@inbook{deperno_2023, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2024 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Leon, R. and Cahoon, C. and DePerno, C.S. and Jennings, K. and Quesada, L. and Reisig, D. and Vann, M. and Ward, J. and Monks, D. and Burnette, J.W., Jr.Editors}, year={2023} }
 @article{badgett_scheible_livingston_meredith_gould_strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_stoskopf_breen_et al._2023, title={Characterizing North Carolina black bear (Ursus americanus) populations using UrsaPlex v2.0}, volume={4}, ISSN={2666-9374}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100075}, DOI={10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100075}, abstractNote={American black bears (Ursus americanus) have been successfully restored in North Carolina (NC) due to management and research efforts by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and various partners. Investigations by law enforcement in NC involving black bears typically center on a) illegal take, b) purchase, possession, and sale of bear parts, or c) human-bear interactions. Effective prosecution of illegal parties requires methods that permit individual identification of black bears. Typically, individualization is achieved using robust DNA profiling and comparison to accepted genetic databases. Currently, a genetic database of highly variable loci genotyped from black bears across their range in NC does not exist. To address this, we focused on genotyping NC black bears using an updated version of UrsaPlex (UrsaPlex v2.0), a short tandem repeat (STR) panel of 11 loci and 3 sex-linked markers, previously developed to permit individualization for California black bears. Biological samples were obtained from NC black bears following IACUC approved protocols. Total genomic DNA was isolated from each sample and genotyped using UrsaPlex v2.0. The number of alleles in the final genotyped population (n = 173) ranged from five (UamD118 and UamB8) to 33 (UamA9). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.471 (UamB1) to 0.872 (UamA9), while the expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.469 (UamB1) to 0.919 (UamA9). The probability of identity (PID) was calculated as 6.9 × 10-13. These results demonstrate the potential utility of UrsaPlex v2.0 for permitting individual identification of NC black bears for use in forensic casework and for population management.}, journal={Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Badgett, Samantha L. and Scheible, Melissa K.R. and Livingston, Isabella G. and Meredith, Erin P. and Gould, Nicholas P. and Strules, Jennifer and DePerno, Christopher S. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Breen, Matthew and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={100075} }
 @article{sanders_spear_black_olfenbuttel_deperno_2023, title={Diet of the North American river otter (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>) in North Carolina using 2 methods}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2328-5540"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1502}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Sanders, Charles W. and Spear, Stephen F. and Black, Kristina and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{brown_chen_ivanova_leekitcharoenphon_parsons_niedermeyer_gould_strules_mesa-cruz_kelly_et al._2023, title={Draft Genome Sequences of 158 Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in the United States}, volume={12}, ISSN={2576-098X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.00248-23}, DOI={10.1128/mra.00248-23}, abstractNote={
            Listeria monocytogenes
            is responsible for severe foodborne disease and major economic losses, but its potential reservoirs in natural ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of 158
            L. monocytogenes
            strains isolated from black bears (
            Ursus americanus
            ) in the southeastern United States between 2014 and 2017.
          }, number={7}, journal={Microbiology Resource Announcements}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Brown, Phillip and Chen, Yi and Ivanova, Mirena and Leekitcharoenphon, Pimlapas and Parsons, Cameron and Niedermeyer, Jeffrey and Gould, Nicholas and Strules, Jennifer and Mesa-Cruz, J. Bernardo and Kelly, Marcella J. and et al.}, editor={Rasko, DavidEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @book{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2023, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a before-after experiment to evaluate the impacts of education (“bearwise’) on urban black bear space use and public perception in treatment vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={27} }
 @book{strules_wyrick_deperno_olfenbuttel_2023, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a before-after experiment to evaluate the impacts of education (“bearwise’) on urban black bear space use and public perception in treatment vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and Wyrick, S. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{puckett_davis_harper_wakamatsu_battu_belant_beyer_carpenter_crupi_davidson_et al._2023, title={Genetic architecture and evolution of color variation in American black bears}, volume={33}, ISSN={0960-9822}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.042}, DOI={10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.042}, abstractNote={Color variation is a frequent evolutionary substrate for camouflage in small mammals, but the underlying genetics and evolutionary forces that drive color variation in natural populations of large mammals are mostly unexplained. The American black bear, Ursus americanus (U. americanus), exhibits a range of colors including the cinnamon morph, which has a similar color to the brown bear, U. arctos, and is found at high frequency in the American southwest. Reflectance and chemical melanin measurements showed little distinction between U. arctos and cinnamon U. americanus individuals. We used a genome-wide association for hair color as a quantitative trait in 151 U. americanus individuals and identified a single major locus (p < 10−13). Additional genomic and functional studies identified a missense alteration (R153C) in Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) that likely affects binding of the zinc cofactor, impairs protein localization, and results in decreased pigment production. Population genetic analyses and demographic modeling indicated that the R153C variant arose 9.36 kya in a southwestern population where it likely provided a selective advantage, spreading both northwards and eastwards by gene flow. A different TYRP1 allele, R114C, contributes to the characteristic brown color of U. arctos but is not fixed across the range.}, number={1}, journal={Current Biology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Puckett, Emily E. and Davis, Isis S. and Harper, Dawn C. and Wakamatsu, Kazumasa and Battu, Gopal and Belant, Jerrold L. and Beyer, Dean E., Jr. and Carpenter, Colin and Crupi, Anthony P. and Davidson, Maria and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={86–97.e10} }
 @article{olfenbuttel_deperno_gould_2023, title={Meet your new neighbor: The American black bear is on the rise and on the move}, volume={131}, number={7}, journal={Natural History}, author={Olfenbuttel, C. and DePerno, C. and Gould, N.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={22–27} }
 @article{brown_hernandez_parsons_chen_gould_deperno_niedermeyer_kathariou_2023, title={Tetracycline resistance in Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua from wild black bears (Ursus americanus) in the United States is mediated by novel transposable elements}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01205-23}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01205-23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={Environmental Microbiology}, author={Brown, Phillip and Hernandez, Kevin and Parsons, Cameron and Chen, Yi and Gould, Nicholas and DePerno, Christopher S. and Niedermeyer, Jeffrey and Kathariou, Sophia}, editor={Dozois, Charles M.Editor}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{strules_dawant_riese_gerhold_brown_olfenbuttel_deperno_hunt_dohlen_2023, title={USE OF A POINT OF CARE TEST TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN BLACK BEARS FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND PENNSYLVANIA}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/22-72}, abstractNote={Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan parasite of humans and animals throughout the world. Black bears are among the animals with the highest seroprevalence of T. gondii in the United States. A rapid point of care (POC) test is commercially available to detect antibodies to T. gondii in humans. We evaluated the utility of the POC test to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies in 100 wild black bears from North Carolina (n = 50) and Pennsylvania (n = 50). In a blind study, sera were tested by the POC test, and results were compared to the modified agglutination test (MAT). Overall, anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 76% (76/100) black bears by both MAT and POC tests. One false positive and one false negative result in the POC test were obtained in bears from Pennsylvania. The sensitivity and specificity of the POC test were both 99% when compared to the MAT. Results from our study indicate the POC test could be a useful screening tool for serological surveillance of T. gondii in black bears.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Strules, Jennifer and Dawant, Tania and Riese, Katie and Gerhold, Richard and Brown, Justin and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S. and Hunt, Brian J. and Dohlen, Alexa Rosypal}, year={2023}, pages={221–224} }
 @article{sanders_stewart_pacifici_hess_olfenbuttel_deperno_2023, title={Variations in reproduction and age structure in the North American river otter in North Carolina, USA}, volume={87}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22361}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.22361}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Stewart, Dennis L. and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2022, title={An Education in Black Bears}, volume={85}, number={2}, journal={Wildlife in North Carolina}, publisher={The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2022}, pages={44–49} }
 @inbook{deperno_2022, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2023 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Leon, R. and Cahoon, C. and DePerno, C.S. and Jennings, K. and Quesada, L. and Reisig, D. and Vann, M. and Ward, J. and Monks, D. and Burnette, J.W., Jr.Editors}, year={2022}, pages={463–474} }
 @article{gould_powell_olfenbuttel_deperno_2022, title={City bears, country bears: New research highlights the pros and cons of urban and suburban life for black bears}, number={Spring}, journal={North Carolina Wildlife Federation Journal}, author={Gould, N.P. and Powell, R. and Olfenbuttel, C. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={2–5} }
 @book{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2022, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a before-after experiment to evaluate the impacts of bear education on urban black bear space use and public perception in treatment vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_dykes_deperno_moorman_2022, title={Human‐mediated trophic mismatch between fire, plants and herbivores}, volume={2022}, ISSN={0906-7590 1600-0587}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06045}, DOI={10.1111/ecog.06045}, abstractNote={Trophic mismatches are commonly reported across a wide array of taxa and can have important implications for species participating in the interaction. However, to date, examples of trophic mismatch have centrally focused on those induced by shifts in climate. Here we report on the potential for humans to induce trophic mismatch by shifting the phenology of fire. Globally, anthropogenic fire ignitions are phenologically mismatched to that of historic lightning ignitions but the effects of this phenological mismatch on trophic interactions are poorly understood. Using fire records from 1980 to 2016 from the southeastern USA, a hotspot of anthropogenic fire, we demonstrate that there is a temporal mismatch between anthropogenic and lightning lit fires in this region. The peak of anthropogenic ignitions (i.e. 45% during March and April) occurred 3 months earlier than the peak in lightning‐ignited fires (i.e. 44% occurred during June and July), a pattern consistent with reports from several other regions and continents. We demonstrate with a field experiment conducted at a nutrient‐poor site in the southeastern U.S., that anthropogenic fire phenology shifts nutrient pulses in resprouting plants so that they mismatch herbivore reproductive demands. Consequently, plant nutrient quality in four commonly consumed forages was below the threshold to meet lactation requirements. Neonates subsequently were more likely to starve when born far from areas burned during the peak month of lightning fire phenology. Our data indicate that human activities may be an additional causative agent of trophic mismatch.}, number={3}, journal={Ecography}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Dykes, Jacob L. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @book{brautigam_gould_hostetter_deperno_2022, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban bear data analysis: bear-vehicle collision site evaluation, family group dynamics, and source-sink dynamics for black bears in urban environments and the implications for regional black bear population}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Brautigam, K.J. and Gould, N.P. and Hostetter, N.J. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @inbook{deperno_2021, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Jennings, K. and Burrack, H.J. and Cahoon, C. and DePerno, C.S. and Quesada, L. and Vann, M. and Ward, J. and Monks, D. and Burnette, J.W., Jr.Editors}, year={2021}, pages={459–470} }
 @article{choi_fish_moorman_deperno_schillaci_2021, title={Breeding-season Survival, Home-range Size, and Habitat Selection of Female Bachman's Sparrows}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1656/058.020.0112}, DOI={10.1656/058.020.0112}, abstractNote={Abstract Peucaea aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow) is a declining songbird endemic to the southeastern US, but lack of basic life-history information for females, including a description of habitat selection, limits effective management. We investigated survival, home-range size, and habitat selection of female Bachman's Sparrows during the breeding season at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC. We attached radio-transmitters to female sparrows between April and June in 2014–2016 and recorded locations of females every 2–4 days. We estimated seasonal survival and home-range size and, in 2016, we modeled habitat selection of female sparrows within their home range. Estimated breeding-season (90 days) survival (0.941) was greater than a published estimate from South Carolina (0.794), and home-range size (1.48 ha, SE = 0.16) was similar to a published estimate for females and multiple published estimates for male sparrows (min–max = 1–5 ha). Females selected habitat patches with greater woody vegetation and intermediate grass densities than at random locations, suggesting that woody vegetation provides escape and nesting cover for female sparrows. Survival, home-range size, and habitat selection of female Bachman's Sparrows did not differ substantially from males in other studies. Therefore, management focused on male sparrows may concurrently conserve habitat requirements for females.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, publisher={BioOne}, author={Choi, Daniel Y. and Fish, Alexander C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Schillaci, Jessica M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={105–116} }
 @article{gould_hostetter_olfenbuttel_deperno_2021, title={Bruins in the streets: New research shines a light on the phenomenon of urban bears}, number={Fall}, journal={North Carolina Wildlife Federation Journal Fall}, author={Gould, N.P. and Hostetter, N.J. and Olfenbuttel, C. and DePerno, C.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={6–9} }
 @article{rosche_moorman_kroeger_pacifici_jones_deperno_2021, title={Effects of Prescribed Fire on Northern Bobwhite Nesting Ecology}, volume={45}, ISSN={2328-5540 2328-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1183}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1183}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rosche, Sarah B. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Kroeger, Anthony J. and Pacifici, Krishna and Jones, Jeffrey G. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={249–257} }
 @article{walker_shank_stoskopf_minter_deperno_2021, title={Efficacy and Cost of GonaCon™ for Population Control in a Free‐ranging White‐tailed Deer Population}, volume={45}, ISSN={2328-5540 2328-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1237}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1237}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Walker, Micah J. and Shank, G. Christopher and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Minter, Larry J. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={589–596} }
 @book{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2021, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a before-after experiment to evaluate the impacts of bear education on urban black bear space use and public perception in treatment vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gould_powell_olfenbuttel_deperno_2021, title={Growth and reproduction by young urban and rural black bears}, volume={102}, ISSN={0022-2372 1545-1542}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab066}, DOI={10.1093/jmammal/gyab066}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Mammalogy}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gould, Nicholas P and Powell, Roger and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S}, editor={Hopkins, JackEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1165–1173} }
 @article{hannon_moorman_schultz_deperno_2021, title={The relationship between upland hardwood distribution and avian occupancy in fire-maintained longleaf pine forests}, volume={479}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118546}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118546}, abstractNote={Prescribed fire and other forest management practices aimed at restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) communities often focus on the reduction, or removal, of upland hardwoods with the goal of providing habitat for threatened and endangered plant and animal species, including the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis), and restoring forests to pre-settlement conditions. Although contemporary restoration and management practices benefit species dependent on the resulting conditions, recent research has called attention to the ecological value of retaining upland hardwoods, especially for mast-dependent wildlife (e.g., fox squirrels [Sciurus niger]). Moreover, retention of indigenous hardwoods in upland longleaf pine communities may benefit a variety of birds. We used fixed-radius, breeding season point counts to sample the presence-absence of 15 avian species and assessed forest composition and structure around each point. We developed single-season single-species occupancy models with an emphasis on the influence of overstory hardwood cover on occupancy. Due to issues with model fit, we were unable to model occupancy for 3 of the 15 focal species. Occupancy probabilities for 6 out of the 12 focal species were positively influenced by overstory hardwood cover or stem density, whereas occupancy probabilities of 4 out of 12 of the focal species was negatively influenced by hardwood cover or stem density. Overstory hardwood cover between 5 and 15% resulted in high occupancy probabilities for the species that were positively influenced but did not result in substantially low occupancy probabilities for the species that were negatively influenced. Longleaf pine uplands with lower and upper bounds of 5% to 15% hardwood overstory cover with hardwood stem densities of ≤250 stems/ha could be targeted to provide habitat for the greatest diversity of birds while avoiding negative impact to species associated with upland longleaf pine communities.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hannon, Daniel R. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Schultz, Alan D. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={118546} }
 @article{willis_schnake_deperno_lashley_wetzstein_yow_2021, title={Tree encroachment impacts on seed predator selection and seedling establishment in degraded pine woodlands}, volume={24}, ISSN={1402-2001 1654-109X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12570}, DOI={10.1111/avsc.12570}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Applied Vegetation Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Willis, John L. and Schnake, David K. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Wetzstein, Branson and Yow, Justin}, editor={Acosta, Alicia Teresa RosarioEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{willis_schnake_deperno_lashley_wetzstein_yow_2021, title={Tree encroachment impacts on seed predator selection and seedling establishment in degraded pine woodlands}, volume={2}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0008}, DOI={10.2737/RDS-2021-0008}, abstractNote={This archive contains research data collected and/or funded by Forest Service Research and Development (FS R&D), U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is a resource for accessing both short and long-term FS R&D research data, which includes Experimental Forest and Range data. It is a way to both preserve and share the quality science of our researchers.}, journal={Forest Service Research Data Archive}, publisher={USDA Forest Service}, author={Willis, John L. and Schnake, David K. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Wetzstein, Branson and Yow, Justin}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @book{gould_hostetter_deperno_2021, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban bear data analysis: habitat characteristics of bear-vehicle collision kill sites, bear family group dynamics and source-sink dynamics for black bears in urban environments and the implications for regional black bear population}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and Hostetter, N.J. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2021} }
 @article{joslyn_charles_deperno_gould_nowak_praggastis_purvine_robinson_strules_whitney_2020, title={A Sheaf Theoretical Approach to Uncertainty Quantification of Heterogeneous Geolocation Information}, volume={20}, ISSN={1424-8220}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123418}, DOI={10.3390/s20123418}, abstractNote={Integration of multiple, heterogeneous sensors is a challenging problem across a range of applications. Prominent among these are multi-target tracking, where one must combine observations from different sensor types in a meaningful and efficient way to track multiple targets. Because different sensors have differing error models, we seek a theoretically justified quantification of the agreement among ensembles of sensors, both overall for a sensor collection, and also at a fine-grained level specifying pairwise and multi-way interactions among sensors. We demonstrate that the theory of mathematical sheaves provides a unified answer to this need, supporting both quantitative and qualitative data. Furthermore, the theory provides algorithms to globalize data across the network of deployed sensors, and to diagnose issues when the data do not globalize cleanly. We demonstrate and illustrate the utility of sheaf-based tracking models based on experimental data of a wild population of black bears in Asheville, North Carolina. A measurement model involving four sensors deployed among the bears and the team of scientists charged with tracking their location is deployed. This provides a sheaf-based integration model which is small enough to fully interpret, but of sufficient complexity to demonstrate the sheaf’s ability to recover a holistic picture of the locations and behaviors of both individual bears and the bear-human tracking system. A statistical approach was developed in parallel for comparison, a dynamic linear model which was estimated using a Kalman filter. This approach also recovered bear and human locations and sensor accuracies. When the observations are normalized into a common coordinate system, the structure of the dynamic linear observation model recapitulates the structure of the sheaf model, demonstrating the canonicity of the sheaf-based approach. However, when the observations are not so normalized, the sheaf model still remains valid.}, number={12}, journal={Sensors}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Joslyn, Cliff A. and Charles, Lauren and DePerno, Chris and Gould, Nicholas and Nowak, Kathleen and Praggastis, Brenda and Purvine, Emilie and Robinson, Michael and Strules, Jennifer and Whitney, Paul}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={3418} }
 @article{noonan_fleming_tucker_kays_harrison_crofoot_abrahms_alberts_ali_altmann_et al._2020, title={Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1523-1739"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13495}, DOI={10.1111/cobi.13495}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}, author={Noonan, Michael J. and Fleming, Christen H. and Tucker, Marlee A. and Kays, Roland and Harrison, Autumn-Lynn and Crofoot, Margaret C. and Abrahms, Briana and Alberts, Susan C. and Ali, Abdullahi H. and Altmann, Jeanne and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={1017–1028} }
 @book{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2020, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a BACI design to evaluate the impacts of bearwise on urban black bear space use and public perception in BearWise vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2020} }
 @book{strules_deperno_olfenbuttel_2020, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Fine-scale resource selection, diet, and reproduction of urban black bears and a before-after design to evaluate the impacts of bear education on urban black bear space use and public perception in treatment vs. control neighborhoods}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Strules, J. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2020} }
 @article{fish_deperno_schillaci_moorman_2020, title={Fledgling Bachman's Sparrows in a longleaf pine ecosystem: survival, movements, and habitat selection}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1557-9263"]}, DOI={10.1111/jofo.12345}, abstractNote={Fledgling ecology remains understudied for many passerine species, yet information about the fledgling life stage is critical for understanding full-annual life cycles and population recruitment. We examined the survival, habitat selection, and movements of fledgling Bachman’s Sparrows (Peucaea aestivalis) in a longleaf pine-wiregrass (Pinus palustris-Aristida stricta) community managed with frequent prescribed fire. We captured and marked 36 fledglings on the day of fledging and used radio-telemetry to relocate them daily until independence during three breeding seasons (2014–2016). We visually confirmed the status of fledglings as live or dead during daily relocations and determined causes of mortality. We measured vegetation characteristics at fledgling locations and compared them to the characteristics of vegetation at the locations of adult males. We used a Known Fates analysis in Program MARK to estimate fledgling survival, and generalized linear mixed effect models to determine habitat selection. Estimated fledgling survival until independence was 0.31 (SE = 0.08), with most mortality during the first 4 d post-fledging. Fledglings with longer wing chords had higher rates of survival than those with shorter wing chords, possibly due to an increased ability to evade predators. Fledgling movements were restricted primarily to natal territories. Fledgling Bachman’s Sparrows were located in areas with greater woody plant, forb, and grass cover and less bare ground than available in natal territories. Similar to fledglings of other songbirds, understory woody and herbaceous plants appear to provide critical cover for fledgling Bachman’s Sparrows, and maintenance of such cover should receive consideration in management plans for longleaf pine communities. RESUMEN. Volantones de Chingolo de Bachman en un ecosistema de pinos de hoja larga: supervivencia, movimientos y selecci on de h abitat La ecolog ıa de los volantones permanece poco estudiada para muchas especies de paseriformes, sin embargo, la informaci on sobre la etapa volantona de la vida es fundamental para comprender los ciclos de vida anuales completos y el reclutamiento de la poblaci on. Examinamos la supervivencia, la selecci on del h abitat y los movimientos del Chingolo de Bachman (Peucaea aestivalis) en una comunidad de pino hoja larga-pasto alambre (Pinus palustris Aristida stricta) manejada con frecuentes incendios controlados. Capturamos y marcamos 36 volantones el d ıa del abandono del nido y utilizamos radiotelemetr ıa para reubicarlos diariamente hasta la independencia durante tres temporadas de cr ıa (2014–2016). Confirmamos visualmente el estado de los volantones como vivos o muertos durante las reubicaciones diarias y determinamos las causas de mortalidad. Medimos las caracter ısticas de la vegetaci on en las ubicaciones de los volantones y las comparamos con las caracter ısticas de la vegetaci on en las ubicaciones de los machos adultos. Usamos un an alisis de Destinos Conocidos en el Programa MARK para estimar la supervivencia de los volantones, y modelos lineales generalizados de efectos mixtos para determinar la selecci on del h abitat. La supervivencia estimada de los volantones hasta la independencia fue de 0.31 (EE = 0.08), con la mayor mortalidad durante los primeros cuatro d ıas despu es del abandono del nido. Los polluelos con cuerdas alares m as larga ten ıan tasas m as altas de supervivencia que aquellos con cuerdas alarer alas m as cortas, posiblemente debido a una mayor capacidad para evadir a los depredadores. Los movimientos de volantones se restringieron principalmente a los territorios natales. Los volantones de Chingolo de Bachman se ubicaron en areas con mayor cobertura de plantas le~ nosas, hierbas y pastos y menos terreno desnudo que el disponible en los territorios natales. Al igual que los polluelos de otras aves cantoras, las plantas le~ nosas y herb aceas del sotobosque parecen proporcionar una cobertura cr ıtica para los volantones de Chingolo de Bachman, y el mantenimiento de dicha cobertura deber ıa ser considerado en los planes de gesti on para las comunidades de pinos de hoja larga.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY}, author={Fish, Alexander C. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Schillaci, Jessica M. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={354–366} }
 @article{drake_peterson_griffith_olfenbuttel_deperno_moorman_2020, title={How Urban Identity, Affect, and Knowledge Predict Perceptions About Coyotes and Their Management}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1753-0377"]}, DOI={10.1080/08927936.2020.1694302}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Globally, the number of humans and wildlife species sharing urban spaces continues to grow. As these populations grow, so too does the frequency of human–wildlife interactions in urban areas. Carnivores in particular pose urban wildlife conservation challenges owing to the strong emotions they elicit and the potential threats they can present to humans. These challenges can be better addressed with an understanding of the different factors that influence public perceptions of carnivores and their management. We conducted mail surveys in four cities in North Carolina (n =721) to explore how (a) city of residence, (b) affectual connections to coyotes (Canis latrans), and (c) biological knowledge predicted perceptions of the danger posed by coyotes, the support for wild coyotes living nearby, and the support for lethal coyote removal methods. Our results provide the first assessment of how public perceptions of carnivores and their management vary between cities of different types. Residents from a tourism-driven city were more supportive of coyotes than residents from an industrial city and less concerned about risk than residents from a commercial city. We found affectual connection to coyotes and city of residence were consistent predictors of coyote perceptions. Respondents’ knowledge of coyote biology was not a significant predictor of any perceptions of coyotes despite the relatively high statistical power of the tests. Affectual connection to coyotes had the greatest effect on predicting coyote perceptions, suggesting efforts to promote positive emotional connections to wildlife may be a better way to increase acceptance of carnivores in urban areas than focusing on biological knowledge.}, number={1}, journal={ANTHROZOOS}, author={Drake, Michael D. and Peterson, M. Nils and Griffith, Emily H. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Cristopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={5–19} }
 @article{sanders_olfenbuttel_pacifici_hess_livingston_deperno_2020, title={LEPTOSPIRA, PARVOVIRUS, AND TOXOPLASMA IN THE NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS) IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2019-05-129}, abstractNote={Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina, US, and was once extirpated from the central and western portions of the state. Over time and after a successful reintroduction project, otters are now abundant and occur throughout North Carolina. However, there is a concern that diseases may have an impact on the otter population, as well as on other aquatic mammals, either through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals such as domestic cats (Felis catus), or less robust condition of individuals through declines in water quality. We tested brain and kidney tissue from harvested otters for the pathogens that cause leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and are maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it does affect pets, causing mild to fatal symptoms. Across the 2014–15 and 2015–16 trapping seasons, we tested 220 otters (76 females, 144 males) using real-time PCR for Leptospira interrogans, parvovirus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Of the otters tested, 1% (3/220) were positive for L. interrogans, 19% (41/220) were positive for parvovirus, and 24% (53/220) were positive for T. gondii. Although the pathogens for parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. However, subsequent research should examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species and the sublethal effects of infection.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Livingston, Robert S. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={791–802} }
