%) and 49 d (3.0%), and BW (5.4%) and FCR from 28 d (1.4%). Birds on NEW litter exhibited improved (P < 0.05) BW at 28 and 35 d and 42 d FCR as compared to NET and 49 d FCR compared to NET and OLD. The 50% CC treatment exhibited increased (P < 0.05) gizzard weight but decreased proventriculus weight at 49 d. NEW litter birds exhibited increased (P ≤ 0.05) gizzard weight at 28 d and 49 d and decreased proventriculus weight as compared to NET at 49 days. The 50% CC treatment exhibited decreased (P ≤ 0.05) litter moisture at 35 and 42 d, litter N at 35 and 49 d, and litter pH at 49 days. OLD litter birds exhibited greater (P < 0.05) litter N at 14, 35, and 49 d, as well as litter moisture, pH, and ammonia concentration at 49 days. The 50% CC group also exhibited improved AID of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Broilers fed pelleted and screened diets containing 50% CC exhibited improved live performance and reduced litter moisture while use of NEW litter resulted in a somewhat similar effect, which indicated that consumption of NEW litter also facilitated gastric development and function.}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Xu, Y. and Lin, Y.M. and Stark, C.R. and Ferket, P.R. and Williams, C.M. and Brake, J.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={2110–2119} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_pacheco_brake_2015, title={Effect of dietary coarsely ground corn on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and digesta particle size distribution and retention time}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu015}, abstractNote={Dietary structural material has been reported to improve broiler live performance and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) function. In this 50 d cage study, the effects of coarsely ground corn (CC) inclusion on broiler live performance, GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and nitrogen (N), and digesta particle size distribution and retention time were investigated. This study included 3 CC inclusions (0, 25, and 50% fine corn [FC] replaced by CC), with 6 replicate cages of 10 birds per treatment. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 35 and 42 d was improved (P<0.01) as the dietary inclusion of CC increased without effect on feed intake. The 50% CC diet increased absolute and relative gizzard weight at 42 d of age as compared to diets with 0 and 25% CC (P<0.01). Dietary CC increased absolute proventriculus weight at 28 d of age (P<0.05). A numerically lower gizzard digesta pH (P<0.08) was observed at 28 d but not 42 d of age, and there was no difference in proventriculus, jejunum, or ileum digesta pH at 28 or 42 d of age. The 25 and 50% CC treatments increased the digesta retention time at 30 and 45 d of age (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The 25 and 50% CC treatments improved AID of energy by 7.1 and 8.2%, respectively, when compared with the 0% CC treatment, and they improved AID of N by 12.2 and 12.4%, respectively (P<0.01). The digesta particles in the jejunum exhibited a similar distribution, with a dgw (geometric mean diameter by mass) of 218, 204, and 181 μm when 0, 25, of 50% CC diets were consumed, respectively. In conclusion, birds fed pelleted and screened diets that contained 25 and 50% CC exhibited increased BW, improved FCR, and increased AID of energy and N, which was probably due to enhanced gizzard development and greater digesta retention time.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Pacheco, W. J. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={53–60} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_auttawong_brake_2015, title={Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and litter type on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu016}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of 2 coarsely ground corn (CC) levels (0 or 50%) in diets of broilers reared on 2 litter types (new wood shavings or used litter) on live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and nitrogen (N), and intestinal morphology. No interaction effects between CC level and litter type were observed on live performance. No litter effect was observed on live performance. Dietary inclusion of 50% CC increased BW at 35 d (P < 0.01) and improved cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 35 and 49 d of age (P < 0.01). The 50% CC treatment increased absolute and relative gizzard weight (P < 0.01) and decreased jejunum unit weight (g/cm) (P < 0.01). The new litter treatment (litter N) increased absolute and relative proventriculus weight (P < 0.05) but did not affect gizzard weight. An interaction effect between CC level and litter type was observed for litter N, where the 50% CC treatment reduced litter N regardless of litter type (P < 0.01), but litter N was reduced by new litter only among birds fed 0% CC (P < 0.05). The 50% CC inclusion increased litter pH (P < 0.05) and improved the AID of energy and N by 6.8% (P < 0.01) and 3.5% (P < 0.05), respectively. The 50% CC treatment increased jejunum villi tip width (P < 0.05) and villi surface area (P < 0.01), and decreased the muscularis layer thickness (P < 0.01), whereas new litter increased jejunum villi and ileum villi height (P < 0.05), jejunum villi surface area (P < 0.01), and the ratio of jejunum villi height to crypt depth (P < 0.01). This study showed that birds fed pelleted and screened diets containing 50% CC exhibited improved BW, FCR, and AID of energy and N, in conjunction with altered morphology of the GIT and intestinal mucosa. Litter type affected some GIT traits and functions but did not affect live performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Auttawong, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={353–361} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_brake_2015, title={Effects of feed form and dietary coarse ground corn on broiler live performance, body weight uniformity, relative gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pev074}, abstractNote={In this 14-d cage study, the effects of feed form (mash and crumble) and 6 coarse ground corn (CC) inclusions [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% CC that replaced fine corn (FC)] on broiler live performance, BW uniformity, gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference were investigated. The geometric mean diameter by mass (dgw) of mash diets increased from 422 μm to 431, 471, 509, 542, and 640 μm, respectively, as the percentage of CC increased. Feed intake and BW were decreased by CC and mash at 7 d. Interactions between feed form and CC were observed for feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 7 d of age (P < 0.01), and feed intake (P < 0.05), BW (P < 0.01), and gizzard weight (P < 0.01) at 14 d of age. Feed intake for all CC inclusions in crumble diets was similar and exceeded (P < 0.01) that of mash diets at 14 d. Among mash diets, the 10 and 30% CC feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) than 40 and 50% CC with 0 and 20% CC intermediate. Crumble diets produced a similar BW but greater 14-d BW than mash diets (P < 0.01). Within mash diets, 40 and 50% CC produced a smaller BW (P < 0.01). The FCR at 7 d of CC inclusions in crumble diets was improved (P < 0.01) versus the same CC in mash diets. Within mash diets, 40% CC performed poorer than 0, 10, 20, and 30% CC diets with 50% CC diet intermediate (P < 0.01). Crumble diets improved FCR at 14 d, but CC worsened FCR. Gizzard weight at 14 d was not affected by CC in crumble diets, while it increased with CC in mash diets (P < 0.01). Excreta nitrogen was increased (P < 0.01) by crumble diets. These data demonstrated that pelleting and crumbling reduced the impact of CC, produced a more consistent feed intake, and reduced selective feeding, and that CC stimulated gizzard weight in a linear manner in mash diets.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1549–1556} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_nusairat_brake_2015, title={Evaluation of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and litter characteristics}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu057}, abstractNote={Two 49 d floor pen studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn (CC) inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and litter characteristics. Experiment 1 was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 genders (male or female) and 2 CC levels (0 or 50%). From 15 to 35 d, the addition of CC decreased feed intake (P < 0.01) and BW gain (P < 0.05) of males but not females. The inclusion of CC decreased feed intake (P < 0.01) and BW gain (P < 0.01) from 0 to 49 d but improved adjusted feed conversion ratio (AdjFCR) from 35 to 49 d (P < 0.05). Male broilers exhibited better live performance than females during the study as evidenced by greater feed intake (P < 0.01) and BW gain (P < 0.01), and improved FCR (P < 0.01), but with increased mortality (P < 0.05). The inclusion of CC increased relative gizzard weight (P < 0.01) and decreased relative proventriculus weight (P < 0.01) at 49 d. Experiment 2 was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 CC levels (0 or 50%) and 2 litter types (ground old litter or new wood shavings litter). The inclusion of CC decreased feed intake throughout the experiment without affecting final BW when only males were used and improved FCR after 25 d (P < 0.01). New litter improved FCR from 1 to 14 d (P < 0.01). At 49 d, the birds fed the CC diet had reduced excreta nitrogen (P < 0.05) and litter moisture (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 50% CC inclusion initially produced negative effects on live performance that became positive as BW increased. The effects of CC became evident at an earlier age for males. New litter had only a marginal benefit on broiler live performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Nusairat, B. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={362–370} }
 @article{pacheco_stark_ferket_brake_2014, title={Effects of trypsin inhibitor and particle size of expeller-extracted soybean meal on broiler live performance and weight of gizzard and pancreas}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2014-03986}, abstractNote={Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product that remains after the oil is removed from whole soybeans by either solvent extraction or mechanically pressing soybeans using an expeller. Expeller-extracted soybean meal (ESBM) contains more fat and less protein than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), but has higher trypsin inhibitors (TI) that limit its inclusion in poultry diets. We hypothesized that increasing the particle size of ESBM could enhance chick tolerance to dietary TI. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes (coarse, 1,300 µm, and fine, 530 µm) and 6 TI levels (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 TIU/mg). A total of 672 male broiler chicks was randomly assigned among the 12 treatment combinations with 8 replicates per combination. The birds were provided with 1 kg/bird of starter diet in a crumble form. The pancreas and gizzard were excised and weighed at 16 d of age and organ weights relative to BW calculated. Feed consumption, BW, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 7 and 14 d of age. Increasing TI level produced a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on BW and FCR at 14 d of age. The best performance was obtained when chicks were fed diets containing ESBM at intermediate TI levels. Increasing the particle size of the ESBM from 530 to 1,300 µm improved BW and feed intake (P < 0.01) without affecting FCR. The relative weight of the pancreas increased linearly as TI level increased (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that chicks performed better when fed coarse ESBM at an intermediate TI level.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pacheco, W. J. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={2245–2252} }
