@article{xavier_silva_silva guimaraes_matsuoka_hodges_alfenas_2015, title={Infection process of Puccinia psidii in Eucalyptus grandis leaves of different ages}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1983-2052"]}, DOI={10.1007/s40858-015-0043-7}, number={5}, journal={TROPICAL PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Xavier, Adelica Aparecida and Silva, Andre Costa and Silva Guimaraes, Lucio Mauro and Matsuoka, Kiyoshi and Hodges, Charles S. and Alfenas, Acelino Couto}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={318–325} }
 @article{adhikari_hodges_louws_2013, title={First Report of Cylindrocarpon sp Associated with Root Rot Disease of Strawberry in North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-01-13-0116-pdn}, abstractNote={ Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) is an economically important fruit crop in North Carolina for domestic consumption and export. In April 2012, outbreaks of a destructive root disease were observed in strawberry cv. Chandler in Buncombe, New Hanover, and Roman counties, North Carolina. Samples from Rowan (ID 13175) and Buncombe (ID 13193) counties submitted to the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic of the Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, exhibited yellowing and wilting of leaves and extensive root necrosis, and disease severity based on field symptoms ranged from 20 to 30%. To identify the pathogen, five small pieces of necrotic crown and root tissues were taken from each sample, surface disinfested for 1 min in a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 0.5 g liter–1 of streptomycin sulfate. Colonies developing from the tissue samples were transferred to PDA. Colonies from both samples were identical, grew relatively slowly, and gradually turned yellowish to partially brownish. After about 7 days, abundant conidia were formed. These were hyaline, mostly straight with both ends rounded, predominantly three septate, and 40 to 50 × 5 to 10 μm. Based on morphological characteristics, these isolates were identified as a species of Cylindrocarpon (1) To confirm the original identification of the fungus as a species of Cylindrocarpon, genomic DNA of both isolates was extracted from mycelia using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) and analyzed using PCR (2). The internal transcribed spacers (ITS)1 and (ITS)2 flanking the 5.8S rRNA regions were amplified and sequenced using universal primers ITS1 (forward) and ITS4 (reverse). The sequences of the 421 bp (GenBank KC847090 and KC847091) of both isolates were identical. Furthermore, a BLASTn search of these sequences showed homology of 99% with the sequences of Cylidrocarpon species (AB369421.1, AM419069.1, AM419074.1, AY295332.1, JN031017.1, JN253505.1, and JQ886422.1), To fulfill Koch's postulates, inoculum of each isolate was prepared and adjusted to 1.5 × 107 conidia/ml using a hemacytometer. ‘Chandler’ strawberry plants were grown in 25-cm diameter plastic pots (one seedling per pot) in the greenhouse and five 6-week-old plants were injected with conidia of each isolate into the base of crown using a 5-ml syringe. The plants were covered with clear plastic for 24 h and left on the greenhouse bench with a 16-h photoperiod and 25/20°C day/night temperatures and assessed for disease development 14 days after inoculation. The inoculated plants exhibited wilting and root necrosis, consistent with the symptoms observed on strawberry plants in the field. Control plants treated with distilled water remained healthy. Isolations were made from the inoculated plants and the fungus used for inoculation was recovered from all plants. The morphology of these isolates was in agreement with published descriptions of Cylindrocarpon (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Cylindrocarpon sp. causing crown and root rot on strawberry in North Carolina and effective disease management strategies need to be explored. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Adhikari, T. B. and Hodges, C. S. and Louws, F. J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1251–1251} }
 @article{crous_wingfield_guarro_cheewangkoon_bank_swart_stchigel_cano-lira_roux_madrid_et al._2013, title={Fungal Planet description sheets: 154-213}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0031-5850"]}, DOI={10.3767/003158513x675925}, abstractNote={Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Camarosporium aloes, Phaeococcomyces aloes and Phoma aloes from Aloe, C. psoraleae, Diaporthe psoraleae and D. psoraleae-pinnatae from Psoralea, Colletotrichum euphorbiae from Euphorbia, Coniothyrium prosopidis and Peyronellaea prosopidis from Prosopis, Diaporthe cassines from Cassine, D. diospyricola from Diospyros, Diaporthe maytenicola from Maytenus, Harknessia proteae from Protea, Neofusicoccum ursorum and N. cryptoaustrale from Eucalyptus, Ochrocladosporium adansoniae from Adansonia, Pilidium pseudoconcavum from Greyia radlkoferi, Stagonospora pseudopaludosa from Phragmites and Toxicocladosporium ficiniae from Ficinia. Several species were also described from Thailand, namely: Chaetopsina pini and C. pinicola from Pinus spp., Myrmecridium thailandicum from reed