 @article{spong_gould_sahlén_cromsigt_kindberg_deperno_2020, title={Large-scale spatial variation of chronic stress signals in moose}, volume={15}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225990}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0225990}, abstractNote={The physiological effects of short-term stress responses typically lead to increased individual survival as it prepares the body for fight or flight through catabolic reactions in the body. These physiological effects trade off against growth, immunocompetence, reproduction, and even long-term survival. Chronic stress may thus reduce individual and population performance, with direct implications for the management and conservation of wildlife populations. Yet, relatively little is known about how chronic stress levels vary across wild populations and factors contributing to increased chronic stress levels. One method to measure long-term stress in mammals is to quantify slowly incorporated stress hormone (cortisol) in hair, which most likely reflect a long-term average of the stress responses. In this study, we sampled 237 harvested moose Alces alces across Sweden to determine the relative effect of landscape variables and disturbances on moose hair cortisol levels. We used linear model combinations and Akaike’s Information Criterion (corrected for small sample sizes), and included variables related to human disturbance, ungulate competition, large carnivore density, and ambient temperature to estimate the covariates that best explained the variance in stress levels in moose. The most important variables explaining the variation in hair cortisol levels in moose were the long-term average temperature sum in the area moose lived and the distance to occupied wolf territory; higher hair cortisol levels were detected where temperatures were higher and closer to occupied wolf territories, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Spong, Göran and Gould, Nicholas P. and Sahlén, Ellinor and Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M. and Kindberg, Jonas and DePerno, Christopher S.}, editor={Serrano, EmmanuelEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={e0225990} }
 @article{parsons_niedermeyer_gould_brown_strules_parsons_bernardo mesa‐cruz_kelly_hooker_chamberlain_et al._2020, title={Listeria monocytogenes
            at the human–wildlife interface: black bears (
            Ursus americanus
            ) as potential vehicles for
            Listeria}, volume={13}, ISBN={1751-7915}, ISSN={1751-7915 1751-7915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13509}, DOI={10.1111/1751-7915.13509}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={Microbial Biotechnology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Parsons, Cameron and Niedermeyer, Jeff and Gould, Nicholas and Brown, Phillip and Strules, Jennifer and Parsons, Arielle W. and Bernardo Mesa‐Cruz, J. and Kelly, Marcella J. and Hooker, Michael J. and Chamberlain, Michael J. and et al.}, editor={Brown, PhillipEditor}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={706–721} }
 @article{sanders_pacifici_hess_olfenbuttel_deperno_2020, title={Metal contamination of river otters in North Carolina}, volume={192}, ISBN={1573-2959}, ISSN={0167-6369 1573-2959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8106-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10661-020-8106-8}, abstractNote={Aquatic apex predators are vulnerable to environmental contaminants due to biomagnification. North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations should be closely monitored across their range due to point and nonpoint pollution sources. Nonetheless, no information exists on environmental contaminants in the North Carolina otter population. Metals and metalloids occur naturally across the landscape, are essential for cellular function, and become toxic when concentrated unnaturally. We conducted our study across the three Furbearer Management Units (FMU) and 14 river basins of North Carolina. We determined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and zinc in liver and kidney samples from 317 otters harvested from 2009 to 2016. Arsenic, lead, and thallium samples were tested at levels below the limit of detection. With the exception of cadmium, we detected all other elements at higher levels in the liver compared with the kidney. Specifically, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, and zinc levels differed by tissue type analyzed. Most element concentrations remained stable or increased with otter age. We detected higher levels of mercury and selenium in the Lower Pee Dee and Cape Fear river basins. River basins within the Mountain FMU were higher in cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, whereas the Coastal Plain FMU was lower in cobalt and manganese. None of the elements occurred at toxic levels. Our research establishes baseline concentration levels for North Carolina, which will benefit future monitoring efforts and provide insight into future changes in the otter population.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kroeger_deperno_harper_rosche_moorman_2020, title={Northern Bobwhite Non‐Breeding Habitat Selection in a Longleaf Pine Woodland}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21925}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21925}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kroeger, Anthony J. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Harper, Craig A. and Rosche, Sarah B. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={1348–1360} }
 @article{hannon_moorman_schultz_gray_deperno_2020, title={Predictors of fire-tolerant oak and fire-sensitive hardwood distribution in a fire-maintained longleaf pine ecosystem}, volume={477}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118468}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118468}, abstractNote={The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem has been reduced to a fraction of its original extent, and where this ecosystem does occur, it is often degraded by hardwood encroachment. The reduction of hardwood tree cover is often a desirable longleaf pine community restoration outcome, though hardwood midstory and overstory trees have been recognized as an important natural component of the communities. Moreover, the appropriate amount of hardwood tree cover in a restored longleaf pine community is debated, as more hardwood tree cover can benefit mixed forest and mast-dependent wildlife (e.g., fox squirrels [Sciurus niger], white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]), and less hardwood tree cover is critical to the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis). To inform the debate, we assessed the environmental (e.g., topography, edaphic conditions, and pine basal area) and management (e.g., distance to firebreaks, prescribed fire history) factors that influenced abundance of upland hardwood trees in xeric longleaf pine communities on a site where frequent growing-season fire has been ongoing since 1991. We counted upland hardwoods ≥5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) at 307 random field plots (0.04 ha) and categorized all hardwood trees as belonging to either a guild of fire-tolerant oaks or a guild of fire-sensitive hardwood species. We used generalized linear models (GLM) to determine the most important predictors of abundance for both guilds. The predictors of abundance differed between the two guilds, with fire-tolerant oak abundance increasing with greater slope and proximity to ignition sources and decreasing with greater pine basal area. Fire-sensitive hardwood abundance increased with mesic site conditions and decreased with the number of growing-season fires and greater pine basal area. Although seasonality in fire history was an important predictor of fire-sensitive hardwood abundance, variables related to long-term fire-history were not important predictors of fire-tolerant oak abundance in longleaf pine communities. However, with limited variation in fire return interval across the study area, our ability to draw inferences regarding the role of fire return interval was limited. Where hardwood encroachment is not a problem, and hardwood levels are below desired, balanced target levels, hardwood abundance in longleaf pine communities can be increased by reducing pine basal area and reducing prescribed fire intensity.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hannon, Daniel R. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Schultz, Alan D. and Gray, Josh M. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={118468} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_higdon_deperno_moorman_2020, title={Raccoon Vigilance and Activity Patterns When Sympatric with Coyotes}, volume={12}, ISSN={1424-2818}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12090341}, DOI={10.3390/d12090341}, abstractNote={Nonconsumptive effects of predators potentially have negative fitness consequences on prey species through changes in prey behavior. Coyotes (Canis latrans) recently expanded into the eastern United States, and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are a common mesocarnivore that potentially serve as competitors and food for coyotes. We used camera traps at baited sites to quantify vigilance behavior of feeding raccoons and used binomial logistic regression to analyze the effects of social and environmental factors. Additionally, we created raccoon and coyote activity patterns from the camera trap data by fitting density functions based on circular statistics and calculating the coefficient of overlap (Δ). Overall, raccoons were vigilant 46% of the time while foraging at baited sites. Raccoons were more vigilant during full moon and diurnal hours but less vigilant as group size increased and when other species were present. Raccoons and coyotes demonstrated nocturnal activity patterns, with coyotes more likely to be active during daylight hours. Overall, raccoons did not appear to exhibit high levels of vigilance. Activity pattern results provided further evidence that raccoons do not appear to fear coyotes, as both species were active at the same time and showed a high degree of overlap (Δ = 0.75) with little evidence of temporal segregation in activity. Thus, our study indicates that nonconsumptive effects of coyotes on raccoons are unlikely, which calls into question the ability of coyotes to initiate strong trophic cascades through some mesocarnivores.}, number={9}, journal={Diversity}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Higdon, Summer D. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={341} }
 @article{michel_strickland_demarais_belant_kautz_duquette_beyer_chamberlain_miller_shuman_et al._2020, title={Relative reproductive phenology and synchrony affect neonate survival in a nonprecocial ungulate}, volume={34}, ISSN={0269-8463 1365-2435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13680}, DOI={10.1111/1365-2435.13680}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={Functional Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Michel, Eric S. and Strickland, Bronson K. and Demarais, Stephen and Belant, Jerrold L. and Kautz, Todd M. and Duquette, Jared F. and Beyer, Dean E., Jr and Chamberlain, Michael J. and Miller, Karl V. and Shuman, Rebecca M. and et al.}, editor={Crocker, DanielEditor}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={2536–2547} }
 @book{gould_deperno_2020, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2020} }
 @article{kroeger_moorman_lashley_chitwood_harper_deperno_2020, title={White-tailed deer use of overstory hardwoods in longleaf pine woodlands}, volume={464}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118046}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118046}, abstractNote={Restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem is a conservation priority throughout the southeastern United States, but the role of hardwoods in providing food and cover for wildlife within this system is poorly understood. We investigated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) movement and habitat selection relative to overstory hardwood distribution in a longleaf pine ecosystem at Fort Bragg Military Installation in the Sandhills physiographic region of North Carolina from March 2011–July 2013. We monitored GPS-collared female white-tailed deer and used generalized linear mixed models and step-selection functions to determine the influence of overstory composition and understory cover on seasonal white-tailed deer habitat selection. During fall and winter, deer selection increased with increasing upland hardwood overstory until reaching an upper threshold (12% and 7%; respectively) where increasing cover of upland hardwoods no longer increased selection. Also, in the fall and winter, deer selected areas with greater bottomland hardwood overstory until an upper threshold of 33% bottomland hardwood overstory was reached. In the spring, deer selected areas with <22% upland hardwood overstory. The effect size of understory cover, defined as lidar-classified vegetation with height <2 m, was larger than any other variable, regardless of season, and deer consistently selected areas with 20–75% understory cover. When managing longleaf pine woodlands for white-tailed deer, our results indicate maintaining a well-developed woody understory with 20–50% canopy closure is important, ideally with mature upland hardwood overstory cover between 4 and 12% to ensure mast production in fall and winter.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kroeger, Anthony J. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Harper, Craig A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={118046} }
 @inbook{deperno_2019, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2020 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Jennings, K. and Yelverton, F. and Vann, M. and Shew, B. and Burrack, H.J. and Cahoon, C. and DePerno, C. and Melton, T.A. and Burnette, J.W., Jr.Editors}, year={2019}, pages={445–456} }
 @book{cherrix_deperno_2019, place={Boston}, series={Scientists in the Field Series}, title={Backyard Bears: Conservation, Habitat Changes, and the Rise of Urban Wildlife}, publisher={Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}, author={Cherrix, A. and DePerno, C.}, year={2019}, collection={Scientists in the Field Series} }
 @article{westmoreland_stoskopf_sheppard_deperno_gould_olfenbuttel_maggi_2019, title={Detection and Prevalence of Babesia spp. in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) from Eastern and Western North Carolina, USA}, volume={55}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2018-06-164}, DOI={10.7589/2018-06-164}, abstractNote={Blood samples collected from American black bears ( Ursus americanus) in eastern and western North Carolina, US, were analyzed for piroplasms. Piroplasmids were detected in 17% (23/132) of the animals surveyed. We detected a Babesia spp. previously identified in North American raccoons ( Procyon lotor) and a maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus); prevalence was 22% (14/64) and 13% (9/68) in the mountain and coastal black bear populations, respectively. The presence of the same Babesia species in black bears, raccoons, and a maned wolf suggests piroplasms may not be host specific.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S. H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Sheppard, Erica and DePerno, Christopher S. and Gould, Nicholas P. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Maggi, Ricardo G.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={678} }
 @article{bragina_kays_hody_moorman_deperno_mills_2019, title={Effects on white‐tailed deer following eastern coyote colonization}, volume={83}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.21651}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21651}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bragina, Eugenia V. and Kays, Roland and Hody, Allison and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Mills, L. Scott}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={916–924} }
 @article{jacques_klaver_swearingen_davis_anderson_jenks_deperno_bluett_2019, title={Estimating density and detection of bobcats in fragmented midwestern landscapes using spatial capture-recapture data from camera traps}, volume={43}, ISSN={["2328-5540"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.968}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Jacques, Christopher N. and Klaver, Robert W. and Swearingen, Tim C. and Davis, Edward D. and Anderson, Charles R. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Bluett, Robert D.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={256–264} }
 @article{drake_peterson_griffith_olfenbuttel_moorman_deperno_2019, title={Hunting interacts with socio-demographic predictors of human perceptions of urban coyotes}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.993}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Drake, Michael D. and Peterson, M. Nils and Griffith, Emily H. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={447–454} }
 @article{fish_moorman_schillaci_deperno_2019, title={Influence of military training on breeding ecology of Bachman's sparrow}, volume={83}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21579}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21579}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fish, Alexander C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Schillaci, Jessica M. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={72–79} }
 @article{sasmal_gould_schuler_chang_thachil_strules_olfenbuttel_datta_deperno_2019, title={LEPTOSPIROSIS IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA, USA}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2017-10-263}, abstractNote={Abstract: American black bear (Ursus americanus) populations in North Carolina, US have recovered significantly in recent decades and now occupy much of western North Carolina, including urbansuburban areas. We used the black bear as a potential sentinel for leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spp., which is maintained by domestic and wild mammals. We determined whether Leptospira spp. were present across a gradient of housing densities in the urban and suburban black bear population in and around Asheville, North Carolina using serologic and molecular surveys. We collected blood from captured black bears (n=94) and kidneys and bladders from carcasses (n=19). We tested a total of 96 (47 females, 47 males, and 2 unknown) serum samples by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and had positive results (titer .1:100) for L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa (L. Grippotyphosa) in 4 females (8%) and 5 males (10%). No other serovars showed elevated titers in MAT. We tested a total of 125 samples using PCR (n=96 serum, n=20 kidney, and n=9 bladders) and obtained positive results from one serum (1%), one kidney (5%), and one bladder (11%). The presence of Leptospira spp. in black bears occupying an urban and suburban landscape may indicate a more extensive occurrence of the bacteria among animals in the study region because black bears are the top carnivore in that ecosystem. Potential threats of widespread contamination during natural events such as flood or drought must be considered.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sasmal, Indrani and Gould, Nicholas P. and Schuler, Krysten L. and Chang, Yung-Fu and Thachil, Anil and Strules, Jennifer and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Datta, Shubham and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={74–83} }
 @article{rosche_moorman_deperno_2019, title={Less is more: The importance of low tree density for Northern bobwhite}, number={2019 Spring Fishing & Boating Guide}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Rosche, S. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2019}, pages={62–63} }
 @article{rosche_moorman_pacifici_jones_deperno_2019, title={Northern bobwhite breeding season habitat selection in fire‐maintained pine woodland}, volume={83}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21683}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21683}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rosche, Sarah B. and Moorman, ChristopheR E. and Pacifici, Krishna and Jones, Jeffrey G. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={1226–1236} }
 @article{stevenson_lashley_chitwood_garabedian_swingen_deperno_moorman_2019, title={Resource selection by coyotes (Canis latrans) in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem: effects of anthropogenic fires and landscape features}, volume={97}, ISSN={0008-4301 1480-3283}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0150}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2018-0150}, abstractNote={ Prescribed fire is used to restore and maintain fire-dependent forest communities. Because fire affects food and cover resources, fire-mediated resource selection has been documented for many wildlife species. The first step in understanding these interactions is to understand resource selection of the predators in a fire-maintained system. We attached GPS radio collars to 27 coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and examined resource selection relative to fire-maintained vegetation types, years since fire, anthropogenic features that facilitate prescribed burning, and other landscape features likely to affect coyote resource selection. Coyote home ranges were characterized by more open vegetation types and more recently burned forest (i.e., burned 0–1 year prior) than available on the study area. Within their home ranges, coyotes avoided areas close to densely vegetated drainages and paved roads. Coyote selection of more recently burned forest likely was in response to greater prey density or increased ability to detect prey soon after vegetation cover was reduced by fires; similarly, coyotes likely avoided drainages due to decreased hunting efficiency. Coyote resource selection was linked to prescribed fire, suggesting the interaction between fire and coyotes may influence ecosystem function in fire-dependent forests. }, number={2}, journal={Canadian Journal of Zoology}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Stevenson, E.R. and Lashley, M.A. and Chitwood, M.C. and Garabedian, J.E. and Swingen, M.B. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={165–171} }
 @article{sasmal_moorman_swingen_datta_deperno_2019, title={Seasonal space use of transient and resident coyotes (Canis latrans) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1480-3283"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjz-2018-0209}, abstractNote={ Coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823) is a recent immigrant into eastern United States and little is known about the species’ space use and movement in the region. We compared space use and movement of radio-collared coyotes among biological seasons. We captured and collared 30 coyotes from February through May 2011 and collected 85 386 GPS locations through October 2012 at Fort Bragg Military Installation. We defined four biological seasons according to coyote life history: breeding (December–February), gestation (March–May), pup-rearing (June–August), and dispersal (September–November). Out of 27 radio-collared individuals, we identified 10 as transient and 11 as resident based on home-range size and variability across seasons; 6 switched their status and were classified as intermediate. We observed low variability of core-area size across seasons for resident males and females, whereas we documented high variability for transient males. Movement rate of resident coyotes during spring (449.75 m/h) was greater than summer (295.33 m/h), whereas movement rates did not differ between any other seasons. For transient coyotes, movement rate during summer (283 m/h) was less than fall (374.73 m/h), spring (479.85 m/h), and winter (488.5 m/h). Some coyotes adjusted their residency status seasonally and other individuals dispersed large distances (>200 km). }, number={4}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY}, author={Sasmal, Indrani and Moorman, Christopher E. and Swingen, Morgan B. and Datta, Shubham and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={326–331} }
 @article{willis_schnake_wetzstein_yow_guinto_ulrich_deperno_lashley_2019, title={Seed depredation negates the benefits of midstory hardwood removal on longleaf pine seedling establishment}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1526-100X"]}, DOI={10.1111/rec.12951}, abstractNote={Midstory hardwoods are traditionally removed to restore longleaf pine on fire‐excluded savannas. However, recent evidence demonstrating midstory hardwood facilitation on longleaf pine seedling survival has brought this practice into question on xeric sites. Also, midstory hardwoods could facilitate longleaf pine seedling establishment, as hardwood litter may conceal seeds from seed predators or improve micro‐environmental conditions for seedling establishment. However, little is known about these potential mechanisms. In this study, we tracked longleaf pine seed depredation and germination in artificially seeded plots (11 seeds/m2) in a factorial design fully crossing hardwood retention or removal with vertebrate seed predator access or exclusion in the Sandhills Ecoregion of North Carolina, U.S.A. Seed depredation averaged 78% across treatments and was greatest in unexcluded plots. Hardwood retention did not affect seed depredation. Longleaf pine averaged 3.6 germinants/4 m2 across treatments, and was six times more abundant where vertebrates had been excluded. Hardwood removal had a strong positive effect on seedling germination, likely due to the removal of litter, but only when vertebrates were excluded. Our results indicated midstory hardwoods are not facilitating longleaf pine seedling establishment. Nevertheless, our results indicated that hardwood removal may not increase longleaf pine seedling establishment, as seed depredation diminished the effectiveness of hardwood removal under mast seed availability. Collectively, these results demonstrate the underlying complexity of the longleaf pine ecosystem, and suggest that planting may need to be part of the restoration strategy on sites where seed depredation limits longleaf pine natural regeneration.}, number={5}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Willis, John L. and Schnake, David K. and Wetzstein, Branson and Yow, Justin and Guinto, Daniel and Ulrich, Stacy and DePerno, Christopher S. and Lashley, Marcus A.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={1064–1072} }
 @book{guinto_deperno_hall_2019, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Snakes}, institution={North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension}, author={Guinto, D. and DePerno, C.S. and Hall, J.G.}, year={2019} }
 @book{sanders_deperno_olfenbuttel_2019, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The age structure, diet, health, and reproductive habits of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis in North Carolina}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Sanders, C.W., III and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2019} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2019, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2019} }
 @article{bragina_kays_hody_moorman_deperno_mills_2019, title={White‐tailed deer and coyote colonization: a response to Kilgo et al. (2019)}, volume={83}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21766}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21766}, abstractNote={We stand by our conclusion that there have not been large‐scale declines in white‐tailed deer populations following coyote colonization of the eastern United States. However, we agree that coyote predation can affect deer populations locally and therefore and should be considered in deer harvest planning in the region.}, number={8}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bragina, Eugenia V. and Kays, Roland and Hody, Allison and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Mills, L. Scott}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={1641–1643} }
 @inbook{deperno_2018, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2019 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Yelverton, F. and Whipker, B. and Shew, B. and Burrack, H.J. and Vann, M. and DePerno, C.S. and Martin, M. and Roberson, G.T. and Melton, T.A. and Burnette, J.W., JrEditors}, year={2018}, pages={447–458} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2018, title={Correction to: Setting an evolutionary trap: could the hider strategy be maladaptive for white-tailed deer?}, volume={36}, ISSN={0289-0771 1439-5444}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10164-017-0536-6}, DOI={10.1007/S10164-017-0536-6}, abstractNote={The article, “Setting an evolutionary trap: could the hider strategy be maladaptive for white-tailed deer?”, written by M. Colter Chitwood, Marcus A. Lashley, Christopher E. Moorman and Christopher S. DePerno, was originally published Online First without open access.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Ethology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={215–215} }
 @article{sasmal_kilburg_deperno_chitwood_lashley_collier_moorman_2018, title={Eastern Wild Turkey Roost-site Selection in a Fire-maintained Longleaf Pine Ecosystem}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.017.0301}, abstractNote={Abstract Night-time roosting in Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) is a quotidian activity that minimizes vulnerability to predators and weather. Roost-site selection in managed Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) communities is poorly documented. We assessed roost-site selection by comparing use and availability of vegetation types at the individual female Wild Turkey home-range level. We monitored 14 Wild Turkeys from February 2011 to June 2012. The Wild Turkeys did not use vegetation types within the estimated home ranges for roosting in proportion to availability (χ2 = 601.696, P < 0.001). Female Wild Turkeys roosted in the upland Longleaf Pine in proportion to availability, selected for lowland hardwood, and avoided upland hardwood patches. We documented that roost-site availability is not likely a limiting factor in managed Longleaf Pine forests.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Sasmal, Indrani and Kilburg, Eric L. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Collier, Bret A. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={371–380} }
 @article{lashley_cove_chitwood_penido_gardner_deperno_moorman_2018, title={Estimating wildlife activity curves: comparison of methods and sample size}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/S41598-018-22638-6}, DOI={10.1038/S41598-018-22638-6}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Cove, Michael V. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Penido, Gabriel and Gardner, Beth and DePerno, Chris S. and Moorman, Chris E.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{burke_peterson_sawyer_moorman_serenari_meentemeyer_deperno_2018, title={Predicting private landowner hunting access decisions and hunter density}, volume={24}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2018.1545147}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2018.1545147}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Urbanization and shifting landowner demographics are changing how and where hunting occurs. We surveyed nonindustrial private landowners (N = 1,843) in North Carolina, USA to examine how demographics and land-use predict whether hunting occurred and hunter density. The optimal logistic regression model correctly predicted whether hunting occurred on 96% of properties. Larger properties, male property ownership, longer ownership tenure, income generation from a property, and landowners originating from rural environments were positively related to whether a property was hunted. Properties with older landowners and properties surrounded by greater housing and road density were less likely to be hunted. Hunter density declined with property size, longer ownership tenure, and the presence of a landowner or family member(s) hunting the property. In the future, increases in hunter density on small properties may facilitate wildlife management through hunting as landscapes become more urbanized.}, number={2}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burke, Conner R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Sawyer, David T. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Serenari, Christopher and Meentemeyer, Ross K. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={99–115} }
 @article{fish_moorman_deperno_schillaci_hess_2018, title={Predictors of Bachman's Sparrow Occupancy at its Northern Range Limit}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.017.0108}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Peucaea aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow), a songbird endemic to the southeastern US, has experienced long-term population declines and a northern range-boundary retraction. Habitat loss and degradation, largely related to fire suppression, are believed to be the major causes of population declines, but these relationships are less studied at the northern range-extent. Hence, we investigated habitat selection of Bachman's Sparrow on Fort Bragg Military Installation, where vegetation is characterized by extensive fire-maintained Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) uplands. We surveyed breeding male sparrows using repeat-visit point-counts. We visited 182 points 3 times from April to July during the 2014 and 2015 breeding seasons. We measured vegetation and distance to other habitat features (e.g., wildlife openings, streams) at each point. We recorded presence or absence of Bachman's Sparrows and fit encounter histories into a single-season occupancy model in program Unmarked, including a year effect on detection. Occupancy probability was 0.52 and increased with greater grass-cover and at intermediate distances from wildlife openings, and decreased with years-since-fire and with greater shrub height. Predictors of Bachman's Sparrow occupancy were similar to those reported for other portions of the range, supporting the importance of frequent prescribed fire to maintain herbaceous groundcover used by birds for nesting and foraging. However, our study indicated that other habitat features (e.g., canopy openings) provided critical cover within extensive upland Longleaf Pine-Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) forest.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Fish, Alexander C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Schillaci, Jessica M. and Hess, George R.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={104–116} }