 @article{pacheco_stark_ferket_brake_2013, title={Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03186}, abstractNote={Although there have been several reports concerning the effects of particle size of cereal grains on productive performance of poultry, there is limited information about the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance. The objective of the present experiments was to evaluate the effects of SBM source and particle size on broiler performance, gizzard weight, and nutrient digestibility. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 SBM sources: expeller-extracted (ESBM) and solvent-extracted (SSBM), and 2 particle sizes: coarse grind, 971 µm, and fine grind, 465 µm. The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,290 µm, and fine grind, 470 µm, and 2 corn particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,330 µm, and fine grind, 520 µm. In the first experiment, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between SBM source and particle size on BW at 49 d of age. No differences in BW were observed when birds were fed coarse SSBM or ESBM, whereas birds fed diets containing fine ESBM exhibited lower BW than birds fed diets containing fine SSBM. In the second experiment, fine-grind ESBM (P < 0.05) and corn (P < 0.01) produced greater 19-d BW than did coarse grind. A significant interaction (P < 0.01) between ingredient type and particle size revealed that chicks fed coarse particles of corn or ESBM exhibited higher protein digestibility compared with chicks fed only fine particles. Corn particle size had a greater effect on gizzard weight than ESBM particle size. Birds fed diets that contained coarse corn had larger gizzards than birds fed fine corn (P < 0.01), but differences in gizzard weight were not observed when birds were fed coarse or fine ESBM. Particles greater than 1,300 µm depressed BW but improved protein digestibility.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pacheco, W. J. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={2914–2922} }
 @article{hu_stark_brake_2012, title={Evaluation of crumble and pellet quality on broiler performance and gizzard weight}, volume={11}, DOI={10.3923/javaa.2012.2453.2458}, number={14}, journal={Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, author={Hu, B. and Stark, C. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2012}, pages={2453–2458} }
 @article{shields_heugten_odle_stark_2012, title={Impact of crude glycerol on feed milling characteristics of swine diets}, volume={175}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863434334&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.008}, abstractNote={Abstract This study evaluated the effect of crude glycerol on feed processing of nursery and finisher diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, complex nursery pig diets were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol levels of 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C conditioning temperature (CT) and 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). In Exp. 2, finisher diets (maize–soybean meal based with 30 g/kg added fat) were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol included at 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C CT; 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). A second control feed was pelleted at a standard CT of 85 °C. There were three replications per treatment for Exp. 1 and 2. In Exp. 1, flowability of mash nursery diets improved linearly (P}, number={3-4}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Shields, M. C. and Heugten, E. and Odle, J. and Stark, C. S.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={193–197} }
 @article{stark_chewning_2012, title={The effect of sieve agitators and dispersing agent on the method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1836-0939"]}, DOI={10.1071/an11124}, abstractNote={Research in both swine and poultry continue to investigate the optimal particle size for growth and gut health. Although researchers have reported the methods used to determine the particle size of the grain in a study, most reports have not provided details of the actual procedure. Although the standard method suggested adding both agitators and dispersing agents to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves there has been limited research as to whether these modifiers significantly change the particle size value. Researchers, laboratories, and feed mills that analyse samples without sieve agitators or a dispersing agent could overestimate the particle size and underestimate the distribution of the particles of a sample. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding sieve agitators and dispersing agent to the ANSI/ASAE S319.3 FEB03 ‘Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving’. The first experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitator use and dispersing agent use on the geometric mean diameter (dgw) and geometric standard deviation (Sgw) of hammermill and roller mill corn samples. Whole corn was ground to produce samples that were classified as either coarse, medium, or fine. The second experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitators, a dispersing agent, and the combination of agitators with a dispersing agent on dgw and Sgw of hammermill ground corn, wheat, and sorghum. The results of Expt 1 indicated that a decreased (P < 0.01) dgw resulted when agitators were added to the hammermill ground samples while a further decrease (P < 0.01) was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The largest decrease in dgw was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The addition of agitators to the roller mill samples only decreased the dgw of the medium grind sample. The dispersing agent decreased (P < 0.01) the dgw of roller mill samples. The addition of a dispersing agent consistently decreased the dgw of all the ground corn samples as compared with the standard method without modifiers. The results of Expt 2 were consistent with those of Expt 1 in that the addition of the dispersing agent and agitators decreased dgw values and appeared to have an additive effect in both corn and sorghum samples. The addition of a dispersing agent facilitated the flow of product through the sieves. The wider distribution (Sgw) indicated that a greater percentage of material flowed to the smaller sieves. The results of the experiments clearly showed the benefit of adding sieve agitators and a dispersing agent to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves, so that a better estimate of the micron diameter and particle size distribution could be achieved.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Stark, C. R. and Chewning, C. G.}, year={2012}, pages={69–72} }
 @article{shields_van heugten_lin_odle_stark_2011, title={Evaluation of the nutritional value of glycerol for nursery pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, abstractNote={In Exp. 1, a total of 144 pigs (BW, 6.68 ± 0.17 kg) were weaned at 21 d, blocked by BW, and allocated to 48 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% glycerol supplemented to replace up to 10% lactose in a basal starter 1 diet containing 20% total lactose, which was fed for 2 wk), and a negative control diet with 10% lactose and 0% glycerol. A common starter diet was fed for the next 2 wk. In Exp. 2, a total of 126 pigs (BW, 6.91 ± 0.18 kg) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allocated to 42 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with factors being 1) glycerol inclusion in replacement of lactose in starter 1 diets (0 or 5%) fed for 2 wk, and 2) glycerol inclusion in starter 2 diets (0, 5, or 10%) fed for 3 wk. In Exp. 1, glycerol supplementation at 10% improved (P=0.01) ADG (266 vs. 191 g/d) and G:F (871 vs. 679 g/kg) during the starter 1 period when compared with the negative control. Incremental amounts of glycerol linearly (P<0.05) increased ADG and ADFI, but did not affect G:F during starter 1. There was no effect of feeding glycerol during the starter 1 phase on subsequent performance during the starter 2 phase or overall. Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly (P=0.003) with increasing dietary glycerol, and serum creatinine (P=0.004) and bilirubin (P=0.03) concentrations decreased with increasing glycerol. In Exp. 2, glycerol did not affect performance during starter 1, but it linearly increased (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during starter 2 (464, 509, and 542 and 726, 822, and 832 g/d, respectively) and overall (368, 396, and 411 and 546, 601, and 609 g/d, respectively). At the end of the study, pigs were 1.0 and 1.5 kg heavier when fed 5 and 10% glycerol, respectively (linear, P<0.01). Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly during starter 2 (P<0.001), but were not affected during starter 1. Glycerol supplementation increased serum urea N quadratically (P<0.001) and decreased creatinine linearly (P<0.05) in the starter 2 phase. Overall, data indicate that glycerol can be added to nursery pig diets at 10%, while improving growth performance.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shields, M. C. and van Heugten, E. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and Stark, C. S.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={2145–2153} }
 @article{stark_spencer_shih_chewning_wang_2009, title={Evaluation of keratinase stability in pelleted broiler diets}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00038}, abstractNote={Versazyme (VZ) is an approved keratinase-based feed additive produced naturally as a fermentation product of Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. The experiment was designed to test the recovery and efficacy of VZ using typical feed industry pelleting parameters. The pelleted diets were conditioned to 85°C for 30 s and pelleted using a 4 × 32 mm die, cooled, and crumbled. A total of 192 male broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal starter diet formulated at 18.5% CP to 21 d of age. The 4 treatments used in the feeding study were as follows: VZ 0.0%-mash, VZ 0.0%-pellet, VZ 0.1%-mash, and VZ 0.1%-pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were determined at 21 d of age. The recovery of VZ in feed was 93% in the mash diet and 66% in the pelleted diet. There was a 55-g increase in BW gain and 0.17 improvement of FCR when birds were supplemented with 0.1% VZ. Pelleting improved BW gain (P < 0.05) but did not significantly improve the FCR. Growth performance results indicate that pelleting did not affect the efficacy of VZ.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Stark, C. R. and Spencer, B. E. and Shih, J. C. H. and Chewning, C. G. and Wang, J. J.}, year={2009}, pages={30–33} }