litter, Passalora pseudotithoniae from Tithonia, Pallidocercospora ventilago from Ventilago, Pyricularia bothriochloae from Bothriochloa and Sphaerulina rhododendricola from Rhododendron. Novelties from Spain include Cladophialophora multiseptata, Knufia tsunedae and Pleuroascus rectipilus from soil and Cyphellophora catalaunica from river sediments. Species from the USA include Bipolaris drechsleri from Microstegium, Calonectria blephiliae from Blephilia, Kellermania macrospora (epitype) and K. pseudoyuccigena from Yucca. Three new species are described from Mexico, namely Neophaeosphaeria agaves and K. agaves from Agave and Phytophthora ipomoeae from Ipomoea. Other African species include Calonectria mossambicensis from Eucalyptus (Mozambique), Harzia cameroonensis from an unknown creeper (Cameroon), Mastigosporella anisophylleae from Anisophyllea (Zambia) and Teratosphaeria terminaliae from Terminalia (Zimbabwe). Species from Europe include Auxarthron longisporum from forest soil (Portugal), Discosia pseudoartocreas from Tilia (Austria), Paraconiothyrium polonense and P. lycopodinum from Lycopodium (Poland) and Stachybotrys oleronensis from Iris (France). Two species of Chrysosporium are described from Antarctica, namely C. magnasporum and C. oceanitesii. Finally, Licea xanthospora is described from Australia, Hypochnicium huinayensis from Chile and Custingophora blanchettei from Uruguay. Novel genera of Ascomycetes include Neomycosphaerella from Pseudopentameris macrantha (South Africa), and Paramycosphaerella from Brachystegia sp. (Zimbabwe). Novel hyphomycete genera include Pseudocatenomycopsis from Rothmannia (Zambia), Neopseudocercospora from Terminalia (Zambia) and Neodeightoniella from Phragmites (South Africa), while Dimorphiopsis from Brachystegia (Zambia) represents a novel coelomycetous genus. Furthermore, Alanphillipsia is introduced as a new genus in the Botryosphaeriaceae with four species, A. aloes, A. aloeigena and A. aloetica from Aloe spp. and A. euphorbiae from Euphorbia sp. (South Africa). A new combination is also proposed for Brachysporium torulosum (Deightoniella black tip of banana) as Corynespora torulosa. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.}, journal={PERSOONIA}, author={Crous, P. W. and Wingfield, M. J. and Guarro, J. and Cheewangkoon, R. and Bank, M. and Swart, W. J. and Stchigel, A. M. and Cano-Lira, J. F. and Roux, J. and Madrid, H. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={188–296} }
 @article{gryzenhout_myburg_hodges_wingfield_wingfield_2006, title={Microthia, Holocryphia and Ursicollum, three new genera on Eucalyptus and Coccoloba for fungi previously known as Cryphonectria}, ISSN={["1872-9797"]}, DOI={10.3114/sim.55.1.35}, abstractNote={Cryphonectria havanensis is a fungus associated with Eucalyptus species in Cuba and Florida (U.S.A.). Until recently, there have been no living cultures of C. havanensis and it has thus not been possible to assess its taxonomic status. Isolates thought to represent this fungus have, however, emerged from surveys of Eucalyptus in Mexico and Hawaii (U.S.A.). Results of this study showed that these isolates represent C. havanensis but reside in a genus distinct from Cryphonectria sensu stricto, which is described here as Microthia. Isolates of an unidentified fungus occurring on Myrica faya in the Azores and Madeira also grouped in Microthia and were identical to other M. havanensis isolates. Cryphonectria coccolobae, a fungus occurring on sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) in Bermuda and Florida, was found to be morphologically identical to Microthia and is transferred to this genus, but as a distinct species. Surveys for M. coccolobae on sea grape in Florida, yielded a second diaporthalean fungus from this host. This fungus is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from M. coccolobae and other closely related taxa and is described as Ursicollum fallax gen. et sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses in this study have also shown that isolates of C. eucalypti, a pathogen of Eucalyptus in South Africa and Australia, group in a clade separate from all other groups including that representing Cryphonectria sensu stricto. This difference is supported by the fact that Cryphonectria eucalypti has ascospore septation different to that of all other Cryphonectria species. A new genus, Holocryphia, is thus erected for C. eucalypti.}, number={55}, journal={STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY}, author={Gryzenhout, Marieka and Myburg, Henrietta and Hodges, Charles S. and Wingfield, Brenda D. and Wingfield, Michael J.}, year={2006}, pages={35–52} }
 @article{olsen_ranney_hodges_2006, title={Susceptibility of Catalpa, Chilopsis, and hybrids to powdery mildew and catalpa sphinx larvae}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Olsen, R. T. and Ranney, T. G. and Hodges, C. S.}, year={2006}, pages={1629–1634} }
