@article{posner_mariani_swanson_asakawa_campbell_king_2014, title={Perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12127}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12127}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case series. ANIMALS 157 dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar spinal surgery. METHODS Data were collected sequentially on canine cases presented from the Neurology Section of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for anesthesia and surgery for cervical spinal cord disease. Simultaneously, data were collected on all thoracolumbar spinal surgery cases during the same time period. Data included signalment, drugs administered, surgical approach, disease process, cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia, and outcome. RESULTS Data were collected from 164 surgical events in 157 dogs. There were 52 cervical approaches; four dorsal and 48 ventral. All thoracolumbar surgeries were approached dorsolaterally. Four dogs 4/52 (7.6%) undergoing a cervical approach did not survive to discharge. Two dogs (2/8; 25%) underwent atlanto-axial (AA) stabilization and suffered cardiovascular arrest and two dogs (2/38; 5.2%) undergoing cervical ventral slot procedures were euthanized following anesthesia and surgery due to signs of aspiration pneumonia. All dogs undergoing thoracolumbar surgery survived until discharge (112/112). Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery was greater compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery (p = 0.009), however, in dogs undergoing decompressive disc surgery, intraoperative death rates were not different between dogs undergoing a cervical compared with thoracolumbar approaches (p = 0.32) nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery were less likely to survive until discharge compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery was no different than for dogs undergoing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc decompression surgery. However, dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery should be considered at risk for aspiration pneumonia.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Posner, Lysa P. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Swanson, Cliff and Asakawa, Makoto and Campbell, Nigel and King, Adam S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={137–144} } @article{conner_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_asakawa_swanson_2012, title={Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated- and arachidonic acid-activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.5.595}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective—To evaluate the effect of acepromazine maleate administered IV on platelet function assessed in healthy dogs by use of a modified thromboelastography assay. Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs. Procedures—Dogs received each of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [1 to 2 mL, IV] and acepromazine maleate [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IV]) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum 3-day washout period between treatments. From each dog, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture immediately before and 30 and 240 minutes after administration of each treatment. A modified thromboelastography assay, consisting of citrated kaolin–activated (baseline assessment), reptilase-ADP–activated (ADP-activated), and reptilase-arachidonic acid (AA)–activated (AA-activated) thromboelastography, was performed for each sample. Platelet inhibition was evaluated by assessing the percentage change in maximum amplitude for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples, compared with baseline values. Percentage change in maximum amplitude was analyzed by use of Skillings-Mack tests with significance accepted at a family-wise error rate of P < 0.05 by use of Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Results—No significant differences were found in the percentage change of maximum amplitude from baseline for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples among treatments at any time. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet function in dogs, as assessed by use of a modified thromboelastography assay, was not inhibited by acepromazine at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, IV. This was in contrast to previous reports in which it was suggested that acepromazine may alter platelet function via inhibition of ADP and AA.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Asakawa, Makoto and Swanson, Clifford R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={595–601} } @article{carter_campbell_posner_swanson_2010, title={The hemodynamic effects of medetomidine continuous rate infusions in the dog}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00522.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To characterize the hemodynamic effects of continuous rate infusions (CRI) of medetomidine administered at doses ranging from 0 to 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1). STUDY DESIGN Prospective, blinded, randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS Six adult purpose-bred mongrel dogs. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane for placement of arterial and venous catheters. Dogs recovered from anesthesia after which baseline hemodynamic measurements were obtained via lithium dilution cardiac output (CO) determination, with subsequent measurements via pulse power analysis to provide continuous CO determinations. Medetomidine, 1, 2, or 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) or a volume equivalent placebo, was administered via CRI for 60 minutes. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), CO and stroke volume were measured and stroke index (SI), cardiac index (CI), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) were calculated at 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes from the start of the infusion. RESULTS Increase in dose decreased SI by 25%, 19%, and 30%, HR by 33%, 57%, and 60%, CI by 50%, 65%, 70% and increased TPRI by 109%, 235%, and 222% from baseline to the 60-minute measurement for the 1, 2, and 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) doses, respectively. HR, TPRI, and CI all showed significant differences over the duration of the study from the placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS Medetomidine CRI produces clinically relevant changes in CO, TPR, and HR. The demonstrated decrease in CO is largely because of bradycardia and the degree of cardiovascular depression appears to be dose-dependent. These findings are consistent with previously described hemodynamic changes with single bolus administration of medetomidine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Low-dose medetomidine CRIs produce clinically relevant hemodynamic depression at doses as low as 1 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) and should be used cautiously in dogs.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Carter, Jennifer E. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Posner, Lysa P. and Swanson, Cliff}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={197–206} } @article{turnwald_stone_bristol_fuentealba_hardie_hellyer_jaeger_kerwin_kochevar_lissemore_et al._2008, title={Assessing Clinical Competency: Reports from Discussion Groups}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.3.343}, abstractNote={ This report describes proposed new models for assessment of eight of the nine clinical competencies the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education requires for accreditation. The models were developed by discussion groups at the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges’ Clinical Competency Symposium. Clinical competencies and proposed models (in parentheses) are described. Competency 1: comprehensive patient diagnosis (neurologic examination on a dog, clinical reasoning skills); Competency 2: comprehensive treatment planning (concept mapping, computerized case studies); Competency 3: anesthesia, pain management (student portfolio); Competency 4: surgery skills (objective structured clinical examination, cased-based examination, “super dog” model); Competency 5: medicine skills (clinical reasoning and case management, skills checklist); Competency 6: emergency and intensive care case management (computerized case study or scenario); Competency 7: health promotion, disease prevention/biosecurity (360° evaluation, case-based computer simulation); Competency 8: client communications and ethical conduct (Web-based evaluation forms, client survey, communicating with stakeholders, telephone conversation, written scenario-based cases). The report also describes faculty recognition for participating in clinical competency assessments. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Turnwald, Grant and Stone, Elizabeth and Bristol, David and Fuentealba, Carmen and Hardie, Lizette and Hellyer, Peter and Jaeger, Laurie and Kerwin, Sharon and Kochevar, Deborah and Lissemore, Kerry and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={343–353} } @article{moeser_blikslager_swanson_2008, title={Determination of minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in juvenile swine}, volume={84}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015}, abstractNote={Pigs are important animal models in veterinary and medical research and have been widely used in experiments requiring surgical anesthesia. Sevoflurane is an inhalant anesthetic with unique properties that make it an ideal anesthetic for mask induction and anesthesia maintenance. However, there are relatively few studies reporting the anesthetic requirements for sevoflurane in juvenile swine, an age group that is commonly used in research experiments. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) for sevoflurane in juvenile swine. Sevoflurane anesthesia was induced in six Yorkshire-cross pigs of approximately 9 weeks-of-age and MAC for sevoflurane was determined. The sevoflurane MAC value was determined to be 3.5+/-0.1% which is notably higher than values reported in the literature for pigs. This discrepancy in MAC values may represent changes in anesthetic requirements between different age groups of pigs and differences in the type of stimulus used to determine MAC.}, number={2}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Moeser, Adam J. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Swanson, Cliff}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={283–285} } @article{harms_lewbart_swanson_kishimori_boylan_2005, title={Behavioral and clinical pathology changes in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics}, volume={55}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Harms, C. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Swanson, C. R. and Kishimori, J. M. and Boylan, S. M.}, year={2005}, pages={223–228} } @inproceedings{lewbart_swanson_harms_blasiola_noga_gratzek_lehmann_levine_may_2005, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, June 21-23, 2005}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G. and Swanson, C. and Harms, C. and Blasiola, G. and Noga, E. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, W. and Levine, J. and May, S.}, year={2005} } @inproceedings{swanson_stoskopf_blasiola_gratzek_lehmann_harms_lewbart_2004, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, July 29-31, 2004}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Stoskopf, M. and Blasiola, G. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. and Lewbart, G.}, year={2004} } @inproceedings{swanson_lewbart_harms_blasiola_juopperi_gratzek_2002, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Lewbart, G. and Harms, G. and Blasiola, G. and Juopperi, T. and Gratzek, J.