@article{escudero-abarca_goulter_manuel_leslie_green_arbogast_jaykus_2022, title={Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercial Hand Sanitizers Against Human Norovirus Evaluated by an in vivo Fingerpad Method}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1664-302X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2022.869087}, abstractNote={Human noroviruses (hNoV) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and contaminated hands play a significant role in the spread of disease. Some hand sanitizers claim to interrupt hNoV transmission, but their antiviral efficacy on human hands is poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to characterize the efficacy of representative commercial hand sanitizers against hNoV using an in vivo fingerpad method (ASTM E1838-17). Eight products [seven ethanol-based and one benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-based], and a benchmark 60% ethanol solution, were each evaluated on 10 human volunteers using the epidemic GII.4 hNoV strain. Virus titers before and after treatment were evaluated by RT-qPCR preceded by RNase treatment; product efficacy was characterized by log10 reduction (LR) in hNoV genome equivalent copies after treatment. The benchmark treatment produced a 1.7 ± 0.5 LR, compared with Product A (containing 85% ethanol) which produced a 3.3 ± 0.3 LR and was the most efficacious (p < 0.05). Product B (containing 70% ethanol), while less efficacious than Product A (p < 0.05), performed better than the benchmark with a LR of 2.4 ± 0.4. Five of the other ethanol-based products (labeled ethanol concentration ranges of 62–80%) showed similar efficacy to the 60% ethanol benchmark with LR ranging from 1.3 to 2.0 (p > 0.05). Product H (0.1% BAK) was less effective than the benchmark with a LR of 0.3 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05). None of the products screened were able to completely eliminate hNoV (maximum assay resolution 5.0 LR). Product performance was variable and appears driven by overall formulation. There remains a need for more hand sanitizer formulations having greater activity against hNoV, a virus that is comparatively recalcitrant relative to other pathogens of concern in community, healthcare, and food preparation environments.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I. and Goulter, Rebecca M. and Manuel, Clyde S. and Leslie, Rachel A. and Green, Kristen and Arbogast, James W. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{escudero-abarca_goulter_bradshaw_faircloth_leslie_manuel_arbogast_jaykus_2022, title={Efficacy of an alcohol-based surface disinfectant formulation against human norovirus}, ISSN={["1365-2672"]}, DOI={10.1111/jam.15479}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I and Goulter, Rebecca M. and Bradshaw, Justin and Faircloth, Jeremy and Leslie, Rachel A. and Manuel, Clyde S. and Arbogast, James W. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{manuel_suther_moore_jaykus_2021, title={Comparison of a one-step real-time RT-PCR and a nested real-time RT-PCR for a genogroup II norovirus reveals differences in sensitivity depending upon assay design and visualization}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0248581}, abstractNote={Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis and a major source of foodborne illness. Detection of NoV in food and environmental samples is typically performed using molecular techniques, including real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and less frequently, nested real-time PCR. In this study, we conducted a controlled comparison of two published NoV detection assays: a broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR and a two-step nested real-time PCR assay. A 20% human fecal suspension containing a genogroup II human NoV was serially diluted, genome extracted, and subjected to amplification using the two assays compared via PCR Units. Additional amplicon confirmation was performed by dot blot hybridization using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Both assays displayed similar amplification standard curves/amplification efficiencies; however, the nested assay consistently detected one log10 lower virus. Dot blot hybridization improved the detection limit of the nested real-time PCR by one log10 NoV genome copies but impaired the detection limit of the one-step real-time RT-PCR by one log10 NoV genome copies. These results illustrate the complexities in designing and interpreting molecular techniques having a sufficient detection limit to detect low levels of viruses that might be anticipated in contaminated food and environmental samples.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Manuel, Clyde S. and Suther, Cassandra and Moore, Matthew D. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{manuel_moore_jaykus_2017, title={Efficacy of a disinfectant containing silver dihydrogen citrate against GI.6 and GII.4 human norovirus}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1365-2672"]}, DOI={10.1111/jam.13331}, abstractNote={Human norovirus is a major public health burden and is resistant to numerous sanitizers and disinfectants. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an antimicrobial product containing a blend of silver ions and citric acid (silver dihydrogen citrate; SDC) against GI.6 and GII.4 HuNoV.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Manuel, C. S. and Moore, M. D. and Jaykus, L. -A.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={78–86} }
 @article{montazeri_manuel_moorman_khatiwada_williams_jaykus_2017, title={Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide-and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1664-302X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031}, abstractNote={Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log10 reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Montazeri, Naim and Manuel, Clyde and Moorman, Eric and Khatiwada, Janak R. and Williams, Leonard L. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2017}, month={Jun} }
 @article{van stelten_roberts_manuel_nightingale_2016, title={Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Carrying Virulence-Attenuating Mutations in Internalin A Are Commonly Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Food Processing Plant and Retail Environments}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-145}, abstractNote={Listeria monocytogenes is a human foodborne pathogen that may cause an invasive disease known as listeriosis in susceptible individuals. Internalin A (InlA; encoded by inlA) is a virulence factor that facilitates crossing of host cell barriers by L. monocytogenes . At least 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in inlA that result in a premature stop codon (PMSC) have been described worldwide. SNPs leading to a PMSC in inlA have been shown to be causally associated with attenuated virulence. L. monocytogenes pathogens carrying virulence-attenuating (VA) mutations in inlA have been commonly isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) foods but rarely have been associated with human disease. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of VA SNPs in inlA among L. monocytogenes from environments associated with RTE food production and handling. More than 700 L. monocytogenes isolates from RTE food processing plant (n = 409) and retail (n = 319) environments were screened for the presence of VA SNPs in inlA. Overall, 26.4% of isolates from RTE food processing plant and 32.6% of isolates from retail environments carried a VA mutation in inlA. Food contact surfaces sampled at retail establishments were significantly (P < 0.0001) more likely to be contaminated by a L. monocytogenes isolate carrying a VA mutation in inlA (56% of 55 isolates) compared with nonfood contact surfaces (28% of 264 isolates). Overall, a significant proportion of L. monocytogenes isolated from RTE food production and handling environments have reduced virulence. These data will be useful in the revision of current and the development of future risk assessments that incorporate strain-specific virulence parameters.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Van Stelten, A. and Roberts, A. R. and Manuel, C. S. and Nightingale, K. K.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1733–1740} }
 @article{manuel_moore_jaykus_2015, title={Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs during Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/aem.00388-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={15}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Manuel, C. S. and Moore, M. D. and Jaykus, L. A.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={4940–4946} }