 @article{boggs_deperno_flowers_2018, title={Range Expansion of Fascioloides magna in North Carolina}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.017.0218}, abstractNote={Abstract In North Carolina, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) are the definitive natural hosts of Fascioloides magna (Giant Liver Fluke). Previous research identified the enzootic range of Giant Liver Fluke in North Carolina to be within the Tar River and Roanoke River Basins in Halifax and neighboring counties. Recent Giant Liver Fluke infections of Ovis aries (Domestic Sheep), Capra hircus (Domestic Goat), Lama glama (Llama), Vicugna pacos (Alpaca), and Bos taurus (Cattle) outside the historic enzootic range prompted us to investigate the current range of Giant Liver Fluke in North Carolina. From September 2014 to January 2015, we examined livers from hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer within 16 North Carolina counties. We detected Giant Liver Fluke in livers from 5 counties, with an overall prevalence of 10.3%. Besides reporting the first Giant Liver Fluke infections of livestock in North Carolina, we documented new geographic localities (Cabarrus, Franklin, Mecklenburg, Union, Wake, and Washington counties) for Giant Liver Fluke. An increased impact on North Carolina livestock is likely with the possible range expansion of Giant Liver Fluke, which may be related to the increase in populations of White-tailed Deer.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Boggs, April D. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Flowers, James R.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={365–370} }
 @article{rosche_moorman_deperno_2018, title={The risk of being burned: Investigating spring and summer prescribed fire impacts on northern bobwhite nesting ecology}, number={Spring 2018}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Rosche, S. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2018}, pages={52–53} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2018, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2018}, month={Jul} }
 @book{strules_gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2018, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Summary report of movements and den site locations of black bears on the Piney Mountain Property}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for RiverLink Organization}, author={Strules, J. and Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2018} }
 @inbook{deperno_moorman_bradley_moore_2018, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Wildlife}, booktitle={Extension Gardener Handbook}, publisher={NC Cooperative Extension, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Bradley, L. and Moore, K.}, year={2018} }
 @article{mcalister_deperno_fuller_howell_moorman_2017, title={A Comparison of Field Methods to Estimate Canada Goose Abundance}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.827}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={McAlister, Mark A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Fuller, Joseph C. and Howell, Douglas L. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={685–690} }
 @inbook{deperno_2017, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2018 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Watson, W. and Whipker, B. and Shew, B. and Burrack, H.J. and Yelverton, F. and Vann, M. and DePerno, C.S. and Martin, M. and Roberson, G.T. and Melton, T.A. and et al.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={438–448} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_kilgo_cherry_conner_vukovich_ray_ruth_warren_deperno_et al._2017, title={Are camera surveys useful for assessing recruitment in white-tailed deer?}, volume={2017}, ISSN={0909-6396 1903-220X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00178}, DOI={10.2981/wlb.00178}, abstractNote={Camera surveys commonly are used by managers and hunters to estimate white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus density and demographic rates. Though studies have documented biases and inaccuracies in the camera survey methodology, camera traps remain popular due to ease of use, cost‐effectiveness, and ability to survey large areas. Because recruitment is a key parameter in ungulate population dynamics, there is a growing need to test the effectiveness of camera surveys for assessing fawn recruitment. At Savannah River Site, South Carolina, we used six years of camera‐based recruitment estimates (i.e. fawn:doe ratio) to predict concurrently collected annual radiotag‐based survival estimates. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.445, indicating some support for the viability of cameras to reflect recruitment. We added two years of data from Fort Bragg Military Installation, North Carolina, which improved R2 to 0.621 without accounting for site‐specific variability. Also, we evaluated the correlation between year‐to‐year changes in recruitment and survival using the Savannah River Site data; R2 was 0.758, suggesting that camera‐based recruitment could be useful as an indicator of the trend in survival. Because so few researchers concurrently estimate survival and camera‐based recruitment, examining this relationship at larger spatial scales while controlling for numerous confounding variables remains difficult. Future research should test the validity of our results from other areas with varying deer and camera densities, as site (e.g. presence of feral pigs Sus scrofa) and demographic (e.g. fawn age at time of camera survey) parameters may have a large influence on detectability. Until such biases are fully quantified, we urge researchers and managers to use caution when advocating the use of camera‐based recruitment estimates.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Biology}, publisher={Wildlife Biology}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Kilgo, John C. and Cherry, Michael J. and Conner, L. Mike and Vukovich, Mark and Ray, H. Scott and Ruth, Charles and Warren, Robert J. and DePerno, Christopher S. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={wlb.00178} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_deperno_moorman_2017, title={Considerations on neonatal ungulate capture method: potential for bias in survival estimation and cause-specific mortality}, volume={2017}, ISSN={0909-6396 1903-220X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00250}, DOI={10.2981/wlb.00250}, abstractNote={A recent study of Sitka black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis demonstrated that opportunistic fawn capture yielded left‐truncated data and ultimately resulted in overestimating fawn survival and spurious ecological model inference compared to neonates captured via vaginal implant transmitters (VITs). Given the ecological and economic value of ungulates worldwide and the importance of neonate survival to understanding population dynamics, the potential biases in survival estimates and causes of mortality caused by left‐truncation must be transparent. Herein, we used a VIT‐based dataset from white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus to examine potential problems with left‐truncated data. We manipulated our original VIT‐based dataset by randomly assigning age‐at‐capture to create three hypothetical opportunistic samples. We used the Kaplan—Meier estimator to quantify fawn survival to 16 weeks of age for the original and hypothetical datasets. Additionally, we compared the relative importance of mortality causes between the datasets. Survival for the original, VIT‐based dataset was 0.121 (SE = 0.043), while hypothetical datasets yielded overestimates (ranging from 0.191 to 0.234). The hypothetical opportunistic samples overestimated coyote predation as a source of mortality, while underestimating starvation. Because management actions rely on accurate estimates of survival and causes of mortality, we recommend that neonatal survival studies consider biases caused by capture method. For robust estimates of survival, VIT‐based samples appear to provide better estimates of survival, as opportunistic samples are biased high. We encourage future work to elucidate the potential for neonate capture technique to affect cause‐specific mortality.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Biology}, publisher={Wildlife Biology}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={wlb.00250} }
 @article{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2017, title={Data offers insights into the lives of Asheville’s bears}, volume={81}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife in North Carolina}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2017}, pages={34} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_deperno_moorman_2017, title={Frequent fires eliminate fleshy fruit production}, volume={405}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.034}, abstractNote={Frequent fire-return intervals (<3-yr) have been suggested to optimize the benefits of prescribed fire in many fire-dominated ecosystems. There are several potential ecological benefits to frequent fires, such as suppression of encroaching fire-intolerant plant species, increased reproductive allocations of native herbaceous plant species, and increased plant diversity at the stand level. However, recent literature has reported a decline in frugivorous wildlife species in frequently burned landscapes, raising concern for fire-regime effects on fruit production. Thus, an assessment of the effects fire frequency on fleshy fruit abundance is needed. In a replicated field experiment following 4 or more rotations of a 1-yr, 2-yr, and 3-yr fire-return interval, we measured fruit production each month of the growing season (i.e., May-September) in the critically threatened longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem – an ecosystem where frequent fire intervals commonly are recommended. Compared to the 3-yr fire-return interval, cumulative understory fruit production was 99% less following a 1-yr or 2-yr fire-return interval. In fact, all of the fruit detected in 1-yr and 2-yr treatments were detected in patches of vegetation unburned by the previous fire. Additionally, no fruits were detected on any transect in the midstory and overstory strata. These results suggest that applying fire on <3-yr fire-return intervals across large land areas could have negative effects on soft mast-dependent wildlife species. Moreover, without a mosaic in fire-spread, even a 3-yr fire return interval may eliminate midstory and overstory fleshy fruit production over time. We recommend fire managers incorporate multiple fire-return intervals and firing techniques to capture the ecological benefits of variability in frequency and spatial extents in fire.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={9–12} }
 @article{freake_deperno_2017, title={Importance of demographic surveys and public lands for the conservation of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis in southeast USA}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179153}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0179153}, abstractNote={Comparisons of recent and historic population demographic studies of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis have identified significant population declines and extirpations associated with habitat degradation, poor water quality and disease, leading to nomination as a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. However, populations in the southern Appalachian region of the range have received less attention despite relatively high levels of watershed protection due to the establishment of federally protected National Forest and National Park public lands. These watersheds likely represent some of the best remaining available habitat, yet the lack of published studies make assessment of population stability and viability very difficult. Our objectives were to (1) conduct a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) demographic study and a point transect survey on the Hiwassee River in Tennessee which is designated a National Scenic River, and is largely contained within the Cherokee National Forest, (2) quantify the size structure of the population, (3) compare abundance, survival and recruitment with historic and contemporary hellbender populations across the range, (4) assess the importance of this population and the significance of National Forest and National Park lands in the context of hellbender population conservation in the southeastern United States. We detected all age classes present, with larval hellbenders comprising 21.5% of captures. Using a combination of static life table and CMR methods, we determined that survival rates during the first year were low (~10%), but were high (68–94%) for taggable sized hellbenders. Density of hellbenders at the study site was very high (84 taggable sized hellbenders per 100m of river) compared to recent demographic studies conducted in other regions of the range. We detected hellbenders over ~28 km of river, with a mean density of 23 taggable sized hellbenders per 100m of river, and a total population estimate of 6440 taggable hellbenders. National Forest and National Park lands are likely to continue to play a particularly important role in providing suitable habitat for hellbenders in the southern Appalachians. In fact, only six of 21 known hellbender locations in Tennessee appear to show consistent larval recruitment, all of which are located within or adjacent to National Forest or National Park land.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Freake, Michael J. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, editor={Heneberg, PetrEditor}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={e0179153} }
 @article{sasmal_deperno_swingen_moorman_2017, title={Influence of Vegetation Type and Prescribed Fire on Peromyscus Abundance in a Longleaf Pine Ecosystem}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.740}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Sasmal, Indrani and DePerno, Christopher S. and Swingen, Morgan B. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={49–54} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_sherrill_sorenson_deperno_moorman_2017, title={Macroarthropod response to time-since-fire in the longleaf pine ecosystem}, volume={391}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.038}, abstractNote={Fire is an important disturbance worldwide, and literature supports the use of prescribed fire to restore and maintain fire-dependent ecosystems. However, fire could alter the abundance and persistence of some arthropods, in turn influencing vertebrate taxa that depend on those arthropods as a food source. We used replicated prescribed fire treatments to evaluate macroarthropod response to time-since-fire in the fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem. We sampled macroarthropod assemblages using vinyl gutter pitfall traps for 5 consecutive days in each month of the study (May-August 2014) in each replicate burn block. We identified macroarthropods to Order and dried and weighed the samples to determine biomass (g) of all taxa detected. We focused our analyses on 4 macroarthropod taxa important as food for wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Araneae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera. We used standard least squares regression to evaluate the effect of time-since-fire on total biomass of the 4 Orders (and we also evaluated those Orders independently). The analysis indicated that time-since-fire had no effect (p = 0.2616) on combined biomass of these 4 taxa. Analyzing the 4 Orders separately, biomass of Araneae (p = 0.0057) and Orthoptera (p = 0.0004) showed significant effects of time-since-fire, while Coleoptera (p = 0.9465) and Hymenoptera (p = 0.1175) did not. Parameter estimates (Araneae = 0.0084; SE = 0.0029; Orthoptera = 0.0137; SE = 0.0036) indicated that greater time-since-fire resulted in greater biomass for those 2 Orders. Overall, time-since-fire did not appear to have substantial effects on macroarthropod biomass. However, responses by Araneae and Orthoptera provided evidence that longer time-since-fire may result in greatest levels of biomass for some taxa. Our results indicate the use of frequent prescribed fire to restore and maintain longleaf forests is unlikely to pose risks to overall macroarthropod biomass, particularly if heterogeneity in fire frequency and spatial extent occurs on the landscape.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Sherrill, Brandon L. and Sorenson, Clyde and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={390–395} }
 @article{sederquist_deperno_2017, title={Morphological comparison between island populations of the hog island boa constrictor}, url={https://undergradresearch.dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2017/07/FINAL-INK-Journal-PDF-1.pdf}, number={Spring 2017}, journal={INK: The Undergraduate Research Journal at NC State University}, author={Sederquist, N. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2017}, pages={43–47} }
 @article{winiarski_fish_moorman_carpenter_deperno_schillaci_2017, title={Nest-site selection and nest survival of Bachman's Sparrows in two longleaf pine communities}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1938-5129"]}, DOI={10.1650/condor-16-220.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems of the southeastern United States have experienced high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation, coinciding with dramatic population declines of a variety of taxa that inhabit the system. The Bachman's Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), a species closely associated with fire-maintained longleaf pine communities, is listed as a species of conservation concern across its entire range. Bachman's Sparrow breeding biology may provide valuable insights into population declines and inform restoration and management of remnant longleaf pine forest, but the species' secretive nesting habits have received little attention. We located 132 Bachman's Sparrow nests in the Coastal Plain and Sandhills physiographic regions of North Carolina, USA, during 2014–2015, and modeled nest-site selection and nest survival as a function of vegetation characteristics, burn history, temporal factors, and landscape-level habitat amount. There were distinct differences in nest-site selection between regions, with Bachman's Sparrows in the Coastal Plain region selecting greater woody vegetation density and lower grass density at nest sites than at non-nest locations. In contrast, sparrows selected nest sites with intermediate grass density and higher tree basal area in the Sandhills region. Despite clear patterns of nest-site selection, we detected no predictors of nest survival in the Sandhills, and nest survival varied only with date in the Coastal Plain. Daily survival rates were similar between regions, and were consistent with published studies from the species' core range where declines are less severe. Overall, our results indicate that creating and maintaining community-specific vegetation characteristics through the application of frequent prescribed fire should increase the amount of nesting cover for Bachman's Sparrows.}, number={3}, journal={CONDOR}, author={Winiarski, Jason M. and Fish, Alexander C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Carpenter, John P. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Schillaci, Jessica M.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={361–374} }
 @article{palamar_correa_peterson_deperno_2017, title={Public Preference for Pet-Rabies Prophylaxis: Opportunities and Information Dissemination}, volume={2}, ISSN={2414-6366}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2030046}, DOI={10.3390/tropicalmed2030046}, abstractNote={Risky human behavior and high density of rabies vectors in urban environments combine to increase the risk of rabies. Pet vaccination, wildlife vector management, and public health education may be the most efficient ways to prevent urban rabies epidemics. Racial, ethnic, and socio-economic factors influence the use of low-cost rabies vaccination clinics, understanding rabies reporting requirements, and learning preferences. In collaboration with the City of Greensboro and Animal Control in Guilford County, NC, we conducted a survey of rabies prevention and transmission across socio-economic strata representing Latinos, African Americans, and Whites, and different income and education levels. Compliance with vaccination was low among Latinos; African Americans and Latinos were not aware of low-cost rabies vaccination clinics; and most respondents were willing to report rabid animals but did not know whom to call. White respondents preferred online information delivery, whereas Latinos and African Americans preferred postal mail. Communication targeting the public requires the consideration of different message decoding and interpretation based on the ethnicity, income, and educational level, and other barriers such as language. Differing message delivery methods may be required to achieve full dissemination.}, number={3}, journal={Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Palamar, Maria and Correa, Maria and Peterson, Nils and DePerno, Christopher}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={46} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_nanney_deperno_moorman_2017, title={Regenerating white pine (Pinus strobus) in the south: Seedling position is more important than herbivory protection}, volume={82}, DOI={10.2179/17-138}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  Seedling survival and growth in eastern white pines (Pinus strobus L.) might be limited by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing. However, most studies have occurred in areas central to the white pine range, making other factors such as seedling microenvironment unimportant. If microenvironment becomes a concern near the edge of the white pine range, then factors such as seedling placement in relation to forest openings could be important, especially given that deer herbivory tends to be most intense near forest edges. We evaluated the relative importance of deer browse and seedling position in openings on seedling survival and growth in central North Carolina at the southern edge of the white pine range. Further, we determined if bud caps and caging improved survival and growth. Seedlings ≤ 10 m from the edge survived at a greater proportion than those > 10 m from the edge (83% and 73%, respectively). Initial height was the most important predictor of survival (R2 = 0.55; p < 0.01). When controlling for initial seedling height, the location of the seedling (p < 0.01) within the opening was the only significant predictor of survival, despite the increase of browse near the edges of openings on unprotected seedlings. Caging and bud caps decreased seedling browse by 80% but had no effect on subsequent seedling survival (p = 0.28). A smaller proportion of seedlings with bud caps survived—an effect exacerbated by being internal to the opening. Our data indicate seedling microenvironment is an important consideration at the periphery of the white pine range.}, number={2}, journal={Castanea}, author={Lashley, M. A. and Chitwood, M. C. and Nanney, J. S. and DePerno, Chris and Moorman, C. E.}, year={2017}, pages={156–162} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2017, title={Setting an evolutionary trap: could the hider strategy be maladaptive for white-tailed deer?}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1439-5444"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10164-017-0514-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={251–257} }
 @article{biggerstaff_lashley_chitwood_moorman_deperno_2017, title={Sexual segregation of forage patch use: Support for the social-factors and predation hypotheses}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1872-8308"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.003}, abstractNote={Nearly all species of sexually dimorphic ungulates sexually segregate. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including the social-factors hypothesis (SFH) and the predation hypothesis (PH). Interestingly, previous studies have accepted and rejected each hypothesis within and across species but few studies have simultaneously tested both hypotheses in the same population. In August 2011 and 2012 using 7680 photographs taken with camera traps in standardized forage patches, we tested two predictions of the SFH: 1) foraging efficiency of both sexes would decrease when foraging rate in mixed-sex groups relative to single-sex groups, and 2) activity patterns (i.e., the pattern of temporal use of forage patches on a diel scale) of the sexes would decrease in temporal overlap at the forage patch level (i.e., social segregation) compared to the overall temporal overlap of activity patterns of the population. Also, we tested two predictions of the +PH : 1) the relationship between feeding rates of each sex, and 2) temporal activity overlap would change with changing risk level of forage patches as a result of differing risk perception between sexes. In support of the SFH for temporal segregation, when in mixed-sex groups, mature males and all females decreased feeding rate 30% and 10%, respectively; further, the sexes had similar activity patterns overall (94-95% overlap), though temporal overlap was lower in individual forage patches (68-74% overlap). In multi-male mixed sex groups, at least one male exhibited aggressive posture toward females during all foraging bouts suggesting intersex aggression was the cause of the observed decrease in foraging rates. In support of the PH , the sexes adjusted feeding rate differently in response to changing risk level of a forage patch, encouraging spatial segregation; however, the PH was not supported for temporal segregation because temporal activity pattern overlap did not vary as a function of predation risk. Coupling our results with previous reports indicates that the SFH is supported for only temporal segregation of forage patch use, and the PH may only be supported for spatial segregation in forage patch use. Thus, both social factors and predation risk may interact to encourage sexual segregation.}, journal={BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES}, author={Biggerstaff, Michael T. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={36–42} }
 @article{morina_lashley_chitwood_moorman_deperno_2017, title={Should We Use the Float Test to Quantify Acorn Viability?}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.826}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Morina, Daniel L. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={776–779} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2017, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2017} }
 @article{mcalister_moorman_meentemeyer_fuller_howell_deperno_2017, title={Using Landscape Characteristics to Predict Distribution of Temperate-Breeding Canada Geese}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.016.0201}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Accurate estimates of species' distributions are needed to ensure that conservation-planning efforts are directed at appropriate areas. Since the early 1980s, temperate-breeding populations of Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) have increased, yet reliable estimates of the species' distribution are lacking in many regions. Our objective was to identify the landcover features that best predicted Canada Goose distribution. In April 2015, we surveyed 300 one-km2 plots across North Carolina and observed 449 Canada Geese. We quantified percent coverage of 7 continuous landcover variables at 5 different spatial extents for each of the 300 plots. We fit logistic regression models using presence and absence at the 300 plots as the dependent variable and percent-cover covariates as independent variables. The best model for predicting Canada Goose presence included percent pasture within the 9 km2 surrounding the survey plot and percent open water within the 1-km2 survey plot. The probability of Canada Goose presence increased with increasing percent open water and percent pasture, albeit at different spatial extents, which provided important cover and food resources, respectively. Our approach using remote-sensing data to accurately predict Canada Goose presence across a large spatial extent can be employed to determine distributions for other easily surveyed, widely distributed species.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={McAlister, Mark A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Meentemeyer, Ross K. and Fuller, Joseph C. and Howell, Douglas L. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={127–139} }
 @article{rockhill_sollman_powell_deperno_2016, title={A Comparison of Survey Techniques for Medium- to Large-sized Mammals in Forested Wetlands}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.015.0112}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Monitoring mammals is becoming increasingly important as state and federal agencies develop wildlife action plans addressing increased urbanization and climatechange impacts on plant and animal populations. We designed and implemented surveys applicable to forested wetlands to assess detection rates, estimate species richness, compare species distributions, and assess relative cost versus success among techniques. The survey techniques implemented included opportunistic observations, predator calling, spotlighting, scent stations, camera survey, and foothold trapping. Opportunistic observations produced the highest species-richness estimate (14), and were the least expensive ($0) because they were conducted while implementing other survey techniques. Trapping was the most expensive technique with a cost of $61 per animal detected but provided age structure and population estimates through mark—recapture analysis. Camera survey was relatively expensive with a cost of $1865 for the entire study period but recorded the most detections (n = 673), which resulted in a low per detection cost ($3). Opportunistic observations and camera surveys documented 2 species not detected by any other method. Our results indicate that, although camera survey was a cost-effective way to detect mammals, richness and distribution estimates could be improved by incorporating a variety of monitoring techniques specific to forested wetlands.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Rockhill, Aimee P. and Sollman, Rahel and Powell, Roger A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={175–187} }
 @book{fish_moorman_deperno_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Breeding productive and density of Bachman’s sparrow (federal and state species of special concern) in different training regimes on Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Fish, A.C. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2016} }
 @book{kennedy-stoskopf_almond_deperno_gray_kedrowicz_stanek_woods_wright_2016, title={Brucella suis: A re-emerging pathogen at the human, livestock, and wildlife interface}, journal={AAVMC/APTR One Health Case Studies}, author={Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Almond, G. and DePerno, C. and Gray, G. and Kedrowicz, A. and Stanek, D. and Woods, C. and Wright, A.}, year={2016} }
 @book{bragina_moorman_deperno_mills_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Development of a wildlife habitat matrix to inform forest management at Fort Bragg}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Bragina, E. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S. and Mills, L.S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_street_moorman_deperno_2016, title={Do indirect bite count surveys accurately represent diet selection of white-tailed deer in a forested environment?}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1448-5494"]}, DOI={10.1071/wr15008}, abstractNote={


Context
Diet selection is studied in herbivores using three predominant methods: (1) microhistological surveys (identification of plants cell walls remaining in gut contents or faecal excretions); (2) direct bite counts (of tame animals); and (3) indirect bite counts (identifying herbivory on damaged plant tissues). Microhistological surveys and direct bite counts are accurate and provide the potential advantage of linking diet selection to particular individuals. Also, they allow diet selection to be measured in systems with sympatric herbivores more easily than indirect bite counts. However, they require expertise in cell wall structure identification or access to tame animals, and generally require greater expense than indirect bite counts. Conversely, indirect bite counts have the advantages of relatively low cost and time commitment for gathering data and do not require animal observation, but may not be accurate.

Aims
We tested for similarity between diet-selection estimates calculated by indirect bite counts and microhistological surveys.

Methods
We performed concurrent indirect bite count and faecal microhistological surveys on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC.

Key results
The indirect bite count survey assignment of selection was 48% similar to assignments derived from the microhistological survey, based on Jaccard’s similarity index. Out of 23 plant species determined to be selected by indirect bite counts, 15 of those species were selected according to microhistological surveys. According to the microhistological survey, eight of the selected plants made up 51% of the overall diet, and seven of those eight were selected according to the indirect bite counts.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that indirect bite counts may provide a relatively accurate index of the deer-selected plants most important in the white-tailed deer diet, but may be less appropriate to determine selection of plants that infrequently occur in their diet, plants that are typically consumed in entirety, or plants where herbivory damage is poorly identified.

Implications
Indirect bite counts are a relatively inexpensive and time-efficient tool that may be useful to determine plant species most important to white-tailed deer within a forested landscape, particularly if additional research can improve on associated inaccuracies.