}, year={2002} } @article{sladky_swanson_stoskopf_loomis_lewbart_2001, title={Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective—To compare the anesthetic efficacy and physiologic changes associated with exposure to tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil (100% eugenol). Animals—15 adult cultured red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Procedure—Fish were exposed to each of 6 anesthetic concentrations in a within-subjects complete crossover design. Stages of anesthesia and recovery were measured, and physiologic data were collected before and during anesthesia. Results—Interval to induction was more rapid and recovery more prolonged in fish exposed to eugenol, compared with those exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate. The margin of safety for eugenol was narrow, because at the highest concentration, most fish required resuscitation. Mixed venous-arterial PO2 consistently decreased with anesthesia, while PCO2 consistently increased with anesthesia in all fish regardless of anesthetic agent. The increase in PCO2 was accompanied by a decrease in pH, presumably secondary to respiratory acidosis. Anesthesia was associated with increased blood glucose, potassium, and sodium concentrations as well as Hct and hemoglobin. Fish anesthetized with eugenol were more likely to react to a hypodermic needle puncture than fish anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthesia induced with tricaine methanesulfonate or eugenol contributes to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, and hyperglycemia in red pacu. Similar to tricaine methanesulfonate, eugenol appears to be an effective immobilization compound, but eugenol is characterized by more rapid induction, prolonged recovery, and a narrow margin of safety. Care must be taken when using high concentrations of eugenol for induction, because ventilatory failure may occur rapidly. In addition, analgesic properties of eugenol are unknown. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:337–342)}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Sladky, KK and Swanson, CR and Stoskopf, MK and Loomis, MR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={337–342} } @article{stell_price_swanson_2000, title={Implementation and assessment of a career and life skills program for matriculating veterinary medical students}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.1311}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stell, EJ and Price, GS and Swanson, C}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1311–1314} } @article{corton_swanson_miller_cattley_1999, title={Alteration of protein kinase C isoform-specific expression during rat hepatocarcinogenesis after exposure to the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643}, volume={137}, ISSN={["0304-3835"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00334-6}, abstractNote={The role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in mediating peroxisome proliferator chemical- (PPC) induced hepatocarcinogenesis was examined. After an acute gavage exposure to WY-14,643 (WY) membrane-bound PKCdelta and cytosolic PKCbeta decreased, whereas the expression of the other isoforms was not altered. After a 13-week chronic exposure, membrane-bound PKCbeta, delta and zeta levels decreased. In WY-induced hepatocellular adenomas, PKCalpha was increased, and PKCbeta was further decreased in membrane fractions. These results, taken together with previous studies, indicate that alterations in PKCalpha, beta and delta isoforms, which regulate mitogenesis, could play important roles in perpetuating the high cell proliferative rate in PPC-induced hepatocellular adenomas.}, number={1}, journal={CANCER LETTERS}, author={Corton, JC and Swanson, C and Miller, RT and Cattley, RC}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={9–15} } @article{lee_meyer_sullivan_davidson_swanson_hellyer_1998, title={Respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of low-dose pancuronium bromide in spontaneously breathing, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00159.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To assess and compare the respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of two low doses of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker, pancuronium bromide. To determine if a “low dose” of pancuronium bromide can produce selective skeletal muscle relaxation in extraocular muscles sufficient to perform intraocular surgery while sparing or minimizing depression of muscles of ventilation.Study Design—Blinded, randomized crossover, placebo controlled study. Animals—Six healthy, adult mongrel dogs weighing 20.8 ±1.9 kg.Methods—Spontaneously breathing, isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs received 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, intravenously (IV), (high dose [HD]), 0.01 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, IV, (low dose [LD]), or saline placebo IV in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Indices of patient ventilation including tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (VE) were recorded throughout the study period. Serial arterial blood gas analyses were performed at timed intervals. Neuromuscular blockade of skeletal muscle was assessed at timed intervals with train‐of‐four stimulus/response ratios. Eye position scores, based on the degree of ocular rotation from a neutral gaze axis, were assigned by an ophthalmologist who was blinded to the treatment given.Results—Vt and VE in HD dogs decreased by 82% from baseline after administration of pancuronium bromide. Similarly, Vt and VE in LD dogs decreased 40% and 55%, respectively. Decreased ventilation in HD dogs corresponded with significant (P< .05) neuromuscular blockade, as indicated by train‐of‐four ratio less than 75% between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in HD and LD dogs were suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in five of six control dogs were unsuitable for intraocular surgery at any time period.Conclusions—LD dogs experienced only transient, mild to moderate respiratory depression compared with HD dogs, which experienced prolonged, moderate to severe respiratory depression. Both LD and HD dogs acquired and maintained eye position scores suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 to 60 minutes. A “low dose” of pancuronium bromide, which would provide adequate extraocular muscle relaxation while minimizing ventilatory depression, was not identified.Clinical Relevance—All patients receiving any dose of neuromuscular blocking agents should be closely monitored and receive ventilatory assistance as needed.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Lee, DD and Meyer, RE and Sullivan, TC and Davidson, MG and Swanson, CR and Hellyer, PW}, year={1998}, pages={473–479} }