 @article{williamson_hodges_sutton_2004, title={Re-examination of Peltaster firucticola, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1557-2536"]}, DOI={10.2307/3762121}, abstractNote={Peltaster fructicola is one of several fungi that causes sooty blotch on apple. Johnson et al (1996 ———, ———, Hodges CS. 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88:114–120. [Google Scholar], 1997 ———, ———, ———. 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87:88–95. [Google Scholar]) correctly described P. fructicola but illustrated two different fungi. One is P. fructicola and the other is an unidentified ascomycete. In this paper, P. fructicola is more completely described and accurately illustrated.}, number={4}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={Williamson, SM and Hodges, CS and Sutton, TB}, year={2004}, pages={885–890} }
 @article{hodges_2002, title={First report of Stigmina lautii in the United States}, volume={86}, ISBN={0191-2917}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.699a}, abstractNote={ In June 1999, a specimen of blue spruce (Picea pungens) from Avery County, North Carolina, exhibiting symptoms of needle blight was submitted to the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic at North Carolina State University. A fungus sporulating profusely on symptomatic needles was identified as Stigmina lautii. Since then, three additional specimens have been received—on blue spruce from Ashe County, on Norway spruce (P. abies) from Avery County, and on Picea sp. from Cherokee County. These counties are all in western North Carolina but are not contiguous, indicating that the fungus is probably widespread in the western part of the state. S. lautii was described by Sutton (2) in 1973 on black spruce (P. mariana) and white spruce (P. glauca) collected from various locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. The only other reference found to the fungus is a specimen collected in British Columbia, Canada, on P. glauca in 1972 (2). The morphology of the North Carolina specimens of S. lautii is essentially as described by Sutton. The dark brown, superficial, flattened sporodochia are developed only through stomata. Sporodochia are found both on symptomatic needles as well as on adjacent green needles. Conidiophores arise only laterally from the lower, outer cells of the sporodochium, and are macronematous, mononematous, brown, smooth, unbranched, 1 to 2 septate, and 10 to 20 × 4 to 6 μm. Conidiogenous cells are brown, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent with 3 to 4 annelations, and 6 to 12 × 4 to 5 μm. Conidia are pale brown, cylindrical to fusiform, often curved, thick walled, verrucose, 5 to 8 distoseptate, and 25 to 45 × 5 to 6 μm. Superficially, the sporodochia of S. lautii might be confused with pycnidia of Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, which also arise through stomata. The latter fungus also is associated with a needle blight of Picea spp. in western North Carolina. Both fungi were present on one specimen examined. Currently, no information is available on the pathogenicity of S. lautii, but its association with typical needle blight symptoms and the known pathogenicity of other Stigmina spp. on conifers make it likely that the fungus is pathogenic to spruce. To my knowledge, this is the first report of S. lautii in the United States, and P. pungens and P. abies represent new host records for the fungus. Specimens BPI 747910 and 840959, have been deposited in the herbarium of the National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD. }, number={6}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Hodges, C. S.}, year={2002}, pages={699} }
 @article{xavier_alfenas_matsuoka_hodges_2001, title={Infection of resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus grandis genotypes by urediniospores of Puccinia psidii}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0815-3191"]}, DOI={10.1071/AP01038}, abstractNote={Germination of urediniospores, appressorium formation and penetration by Puccinia psidii Winter were studied on detached leaves of resistant and susceptible clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. More than 90% of germination and appressorium formation were observed 12 and 18 h, respectively, after inoculation for both genotypes. Direct penetration by P. psidii between the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells occurred. In the susceptible genotype, primary mycelia and haustoria were observed 12 and 18 h, respectively, and in the resistant 18 and 24 h after inoculation. After the formation of the first haustoria, dead cells developed and were followed by a hypersensitive reaction in the resistant genotype.}, number={3}, journal={AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Xavier, AA and Alfenas, AC and Matsuoka, K and Hodges, CS}, year={2001}, pages={277–281} }