}, number={3}, journal={WILDLIFE RESEARCH}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Street, Garrett M. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2016}, pages={254–260} }
 @book{levan_moorman_deperno_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Evaluation of priority game species use and propogation feasibility of high value Sandhills native wildlife species}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Levan, B.M. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2016} }
 @book{rosche_moorman_deperno_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Investigating Northern bobwhite population demographics and habitat selection in the longleaf-wiregrass ecosystem}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Rosche, S.B. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{sahlén_noell_deperno_kindberg_spong_cromsigt_2016, title={Phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore}, volume={6}, ISSN={2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1866}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.1866}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sahlén, Ellinor and Noell, Sonja and DePerno, Christopher S. and Kindberg, Jonas and Spong, Göran and Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={791–799} }
 @book{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Reducing burning impacts on native forage: I,plocations for terrestrial vertebrate nutrition and food availability}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Chitwood, C.M. and Lashley, M.A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{prince_chitwood_lashley_deperno_moorman_2016, title={Resource selection by southeastern fox squirrels in a fire-maintained forest system}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmammal/gyv210}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={Prince, Annemarie and Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={631–638} }
 @article{stevenson_chitwood_lashley_pollock_swingen_moorman_deperno_2016, title={Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Coyotes on a Large Military Installation}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.015.0307}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Canis latrans (Coyote) recently expanded into the southeastern United States, creating ecologically novel interactions with other species. However, relatively few studies have examined vital rates of southeastern Coyotes or estimated vital rates where individuals are protected from hunting and trapping. In 2011, we captured and attached GPS radiocollars to 31 Coyotes at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC, where Coyote harvest was restricted. We used a 12-month period (February 2011–January 2012) and known-fate modeling in Program MARK to estimate annual survival. Model-selection results indicated the time-varying model (S[t]) was the most parsimonious model, and. annual survival was 0.80 (95% CI = 0.60–0.91). We documented 7 mortalities, including 2 from vehicles, 2 from offsite trapping, and 3 from unknown causes. Estimated Coyote survival rates at Fort Bragg were similar to most other estimates from the southeastern US. Anthropogenic causes of mortality were important even though hunting and trapping were restricted locally.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Stevenson, Elizabeth R. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Swingen, Morgan B. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={459–466} }
 @article{turner_deperno_booth_vargo_conner_lancia_2016, title={The Mating System of White-Tailed Deer Under Quality Deer Management}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.1067}, abstractNote={Mating systems, which can reveal temporal and spatial plasticity within a given species, may influence inbreeding, effective population size, genetic diversity, reproductive fitness, and survival. Although observational research on white-tailed deer has indicated dominant males monopolize breeding opportunities, recent molecular studies suggest a more complex system. It is possible that population characteristics fostered under management strategies designed to balance the sex ratio and extend the male age structure, such as Quality Deer Management (QDM), influence the pre-breeding interactions that affect the distribution of mating success across age classes. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the white-tailed deer mating system under QDM through paternity analysis. Using 8 microsatellite loci and tissue samples harvested from hunter-killed deer at Chesapeake Farms in Chestertown, Maryland, we evaluated 731 deer. The ≥3.5 age class dominated mating at Chesapeake Farms, with 41% of paternity. However, together, the 1.5- and 2.5-year-old age classes accounted for more than half of paternity (59%). No evidence of polyandry was detected. Our results indicate the interaction between the sex ratio and age structure, fostered by strategies that balance the sex ratio and extend the male age structure, facilitate breeding by younger males. These results indicate management strategies that employ QDM practices with a goal of propagating the genes of dominant males may fall short, and the interplay among sex ratio, age structure, and dominance relationships may be the main influences of mating success. Managers should account for these findings when setting expectations for reproduction under restricted harvest. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Turner, Melissa M. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Booth, Warren and Vargo, Edward L. and Conner, Mark C. and Lancia, Richard A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={935–940} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2016, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2016} }
 @inbook{deperno_2015, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2016 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.Animal Damage Control}, editor={York, A. and Buhler, W.G. and Burrack, H. and Crozier, C. and DePerno, C. and Neal, J. and Roberson, G. and Vepraskas, M. and Melton, T. and Burnette, J.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={417–428} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_kilgo_pollock_moorman_deperno_2015, title={Do Biological and Bedsite Characteristics Influence Survival of Neonatal White-Tailed Deer?}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119070}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0119070}, abstractNote={Coyotes recently expanded into the eastern U.S. and potentially have caused localized white-tailed deer population declines. Research has focused on quantifying coyote predation on neonates, but little research has addressed the potential influence of bedsite characteristics on survival. In 2011 and 2012, we radiocollared 65 neonates, monitored them intensively for 16 weeks, and assigned mortality causes. We used Program MARK to estimate survival to 16 weeks and included biological covariates (i.e., sex, sibling status [whether or not it had a sibling], birth weight, and Julian date of birth). Survival to 16 weeks was 0.141 (95% CI = 0.075-0.249) and the top model included only sibling status, which indicated survival was lower for neonates that had a sibling. Predation was the leading cause of mortality (35 of 55; 64%) and coyotes were responsible for the majority of depredations (30 of 35; 86%). Additionally, we relocated neonates for the first 10 days of life and measured distance to firebreak, visual obstruction, and plant diversity at bedsites. Survival of predation to 10 days (0.726; 95% CI = 0.586-0.833) was weakly associated with plant diversity at bedsites but not related to visual obstruction. Our results indicate that neonate survival was low and coyote predation was an important source of mortality, which corroborates several recent studies from the region. Additionally, we detected only weak support for bedsite cover as a covariate to neonate survival, which indicates that mitigating effects of coyote predation on neonates may be more complicated than simply managing for increased hiding cover.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Kilgo, John C. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, editor={Roca, Alfred L.Editor}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={e0119070} }
 @article{raybuck_moorman_fritts_greenberg_deperno_simon_warburton_2015, title={Do silvicultural practices to restore oaks affect salamanders in the short term?}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1903-220X"]}, DOI={10.2981/wlb.00076}, abstractNote={Salamanders are an important ecological component of eastern hardwood forests and may be affected by natural or silvicultural disturbances that alter habitat structure and associated microclimate. From May to August in 2008 (pretreatment) and 2011 (post‐treatment), we evaluated the response of salamanders to three silvicultural practices designed to promote oak regeneration — prescribed fire, midstory herbicide application and shelterwood harvest — and a control. We trapped salamanders using drift fences with pitfall traps in five replicates of the four treatments. Only the southern gray‐cheeked salamander Plethodon metcalfi and the southern Appalachian salamander P. teyahalee were captured in sufficient numbers for robust statistical analysis. We analyzed data for these species using single‐species dynamic occupancy models in statistical software program R. We allowed changes in four covariates to influence extinction probability from pre‐ to post‐treatment implementation: 1) percent leaf litter cover; 2) percent understory cover; 3) percent CWD cover; and 4) percent canopy cover. The final combined model set describing extinction probability contained four models with ΔAIC < 2 for P. metcalfi and nine models with ΔAIC < 2, including the null model, for P. teyahalee. For both species, the 95% confidence intervals for model‐averaged extinction probability parameter estimates overlapped zero, suggesting none were significant predictors of extinction probability. Absence of short‐term salamander response in midstory herbicide and prescribed burn treatments was likely because of minor or transitory changes to forest structure. In shelterwood harvests, any potential effects of reduced canopy and leaf litter cover may have been mitigated by rapid post‐treatment vegetation sprouting. Additionally, climatic conditions associated with high elevation sites and high amounts of rainfall in 2011 may have compensated for potential changes to microclimate. Continued monitoring of Plethodon salamanders to assess responses at longer time scales (e.g. > 3 years post‐treatment) is warranted.}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE BIOLOGY}, author={Raybuck, Amy L. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Fritts, Sarah R. and Greenberg, Cathryn H. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Simon, Dean M. and Warburton, Gordon S.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={186–194} }
 @article{cook_peterson_colter chitwood_palmer_deperno_gross_2015, title={Evaluating Deer Hunters’ Support for Hunting Deer with Dogs}, volume={20}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2014.997328}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2014.997328}, abstractNote={Hunting deer with dogs (dog hunting) has a long tradition in the United States but has created conflict among deer hunters. Our objectives were to determine factors predicting support for dog hunting in North Carolina. Using a 2006 survey of North Carolina deer hunters, we evaluated factors that potentially influenced support for dog hunting (e.g., geographic region, hunting method, perceptions about deer populations and hunter participation, leasing practices). Nearly half (46%) of the deer hunters (n = 5,005) believed dog hunting should be illegal. Most deer hunters who opposed dog hunting neither dog hunted nor hunted in regions where dog hunting had a strong history. Concerns among non–dog hunters mostly focused on competition for deer hunting opportunities. Our results indicate a need to promote greater awareness among the diverse hunting groups and suggest dog hunters may be important allies in efforts to acquire large contiguous tracts of hunting land.}, number={2}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Cook, Merril A. and Peterson, M. Nils and Colter Chitwood, M. and Palmer, Dain and DePerno, Christopher S. and Gross, Kevin}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={174–181} }
 @article{rutledge_moorman_washburn_deperno_2015, title={Evaluation of Resident Canada Goose Movements to Reduce the Risk of Goose-Aircraft Collisions at Suburban Airports}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.924}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Rutledge, M. Elizabeth and Moorman, Christopher E. and Washburn, Brian E. and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={1185–1191} }
 @article{deperno_chitwood_kennedy-stoskopf_jenks_2015, title={Fructosamine: An Alternative to Serum Glucose Measurement in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2014-07-182}, abstractNote={Abstract We determined the relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvested during two seasonally stressful periods for deer in coastal North Carolina, US: July 2008 represented the postparturition and lactation period, and March 2009 represented the late winter and pre–green-up period. Serum glucose and fructosamine concentrations were similar between time periods but were uncorrelated within each season. However, when serum glucose was separated into high and low categories based on the median blood glucose score within each time period, we detected statistically significant differences between July and March for serum glucose. Fructosamine was more stable than serum glucose for evaluating the white-tailed deer physiologic condition.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={DePerno, Christopher S. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={876–879} }
 @article{burnett_sills_peterson_deperno_2015, title={Impacts of the conservation education program in Serra Malagueta Natural Park, Cape Verde}, volume={22}, ISSN={1350-4622 1469-5871}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1015497}, DOI={10.1080/13504622.2015.1015497}, abstractNote={Environmental and conservation education programs are commonly offered in the rapidly expanding network of protected areas in developing countries. There have been few evaluations of these programs and their impacts on participants. At Serra Malagueta Natural Park in Cape Verde, we assessed changes in environmental knowledge, opinions, and behaviors among visiting school children and a comparison group that did not visit the park. Participation in the park’s conservation education program has a positive impact on environmental knowledge after the visit. The program may also contribute to student knowledge by influencing classroom teaching in anticipation of the park visit.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Education Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burnett, Edmund and Sills, Erin and Peterson, M. Nils and DePerno, Christopher}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={538–550} }
 @article{charles-smith_domínguez_fornaro_deperno_kennedy-stoskopf_2015, title={Monitoring wildlife interactions with their environment: an interdisciplinary approach}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Research and Reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences}, author={Charles-Smith, L.E. and Domínguez, I.X. and Fornaro, R.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={2015}, pages={31–37} }
 @article{chitwood_swingen_lashley_flowers_palamar_apperson_olfenbutte_moorman_depernol_2015, title={PARASITOLOGY AND SEROLOGY OF FREE-RANGING COYOTES (CANIS LATRANS) IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2015-01-002}, abstractNote={Abstract Coyotes (Canis latrans) have expanded recently into the eastern US and can serve as a source of pathogens to domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), livestock, and humans. We examined free-ranging coyotes from central North Carolina, US, for selected parasites and prevalence of antibodies against viral and bacterial agents. We detected ticks on most (81%) coyotes, with Amblyomma americanum detected on 83% of those with ticks. Fifteen (47%) coyotes were positive for heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis), with a greater detection rate in adults (75%) than juveniles (22%). Serology revealed antibodies against canine adenovirus (71%), canine coronavirus (32%), canine distemper virus (17%), canine parvovirus (96%), and Leptospira spp. (7%). We did not detect antibodies against Brucella abortus/suis or Brucella canis. Our results showed that coyotes harbor many common pathogens that present health risks to humans and domestic animals and suggest that continued monitoring of the coyote's role in pathogen transmission is warranted.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Swingen, Morgan B. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Flowers, James R. and Palamar, Maria B. and Apperson, Charles S. and Olfenbutte, Colleen and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePernol, Christopher S.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={664–669} }
 @article{chitwood_peterson_bondell_lashley_brown_deperno_2015, title={Perspectives of wildlife conservation professionals on intensive deer management}, volume={39}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.607}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.607}, abstractNote={Intensive deer management (IDM) is fundamentally changing how one of the most important game species in North America is being managed, but little is known about how wildlife conservation professionals view these changes. The IDM approach encourages privatization of deer (Odocoileus spp.) through practices including feeding, high fencing, artificial insemination and markets in deer semen, and translocation. To evaluate support for IDM practices, we surveyed 208 registrants of the 2010 Southeast Deer Study Group Meeting held in San Antonio, Texas, USA. Specifically, we evaluated support for IDM practices using state-agency wildlife biologists, private wildlife managers, and academics, and we evaluated how geographic region and employment type are related to opinions about IDM. Using Principal Components Analysis, we created 3 new scales that measured respondents’ opinions about deer management, deer husbandry, and deer hunting. We detected strong opposition to IDM among respondents, with respondents from universities having the strongest opposition, followed by state-agency employees from Texas, and private consultants from Texas (the latter having the greatest support for IDM). Our study highlights the need for critical and empirical evaluation of the articulation between IDM and the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, particularly the tenets that assert wildlife are held in the public trust and advocate elimination of markets for wildlife. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.}, number={4}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Peterson, M. Nils and Bondell, Howard D. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Brown, Robert D. and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={751–756} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_harper_moorman_deperno_2015, title={Poor soils and density-mediated body weight in deer: forage quality or quantity?}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1903-220X"]}, DOI={10.2981/wlb.00073}, abstractNote={Cervid studies have demonstrated body weight and lactation may be limited in areas with poor‐quality soils, with the underlying mechanism often attributed to poor forage quality resulting from poor soil quality. However, if highly nutritious foods are produced but in limited quantities, selective foraging may alleviate nutritional stressors associated with poor soil productivity when adequate quantities of high‐quality forage are obtained. We tested whether poor soil productivity limits forage from being high quality or conversely limits the abundance of high‐quality forages. To do so, we determined whether nutrient concentrations in selected and non‐selected forages on our poor soil study site met the nutritional requirements of lactating white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus assuming adequate amounts of forage are obtained. Also, we compared body weight of yearling males at a high density (13–17 deer km‐2) and low density (3–5 deer km‐2), because previous studies concluded soils on the study site were too poor for morphometrics (e.g. body weight) to be density‐mediated. Deer selected plant species from each of five forage classes that would meet their nutritional requirements (i.e. assuming adequate forage intake) but also selected for different nutrients across forage classes. Phosphorus was limited in most forages, but deer selected forages that met P‐requirements 10 times more than expected. We demonstrated body weight was 7.3% greater when deer density was low than high. Contrary to previous reports from poor productivity soil regions, deer on our study site should be able to meet lactation requirements when the quantity of high‐quality forage is not limiting, and similarly body weight should be density‐mediated. Hence, management strategies that alter the amount of forage per animal (i.e. decreasing animal density and/or increasing forage abundance) are viable options to promote desirable ungulate morphometrics in poor soil regions.}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE BIOLOGY}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Harper, Craig A. and Moorman, Chris E. and DePerno, Chris S.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={213–219} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_deperno_moorman_2015, title={Preparing a fire prescription to maximize deer forage quality}, number={Spring 2015}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Lashley, M.A. and Chitwood, M.C. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2015}, pages={6} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_kays_harper_deperno_moorman_2015, title={Prescribed fire affects female white-tailed deer habitat use during summer lactation}, volume={348}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.041}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.041}, abstractNote={Prescribed fire commonly is used to manage habitat for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although the effects of fire on forage availability for deer have been studied, how female deer use burned areas is not well known, particularly as it relates to fire season and the years-since-fire. We used GPS tracking data from 16 adult female white-tailed deer to assess the effects of fire season and years-since-fire on habitat use during summer lactation. Females selected unburned drainages and older (>1 yr-since-fire) burned areas, and avoided recently burned areas. Individuals with a greater percentage of their summer core area burned expanded the size of their summer home range but did not change summer core area size. Furthermore, summer core area site fidelity (i.e., % overlap between 2011 and 2012 core areas) decreased as the percentage of the 2011 summer core area burned in 2012 increased. Female deer increased selection of burned areas as years-since-fire increased, likely because there was a temporary loss of cover immediately following fire with plants slowly regenerating the subsequent growing seasons. Likewise, to avoid areas depleted of cover, females shifted their core areas away from recent burns when possible but increased their core area size when burned areas were unavoidable (i.e., a large portion of their home range was burned). Burning large contiguous areas may initially have a negative effect on female deer during lactation because of the depletion of cover.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Kays, Roland and Harper, Craig A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={220–225} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_deperno_moorman_2015, title={Research in our state...Fire and fruits}, volume={30}, url={https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/02/PP41LashleyNCWildlifer.pdf}, number={1}, journal={NC Wildlifer}, author={Lashley, M.A. and Chitwood, M.C. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={23} }
 @article{swingen_deperno_moorman_2015, title={Seasonal Coyote Diet Composition at a Low-Productivity Site}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.014.0219}, abstractNote={Abstract Canis latrans (Coyote) recently expanded its range into the southeastern US, where local data on Coyote diets are lacking. We studied Coyote diets in a low-productivity area where food resources may be scarce. We determined Coyote diet composition through analysis of 315 scats collected at Fort Bragg Military Installation, Fort Bragg, NC, between May 2011 and July 2012. Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) was the most common mammalian food item, occurring in 14.9% of all scats and 42.5% of winter scats. Soft-mast occurrence in Coyote diets was greatest in the fall, when Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) occurred in most Coyote scats (95.7%). Coyotes on our low-productivity study site shifted their diets throughout the year based on the availability of food items and had a diet diversity similar to what has been reported for animals elsewhere in the species' range.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Swingen, Morgan B. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={397–404} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2015, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2015} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_harper_deperno_moorman_2015, title={VARIABILITY IN FIRE PRESCRIPTIONS TO PROMOTE WILDLIFE FOODS IN THE LONGLEAF PINE ECOSYSTEM}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1933-9747"]}, DOI={10.4996/fireecology.1103062}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={FIRE ECOLOGY}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Harper, Craig A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2015}, pages={62–79} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_kilgo_moorman_deperno_2015, title={White-Tailed Deer Population Dynamics and Adult Female Survival in the Presence of a Novel Predator}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.835}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Chitwood, Michael C. and Lashley, Marcus A. and Kilgo, John C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={211–219} }
 @article{kilburg_moorman_deperno_cobb_harper_2015, title={Wild Turkey Prenesting-Resource Selection in a Landscape Managed with Frequent Prescribed Fire}, volume={14}, ISSN={1528-7092 1938-5412}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.014.0114}, DOI={10.1656/058.014.0114}, abstractNote={Abstract Forage and nesting cover available to female Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) prior to nesting can influence nest success. Prescribed burns commonly are conducted during the dormant season in southern Pinus (pine) forests in part to improve vegetation conditions for prenesting Wild Turkeys and reduce risk of fire-related nest failure associated with growing-season burning. However, prescribed burning during the early growing season may provide beneficial food and cover for Wild Turkeys. Therefore, we investigated the influence of fire season and frequency and vegetation characteristics on female Wild Turkey habitat selection during prenesting in a Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) community managed with frequent growing-season prescribed fire in North Carolina. Growing-season fire history was not predictive of prenesting habitat selection. Females selected forest stands burned during the preceding dormant season, edges of non-forested cover, and creek drainages. On our study area, ericaceous shrubs along creek drainages provided nesting cover, and greater probability of use near creeks likely reflected females searching for potential nest sites. Recent dormant-season burns may provide an important source of nutrition for pre-nesting females and should be used in addition to growing-season burns when managing for Wild Turkeys.}, number={1}, journal={Southeastern Naturalist}, publisher={Humboldt Field Research Institute}, author={Kilburg, Eric L. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Cobb, David and Harper, Craig A.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={137–146} }
 @inbook{deperno_moorman_bradley_moore_2015, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Wildlife}, url={http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/20-wildlife/}, booktitle={North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook}, publisher={NC Cooperative Extension, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Bradley, L. and Moore, K.}, editor={Moore, K. and Bradley, L.K.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={– 20–19,} }
 @inbook{deperno_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2015 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Shew, B. and Buhler, W.G. and Burrack, H. and Crozier, C. and DePerno, C. and Parker, M. and Roberson, G. and York, A. and Davis, E. and Melton, T. and et al.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={402–412} }
 @book{fish_moorman_deperno_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Breeding productivity and density of Bachman’s sparrow (Federal and State species of special concern) in different training regimes on Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Fish, A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2014} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_harper_moorman_deperno_2014, title={Collection, Handling and Analysis of Forages for Concentrate Selectors}, volume={10}, ISSN={1646-2742 1646-1509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2014.10.2}, DOI={10.2461/wbp.2014.10.2}, abstractNote={Forage collection practices must be consistent among studies for accurate and comparable results. Forage samples should be collected in the context of the feeding habits of the focal species to accurately represent available nutrition, but inconsistent handling and analysis of forages also could bias nutrient reports. Previously described methods of forage collection based on agricultural protocols are adequate for studying diets of intermediate browsers and grazers, but likely are inaccurate for application to concentrate selectors. More specifically, the agricultural protocols generally underestimate nutritional quality for concentrate selectors because leaf collections avoid the physiologically young plant parts that concentrate selectors seek. Furthermore, agricultural drying practices are designed for forage samples lower in water content than the young plant parts selected by concentrate selectors, which may create inaccuracies in subsequent nutrient assays. Also, laboratory methods and accuracy may affect nutrient reports in addition to collection and handling procedures. As a whole, improper collection, handling, or analysis of forages leads to improper conclusions and invalid comparisons across studies. Herein, we review protocols reported in empirical studies from agricultural and wildlife research and provide guidelines for standardizing collection, handling, and analyses of forages with the goal of providing a framework for researchers studying diets of concentrate selectors and related nutritional indices. These protocols will ensure valid conclusions are drawn and allow valid comparisons among related studies in future research.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Biology in Practice}, publisher={Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem (SPVS)}, author={Lashley, Marcus A and Chitwood, Michael Colter and Harper, Craig A and Moorman, Christopher E and DePerno, Christopher S}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2014, title={Confirmation of Coyote Predation on Adult Female White-tailed Deer in the Southeastern United States}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.013.0316}, abstractNote={Abstract The recent expansion of Canis latrans (Coyote) into the eastern United States has generated interest among wildlife managers because of the potential impacts on Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) populations. Coyotes have been reported as predators of adult and neonate White-tailed Deer in some parts of their range, but recent studies in the Southeast have documented only Coyote predation on neonates. We report 4 confirmed Coyote predation events on adult female White-tailed Deer that were radiocollared, implanted with vaginal implant transmitters, monitored every 4–8 hours, and apparently healthy. Field necropsies confirmed killing-bite wounds to the upper throat and base of the mandible, and feeding behavior on the carcasses was consistent with what has been observed for Coyotes. Further, we used swabs from bite wounds to confirm the presence of predator DNA, and the 3 carcasses that were swabbed tested positive for the presence of Coyote DNA. To our knowledge, our results represent the first scientifically documented Coyote predations on adult female White-tailed Deer in the Southeast.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={N30–N32} }
 @article{lashley_thompson_chitwood_deperno_moorman_2014, title={Evaluation of Methods to Estimate Understory Fruit Biomass}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096898}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0096898}, abstractNote={Fleshy fruit is consumed by many wildlife species and is a critical component of forest ecosystems. Because fruit production may change quickly during forest succession, frequent monitoring of fruit biomass may be needed to better understand shifts in wildlife habitat quality. Yet, designing a fruit sampling protocol that is executable on a frequent basis may be difficult, and knowledge of accuracy within monitoring protocols is lacking. We evaluated the accuracy and efficiency of 3 methods to estimate understory fruit biomass (Fruit Count, Stem Density, and Plant Coverage). The Fruit Count method requires visual counts of fruit to estimate fruit biomass. The Stem Density method uses counts of all stems of fruit producing species to estimate fruit biomass. The Plant Coverage method uses land coverage of fruit producing species to estimate fruit biomass. Using linear regression models under a censored-normal distribution, we determined the Fruit Count and Stem Density methods could accurately estimate fruit biomass; however, when comparing AIC values between models, the Fruit Count method was the superior method for estimating fruit biomass. After determining that Fruit Count was the superior method to accurately estimate fruit biomass, we conducted additional analyses to determine the sampling intensity (i.e., percentage of area) necessary to accurately estimate fruit biomass. The Fruit Count method accurately estimated fruit biomass at a 0.8% sampling intensity. In some cases, sampling 0.8% of an area may not be feasible. In these cases, we suggest sampling understory fruit production with the Fruit Count method at the greatest feasible sampling intensity, which could be valuable to assess annual fluctuations in fruit production.}, number={5}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Thompson, Jeffrey R. and Chitwood, M. Colter and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, editor={Farwig, NinaEditor}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={e96898} }
 @book{levan_moorman_deperno_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Evaluation of priority game species use and propagation feasibility of high value Sandhills native wildlife plants}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Levan, B. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2014} }