 @article{grand_vernia_hodges_1999, title={First report of Thyronectria austroamericana canker on Thornless Honey locust in North Carolina}, volume={83}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1177c}, abstractNote={ Specimens from a thornless honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Shade Master’) with cankers were submitted in May 1999 to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic by staff from the North Carolina Zoological Park (Asheboro). Abundant stromata of Gyrostroma austroamericana, the anamorph of Thyronectria austroamericana, were associated with the cankers. A visit to the Zoological Park during August 1999 revealed seven additional honey locust trees with multiple branch and stem cankers and dieback. All infected trees had perithecia of T. austroamericana and/or its anamorph. The fungus is distinguished by the large clusters of yellow-brown perithecia with dark brown tips produced on stromata emerging from lenticels, elliptical muriform ascospores, and sparse ascoconidia (1,2). Ascoconidia form as the result of ascospores budding within the ascus. Other trees of the cultivar are an integral part of the landscaping theme of the African Pavilion of the park, and park staff were concerned about disease spread. Infected trees were 8 years old, and several had evidence of sunscald cankers, a common infection court of T. austroamericana (2). Thornless cultivars of honey locust are popular landscape plants in the central and eastern United States and may be seriously affected by T. austroamericana (2). Apparently ‘Shade Master’ is very susceptible to the fungus and should not be used as a landscape tree, especially where the disease has been reported. This is the first report of T. austroamericana in North Carolina on any host. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the National Fungus Collection, Beltsville, MD (BPI 74693), and in the Mycological Herbarium, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. }, number={12}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S. and Hodges, C. S.}, year={1999}, pages={1177} }
 @article{gardner_hodges_killgore_anderson_1997, title={An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens as a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1997.0554}, abstractNote={Abstract The rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens infects blackberry ( Rubus argutus ) systemically in regions of the continental United States, producing bright yellow–orange masses of spores on newly developing floricanes during springtime. In tests to determine the suitability of this rust as a biological control agent for R. penetrans in Hawaii, a species now thought to be conspecific with R. argutus, rooted cuttings of the Hawaiian plants were grown at North Carolina State University, inoculated, and observed. Other introduced weedy Rubus spp. in Hawaii, including R. ellipticus, R. rosifolius, and R. glaucus, as well as the two endemic species R. hawaiensis and R. macraei, also were inoculated. No species of Rubus are of commercial importance in Hawaii, but the protection of the native species, of which R. macraei is rare, was of utmost concern. The native Hawaiian species did not survive well in North Carolina in this study, however. Later availability of a plant pathogen containment laboratory in Hawaii enabled similar tests to be conducted at that facility. In addition to the above species, R. spectabilis (salmonberry), a species native to the Pacific Northwest with which the Hawaiian Rubus spp. are thought to share a common ancestor, was inoculated in Hawaii. Infection with G. nitens under natural field conditions becomes apparent only when sporulation occurs on floricanes the second year following infection. However, experimental inoculation led to early responses of chlorotic leaf flecking and puckering, leaf and stem contortion, and stem gall formation, indicating the sensitivity of R. penetrans (= R. argutus ), R. hawaiensis, and R. macraei to this rust. Apparent systemic infection also resulted in sporulation on one plant of R. macraei. Ability to attack the endemic species suggests that G. nitens would not be suitable for release in Hawaii as a biological control agent, at least on the islands with populations of the native species.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Gardner, DE and Hodges, CS and Killgore, E and Anderson, RC}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={151–158} }
 @article{johnson_sutton_hodges_1997, title={Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.1.88}, abstractNote={ Sooty blotch disease of apples (Malus × domestica), previously attributed to the fungus Gloeodes pomigena, was shown to be a disease complex caused by fungi previously considered mycelial types of G. pomigena. Peltaster fructicola and Geastrumia polystigmatis were associated with the ramose mycelial type. A fungus similar to P. fructicola, but with smaller pycnothyria and conidia, was associated with the punctate mycelial type. The diffuse fuliginous mycelial type was caused by Leptodontium elatius. Fungi that fit the classical morphological description of G. pomigena were not observed. Pycnothyria of P. fructicola developed on overwintered colonies on blackberries, and conidia were a source for primary infection during the entire growing season. Secondary spread was through conidia produced in colonies on fruit. L. elatius was observed infrequently producing conidia on fruit during periods of extended high moisture. Histological examination did not reveal penetration of the cuticle of apple fruit for any of the fungi of the apple sooty blotch complex. }, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Johnson, EM and Sutton, TB and Hodges, CS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={88–95} }