 @article{charles-smith_rutledge_meek_baine_massey_ellsaesser_deperno_moorman_degernes_2014, title={Hematologic Parameters and Hemoparasites of Nonmigratory Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) From Greensboro, North Carolina, USA}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2012-072}, abstractNote={Abstract Large flocks of wild, nonmigratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have established permanent residence throughout the eastern United States and have become a public concern. Few studies have assessed the hematologic parameters for these populations, which could provide useful information for monitoring individual and population health of Canada geese. This study measured the hematologic parameters and detected the presence of hemoparasites from 146 wild, nonmigratory Canada geese in central North Carolina, USA, during their annual molt. The age class, sex, and weight of each bird were recorded at capture. Values for packed cell volume (PCV), estimated white blood cell count, white blood cell differentials, and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios were calculated for each bird. Adults and female geese had higher estimated white blood cell counts compared with juveniles and males, respectively. The PCV increased with weight and age class. Adult geese had higher percentages of heterophils and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios, whereas juvenile geese had higher percentages of lymphocytes. Relative eosinophil counts in adults increased with decreasing bird weight, and relative monocyte counts in juveniles increased with increasing weight. Three percent of geese were infected with species of Hemoproteus blood parasites. Atypical lymphocyte morphology, including pseudopods, split nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules, was observed in 5% of the birds. The hematologic values reported for adult and juvenile nonmigratory Canada geese in this study may serve as reference intervals for ecological studies and veterinary care of wild and captive Canada geese.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Charles-Smith, Lauren E. and Rutledge, M. Elizabeth and Meek, Caroline J. and Baine, Katherine and Massey, Elizabeth and Ellsaesser, Laura N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Degernes, Laurel A.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={16–23} }
 @article{jacques_jenks_grovenburg_klaver_deperno_2014, title={Incorporating Detection Probability Into Northern Great Plains Pronghorn Population Estimates}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.634}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Jacques, Christopher N. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Grovenburg, Troy W. and Klaver, Robert W. and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={164–174} }
 @article{bowling_moorman_deperno_gardner_2014, title={Influence of Landscape Composition on Northern Bobwhite Population Response to Field Border Establishment}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.639}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Bowling, Shannon A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Gardner, Beth}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={93–100} }
 @article{grovenburg_klaver_jacques_brinkman_swanson_deperno_monteith_sievers_bleich_kie_et al._2014, title={Influence of landscape characteristics on retention of expandable radiocollars on young ungulates}, volume={38}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.366}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.366}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Klaver, Robert W. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Swanson, Christopher C. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Monteith, Kevin L. and Sievers, Jaret D. and Bleich, Vernon C. and Kie, John G. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2014, title={Movements, population ecology, and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats within the Asheville watershed}, volume={23}, number={3}, journal={International Bear News: Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Bear Research and Management (IBA) and the IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2014}, pages={22–23} }
 @article{niemuth_sanders_mooney_olfenbuttel_deperno_stoskopf_2014, title={Nephrolithiasis in free-ranging North American river otter (lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) serves as an indicator species for environmental monitoring, is prized as a valuable furbearer, and is a popular display animal in zoologic collections. Nephrolithiasis has been reported as a frequent problem in other free-ranging and captive otter species but is rarely reported in North American river otters. In this study, we compared the prevalence of nephrolithiasis diagnosed using routine gross pathologic examination techniques with the use of computed tomography (CT) of excised kidneys. We also evaluated whether otter nephroliths could be accurately classified by their CT densities, and we examined the renal tissue uric acid concentrations in free-ranging otters in North Carolina, USA. Kidneys were collected from carcasses of legally trapped, free-ranging animals. Nephroliths were observed in 16.2% of the individuals (n = 229). Associations were found between age and nephrolith status and between capture location and nephrolith status (P = 0.026 and < 0.001, respectively). Computed tomography Hounsfield unit density measurements were not useful in determining nephrolith chemical composition in this study. Renal tissue uric acid concentrations were similar across genders, age groups, and stone status. The chemical composition of the nephroliths was determined by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to be calcium phosphate in the carbonate form.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Sanders, Charles W. and Mooney, Charles B. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={110–117} }
 @article{grovenburg_monteith_jacques_klaver_deperno_brinkman_monteith_gilbert_smith_bleich_et al._2014, title={Re-Evaluating Neonatal-Age Models for Ungulates: Does Model Choice Affect Survival Estimates?}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108797}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0108797}, abstractNote={New-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. We used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. During 2001–2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulates: 76 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Minnesota and South Dakota, 61 mule deer (O. hemionus) in California, and 37 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in South Dakota. Estimated age of known-age newborns differed among hoof-growth models and varied by >15 days for white-tailed deer, >20 days for mule deer, and >10 days for pronghorn. Accuracy (i.e., the proportion of neonates assigned to the correct age) in aging newborns using published equations ranged from 0.0% to 39.4% in white-tailed deer, 0.0% to 3.3% in mule deer, and was 0.0% for pronghorns. Results of survival modeling indicated that variability in estimates of age-at-capture affected short-term estimates of survival (i.e., 30 days) for white-tailed deer and mule deer, and survival estimates over a longer time frame (i.e., 120 days) for mule deer. Conversely, survival estimates for pronghorn were not affected by estimates of age. Our analyses indicate that modeling survival in daily intervals is too fine a temporal scale when age-at-capture is unknown given the potential inaccuracies among equations used to estimate age of neonates. Instead, weekly survival intervals are more appropriate because most models accurately predicted ages within 1 week of the known age. Variation among results of neonatal-age models on short- and long-term estimates of survival for known-age young emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate hoof-growth equation and appropriately defining intervals (i.e., weekly versus daily) for estimating survival.}, number={9}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Monteith, Kevin L. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Klaver, Robert W. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Monteith, Kyle B. and Gilbert, Sophie L. and Smith, Joshua B. and Bleich, Vernon C. and et al.}, editor={Brock, GuyEditor}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={e108797} }
 @book{stevenson_deperno_moorman_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Reducing burning impacts on native forage: implications for terrestrial vertebrate nutrition and food availability}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Stevenson, B. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2014} }
 @article{chitwood_phillips_whisnant_tyndall_lashley_deperno_2014, title={Serum Leptin as an Indicator of Fat Levels in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Southeastern USA}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2013-08-223}, abstractNote={Abstract Leptin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake, appetite, and metabolism. In some mammals, leptin has been shown to circulate at levels proportional to body fat, which could make it useful for nonlethal evaluation of body condition. Leptin's usefulness for estimating fat levels (i.e., body condition) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is unknown. We quantified serum leptin concentrations in a sample of free-ranging, female deer collected in July 2008 and March 2009 from coastal North Carolina, USA. We compared leptin concentrations with kidney fat index, femur marrow fat index, and kidney fat mass. Additionally, we assessed differences in leptin concentrations between the two seasons, lactating and nonlactating females, and gestating and nongestating females. Leptin concentrations were similar between seasons but were lower in lactating and gestating females. We did not detect significant relationships between leptin and the body fat metrics, indicating that leptin may have limited value for estimating fat reserves in white-tailed deer.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Phillips, Shannon P. and Whisnant, Scott and Tyndall, James and Lashley, Marcus A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={887–890} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2014, edition={Fall 2014}, title={So, Coyotes Do Eat Deer - The Question is: Should We Panic?}, volume={19}, url={https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG-Fall-2014.pdf}, number={2}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, publisher={North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Lashley, M.A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2014}, pages={4–5} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_prince_elfelt_kilburg_deperno_moorman_2014, title={Subtle effects of a managed fire regime: A case study in the longleaf pine ecosystem}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1872-7034"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.006}, abstractNote={Land managers often use fire prescriptions to mimic intensity, season, completeness, and return interval of historical fire regimes. However, fire prescriptions based on average historical fire regimes do not consider natural stochastic variability in fire season and frequency. Applying prescribed fire based on averages could alter the relative abundance of important plant species and structure. We evaluated the density and distribution of oak (Quercus spp.) and persimmon (Diospyros virgiana) stems and mast after 22 yr of a historical-based growing-season fire prescription that failed to consider the variability in historical fire regimes. We randomly established 30 25-m transects in each of 5 vegetation types and counted reproductively mature oak and persimmon stems and their fruits. In upland longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands, this fire regime killed young hardwood trees, thereby decreasing compositional and structural heterogeneity within the upland pine vegetation type and limiting occurrence of the upland hardwood vegetation type. Acorns and persimmons were disproportionately distributed near firebreaks within low intensity fire transition zones. Mast was maintained, though in an unnatural distribution, as a result of an elaborate firebreak system. Our data indicate managed fire regimes may fail to mimic spatial distribution, frequency, and intensity of historical disturbances even when the fire prescription is based on empirical reference fire regimes. To maximize structural heterogeneity and conserve key ecosystem functionality, fire prescriptions should include variations in frequency, season, application method, and fire weather conditions rather than focusing on an average historical fire regime.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS}, author={Lashley, Marcus A. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Prince, Annemarie and Elfelt, Morgan B. and Kilburg, Eric L. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={212–217} }
 @article{ayers_deperno_moorman_stibbs_faust_2014, title={Survey of Canada goose feces for presence of Giardia}, volume={8}, url={https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=hwi}, number={2}, journal={Human-Wildlife Interactions}, author={Ayers, C.R. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Stibbs, H.H. and Faust, A.M.}, year={2014}, pages={245–250} }
 @article{prince_deperno_gardner_moorman_2014, title={Survival and home-range size of southeastern fox squirrels in North Carolina}, volume={13}, number={3}, journal={Southeastern Naturalist}, author={Prince, A. and DePerno, C. S. and Gardner, B. and Moorman, C. E.}, year={2014}, pages={456–462} }
 @article{prince_moorman_deperno_2014, edition={Spring 2014}, title={Survival rates and home ranges of fox squirrels in the North Carolina Sandhills}, volume={19}, url={http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG-Spring-2014.pdf}, number={1}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, publisher={North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Prince, A. and Moorman, C. and DePerno, C.}, year={2014}, pages={10} }
 @book{lashley_moorman_deperno_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The Influence of growing-season prescribed fire on white-tailed deer habitat use and forage availability at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Lashley, M.A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2014} }
 @book{kilburg_prince_moorman_deperno_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The effects of growing-season prescribed fire on small mammals and ground-nesting birds at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Kilburg, E. and Prince, A. and Moorman, C. and DePerno, C.}, year={2014} }
 @book{chitwood_elfelt_deperno_moorman_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The influence of coyotes on white-tailed deer recruitment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Elfelt, M.B. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2014} }
 @article{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2014, title={Urban bears in Asheville}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={NC Wildlifer}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2014}, pages={6–14} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2014, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2014} }
 @article{rutledge_sollmann_washburn_moorman_deperno_2014, title={Using novel spatial mark-resight techniques to monitor resident Canada geese in a suburban environment}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1448-5494"]}, DOI={10.1071/wr14069}, abstractNote={Context Over the past two decades, an increase in the number of resident (non-migratory) Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in the United States has heightened the awareness of human–goose interactions. Aims Accordingly, baseline demographic estimates for goose populations are needed to help better understand the ecology of Canada geese in suburban areas. Methods As a basis for monitoring efforts, we estimated densities of adult resident Canada geese in a suburban environment by using a novel spatial mark–resight method. We resighted 763 neck- and leg-banded resident Canada geese two to three times per week in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, over an 18-month period (June 2008 – December 2009). We estimated the density, detection probabilities, proportion of male geese in the population, and the movements and home-range radii of the geese by season ((post-molt I 2008 (16 July – 31 October), post-molt II 2008/2009 (1 November – 31 January), breeding and nesting 2009 (1 February – 31 May), and post-molt I 2009). Additionally, we used estimates of the number of marked individuals to quantify apparent monthly survival. Key results Goose densities varied by season, ranging from 11.10 individuals per km2 (s.e. = 0.23) in breeding/nesting to 16.02 individuals per km2 (s.e. = 0.34) in post-molt II. The 95% bivariate normal home-range radii ranged from 2.60 to 3.86 km for males and from 1.90 to 3.15 km for females and female home ranges were smaller than those of male geese during the breeding/nesting and post-molt II seasons. Apparent monthly survival across the study was high, ranging from 0.972 (s.e. = 0.005) to 0.995 (s.e. = 0.002). Conclusions By using spatial mark–resight models, we determined that Canada goose density estimates varied seasonally. Nevertheless, the seasonal changes in density are reflective of the seasonal changes in behaviour and physiological requirements of geese. Implications Although defining the state–space of spatial mark–resight models requires careful consideration, the technique represents a promising new tool to estimate and monitor the density of free-ranging wildlife. Spatial mark–resight methods provide managers with statistically robust population estimates and allow insight into animal space use without the need to employ more costly methods (e.g. telemetry). Also, when repeated across seasons or other biologically important time periods, spatial mark–resight modelling techniques allow for inference about apparent survival.}, number={5}, journal={WILDLIFE RESEARCH}, author={Rutledge, M. Elizabeth and Sollmann, Rahel and Washburn, Brian E. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, pages={447–453} }
 @article{porter_deperno_krings_krachey_braham_2014, title={Vegetative Impact of Feral Horses, Feral Pigs, and White-tailed Deer on the Currituck National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/13-037}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  The Currituck National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) in North Carolina is inhabited by feral horses (Equus caballus), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The impact of these species on the vegetation of CNWR is unknown. To assess impact, we created two replicate exclosure plots within maritime forests, brackish marshes, and maritime grasslands. An electric fence divided each habitat into two sections: including or excluding horses. On each side of the electric fence within each habitat, we sampled three different 5 × 5 m plots (i.e., 36 plots). The first was a fenced exclosure 3 m high, the second a fenced exclosure raised 1 m above the ground and extended to 3 m, and the third, a control, was not fenced. Within plots, we created two 1 m transects, and randomly selected and tagged grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. We measured the distances from base to tip of herbs and from branching point to terminal bud in shrubs. We used a linear model to analyze plant growth rate. We used a length ratio adjusted by the number of days as the response variable. Out of 1,105 tagged plants, we detected 87 disturbances; 80 where horses were present and 7 where horses were excluded. Overall, horses were responsible for 84% of disturbances. Most disturbances occurred in brackish marshes on Schoenoplectus pungens. We detected a significant effect of exclosure treatment on plant growth rate where horses were present (p = 0.035), but not where they were excluded (p = 0.32).}, number={1}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Porter, Kimberly M. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Krings, Alexander and Krachey, Matthew and Braham, Richard}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={8–17} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2014, title={Venison...It’s what’s for dinner}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={NC Wildlifer}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Lashley, M.A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2014}, pages={24–25} }
 @article{chitwood_lashley_moorman_deperno_2014, title={Vocalization Observed in Starving White-tailed Deer Neonates}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.013.0202}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 We observed loud, frequent vocalizations by 5 Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) neonates that ultimately died of starvation due to abandonment. We did not observe this behavior by other neonates, regardless of survival or cause of mortality. Thus, we believe that neonate vocalization could serve as a useful field indicator of abandonment. Additionally, estimates of predation rates may be inflated because they are masking high rates of undetected abandonment.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Lashley, Marcus A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={N6–N8} }
 @article{lashley_chitwood_biggerstaff_morina_moorman_deperno_2014, title={White-Tailed Deer Vigilance: The Influence of Social and Environmental Factors}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090652}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0090652}, abstractNote={Vigilance behavior may directly affect fitness of prey animals, and understanding factors influencing vigilance may provide important insight into predator-prey interactions. We used 40,540 pictures taken withcamera traps in August 2011 and 2012to evaluate factors influencing individual vigilance behavior of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) while foraging at baited sites. We used binary logistic regression to determine if individual vigilance was affected by age, sex, and group size. Additionally, we evaluated whether the time of the day,moon phase,and presence of other non-predatorwildlife species impacted individual vigilance. Juveniles were 11% less vigilant at baited sites than adults. Females were 46% more vigilant when fawns were present. Males and females spent more time feeding as group size increased, but with each addition of 1 individual to a group, males increased feeding time by nearly double that of females. Individual vigilance fluctuated with time of day andwith moon phase but generally was least during diurnal and moonlit nocturnal hours, indicating deer have the ability to adjust vigilance behavior to changing predation risk associated with varyinglight intensity.White-tailed deer increased individual vigilance when other non-predator wildlife were present. Our data indicate that differential effects of environmental and social constraints on vigilance behavior between sexes may encourage sexual segregation in white-tailed deer.}, number={3}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Lashley, Marcus A and Chitwood, M. Colter and Biggerstaff, Michael T. and Morina, Daniel L. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, editor={Moreira, NeiEditor}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={e90652} }
 @article{kilburg_moorman_deperno_cobb_harper_2014, title={Wild Turkey Nest Survival and Nest-Site Selection in the Presence of Growing-Season Prescribed Fire}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.751}, abstractNote={Concerns about destruction of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nests traditionally restricted the application of prescribed-fire to the dormant season in the southeastern United States. Periodic dormant- season burns were used to open forest understories and increase forage and nesting cover for wild turkeys. However, much of the Southeast historically burned during late spring and early summer (i.e., growing season), which tended to decrease understory woody vegetation and promote grasses and forbs, an important spring and summer food for wild turkeys. Despite the potential benefits of growing-season burns, landscape- scale application coincident with turkey nesting may destroy nests and reduce or redistribute woody nesting cover. We determined turkey nest-site selection and nest survival in a landscape managed with frequent growing-season burns. We monitored radio-tagged female wild turkeys to locate nests and determine nest survival. We compared vegetation composition and structure at nest sites to random sites within dominant cover types and calculated the probability of nest destruction as the product of the proportion of wild turkey nests active and the proportion of the landscape burned. Females selected shrub-dominated lowland ecotones (a transitional vegetation community between upland pine and bottomland hardwoods) for nesting and avoided upland pine. Ecotones had greater cover than upland pine and estimated nest survival in lowlands (60%) was greater than in uplands (10%). Although approximately 20% of the study area was burned concurrent with nesting activity, only 3.3% of monitored nests were destroyed by fire, and we calculated that no more than 6% of all turkey nests were exposed to fire annually on our study site. We suggest that growing- season burns have a minimal direct effect on turkey nest survival but may reduce nesting cover and structural and compositional heterogeneity in uplands, especially on poor quality soils. A combination of dormant and growing-season burns may increase nesting cover in uplands, while maintaining open stand conditions. 2014 The Wildlife Society.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Kilburg, Eric L. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Cobb, David and Harper, Craig A.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1033–1039} }
 @inbook{deperno_2013, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2014 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Crozier, C. and Buhler, W.G. and Caldwell, D.F. and Burrack, H. and DePerno, C. and Richardson, R. and Roberson, G. and Shew, B. and Mullahey, J. and Melton, T. and et al.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={399–410} }
 @article{palamar_peterson_deperno_correa_2013, title={Assessing rabies knowledge and perceptions among ethnic minorities in Greensboro, North Carolina}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.593}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.593}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Palamar, Maria Baron and Peterson, M. Nils and Deperno, Christopher S. and Correa, Maria T.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={1321–1326} }
 @article{chitwood_maggi_kennedy-stoskopf_toliver_deperno_2013, title={Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2012-11-286}, DOI={10.7589/2012-11-286}, abstractNote={Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii has not been detected previously in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We tested whole blood from 60 white-tailed deer for Bartonella spp. DNA; three (5%) were positive for Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the first detection of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in white-tailed deer.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Toliver, Marcée and DePerno, and Christopher S.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={468–470} }
 @article{hernandez_galbreath_riddle_moore_palamar_levy_deperno_correa_yabsley_2013, title={Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North Carolina and current status of the parasite in the USA}, volume={112}, ISSN={0932-0113 1432-1955}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00436-012-3186-1}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an intestinal nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor) that can cause fatal larva migrans in numerous species of birds and mammals, including humans. Historically, this parasite has been rare in the southeastern USA but recently has been reported in eastern Tennessee and isolated parts of Georgia and Florida. The objective of the current study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of B. procyonis in raccoons from North Carolina. In western North Carolina, in counties bordering Tennessee, B. procyonis was detected in nine of 74 (12 %) raccoons sampled in 2010-2011. In general, worm burdens (average 20 worms) were low, but one raccoon had 122 adult worms. No difference was noted in prevalence by year or age, but significantly more males were infected compared with females. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region from three samples were identical to B. procyonis. In central North Carolina (Guilford County), all 34 raccoons and 49 fecal samples tested were negative. Collation of data from previous studies conducted in the Southeast indicates that B. procyonis has been reported from numerous counties, but surveillance has been patchy and many negative results are >30 years old. These results indicate that B. procyonis is established in North Carolina and given the zoonotic and wildlife health implications of this parasite, additional surveillance in North Carolina and other southeastern states is warranted.}, number={2}, journal={Parasitology Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hernandez, Sonia M. and Galbreath, Brianna and Riddle, Dennis F. and Moore, Andrew P. and Palamar, Maria B. and Levy, Michael G. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Correa, Maria T. and Yabsley, Michael J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={693–698} }
 @article{kilburg_moorman_deperno_2013, title={Burning during the nesting season: Desirable of disastrous for turkey management?}, volume={18}, url={https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG_Fall2013.pdf}, number={2}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Kilburg, E.L. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2013}, pages={4–5} }
 @article{rutledge_siletzky_gu_degernes_moorman_deperno_kathariou_2013, title={CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER FROM RESIDENT CANADA GEESE IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/2011-10-287}, abstractNote={Waterfowl are natural reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, and abundant resident (nonmigratory) Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) in urban and suburban environments pose the potential for transmission of Campylobacter through human contact with fecal deposits and contaminated water. In June 2008 and July 2009, we collected 318 fecal samples from resident Canada Geese at 21 locations in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, to test for Campylobacter. All campylobacter species detected were C. jejuni isolates, and prevalences in 2008 and 2009 were 5.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Prevalence of C. jejuni–positive sampling sites was 21% (3/14) and 40% (6/15) in 2008 and 2009, respectively. All C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to a panel of six antimicrobial agents (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin). We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and fla-typing to identify several strain types among these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of representative isolates revealed six sequence types, of which two (ST-3708 and ST-4368) were new, two (ST-702 and ST-4080) had been detected previously among C. jejuni from geese, and two (ST-991 and ST-4071) were first reported in C. jejuni from an environmental water source and a human illness, respectively. These results indicate a diverse population of antibiotic-susceptible C. jejuni in resident Canada Geese in and around Greensboro, North Carolina, and suggest a need for additional assessment of the public health risk associated with resident Canada Geese in urban and suburban areas.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Rutledge, M. Elizabeth and Siletzky, Robin M. and Gu, Weimin and Degernes, Laurel A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{grovenburg_jacques_klaver_deperno_lehman_brinkman_robling_rupp_jenks_2013, title={Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radiotelemetry locations}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1903-220X"]}, DOI={10.2981/11-044}, abstractNote={The use of very high frequency (VHF) radio‐telemetry remains wide‐spread in studies of wildlife ecology and management. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of vegetative obstruction on accuracy in differing habitats with varying transmitter types and heights. Using adult and fawn collars at varying heights above the ground (0, 33, 66 and 100 cm) to simulate activities (bedded, feeding and standing) and ages (neonate, juvenile and adult) of deer Odocoileus spp., we collected 5,767 bearings and estimated 1,424 locations (28‐30 for each of 48 subsamples) in three habitat types (pasture, grassland and forest), during two stages of vegetative growth (spring and late summer). Bearing error was approximately twice as large at a distance of 900 m for fawn (9.9°) than for adult deer collars (4.9°). Of 12 models developed to explain the variation in location error, the analysis of covariance model (HT∗D + C∗D + HT∗TBA + C∗TBA) containing interactions of height of collar above ground (HT), collar type (C), vertical height of understory vegetation (D) and tree basal area (TBA) was the best model (wi = 0.92) and explained ∼ 71% of the variation in location error. Location error was greater for both collar types at 0 and 33 cm above the ground compared to 66 and 100 cm above the ground; however, location error was less for adult than fawn collars. Vegetation metrics influenced location error, which increased with greater vertical height of understory vegetation and tree basal area. Further, interaction of vegetation metrics and categorical variables indicated significant effects on location error. Our results indicate that researchers need to consider study objectives, life history of the study animal, signal strength of collar (collar type), distance from transmitter to receiver, topographical changes in elevation, habitat composition and season when designing telemetry protocols. Bearing distances in forested habitat should be decreased (approximately 23% in our study) compared to bearing distances in open habitat to maintain a consistent bearing error across habitats. Additionally, we believe that field biologists monitoring neonate ungulates for habitat selection should rely on visual locations rather than using VHF‐collars and triangulation.}, number={1}, journal={WILDLIFE BIOLOGY}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Klaver, Robert W. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Lehman, Chad P. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Robling, Kevin A. and Rupp, Susan P. and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={30–40} }
 @article{turner_deperno_conner_eyler_lancia_klaver_stoskopf_2013, title={Habitat, wildlife, and one health: Arcanobacterium pyogenes in Maryland and Upper Eastern Shore white-tailed deer populations}, volume={3}, ISSN={2000-8686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175}, DOI={10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175}, abstractNote={Background Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with extensive human and livestock interfaces. The widespread distribution and complex interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with humans suggest deer population health and management may have implications beyond stewardship of the animals. The intracranial abscessation suppurative meningitis (IASM) disease complex in deer has been linked to Arcanobacterium pyogenes, an under-diagnosed and often misdiagnosed organism considered commensal in domestic livestock but associated with serious disease in numerous species, including humans. Methods Our study used standard bacterial culture techniques to assess A. pyogenes prevalence among male deer sampled across six physiogeographic regions in Maryland and male and female deer in the Upper Eastern Shore under Traditional Deer Management (TDM) and Quality Deer Management (QDM), a management protocol that alters population demographics in favor of older male deer. Samples were collected from antler pedicles for males, the top of the head where pedicles would be if present for females, or the whole dorsal frontal area of the head for neonates. We collected nasal samples from all animals by swabbing the nasopharyngeal membranes. A gram stain and catalase test were conducted, and aerobic bacteria were identified to genus and species when possible. We evaluated the effect of region on whether deer carried A. pyogenes using Pearson's chi-square test with Yates’ continuity correction. For the white-tailed deer management study, we tested whether site, age class and sex predisposed animals to carrying A. pyogenes using binary logistic regression. Results A. pyogenes was detected on deer in three of the six regions studied, and was common in only one region, the Upper Eastern Shore. In the Upper Eastern Shore, 45% and 66% of antler and nasal swabs from deer were positive for A. pyogenes, respectively. On the Upper Eastern Shore, prevalence of A. pyogenes cultured from deer did not differ between management areas, and was abundant among both sexes and across all age classes. No A. pyogenes was cultured from a small sample of neonates. Conclusion Our study indicates A. pyogenes may be carried widely among white-tailed deer regardless of sex or age class, but we found no evidence the pathogen is acquired in utero. The distribution of A. pyogenes across regions and concentration in a region with low livestock levels suggests the potential for localized endemicity of the organism and the possibility that deer may serve as a maintenance reservoir for an emerging one health concern.}, number={1}, journal={Infection Ecology & Epidemiology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Turner, Melissa M. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Conner, Mark C. and Eyler, T. Brian and Lancia, Richard A. and Klaver, Robert W. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={19175} }
 @inproceedings{lashley_chitwood_prince_elfelt_kilburg_deperno_moorman_2013, place={Missoula, Montana}, title={Influence of homogenously applied fire prescriptions on the distribution of hardwoods and mast in the longleaf pine ecosystem}, booktitle={Proceedings of 4th Fire Behavior and Fuels Conference}, publisher={International Association of Wildland Fire}, author={Lashley, M.A. and Chitwood, M.C. and Prince, A. and Elfelt, M. and Kilburg, E. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, editor={Wade, D.D. and Fox, R.L. and Robinson, M.L.Editors}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={49–50} }
 @article{maggi_chitwood_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2013, title={Novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={36}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2013.08.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2013.08.001}, abstractNote={Globally, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are emerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens that affect livestock, wildlife, companion animals, and humans, potentially causing serious and economically important disease problems. Little is known about hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. prevalence, host-specificity, or route of transmission in most species, including wildlife. DNA amplification by PCR targeting the 16SrRNA and the RNaseP genes was used to establish the presence and prevalence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in a white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) population in eastern North Carolina. Sixty-five deer (89%) tested positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. where sequence analysis of the 16SsRNA and the RNaseP genes indicated the presence of at least three distinct species. This study represents the first detection of three distinct hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer and the first report of two novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species.}, number={6}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Maggi, Ricardo G. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={607–611} }
 @article{chitwood_deperno_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2013, title={Physiological Condition of Female White-tailed Deer in a Nutrient-deficient Habitat Type}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.012.0206}, abstractNote={Abstract Physiological and morphological indices are useful for determining condition of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer; hereafter deer) and are important for deer management. However, information about deer condition in nutrient-deficient habitat types is sparse. Pocosins have a low nutritional plane and are characterized by deep, acidic, peat soils with a dense shrub layer that provides little or no hard and soft mast. In July 2008 and March 2009, we collected a total of 60 female deer (30 from each period) from a 31,565-ha pocosin forest managed intensively for Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) in coastal North Carolina. We recorded whole weight, eviscerated weight, spleen and adrenal gland weights, and kidney fat index (KFI). Abomasal parasite counts (APC) and femur marrow fat index (MFI) were determined post-collection in the laboratory, and blood samples were analyzed for packed cell volume and standard serum chemistries. Serum chemistries were within expected ranges, with the exception of elevated potassium concentrations. The KFI and MFI were within levels reported in the literature, and APC levels did not indicate heavy parasite loads. Spleen (t58 = 0.69, P = 0.492) and adrenal gland weights (t58 = 1.46, P = 0.151) were similar between periods. Our results provide baseline physiological data for deer in a nutrient-deficient habitat type. Though managers need to consider nutritional plane of particular habitat types, our results indicate that deer can achieve normal body weights and maintain body condition in nutrient-deficient sites.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and DePerno, Christopher S. and Flowers, James R. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={307–316} }
 @article{becker_moorman_deperno_simons_2013, title={Quantifiable Long-term Monitoring on Parks and Nature Preserves}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.012.0208}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Herpetofauna have declined globally, and monitoring is a useful approach to document local and long-term changes. However, monitoring efforts often fail to account for detectability or follow standardized protocols. We performed a case study at Hemlock Bluffs Nature Preserve in Cary, NC to model occupancy of focal species and demonstrate a replicable long-term protocol useful to parks and nature preserves. From March 2010 to 2011, we documented occupancy of Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander), Plethodon cinereus (Red-backed Salamander), Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake), and Diadophis punctatus (Ringneck Snake) at coverboard sites and estimated breeding female Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) abundance via dependent double-observer egg-mass counts in ephemeral pools. Temperature influenced detection of both Marbled and Red-backed Salamanders. Based on egg-mass data, we estimated Spotted Salamander abundance to be between 21 and 44 breeding females. We detected 43 of 53 previously documented herpetofauna species. Our approach demonstrates a monitoring protocol that accounts for factors that influence species detection and is replicable by parks or nature preserves with limited resources.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Becker, Sharon and Moorman, Christopher and DePerno, Christopher and Simons, Theodore}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={339–352} }
 @article{rockhill_deperno_powell_2013, title={The Effect of Illumination and Time of Day on Movements of Bobcats (Lynx rufus)}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069213}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0069213}, abstractNote={Understanding behavioral changes of prey and predators based on lunar illumination provides insight into important life history, behavioral ecology, and survival information. The objectives of this research were to determine if bobcat movement rates differed by period of day (dark, moon, crepuscular, day), lunar illumination (<10%, 10 - <50%, 50 - <90%, >90%), and moon phase (new, full). Bobcats had high movement rates during crepuscular and day periods and low movement rates during dark periods with highest nighttime rates at 10-<50% lunar illumination. Bobcats had highest movement rates during daytime when nighttime illumination was low (new moon) and higher movement rates during nighttime when lunar illumination was high (full moon). The behaviors we observed are consistent with prey availability being affected by light level and by limited vision by bobcats during darkness.}, number={7}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Rockhill, Aimee P. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Powell, Roger A.}, editor={Somers, MichaelEditor}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={e69213} }
 @book{gould_deperno_olfenbuttel_2013, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban black bear ecology: Movements, population ecology and harvest vulnerability of black bears in urban/suburban habitats}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife resources Commission}, author={Gould, N.P. and DePerno, C.S. and Olfenbuttel, C.}, year={2013} }
 @article{blackman_deperno_moorman_peterson_2013, title={Use of Crop Fields and Forest by Wintering American Woodcock}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.012.0107}, abstractNote={Abstract - 
 During the 1970s–80s, Scolopax minor (American Woodcock) on wintering grounds in North Carolina generally used bottomland forests diurnally and fed on earthworms in conventionally tilled soybean fields at night. Researchers surmised the ridges and furrows in conventionally tilled fields provided Woodcock protection from predators and winter weather. Since the 1980s, farmers widely adopted no-till practices for soybean agriculture, and this change in field structure may have altered Woodcock crop field use. We returned to the same area as previous research and conducted a study of Woodcock crop field and forest use in a landscape where crop fields are the dominant open-habitat type. During December 2009–March 2010, we captured and radio-tracked 29 Woodcock. Every 24 hours, we located each radio-marked Woodcock during diurnal and nocturnal periods, and verified the habitat type on foot as either crop field or bottomland forest. We recorded 94% of nocturnal locations in forest, 6% of nocturnal locations in crop fields, and 100% of diurnal locations in forest. Percent of an individual Woodcock's nocturnal locations in crop fields ranged from zero to 44%, with a mean of 6% (± 2% SE). The adoption of no-till technology and associated reduction in ridge and furrow micro-habitat available in crop fields may contribute to the low frequency of Woodcock nocturnal field use. Because Woodcock primarily were relocated in bottomland forests diurnally and nocturnally, forest stands should be conserved when managing agricultural landscapes.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Blackman, Emily B. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Peterson, M. Nils}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={85–92} }
 @article{sandfoss_deperno_betsill_palamar_erickson_kennedy-stoskopf_2012, title={A Serosurvey for Brucella suis, Classical Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) of Eastern North Carolina}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.462}, abstractNote={As feral swine (Sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. From September 2007 to March 2010, in 13 North Carolina, USA, counties and at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for Brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (PRV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV); the samples obtained at Howell Woods also were tested for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Feral swine serum was collected from trapped and hunter-harvested swine. For the first time since 2004 when screening began, we detected B. suis antibodies in 9% (9/98) of feral swine at Howell Woods and <1% (1/415) in the North Carolina counties. Also, at Howell Woods, we detected PCV-2 antibodies in 59% (53/90) of feral swine. We did not detect antibodies to PRV (n=512) or CSFV (n=307) at Howell Woods or the 13 North Carolina counties, respectively. The detection of feral swine with antibodies to B. suis for the first time in North Carolina warrants increased surveillance of the feral swine population to evaluate speed of disease spread and to establish the potential risk to commercial swine and humans.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sandfoss, Mark R. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Betsill, Carl W. and Palamar, Maria Baron and Erickson, Gene and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={462–466} }
 @inbook{deperno_2012, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2013 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Abney, M.R. and Buhler, W.G. and Shew, B. and Caldwell, D.F. and Crozier, C. and DePerno, C. and Richardson, R. and Roberson, G. and Shew, B. and Kennedy, G. and et al.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={400–410} }
 @article{bowling_moorman_deperno_2012, title={Bobwhite use of field borders}, volume={17}, url={https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/UG_FALL2012.pdf}, number={2}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Bowling, S. and Moorman, C. and DePerno, C.}, year={2012}, pages={7–8} }
 @article{golden_peterson_deperno_bardon_moorman_2012, title={Factors shaping private landowner engagement in wildlife management}, volume={37}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.235}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.235}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Golden, Katherine E. and Peterson, M. Nils and DePerno, Christopher S. and Bardon, Robert E. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={94–100} }
 @article{monteith_monteith_delger_schmitz_brinkman_deperno_jenks_2012, title={Immobilization of white-tailed deer with telazol, ketamine, and xylazine, and evaluation of antagonists}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.383}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Monteith, Kevin L. and Monteith, Kyle B. and Delger, Joshua A. and Schmitz, Lowell E. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={1412–1419} }
 @inproceedings{karns_lancia_deperno_conner_2012, title={Impacts of hunting pressure on adult male white-tailed deer behavior}, volume={66}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Karns, G.R. and Lancia, R.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Conner, M.C.}, year={2012}, pages={120–125} }
 @article{raybuck_moorman_greenberg_deperno_gross_simon_warburton_2012, title={Short-term response of small mammals following oak regeneration silviculture treatments}, volume={274}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.012}, abstractNote={Upland, mixed-oak forests in the eastern United States have experienced widespread oak regeneration failure, largely due to cessation of anthropogenic disturbance. Silvicultural practices used to promote advance oak regeneration may affect ground-dwelling mammals. From May to August 2008 (pre-treatment), 2010 (first year post-treatment), and 2011 (second year post-treatment), we trapped small mammals to assess changes in species richness and abundance following experimental tests of three silvicultural treatments (prescribed burns, midstory herbicide applications, and shelterwood harvests) used to promote oak regeneration. We trapped small mammals in five replicates of each treatment and controls using Sherman live traps (2008 and 2010) and drift fences (2008, 2010, and 2011). From pre- to post-treatment, we evaluated the change in estimated peromyscid abundance and relative abundance of masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), smoky shrews (Sorex fumeus), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). Additionally, we evaluated the change in species richness across treatments for both sampling techniques. For all measures analyzed (i.e., species richness, peromyscid abundance, and relative abundance of shrews), the change from pre- to post-treatment did not differ among treatments. However, more masked shrews, smoky shrews, and northern short-tailed shrews were captured in 2011 (i.e., second year post-treatment) than in 2010 (i.e., first year post-treatment). Our research indicates that, in the short-term, small mammals (e.g., mice and shrews) can tolerate a wide range of forest disturbance following oak regeneration treatments. However, delayed treatment effects (e.g., additional post-herbicide midstory dieback) or additive changes following future treatments (e.g., prescribed burns following shelterwood harvests or multiple prescribed burns) may compound effects on small mammal populations, and should be assessed with long-term research (>2 years post-treatment).}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Raybuck, Amy L. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Greenberg, Cathryn H. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Gross, Kevin and Simon, Dean M. and Warburton, Gordon S.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{sherrill_snider_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2012, title={Survey of Zoonotic Pathogens in White-tailed Deer on Bald Head Island, North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.011.0315}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have become overabundant in many urban and suburban areas, which can cause concern about exposure of humans and pets to zoonotic pathogens. Bald Head Island, NC is a small barrier island that has experienced ongoing residential development since the mid-1980s and has a relatively high deer density (15–17 deer/km2). To address concerns expressed by residents, we screened ≈13% of the White-tailed Deer population for potential zoonotic pathogens. We collected blood from 8 deer in January through March 2008 and 5 deer in January 2009. We tested sera for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and six serovars of Leptospira interrogans; and whole blood samples for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi DNA. All sera were negative for antibodies to L. interrogans; two samples were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum, and one was seropositive for B. burgdorferi. Whole blood PCR results were negative for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi. Continued surveillance for wildlife diseases on Bald Head Island is necessary to determine prevalence of specific pathogens, their impacts on the White-tailed Deer population, and the risk of exposure to humans and pets.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Sherrill, Brandon L. and Snider, Anthony G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={529–533} }
 @book{lashley_moorman_deperno_2012, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The Influence of growing-season prescribed fire on white-tailed deer forage at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Lashley, M.A. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2012} }
 @book{kilburg_prince_elfelt_moorman_deperno_2012, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The effects of growing-season prescribed fire on small mammals and ground-nesting birds at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Kilburg, E. and Prince, A. and Elfelt, M. and Moorman, C. and DePerno, C.}, year={2012} }
 @book{chitwood_elfelt_moorman_deperno_2012, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={The influence of coyotes on white-tailed deer recruitment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Elfelt, M.B. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2012} }
 @article{rockhill_chinnadurai_powell_deperno_2011, title={A COMPARISON OF TWO FIELD CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR BOBCATS (LYNX RUFUS)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0152.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Anesthetic protocols that allow quick induction, short processing time, and rapid reversal are necessary for researchers performing minimally invasive procedures (including morphometric measurements or attachment of radiocollars). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of medetomidine and butorphanol as a substitute for xylazine in ketamine-based field immobilization protocols for bobcats (Lynx rufus) to reduce recovery and total field times. During 2008 and 2009, 11 bobcats were immobilized with an intramuscular combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg)-xylazine (0.75 mg/kg) (KX) or ketamine (4 mg/kg)-medetomidine (40 mcg/kg)-butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) (KMB). Time to initial sedation, recumbency, and full anesthesia were recorded postinjection. Time to head up, sternal, standing, full recovery, and total processing times were recorded post-reversal. Throughout anesthesia, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and noninvasive hemoglobin-oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded at 5-min intervals. The KX combination had a median time to full anesthesia of 10 min, a median recovery time of 46 min, and a median total processing time of 83 min. Alternatively, the KMB combination had a median time to full anesthesia of 21 min, a median recovery time of 18 min, and a median total processing time of 64 min. The KX protocol produced a median HR of 129 beats/min, RR of 25 breaths/min, RT of 38.3°C, and SpO2 of 93%. The KMB protocol produced a median HR of 97 beats/min, RR of 33 breaths/min, RT of 38.4°C, and SpO2 of 92%. Though both protocols provided safe and reliable sedation, the benefits of using medetomidine and butorphanol to lower ketamine doses and decrease processing time for brief nonsurgical sedation of bobcats in the field are presented.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Rockhill, Aimee P. and Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Powell, Roger A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={580–585} }
 @article{blackman_deperno_peterson_moorman_2011, title={Agricultural wintering habitat as a limiting factor for woodcock in the Southeast: thirty years of agroecosystem change}, url={http://www.timberdoodle.org/science}, journal={Timberdoodle: The Woodcock Management Plan}, author={Blackman, E. and DePerno, C.S. and Peterson, N. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2011}, month={Feb} }
 @article{blackman_deperno_moorman_peterson_2011, title={An earthworm feast in crop fields: American woodcock select furrows for foraging}, volume={16}, url={http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/UplandGazette/Vol16i1_UG_spring11.pdf}, number={1}, journal={The Upland Gazette}, author={Blackman, E.B. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Peterson, M.N.}, year={2011}, pages={4–5} }
 @inbook{deperno_2011, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2012 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Buhler, W.G. and Shew, B. and Abney, M.R. and Caldwell, D.F. and Crozier, C. and DePerno, C. and Richardson, R. and Roberson, G. and Dole, J. and Melton, T. and et al.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={385–396} }
 @article{chitwood_peterson_deperno_2011, title={Assessing Dog Hunter Identity in Coastal North Carolina}, volume={16}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.551448}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2011.551448}, abstractNote={As wildlife managers grapple with restrictions or bans on pursuing white-tailed deer and black bear with dogs (i.e., dog hunting), it is crucial that researchers and managers understand how dog hunting contributes to identity in rural communities. We addressed this need with a case study in coastal North Carolina. We conducted 78 informant-directed, open-ended interviews and analyzed data using the theory of narrated identity. Dog hunting defined relationships with family, friends, and nature, was used to integrate others into the community, to cope with major life events, and to distinguish between the dog hunting community and others. Our results indicate dog hunting helps define identity for some rural communities. The vulnerability expressed within dog hunter identity suggests an opportunity to regulate dog hunting in ways that promote broad-based social legitimacy for the activity.}, number={2}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Peterson, M. Nils and Deperno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={128–141} }
 @article{blackman_deperno_moorman_peterson_2011, title={Avian influenza testing of American woodcock in an agricultural landscape}, volume={127}, url={https://www.jncas.org/doi/pdf/10.7572/2167-5880-127.2.189}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science}, author={Blackman, E.B. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Peterson, M.N.}, year={2011}, pages={189–191} }
 @article{beard_maggi_kennedy-stoskopf_cherry_sandfoss_deperno_breitschwerdt_2011, title={Bartonella spp. in Feral Pigs, Southeastern United States}, volume={17}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.100141}, DOI={10.3201/eid1705.100141}, abstractNote={In conjunction with efforts to assess pathogen exposure in feral pigs from the southeastern United States, we amplified Bartonella henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from blood samples. Feral pigs may represent a zoonotic risk for hunters or butchers and pose a potential threat to domesticated livestock.}, number={5}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Beard, Adam W. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Cherry, Natalie A. and Sandfoss, Mark R. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={893–895} }
 @article{thakur_sandfoss_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2011, title={Detection of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella in Feral Swine Population in North Carolina}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.774}, abstractNote={We sampled 161 feral pigs in eastern North Carolina, USA, to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella. Seven (4.4%) and eight (5.0%) pigs tested positive for C. difficile and Salmonella, respectively, highlighting the importance of determining the epidemiology of these pathogens in feral pigs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Thakur, Siddhartha and Sandfoss, Mark and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={774–776} }
 @article{blackman_deperno_heiniger_krachey_moorman_peterson_2011, title={Effects of crop field characteristics on nocturnal winter use by American woodcock}, volume={76}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.254}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.254}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Blackman, Emily B. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Heiniger, Ron W. and Krachey, Matthew J. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Peterson, M. Nils}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={528–533} }
 @article{turner_rockhill_deperno_jenks_klaver_jarding_grovenburg_pollock_2011, title={Evaluating the Effect of Predators on White-Tailed Deer: Movement and Diet of Coyotes}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.109}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Turner, Melissa M. and Rockhill, Aimee P. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Klaver, Robert W. and Jarding, Angela R. and Grovenburg, Troy W. and Pollock, Kenneth H.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={905–912} }
 @article{grovenburg_swanson_jacques_deperno_klaver_jenks_2011, title={Female White-tailed Deer Survival Across Ecoregions in Minnesota and South Dakota}, volume={165}, ISSN={["0003-0031"]}, DOI={10.1674/0003-0031-165.2.426}, abstractNote={Abstract Survival and cause-specific mortality of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been well documented in forested and agricultural landscapes, but limited information has been collected in grassland habitats typical of the Northern Great Plains. Our objectives were to document and compare survival and cause-specific mortality of adult female white-tailed deer in four distinct ecoregions. We captured and radiocollared 190 (159 adult, 31 yearling) female white-tailed deer and monitored (including deer from a previous study) a total of 246 (215 adult, 31 yearling) deer from Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2007. We documented 113 mortalities; hunting (including wounding loss) accounted for 69.9% of all mortalities and vehicle collisions accounted for an additional 15.0%. Natural causes (e.g., disease, predation) of mortality were minor compared to human-related causes (e.g., hunting, vehicle collisions). We used known fate modeling in program MARK to estimate survival rates and compare ecoregions and seasons. Model {Sseason (winter = summer)} had the lowest AICc value suggesting that survival differed only between seasons where winter and summer survival was equal and differed with fall season. Annual and seasonal (summer, fall, winter) survival rates using the top model {Sseason (summer = winter)} were 0.76 (95% ci  =  0.70–0.80), 0.97 (95% ci  =  0.96–0.98), 0.80 (95% ci  =  0.76–0.83) and 0.97 (95% ci  =  0.96–0.98), respectively. High human-related mortality was likely associated with limited permanent cover, extensive road networks and high hunter density. Deer management in four distinct ecoregions relies on hunter harvest to maintain deer populations within state management goals.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Swanson, Christopher C. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Klaver, Robert W. and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={426–435} }
 @article{stringer_kennedy-stoskopf_chitwood_thompson_deperno_2011, title={HYPEHRKALEMIA IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.307}, abstractNote={Sixty adult and yearling female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected in July 2008 (n=30) and March 2009 (n=30) from eastern North Carolina as part of a population health assessment. During July 2008, standard serum analyses revealed hyperkalemia in all deer sampled. In March, the effect of processing time as a possible source of the hyperkalemia was investigated. For a subset of deer (n=10), blood tubes were centrifuged and processed at four time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) postcollection. Delayed centrifugation and plasma separation did not affect potassium (K+) concentration over time, indicating that a shift in intracellular K+ did not occur and the hyperkalemia was not due to improper sample handling. Potassium levels were negatively correlated with age and varied across collection periods. Also, K+ levels were positively correlated with glucose and not correlated with creatine kinase (CK). No single variable indicated a strong enough relationship to explain the hyperkalemia in the study.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Chitwood, M. Colter and Thompson, Jeffrey R. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={307–313} }
 @inproceedings{karns_lancia_bishir_deperno_conner_barker_2011, title={Improvement of a catch-per-unit-effort estimator for white-tailed deer populations}, volume={65}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Karns, G.R. and Lancia, R.A. and Bishir, J.W. and DePerno, C.S. and Conner, M. and Barker, C.}, year={2011}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{grovenburg_jacques_klaver_deperno_brinkman_swanson_jenks_2011, title={Influence of landscape characteristics on migration strategies of white-tailed deer}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1644/09-mamm-a-407.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A trade-off exists for migrating animals as to whether to migrate or remain residents. Few studies have documented relationships between landscape variables and deer migration strategies. From 2000 to 2007 we captured 267 adult female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at 7 study sites in Minnesota and South Dakota and monitored 149 individuals through ≥3 seasonal migration periods (585 deer-migration seasons). All deer classified as obligate migrators with ≥3 migrations (range 3–9 migration seasons) maintained their obligate status for the duration of the study. Multinomial logistic odds ratios from generalized estimating equations indicated that the odds of being a resident increased by 1.4 and 1.3 per 1-unit increase in forest patch density and mean area, respectively, compared to migrating deer. Odds of being an obligate migrator increased by 0.7 and 0.8 per 1-unit decrease in forest patch density and mean area, respectively, compared to resident or conditional migrating deer. Areas inhabited by resident deer were characterized by greater number of forest patches per 100 ha and larger mean forest patch area than conditional and obligate migrant areas. Odds of migrating increased by 1.1 per 1-unit increase in deer winter severity index. Migration behavior of white-tailed deer varied among regions, and land-cover and landscape characteristics provided predictive indicators of migration strategies for deer that could have important implications for conservation, metapopulation dynamics, and species management.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Klaver, Robert W. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Swanson, Christopher C. and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={534–543} }
 @article{karns_lancia_deperno_conner_2011, title={Investigation of Adult Male White-Tailed Deer Excursions Outside Their Home Range}, volume={10}, ISSN={1528-7092}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.010.0104}, DOI={10.1656/058.010.0104}, abstractNote={Abstract Although male and female Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) exhibit high site fidelity throughout the year, individuals occasionally leave their home ranges on short excursions during the fall and winter months. Although motives for these extraneous movements are difficult to discern, excursions are likely the function of the breeding season, food sources, limited escape cover, and/or human disturbances. From 2003–2007, we examined GPS collar locations of 32 adult male White-tailed Deer at Chesapeake Farms, MD. Seasonal excursions (n = 37), defined as movements lasting a minimum of 6 hours and venturing at least 0.5 km from 95% kernel home-range contours, were examined relative to possible motives related to food resources, breeding, and hunting pressure. Sixty-three percent (n = 20) of adult males made at least one excursion outside their home range immediately before or during breeding season. Based on the seasonal timing of excursions, breeding-season-related motives were likely the driving force behind the majority of adult male White-tailed Deer excursions, whereas hunting pressure and food resources were not a probable cause.}, number={1}, journal={Southeastern Naturalist}, publisher={Humboldt Field Research Institute}, author={Karns, G.R. and Lancia, R.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Conner, M.C.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={39–52} }
 @article{sandfoss_deperno_patton_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2011, title={PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND TRICHINELLA SPP. IN FERAL PIGS (SUS SCROFA) OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.338}, abstractNote={Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) survive in many climates, reproduce year-round, and are dietary generalists. In the United States, the size and range of the feral pig population has expanded, resulting in greater interaction with humans and domestic swine and increased potential for disease transmission. We conducted a serosurvey in feral pigs from eastern North Carolina to determine exposure to the zoonotic parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. Between September 2007 and March 2009, blood serum was collected from 83 feral pigs harvested at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, Four Oaks, North Carolina, USA. We used a modified agglutination test to test for T. gondii antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for Trichinella spp. antibodies. The prevalences of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. were 27.7% and 13.3%, respectively and 4% (n=3) had antibodies to both agents. We detected an increased risk of T. gondii antibodies with age, whereas the risk of exposure to T. gondii across years and between sexes was similar. In eastern North Carolina, feral pigs have been exposed to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. and may pose a health risk to domestic swine and humans.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sandfoss, Mark and DePerno, Christopher and Patton, Sharon and Flowers, James and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={338–343} }
 @inproceedings{golden_deperno_moorman_peterson_bardon_2011, title={Predicting North Carolina landowner participation and interest in wildlife related fee access}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Golden, K. E. and DePerno, C. S. and Moorman, C. E. and Peterson, N. and Bardon, R. E.}, year={2011}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{grovenburg_swanson_jacques_klaver_brinkman_burris_deperno_jenks_2011, title={Survival of White-Tailed Deer Neonates in Minnesota and South Dakota}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.20}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Grovenburg, Troy W. and Swanson, Christopher C. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Klaver, Robert W. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Burris, Benjamin M. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={213–220} }
 @inbook{deperno_2010, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2011 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Shew, B. and Richardson, R. and Abney, M.R. and Buhler, W.G. and Caldwell, D.F. and Crozier, C. and DePerno, C. and Roberson, G. and Sidebottom, J. and Moyer, J. and et al.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={495–508} }
 @article{ayers_deperno_moorman_yelverton_2010, title={Canada Goose Weed Dispersal and Nutrient Loading in Turfgrass Systems}, volume={7}, ISSN={1552-5821}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ATS-2010-0212-02-RS}, DOI={10.1094/ATS-2010-0212-02-RS}, abstractNote={High populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis L.) can lead to feces accumulation in areas adjacent to surface waters, creating concern about aquatic eutrophication. Further, turf managers and livestock farmers work to keep their facilities free of noxious or toxic weeds that geese potentially disperse. We investigated the prevalence of viable seeds and nitrogen and phosphorus content in resident Canada goose droppings. During spring, summer, and fall of 2008, we collected 127 fresh individual droppings which were placed in seedling trays within an irrigated greenhouse and allowed 30 days for weed seed to germinate. Trays were cold stratified for 30 days and returned to the greenhouse for an additional 30 days. Also, during summer and fall of 2007 and 2008, we tested 304 fecal samples from 8 sites for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). Out of 127 droppings planted, 4 plants germinated (3.1%): Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), and 2 Kyllinga spp. The average amounts of TKN and TP in fecal samples were 24.2 mg/g (range = 12.6 to 55.7) and 3.6 mg/g (range = 1.4 to 8.3) of dry matter, respectively. The results indicate that Canada geese in suburban and urban areas are not frequent vectors of viable seeds, but do have potential to contribute nutrients to adjacent surface waters.}, number={1}, journal={ats}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Ayers, Christopher R. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Yelverton, Fred H.}, year={2010}, pages={0} }
 @article{blackman_reynolds_deperno_moorman_peterson_2010, title={Earthworm species available to American woodcock (Scolopax minor) on the wintering grounds in eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={14}, url={https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/01/PR40-EarthwormsMega_000.pdf}, number={4}, journal={Megadrilogica}, author={Blackman, E.B. and Reynolds, J.W. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Peterson, M.N.}, year={2010}, pages={59–64} }
 @article{ayers_moorman_deperno_yelverton_wang_2010, title={Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2193/2009-323}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Anthraquinone (AQ)‐based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose (Branta canadensis) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain‐fast AQ‐based avian repellent, FlightControl® PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free‐ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1‐ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37‐day field sessions (Jun‐Jul 2007, Sep‐Oct 2007, Jun‐Jul 2008, and Sep‐Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full‐plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41–70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30‐day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP‐treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Ayers, Christopher R. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Yelverton, Fred H. and Wang, Huixia J.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={1863–1868} }
 @article{deperno_chintapalli_rutledge_mehlenbacher_2010, title={Improving teaching: Instructional self-assessment across a large introductory undergraduate class}, volume={1}, url={https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/01/PR39-ImprovingteachingAESR.pdf}, number={2}, journal={American Education Science Review}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Chintapalli, L. and Rutledge, M.E. and Mehlenbacher, B.}, year={2010}, pages={1–26} }
 @article{kleist_moorman_deperno_bardon_2010, title={Opportunities for planned county-based wildlife programming}, volume={48}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Kleist, A. M. and Moorman, C. E. and DePerno, C. S. and Bardon, R. E.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{sherrill_snider_deperno_2010, title={White-tailed deer on a barrier island: implications for preserving an ecologically important maritime forest}, volume={64}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Sherrill, B.L. and Snider, A.G. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2010}, pages={38–43} }
 @inbook{deperno_2009, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2010 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Richardson, R. and Crozier, C.R. and Abney, M.R. and Buhler, W.G. and Caldwell, D.F. and DePerno, C. and Shew, B. and Roberson, G. and Sidebottom, J. and Wagger, M. and et al.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={555–567} }
 @article{chitwood_karns_deperno_2009, title={Antler development explained}, journal={RealTree.com}, publisher={realtree}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Karns, G. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2009}, month={Feb} }
 @article{deperno_karns_chitwood_2009, title={Deer of a different color}, journal={RealTree.com}, publisher={RealTree}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Karns, G. and Chitwood, M.C.}, year={2009}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hutchens_deperno_2009, title={Efficacy of sampling techniques for determining species richness estimates of reptiles and amphibians}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1903-220X"]}, DOI={10.2981/08-024}, abstractNote={The ability to detect reptiles and amphibians is influenced by environmental and behavioural variables and detection probabilities, but studies to determine herpetofauna species richness often employ only a small number of sampling techniques, primarily drift fence arrays, visual encounter surveys, and coverboards (i.e. primary techniques). However, using only two or three sampling techniques can underestimate species richness. To evaluate the efficacy of sampling methodologies in determining the species richness of herpetofauna, we employed 11 different sampling techniques. We hypothesized that adding standardized road searches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping grids, line transects, auditory surveys (i.e. secondary techniques), opportunistic encounters, aquatic funnel traps, crayfish traps and basking traps (i.e. tertiary techniques) would better portray species richness. Observed species richness (Sabs, species physically detected or observed), Chao2 estimates of species richness (S), unique species captured (i.e. species detected by only one technique), cost, and cost‐per‐species‐captured for individual techniques and categories (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary) were used to determine efficacy. Primary capture methodologies detected 13 species (S = 14). Secondary and tertiary sampling techniques captured 18 and 24 species, respectively (S = 29 and 25). All sampling methodologies combined captured 33 species for a Chao2 estimate of 34. More unique species were captured by tertiary techniques than by primary or secondary methodologies. Costs for primary techniques were much higher than for secondary and tertiary methodologies. To better determine species richness, we recommend that future research incorporate multiple sampling methodologies in addition to more common techniques.}, number={2}, journal={WILDLIFE BIOLOGY}, author={Hutchens, Stan J. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={113–122} }
 @article{jacques_jenks_deperno_sievers_grovenburg_brinkman_swanson_stillings_2009, title={Evaluating Ungulate Mortality Associated With Helicopter Net-Gun Captures in the Northern Great Plains}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2193/2009-039}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT  Ungulate mortality from capture‐related injuries is a recurring concern for researchers and game managers throughout North America and elsewhere. We evaluated effects of 7 variables to determine whether ungulate mortality could be reduced by modifying capture and handling procedures during helicopter net‐gunning. During winter 2001–2006, we captured 208 white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and 281 pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana) by helicopter net‐gunning throughout the Northern Great Plains. Of 281 pronghorn, 25 (8.9%) died from capture‐related injuries; 12 were from direct injuries during capture, and 13 occurred postrelease. Of 208 deer, 3 (1.4%) died from injuries sustained during helicopter captures, with no mortalities documented postrelease. We used logistic regression to evaluate the probability that ungulates would die of injuries associated with helicopter net‐gun captures by analyzing effects of snow depth, transport distance, ambient and rectal temperatures, pursuit and handling times, and whether individuals were transported to processing sites. The probability of capture‐related mortality postrelease decreased 58% when transport distance was reduced from 14.5 km to 0 km and by 69% when pursuit time decreased from 9 minutes to <1 minute. Wildlife managers and researchers using helicopter capture services in landscapes of the Midwest should limit pursuit time and eliminate animal transport during pronghorn and white‐tailed deer capture operations to minimize mortality rates postrelease.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Jacques, Christopher N. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Sievers, Jaret D. and Grovenburg, Troy W. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Swanson, Christopher C. and Stillings, Bruce A.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={1282–1291} }
 @article{hutchens_deperno_2009, title={Farancia erytrogramma (Rainbow Snake) Habitat}, volume={40}, url={https://www.dropbox.com/s/s6jq9rwtzd7ynnu/HR%20v40%20n3%20Sep09%20ebook.pdf?dl=1}, number={3}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={Hutchens, S.J. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2009}, pages={355} }
 @inproceedings{peterson_deperno_moorman_cunningham_milrad_riddle_steelman_2009, title={Hunting and non-hunting college student’s perceptions of wildlife and each other}, volume={63}, url={https://faculty.cnr.ncsu.edu/christophersdeperno/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/01/PR36-HuntersNonhuntersSEAFWA.pdf}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Peterson, M.N. and DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E. and Cunningham, K.A. and Milrad, J.P. and Riddle, J.D. and Steelman, T.}, year={2009}, pages={47–53} }
 @article{karns_lancia_deperno_conner_stoskopf_2009, title={Intracranial Abscessation as a Natural Mortality Factor for Adult Male White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) in Kent County, Maryland, USA}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.196}, abstractNote={Intracranial abscessation is a cause of natural mortality among free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) across portions of the United States and Canada. Intracranial abscesses caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes disproportionately affect adult male white-tailed deer. From 2003–08, we evaluated the occurrence of intracranial abscessation among adult (≥2.5 yr) radiocollared male white-tailed deer (n=33) at a large private property in Kent County, Maryland, USA. We documented mortality and necropsied 26 (79%) of the 33 deer. In 2007, we collected swabs from the antler bases and nasopharyngeal membranes of living male white-tailed deer in Maryland, USA (n=9), and Texas, USA (n=10), and from freshly rubbed (n=7) and unrubbed (n=7) trees in Maryland, USA. Swabs were cultured for the presence or absence of A. pyogenes. In Maryland, USA, nine (35%) of the 26 necropsied radiocollared male deer had intracranial abscesses. Five (56%) of nine Maryland, USA, males, and none (0%) of 10 Texas, USA, males cultured positive for A. pyogenes. No rubbed or unrubbed trees at the Maryland site cultured positive for A. pyogenes. The rate of intracranial abscess among adult male white-tailed deer at the Maryland, USA, site (35%) exceeds reported rates for other regions of the United States (9%).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Karns, Gabriel R. and Lancia, Richard A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Conner, Mark C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={196–200} }
 @article{hutchens_deperno_2009, title={Measuring species diversity to determine land-use effects on reptile and amphibian assemblages}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1568-5381"]}, DOI={10.1163/156853809787392739}, abstractNote={AbstractPopulations of herpetofauna are declining globally primarily due to land-use practices (e.g., silviculture or conversion to agriculture) and declines require monitoring of all herpetofauna communities. Therefore, forest management plans for Bull Neck Swamp, a pocosin wetland in North Carolina, USA, initiated an inventory of the herpetofauna community. Our objectives were to: (1) derive diversity measures for four designated habitat preserves (i.e., Atlantic whitecedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides], Pond pine [Pinus serotina], Non-riverine Swamp, and Shoreline/Islands) and a Forest manageable area, (2) determine if there were benefits to habitat preserves for the herpetofauna community, and (3) provide recommendations for future monitoring. We employed 11 different sampling techniques across the four habitat preserves and Forest manageable area. Species richness estimates and similarity indices were derived using EstimateS 8.0. For post hoc comparisons, we derived species distributions with the Nestedness Temperature Calculator Program. Observed species richness ranged from 7 to 32 species (S = 13 to 44) and abundances ranged from 99 to 873 individuals. Similarity indices suggested species compositions were similar among habitats. Further, nestedness temperature (T = 12.6°C) indicated an even species distribution among assemblages. Comparable similarity indices among habitats, an even species distribution, and habitat continuity suggested management practices would have little impact on the herpetofauna community. Nevertheless, future management practices should be carefully considered and planned to mitigate effects to individual species. We recommend studies employ species richness, relative abundance, species composition, and distribution as conservation tools when inventorying or monitoring herpetofauna communities.
         }, number={1}, journal={AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA}, author={Hutchens, Stan and DePerno, Christopher}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={81–88} }
 @article{karns_chitwood_moorman_deperno_2009, title={Native vs. Non-Native}, journal={RealTree.com}, author={Karns, G. and Chitwood, M.C. and Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2009}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{peterson_rockhill_deperno_2009, title={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, ISBN={9780028661377}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy}, publisher={Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA; Gale Cengage Learning}, author={Peterson, M. N. and Rockhill, A. and DePerno, C. S.}, editor={Callicott, J. B. and Frodeman, R.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @article{deperno_chitwood_sherrill_2009, title={Video Games: Not like the real deal}, journal={RealTree.com}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Chitwood, M.C. and Sherrill, B.}, year={2009}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hutchens_deperno_2008, title={A rainbow out of place}, volume={72}, number={10}, journal={Wildlife in North Carolina}, author={Hutchens, S.J. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2008}, pages={31} }
 @article{chitwood_karns_deperno_2008, title={All about antler development}, journal={RealTree.com}, publisher={RealTree}, author={Chitwood, M.C. and Karns, G. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2008}, month={Dec} }
 @inbook{deperno_2008, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2009 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Crozier, C.R. and Bacheler, J. and Buhler, W.G. and DePerno, C. and Gosper, J.M. and Shew, B. and Richardson, R. and Roberson, G. and Sidebottom, J. and Harper, J. and et al.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={557–568} }
 @article{klaver_jenks_deperno_griffin_2008, title={Associating seasonal range characteristics with survival of female white-tailed deer}, volume={72}, DOI={10.2192/2005-581}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Klaver, R. W. and Jenks, J. A. and DePerno, Chris and Griffin, S. L.}, year={2008}, pages={343–353} }
 @article{karns_lancia_deperno_conner_2008, title={Brain abscess in white-tailed deer}, journal={RealTree.com}, publisher={RealTree}, author={Karns, G. and Lancia, R.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Conner, M.C.}, year={2008}, month={Jul} }
 @article{swanson_jenks_deperno_klaver_osborn_tardiff_2008, title={Does the use of vaginal-implant transmitters affect neonate survival rate of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus?}, volume={14}, DOI={10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[272:DTUOVT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We compared survival of neonate white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus captured using vaginal-implant transmitters (VITs) and traditional ground searches to determine if capture method affects neonate survival. During winter 2003, 14 adult female radio-collared deer were fitted with VITs to aid in the spring capture of neonates; neonates were captured using VITs (N=14) and traditional ground searches (N=7). Of the VITs, seven (50%) resulted in the location of birth sites and the capture of 14 neonates. However, seven (50%) VITs were prematurely expelled prior to parturition. Predation accounted for seven neonate mortalities, and of these, five were neonates captured using VITs. During summer 2003, survival for neonates captured using VITs one, two, and three months post capture was 0.76 (SE=0.05; N=14), 0.64 (SE=0.07; N=11) and 0.64 (SE=0.08; N=9), respectively. Neonate survival one, two and three months post capture for neonates captured using ground searches was 0.71 (SE=0.11; N=7), 0.71 (SE=0.15; N=5) and 0.71 (SE=0.15; N=5), respectively. Although 71% of neonates that died were captured <24 hours after birth using VITs, survival did not differ between capture methods. Therefore, use of VITs to capture neonate white-tailed deer did not influence neonate survival. VITs enabled us to capture neonates in dense habitats which would have been difficult to locate using traditional ground searches.}, number={2}, journal={Wildlife Biology}, author={Swanson, C. C. and Jenks, J. A. and DePerno, C. S. and Klaver, R. W. and Osborn, R. G. and Tardiff, J. A.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={272–279} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_2008, title={Does with antlers?}, journal={RealTree.com}, publisher={RealTree}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2008}, month={Oct} }
 @article{ayers_deperno_stoskopf_moorman_yelverton_2008, title={Limiting Canada goose use of turfgrass areas}, journal={North Carolina Turfgrass}, author={Ayers, C.R. and DePerno, C.S. and Stoskopf, S.K. and Moorman, C.E. and Yelverton, F.H.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={32–36} }
 @article{sivamani_turner_deperno_2008, title={Perspectives on tiger conservation in India: A comparison of local and global viewpoints}, volume={4}, journal={Undergraduate Research Journal of North Carolina State University}, author={Sivamani, S. and Turner, M. and DePerno, C.}, year={2008}, pages={24–33} }
 @article{wolf_deperno_jenks_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_swanson_brinkman_osborn_tardiff_2008, title={Selenium Status and Antibodies to Selected Pathogens in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota}, volume={44}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, abstractNote={To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Swanson, Christopher C. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Osborn, Robert G. and Tardiff, Jeannine A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{gorman_mcmillan_erb_deperno_martin_2008, title={Survival and cause-specific mortality of a protected population of river otters in Minnesota}, volume={159}, ISSN={["0003-0031"]}, DOI={10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[98:SACMOA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Determining causes of mortality and estimating survival rates can provide insight into the status of species for which population trends are not well understood. From Apr. 2002–May 2004 we radio-marked and monitored 39 (13 adult males; 6 subadult males; 8 adult females; 12 subadult females) river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the upper Mississippi River watershed to document causes of mortality, and to evaluate the effects of season, age and sex on survival of river otters in southeastern Minnesota. Further, we assessed the relative importance of demographic parameters to population growth using a projection matrix, which incorporated reproductive data with our observed survival estimates. Human induced mortalities, including accidental captures by fur-harvesters targeting other species (n = 6) and vehicle collisions (n = 1), accounted for the majority of deaths while natural mortality was low (n = 1). Annual survival of females was 0.680 (SE = 0.099) and was 0.946 (SE = 0.052) for adult males. Elasticity of adult female survival was 3.1 times higher than subadult survival, 2.7 times higher than juvenile survival and 2.7 times higher than the sum of elasticity for subadult and adult female reproduction. River otters and other furbearers need to be monitored to assess population status, and management should be responsive to ensure persistence of populations experiencing intentional and/or accidental harvest.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST}, author={Gorman, Thomas A. and McMillan, Brock R. and Erb, John D. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Martin, Daniel J.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={98–109} }
 @article{deperno_matthews_pollock_woodward_2008, title={Visible implant fluorescent elastomer: A reliable marking alternative for snakes}, volume={39}, number={3}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={DePerno, C. and Matthews, C. and Pollock, K. and Woodward, D.}, year={2008}, pages={301–303} }
 @book{rutledge_deperno_moorman_ayers_2008, place={Raleigh. NC}, title={You can help waterfowl...}, institution={North Carolina State University, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Program}, author={Rutledge, L. and DePerno, C. and Moorman, C. and Ayers, C.}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{deperno_2007, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2008 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Bacheler, J. and Buhler, W.G. and Burton, M.G. and Crozier, C.R. and DePerno, C.S.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={534–544} }
 @book{deperno_gosper_ritchies_roberson_sidebottom_smith_melton_burnette_2007, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences}, institution={North Carolina State University}, year={2007} }
 @article{deperno_2007, title={Quantification of Canada Goose Damage and Repellency in Managed Turfgrass Systems}, journal={North Carolina Turfgrass}, publisher={North Carolina Turfgrass}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={23} }
 @article{deperno_lancia_2007, edition={73}, title={Wildlife summer camp}, volume={73}, journal={The Pinetum: Journal for the College of Natural Resources}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Lancia, R.A.}, year={2007}, pages={15} }
 @inbook{deperno_2006, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2007 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Buhler, W.G. and Burnette, J. and DePerno, C. and Burton, M.G. and Crozier, C.R. and Gosper, J.M. and Monks, D.W. and Ritchie, D.F. and Roberson, G.T. and Sidebottom, J.R. and et al.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={514–524} }
 @inproceedings{moorman_harper_deperno_2006, title={Breaking through the food plot mentality}, booktitle={Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference}, author={Moorman, C.E. and Harper, C.A. and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Timm, R.M. and Harper, C.A. and Higginbotham, B.J. and Parkhurst, J.A.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={72–75} }
 @inproceedings{deperno_moorman_2006, title={Bringing extension into the classroom}, booktitle={Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Moorman, C.E.}, editor={Timm, R.M. and Harper, C.A. and Higginbotham, B.J. and Parkhurst, J.A.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={128–130} }
 @inproceedings{moorman_deperno_2006, title={Saving the world one native plant at a time}, booktitle={Proceedings, 11th Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Conference}, author={Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Timm, R.M. and Harper, C.A. and Higginbotham, B.J. and Parkhurst, J.A.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={53–56} }
 @book{griffin_jenks_deperno_2006, place={Pierre, South Dakota}, title={Seasonal movements, home ranges, and survival of white-tailed deer and mule deer in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, 1998-2003}, institution={South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks}, author={Griffin, S.L. and Jenks, J.A. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2006} }
 @book{moorman_deperno_doerr_lancia_2006, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Turner House}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Moorman, C.E. and DePerno, C.S. and Doerr, P.D. and Lancia, R.A.}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{deperno_2005, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2006 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Monks, D.W. and Buhler, W.G. and Burton, M.G. and Burnette, J. and Crozier, C.R. and DePerno, C. and Gosper, J.M. and Moorman, C. and Roberson, G.T. and Sidebottom, J.R. and et al.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={514–524} }
 @article{webber_snow_riddle_deperno_2005, title={Bad rep for coyotes}, volume={69}, number={12}, journal={Wildlife in North Carolina}, author={Webber, J.M. and Snow, R. and Riddle, J. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2005}, pages={16–19} }
 @article{deperno_bigalke_jenks_haroldson_osborn_2005, title={Electrocution of an adult white-tailed deer}, volume={37}, number={1}, journal={The Prairie Naturalist}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Bigalke, B.J. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Osborn, R.G.}, year={2005}, pages={47–49} }
 @article{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_osborn_2005, title={Movement of female white-tailed deer: effects of climate and intensive row-crop agriculture}, volume={69}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1099:mofwde]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.2193/0022-541x(2005)069[1099:mofwde]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Movements (e.g., migration, dispersal) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) vary greatly over the geographic range of the species. Therefore, region-specific, empirical information is needed to effectively manage deer populations. Movements of white-tailed deer have been well documented in forest dominated habitats; however, little information related to white-tailed deer movements exists in intensively (>80%) cultivated areas. From January 2001 to August 2002, we monitored movements of 77 (61 adult, 16 young) female white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota. We collected 6,867 locations, calculated 130 home ranges, and documented 149 seasonal movements. Fifteen percent of deer were nonmigratory, whereas 35% were facultative migrators, and 42.5% were obligate migrators. Mean distance between summer and winter home range was 10.1 km. Temperature and snow depth had the greatest influence on initiation of seasonal migration, whereas crop emergence and harvest had minimal effects. Four deer (8%) dispersed a mean distance of 71.3 km with 1 adult female moving a straight-line distance of 205 km. All dispersing deer occupied a temporary staging area for approximately 1 month between previous winter and new summer ranges. Mean home range (95% use area) in winter (5.2 km2) was over twice as large as home range in summer (2.3 km2). Movements exhibited by white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota were influenced by large annual fluctuations in climate and a highly fragmented landscape dominated by row-crop agriculture. We provide data beneficial to biologists managing northern populations of white-tailed deer in fragmented environments by detailing the relationship between climate, intensive agriculture, and deer movements.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brinkman, Todd J. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Haroldson, Brian S. and Osborn, Robert G.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1099–1111} }
 @article{schuler_jenks_deperno_wild_swanson_2005, title={Tonsillar Biopsy Test for Chronic Wasting Disease: Two Sampling Approaches in Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer}, volume={41}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.820}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.820}, abstractNote={Preclinical antemortem testing of deer (Odocoileus spp.) for chronic wasting disease (CWD) can be important for determining prevalence rates and removing infected individuals from wild populations. Because samples with high numbers of tonsillar follicles are likely to provide earlier detection of CWD than samples with fewer follicles, the method of obtaining follicular samples may be critical when investigating disease prevalence. Between January 2003 and January 2005, white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) in southeast and southwest Minnesota and white-tailed and mule deer (O. hemionus) in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, were sampled using dorso-lateral and ventral-medial approaches for collecting tonsillar follicles. We obtained significantly more follicles using a dorso-lateral (median number of follicles=19) rather than a ventral-medial (median number of follicles=5.5) approach. No differences were observed in collection of tonsillar follicles that were related to sex, age class, or species of deer. We recommend the dorso-lateral approach for assessing CWD prevalence in deer populations.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Schuler, Krysten L. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Wild, Margaret A. and Swanson, Christopher C.}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={820–824} }
 @inbook{deperno_2004, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2005 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Monks, D.W. and Buhler, W.G. and Burton, M.G. and Burnette, J. and Crozier, C.R. and DePerno, C. and Gosper, J.M. and Moorman, C. and Roberson, G.T. and Sidebottom, J.R. and et al.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={538–548} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_2004, title={Antlered does}, journal={Minnesota Conservation Volunteer}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2004}, month={May} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_2004, title={Antlered female deer: A scientific perspective}, journal={Whitetales Winter}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2004}, pages={38–39} }
 @article{gibbs_jenks_deperno_sowell_jenkins_2004, title={Cervid forage utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine forests}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0022-409X"]}, DOI={10.2307/4003971}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}, author={Gibbs, MC and Jenks, JA and Deperno, CS and Sowell, BF and Jenkins, KJ}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={435–441} }
 @article{brinkman_jenks_deperno_haroldson_2004, title={Clostridium perfringens type A in a free-ranging fawn?}, volume={36}, journal={The Prairie Naturalist}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and Jenks, J.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S.}, year={2004}, pages={181–185} }
 @inproceedings{fecske_jenks_lindzey_deperno_serfass_2004, title={Distribution and abundance of cougars (Puma concolor) in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Eastern Cougar Conference 2004}, author={Fecske, D.M. and Jenks, J.A. and Lindzey, F.G. and DePerno, C.S. and Serfass, T.L.}, editor={McGinnis, H.J. and Tischendorf, J.W. and Ropski, S.J.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={34} }
 @inbook{osborn_deperno_haroldson_2004, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Estimating deer populations in southeast Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2003 Division of Fish and Wildlife}, publisher={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Osborn, R.G. and DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{brinkman_monteith_jenks_deperno_2004, title={Predicting neonatal age of white-tailed deer in the northern Great Plains}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={The Prairie Naturalist}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and Monteith, K.L. and Jenks, J.A. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={75–81} }
 @inbook{deperno_haroldson_brinkman_bigalke_swanson_lajoie_jenks_erb_osborn_2004, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Survival and home ranges of white-tailed deer in southern Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002 Section of Wildlife}, publisher={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S. and Brinkman, T.J. and Bigalke, B.J. and Swanson, C.C. and Lajoie, I.L. and Jenks, J.A. and Erb, J.D. and Osborn, R.G.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={35–54} }
 @article{brinkman_jenks_deperno_haroldson_osborn_2004, title={Survival of white-tailed deer in an intensively farmed region of Minnesota}, volume={32}, ISSN={0091-7648 1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0726:sowdia]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0726:sowdia]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Survival and cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been well documented in forested habitat, but limited information has been collected in intensively farmed regions. The objectives of this study were to determine survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate, fawn female, and adult female white-tailed deer in an intensively farmed (>80% land cover) region of Minnesota. We captured and radiocollared 77 female deer >8 months old (61 adults, 16 fawns) and 39 neonates (17 male, 22 female). Hunting was the greatest cause of mortality among adult deer, with 43% of mortalities attributed to firearms hunters. Annual survival rate of all adult and fawn (≥8 months) radiocollared deer was 0.77 (n = 58, SE = 0.06). Overall (Jan. 2001-Aug. 2002) adult survival was 0.75 (n = 77, SE = 0.05) and was similar to survival rates reported elsewhere for female white-tailed deer. Natural causes (e.g., disease, predation) of mortality were minor compared to human-related causes (e.g., hunting, vehicle collision). In total, 67% of neonate mortalities were due to predators. Neonate summer survival rate pooled over years was 0.84 (n = 39, SE = 0.06) and was high compared to other studies. High neonate survival was likely associated with a low predator density, quality vegetation structure at neonate bed sites, and high nutritional condition of dams. Deer management in the highly fragmented and intensively farmed regions of Minnesota relies on hunter harvest to maintain deer populations at levels tolerable to landowners.}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brinkman, Todd J. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Haroldson, Brian S. and Osborn, Robert G.}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={726–731} }
 @inbook{gorman_erb_mcmillan_deperno_martin_2004, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Survival, home range characteristics, and habitat selection of river otter in southeastern Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2003 Division of Fish and Wildlife}, publisher={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Gorman, T.A. and Erb, J.D. and McMillan, B.R. and DePerno, C.S. and Martin, D.J.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={107–119} }
 @inproceedings{bigalke_jenks_deperno_2003, title={An efficient lower jaw removal technique for large mammals}, volume={82}, booktitle={Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science}, author={Bigalke, B.J. and Jenks, J.A. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2003}, pages={67–72} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_2003, title={Antlered female deer: how and why?}, journal={Whitetail Journal}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={70–74} }
 @article{deperno_anderson_2003, title={Documentation of a late born fawn in south central Minnesota}, journal={Whitetales Summer}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Anderson, J.R.}, year={2003}, pages={54} }
 @inbook{gorman_erb_mcmillan_deperno_martin_2003, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Home range characteristics, resource selection, and survival of river otter in southeastern Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002 Section of Wildlife}, publisher={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Gorman, T.A. and Erb, J.D. and McMillan, B.R. and DePerno, C.S. and Martin, D.J.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={145–153} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_2003, title={MULTIDIMENSIONAL COVER CHARACTERISTICS: IS VARIATION IN HABITAT SELECTION RELATED TO WHITE-TAILED DEER SEXUAL SEGREGATION?}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-2372 1545-1542}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<1316:mccivi>2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<1316:mccivi>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We documented cover characteristics at white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus dakotensis) bedding and feeding sites on winter and summer ranges in the central Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming. Radiolocations of female (2,592; n = 73) and male (573; n = 12) deer were compared with 1,087 random locations. Characteristics of cover recorded at deer and random locations included basal area, point-centered quarter distance, density of tall shrubs and saplings, and available hiding (horizontal) cover. On winter range, females selected areas with lower levels of hiding cover than males, whereas habitats selected on summer range were similar. On winter and summer ranges, females bedded in areas with greater hiding cover than feeding or random sites. Three principal components (interpreted as hiding cover, thermal cover, and radiation cover) differed with respect to season and explained 78.5% of the variation in cover characteristics. In winter, males had higher scores for hiding cover, while females had higher scores for radiation cover. Conversely, during summer, females had higher scores for hiding and thermal cover. Results were compared to the reproductive-strategy (RSH) and predator-avoidance (PAH) hypotheses, which attempt to explain sexual segregation in ungulates. Univariate results indicated the sexes occupied habitats with similar cover characteristics on summer range but not on winter range. Therefore, we rejected the RSH for summer range but were unable to reject the RSH for winter range. Also, hiding cover was of greater importance to males on winter range and females on summer range. Based on these results, we rejected the PAH for winter range but were unable to reject the PAH for summer range.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Mammalogy}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={DePerno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Griffin, Steven L.}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1316–1329} }
 @inbook{tardiff_deperno_doncarlos_hart_fieberg_2003, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources CWD surveillance program}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Tardiff, J.A. and DePerno, C.S. and DonCarlos, M.W. and Hart, G. and Fieberg, J.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={55–64} }
 @inbook{deperno_bigalke_lajoie_jenks_haroldson_erb_osborn_2003, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of coyotes in southern Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2002}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Bigalke, B.J. and Lajoie, I.L. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D. and Osborn, R.G.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lawrence, J.S. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{brinkman_deperno_jenks_erb_haroldson_2002, title={A vehicle-mounted radiotelemetry antenna system design}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Erb, J.D. and Haroldson, B.S.}, year={2002}, pages={258–262} }
 @book{linke_deperno_jenks_2002, place={Tokyo, Japan}, title={An Annotated Bibliography: Published articles about time to death and distance traveled}, institution={The Institute of Cetacean Research}, author={Linke, L.O. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2002} }
 @book{ingebrigtsen_deperno_2002, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Bias in age and sex classifications from Minnesota’s deer harvest registration}, number={13}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife}, author={Ingebrigtsen, D.K. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={2002} }
 @book{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2002, place={Madelia, Minnesota}, title={Landowner Report: Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2002} }
 @article{jenks_smith_deperno_2002, title={Maximum Sustained Yield Harvest versus Trophy Management}, volume={66}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803186}, DOI={10.2307/3803186}, abstractNote={We examined hypotheses regarding compatibility of managing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations for trophy males (i.e., ≥8 points) and maximum sustained yield (MSY) harvests. Harvest of white-tailed deer on Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, USA, began in 1985 following 45 years of protection. We examined several harvest characteristics (e.g., age and sex composition, antler and body size of males) under the assumption that the population had attained an equilibrium during this period and hunter bias toward males was constant across years. During 1985, 273 deer were killed by vehicles on the reservation; by 1994, mortality from vehicles declined to 143 deer. During the study period, annual harvest declined from 923 to 470 deer. We suspect that although the population had attained an equilibrium, it was likely below ecological carrying capacity (K) because of substantial vehicle mortality. Because of the absence of predators and other sources of natural mortality, we assumed that deer-vehicle collisions prior to hunting was the primary factor maintaining the population below K. After the initiation of hunting in 1985, several demographic parameters indicated the population was intensively harvested: 98% of the harvest was composed of males <4 years of age, deer-vehicle mortality was reduced by 50%, and modeling indicated that the population had stabilized at 61% of the prehunt population. Average age of trophy males declined following harvest. Body size of 1.5-year-old males increased following the initial hunt but became variable over the remaining period. Proportion of trophy males harvested declined from 36% to 15% throughout the study period. Following the initial harvest, the high proportion of yearling males harvested suggests that the age distribution of males became truncated. Results from our empirical example support the hypothesis that sustained production of trophy males is a consequence of MSY of either-sex harvests when males are considered trophy with ≥8 points, when annual recruitment at MSY consistently approaches unity, and when hunters show no selectivity bias. These constraints are unlikely under current management prescriptions.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Jenks, Jonathan A. and Smith, Winston P. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={528} }
 @inbook{bigalke_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2002, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer and coyotes in southeast Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Bigalke, B.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Eberhardt, R.T. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={21–33} }
 @book{bigalke_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2002, place={Madelia, Minnesota}, title={Mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer and coyotes in southeast Minnesota: A Landowner Report}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group}, author={Bigalke, B.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{nelson_faber_deperno_2002, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Population estimation and management of white-tailed deer on Cargill property in central Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Nelson, M.J. and Faber, W.E. and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Eberhardt, R.T. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={34–40} }
 @inbook{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2002, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Survival rates, causes of mortality, and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Eberhardt, R.T. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={1–20} }
 @article{bestul_deperno_2002, edition={Special Stump Sitters 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition}, title={Tracking the migration and mortality of farmland deer}, volume={34}, number={4}, journal={Deer and Deer Hunting Magazine}, author={Bestul, S. and DePerno, CS}, year={2002} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_higgins_2002, title={White-Tailed Deer Habitats in the Central Black Hills}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-409X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003130}, DOI={10.2307/4003130}, abstractNote={White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis Zimm.) numbers in the central Black Hills have declined since the middle 1970s. Population status has been documented by a decline in hunter success, deer reproductive success, and fawn survival. Most management agencies believe habitat deterioration is the primary cause of population decline in the Black Hills. We evaluated habitat selection for a white-tailed deer herd in the central Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. From July 1993-July 1996, 73 adult and yearling doe and 12 adult and yearling buck white-tailed deer were radiocollared and visually monitored. Habitat Information was collected at 4,662 white-tailed deer locations and 1,087 random locations. During winter, white-tailed deer selected ponderosa pine- (Pinus ponderosa P. &C. Lawson) deciduous and burned pine cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/grass-forb, pine/bear-berry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.), pine/snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus L.), burned pine/grass-forb, and pine/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included sapling-pole pine stands with > 70% canopy cover, burned pine sapling-pole and saw-timber stands with < 40% canopy cover. During summer, white-tailed deer selected pine-deciduous, aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), aspen-coniferous, spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and spruce-deciduous cover types. Overstory-understory habitats selected included pine/juniper Juniperus communis L.), aspen/shrubs, spruce/juniper, and spruce/shrub habitats. Structural stages selected included pine, aspen, and spruce sapling pole stands with all levels (0-40%, 41-70%,71-100%) of canopy cover. Results supported low habitat quality as a factor involved with the decline of the deer population. We recommend that habitat management techniques, such as aspen regeneration and prescribed burns, be used to Improve the habitat base in the central Black Hills. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_deperno}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Range Management}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Deperno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Griffin, Steven L. and Rice, Leslie A. and Higgins, Kenneth F.}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={242} }
 @article{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2001, title={Landowner Report: Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={Whitetail News}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2001}, pages={46–47} }
 @article{deperno_haroldson_erb_2001, title={Landowner Report: Summary of the capture operation and seasonal mortality of white-tailed deer in southeastern Minnesota}, journal={Whitetales Winter}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2001}, pages={47} }
 @inproceedings{deperno_jenks_griffin_klaver_2001, title={Use of the USDA Forest Service Geographic Information System for determining cover type use by white‐tailed deer}, volume={80}, booktitle={Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Klaver, B.W.}, year={2001}, pages={201–211} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_2000, title={Commentary: What’s up with Black Hills deer?}, volume={33}, number={22}, journal={Outdoor News}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={2000}, pages={2–19} }
 @inbook{erb_deperno_2000, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Distribution and relative abundance of river otters in southern Minnesota}, booktitle={Wildlife population and research unit (2000) report}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Erb, J.D. and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Eberhardt, R.T. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={19–26} }
 @article{deperno_anderson_2000, title={Documentation of a late born fawn in south central Minnesota}, volume={32}, number={4}, journal={The Prairie Naturalist}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Anderson, J.R.}, year={2000}, pages={257–258} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_2000, title={Female survival rates in a declining white-tailed deer population}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A.}, year={2000}, pages={1030–1037} }
 @book{deperno_haroldson_erb_2000, place={Madelia, Minnesota}, title={Landowner Report: An update of the white-tailed deer capture and mortality study for southeastern Minnesota}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2000} }
 @book{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2000, place={Madelia, Minnesota}, title={Landowner Report: Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2000} }
 @inbook{deperno_doncarlos_regenscheid_2000, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Minnetonka Deer Management Program: Progress Report 1999-2000}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={DePerno, C.S. and DonCarlos, K. and Regenscheid, D.}, editor={Berner, A. and Lenarz, M. and Eberhardt, T.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={11–18} }
 @inbook{erb_berg_doncarlos_deperno_2000, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={River otter population monitoring in southern Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Erb, J.D. and Berg, B. and DonCarlos, M. and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Berner, A. and Lenarz, M. and Eberhardt, T.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={45–54} }
 @inbook{brinkman_deperno_jenks_haroldson_erb_2000, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in southwest Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2000}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={Brinkman, T.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, editor={DonCarlos, M.W. and Eberhardt, R.T. and Kimmel, R.O. and Lenarz, M.S.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={1–10} }
 @inbook{deperno_haroldson_erb_2000, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in the farmland zone of Minnesota. Seasonal mortality and movements of white-tailed deer in the farmland zone of Minnesota}, booktitle={Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999}, publisher={Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, editor={Berner, A. and Lenarz, M. and Eberhardt, T.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{deperno_haroldson_erb_2000, title={Whitetail Institute supports Minnesota mortality study}, volume={10}, number={4}, journal={Whitetail News}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Haroldson, B.S. and Erb, J.D.}, year={2000}, pages={8} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_2000, title={Why are Black Hills whitetails declining?}, volume={67}, number={1}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A.}, year={2000}, pages={12–15} }
 @article{deperno_griffin_jenks_rice_1999, title={How well do white-tailed deer survive in the central Black Hills?}, volume={66}, number={1}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Griffin, S.L. and Jenks, J.A. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1999}, pages={8–12} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_1999, title={Macro-habitats selected by white-tailed deer}, volume={66}, number={1}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1999}, pages={11} }
 @misc{deperno_jenks_1999, title={McShea, W. J., H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole (eds.). 1997. The Science of Overabundance - Deer Ecology and Population Management. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C. and London, England. 402 pp. ISBN 1-56098-681-6}, volume={45}, journal={Forest Science}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={1999}, pages={317–318} }
 @book{griffin_rice_deperno_jenks_1999, place={Pierre, South Dakota}, title={Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, 1993-97}, institution={South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks}, author={Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={1999} }
 @book{deperno_1999, place={Madelia, Minnesota}, title={Summary of deer population monitoring within parks}, institution={Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Populations and Research Group}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{schmitz_jenks_bauman_deperno_gerads_griffin_morlock_schaur_fowler_heismeyer_et al._1998, title={Presence of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in deer populations in South Dakota: a pilot study}, booktitle={Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group}, author={Schmitz, L.E. and Jenks, J.A. and Bauman, P.J. and DePerno, C.S. and Gerads, J.R. and Griffin, S.L. and Morlock, W.W. and Schaur, R.J. and Fowler, R.M. and Heismeyer, G.L. and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={22} }
 @article{deperno_griffin_jenks_rice_1997, title={An unusual migration by a white-tailed deer fawn}, volume={29}, journal={The Prairie Naturalist}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Griffin, S.L. and Jenks, J.A. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1997}, pages={93–97} }
 @article{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_1997, title={Black Hills Bucks -- Are white-tailed deer numbers decreasing in the central Black Hills?}, volume={64}, number={5}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1997}, pages={20–21} }
 @inproceedings{jenks_hippensteel_osborn_deperno_1997, title={Nutritional condition of white-tailed deer in the Black Hills, South Dakota}, volume={21}, booktitle={Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group}, author={Jenks, J.A. and Hippensteel, B.A. and Osborn, R.G. and DePerno, C.S.}, year={1997}, pages={140} }
 @inproceedings{griffin_rice_deperno_jenks_1997, title={Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills, South Dakota, 1993-1997}, volume={21}, booktitle={Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group}, author={Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={1997}, pages={138} }
 @inproceedings{deperno_jenks_griffin_rice_1997, title={Survival rates and characteristics of horizontal cover of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming}, volume={21}, booktitle={Proceedings Midwest Deer Turkey Group}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Griffin, S.L. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1997}, pages={139} }
 @article{griffin_deperno_jenks_rice_1997, title={The migration of No. 1193 and her fawn}, volume={64}, number={3}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={Griffin, S.L. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Rice, L.A.}, year={1997}, pages={22–23} }
 @article{deperno_cooper_steele_1996, title={Do lingual behaviors and locomotion by two gekkotan lizards after experimental loss of bitten prey indicate chemosensory search?}, volume={17}, ISSN={0173-5373 1568-5381}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853896x00405}, DOI={10.1163/156853896x00405}, abstractNote={
					Abstract
					Poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF) and strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) were assessed experimentally in two species of gekkonoid lizards belonging to families differing in foraging mode. PETF is an increase in rate of lingual protrusions after a prey item has been bitten and escapes or is removed from the mouth of a squamate reptile, whereas SICS is PETF combined with locomotory searching behavior. Eublepharis mucularius, the leopard gecko, is an actively, albeit slowly, foraging eublepharid. This species exhibited PETF for a duration of about five minutes based on total lingual protrusions. Labial-licks were initially much more frequent than tongue-flicks. A substantial increase in movement occurred during minutes 5-8, hinting that SICS might be present, but was not quite significant. SICS is likely present, as in other actively foraging lizards, but was not conclusively demonstrated. Handling the lizards induced increased locomotion in both the experimental condition and a control condition, presumably accounting for the apparent delay in onset of increased movement. The tokay gecko, Gekko gecko, a gekkonid ambush forager, performed no tongue-flicks, but exhibited PETF based on labial-licks during the first minute. SICS was absent. These findings support the hypothesis that SICS is absent in ambush foraging lizards, which do not use the lingual-vomeronasal system to search for prey. They are suggestive, but equivocal regarding the hypothesis that SICS is present in actively foraging lizards that exhibit lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination. The finding of PETF in G. gecko suggests that this species and several iguanians previously found to increase rates of labial-licking after biting prey may be able to detect prey chemicals.
				}, number={3}, journal={Amphibia-Reptilia}, publisher={Brill}, author={DePerno, Christopher S. and Cooper, William E. and Steele, Laura J.}, year={1996}, pages={217–231} }
 @article{cooper_deperno_steele_1996, title={Effects of movement and eating on chemosensory tongue-flicking and on labial-licking in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)}, volume={7}, ISSN={0937-7409 1423-0445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01266310}, DOI={10.1007/bf01266310}, number={4}, journal={CHEMOECOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cooper, William E., Jr. and DePerno, C. S. and Steele, Laura J.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={179–183} }
 @article{deperno_cooper_1996, title={Labial-Licking for Chemical Sampling by the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius)}, volume={30}, ISSN={0022-1511}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565700}, DOI={10.2307/1565700}, abstractNote={Lizards perform several distinct types of lingual protrusions, including tongue-flicks directed to environmental substrates, tongue-flicks passing through the air, but not contacting a substrate (e.g., Burghardt et al., 1986), and short extensions directed to the individual's own labial scales. Tongue-flicking, i.e., outward protrusion of the tongue directed at a substrate or into the air, is a primary method of sampling environmental chemicals for transfer to the vomeron-}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetology}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Deperno, Christopher S. and Cooper, William E., join(' '}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={540} }
 @article{cooper_deperno_fox_1996, title={Prey chemical discrimination and strike-induced chemosensory searching in lizards: Their absence in a crotaphytid lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) and a proposal for research in zoos}, volume={15}, ISSN={0733-3188 1098-2361}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1996)15:3<239::aid-zoo4>3.0.co;2-c}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1996)15:3<239::aid-zoo4>3.0.co;2-c}, abstractNote={Lizards in scleroglossan families of actively foraging carnivores and the herbivorous iguanids use the tongue to gather chemical samples to detect, identify, and locate food prior to attack, and to relocate lost food. In contrast, previously studied iguanian families other than Iguanidae lack lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination (PCD) and do not exhibit lingually mediated chemosensory searching behavior for bitten prey that has escaped or been lost (SICS = strikeinduced chemosensory searching). In the present study, experimental tests showed that PCD and SICS are absent in Crotuphytus collaris, a member of the previously unstudied family of iguanian ambush foragers, Crotaphytidae. Available data suggest that in active foragers natural selection favors use of chemical cues to locate hidden prey, whereas in ambush foragers natural selection favors immobility to avoid detection by predators and SICS precludes simultaneous ambush. In most families the states of PCD and SICS are retained from the ancestors, but when foraging mode shifts, a change in chemosensory behavior appears to be induced. A proposal is made for a research program involving herpetologists at zoos. @ 1996 &'iley-Liss, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={Zoo Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cooper, William E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Fox, Stanley F.}, year={1996}, pages={239–253} }
 @inbook{dateo_jenks_stukel_deperno_1996, place={Lander, Wyoming}, title={Survey of swift fox (Vulpes velox) on Pine Ridge Oglala Sioux Indian Reservation, Shannon County, South Dakota}, booktitle={Annual Report of the Swift Fox Conservation Team}, publisher={Wyoming Game and Fish Department}, author={Dateo, D.M. and Jenks, J.A. and Stukel, E.Dowd and DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Luce, B.L. and Lindzey, F.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @article{deperno_griffin_jenks_1996, title={Whitetails in the central Black Hills --The importance of horizontal cover to female white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills}, volume={63}, number={5}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Griffin, S.L. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={1996}, pages={4–6} }
 @article{deperno_griffin_jenks_1995, title={Black Hills Whitetails}, volume={62}, number={5}, journal={South Dakota Conservation Digest}, author={DePerno, C.S. and Griffin, S.L. and Jenks, J.A.}, year={1995}, pages={18–21} }
 @inproceedings{griffin_deperno_jenks_rice_flory_1995, title={Capture success of white-tailed deer in the central Black Hills, South Dakota}, volume={74}, url={http://www.sdaos.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/1995/71-76.pdf}, booktitle={Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science}, author={Griffin, S.L. and DePerno, C.S. and Jenks, J.A. and Rice, L.A. and Flory, D.A.}, year={1995}, pages={71–76} }
 @article{cooper_deperno_arnett_1994, title={Prolonged poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate with rapid onset in gila monster, Heloderma suspectum: Relation to diet and foraging and implications for evolution of chemosensory searching}, volume={20}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02098395}, DOI={10.1007/bf02098395}, abstractNote={Experimental tests showed that poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF) and strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in the gila monster last longer than reported for any other lizard. Based on analysis of numbers of tongue-flicks emitted in 5-min intervals, significant PETF was detected in all intervals up to and including minutes 41-45. Using 10-min intervals, PETF lasted though minutes 46-55. Two of eight individuals continued tongue-flicking throughout the 60 min after biting prey, whereas all individuals ceased tongue-flicking in a control condition after minute 35. The apparent presence of PETF lasting at least an hour in some individuals suggests that there may be important individual differences in duration of PETF. PETF and/or SICS are present in all families of autarchoglossan lizards studied except Cordylidae, the only family lacking linguallly mediated prey chemical discrimination. However, its duration is known to be greater than 2-min only in Helodermatidae and Varanidae, the living representatives of Varanoidea. That prolonged PETF and SICS are typical of snakes provides another character supporting a possible a varanoid ancestry for Serpentes. Analysis of 1-min intervals showed that PETF occurred in the first minute. A review of the literature suggests that a pause in tongue-flicking and delay of searching movements are absent in lizards and the few nonvenomous colubrid snakes tested. The delayed onset of SICS may be a specific adaptation of some viperid snakes to allow potentially dangerous prey to be rendered harmless by venom following voluntary release after envenomation and preceding further physical contact with the prey.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cooper, William E., Jr. and Deperno, Christopher S. and Arnett, Johnny}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={2867–2881} }
 @article{cooper_deperno_1994, title={Strike-induced chemosensory searching is absent in Anolis carolinensis}, volume={15}, ISSN={0173-5373 1568-5381}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853894x00579}, DOI={10.1163/156853894x00579}, number={1}, journal={Amphibia-Reptilia}, publisher={Brill}, author={Cooper, William E. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={1994}, pages={83–88} }
 @article{deperno_cooper_1993, title={Prey chemical discrimination and strike-induced chemosensory searching in the lizard Liolaemus zapallarensis}, volume={4}, ISSN={0937-7409 1423-0445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01241678}, DOI={10.1007/bf01241678}, number={2}, journal={Chemoecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={DePerno, Christopher S. and Cooper, William E., Jr.}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={86–92} }
 @inbook{deperno, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2021 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Vann, M. and Burrack, H.J. and Cahoon, C. and DePerno, C.S. and Jennings, K. and Quesada, L. and Ward, J. and Yelverton, F. and Monks, D. and Burnette, J.W., Jr.Editors}, pages={437–448} }
 @inbook{deperno, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Animal Damage Control}, booktitle={2017 Agricultural Chemicals Manual}, publisher={College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University}, author={DePerno, C.S.}, editor={Neal, J. and York, A. and Crozier, C. and Shew, B. and Burrack, H. and Gannon, T. and DePerno, C. and Roberson, G. and Buhler, W. and Melton, T. and et al.Editors}, pages={421–432} }
 @article{hutchens_de perno, title={Serpentine Rainbows}, volume={31}, journal={NC HERPS, The North Carolina Herpetological Society Newsletter}, author={Hutchens, S.J. and De Perno, C.S.}, pages={17–19} }
 @book{brautigam_gould_hostetter_deperno, place={Raleigh, North Carolina}, title={Urban bear data analysis: habitat characteristics of bear-vehicle collision kill sites, bear family group dynamics and source-sink dynamics for black bears in urban environments and the implications for regional black bear population}, institution={Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University for North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission}, author={Brautigam, K.J. and Gould, N.P. and Hostetter, N.J. and DePerno, C.S.} }