@article{posner_mariani_swanson_asakawa_campbell_king_2014, title={Perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12127}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12127}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and compare perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective case series.


ANIMALS
157 dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


METHODS
Data were collected sequentially on canine cases presented from the Neurology Section of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for anesthesia and surgery for cervical spinal cord disease. Simultaneously, data were collected on all thoracolumbar spinal surgery cases during the same time period. Data included signalment, drugs administered, surgical approach, disease process, cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia, and outcome.


RESULTS
Data were collected from 164 surgical events in 157 dogs. There were 52 cervical approaches; four dorsal and 48 ventral. All thoracolumbar surgeries were approached dorsolaterally. Four dogs 4/52 (7.6%) undergoing a cervical approach did not survive to discharge. Two dogs (2/8; 25%) underwent atlanto-axial (AA) stabilization and suffered cardiovascular arrest and two dogs (2/38; 5.2%) undergoing cervical ventral slot procedures were euthanized following anesthesia and surgery due to signs of aspiration pneumonia. All dogs undergoing thoracolumbar surgery survived until discharge (112/112). Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery was greater compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery (p = 0.009), however, in dogs undergoing decompressive disc surgery, intraoperative death rates were not different between dogs undergoing a cervical compared with thoracolumbar approaches (p = 0.32) nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.07).


CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Overall, dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery were less likely to survive until discharge compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery was no different than for dogs undergoing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc decompression surgery. However, dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery should be considered at risk for aspiration pneumonia.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Posner, Lysa P. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Swanson, Cliff and Asakawa, Makoto and Campbell, Nigel and King, Adam S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{conner_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_asakawa_swanson_2012, title={Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated- and arachidonic acid-activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.5.595}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Asakawa, Makoto and Swanson, Clifford R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={595–601} }
 @article{carter_campbell_posner_swanson_2010, title={The hemodynamic effects of medetomidine continuous rate infusions in the dog}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00522.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To characterize the hemodynamic effects of continuous rate infusions (CRI) of medetomidine administered at doses ranging from 0 to 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1).


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, blinded, randomized experimental trial.


ANIMALS
Six adult purpose-bred mongrel dogs.


METHODS
Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane for placement of arterial and venous catheters. Dogs recovered from anesthesia after which baseline hemodynamic measurements were obtained via lithium dilution cardiac output (CO) determination, with subsequent measurements via pulse power analysis to provide continuous CO determinations. Medetomidine, 1, 2, or 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) or a volume equivalent placebo, was administered via CRI for 60 minutes. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), CO and stroke volume were measured and stroke index (SI), cardiac index (CI), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) were calculated at 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes from the start of the infusion.


RESULTS
Increase in dose decreased SI by 25%, 19%, and 30%, HR by 33%, 57%, and 60%, CI by 50%, 65%, 70% and increased TPRI by 109%, 235%, and 222% from baseline to the 60-minute measurement for the 1, 2, and 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) doses, respectively. HR, TPRI, and CI all showed significant differences over the duration of the study from the placebo treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Medetomidine CRI produces clinically relevant changes in CO, TPR, and HR. The demonstrated decrease in CO is largely because of bradycardia and the degree of cardiovascular depression appears to be dose-dependent. These findings are consistent with previously described hemodynamic changes with single bolus administration of medetomidine.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Low-dose medetomidine CRIs produce clinically relevant hemodynamic depression at doses as low as 1 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) and should be used cautiously in dogs.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Carter, Jennifer E. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Posner, Lysa P. and Swanson, Cliff}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={197–206} }
 @article{turnwald_stone_bristol_fuentealba_hardie_hellyer_jaeger_kerwin_kochevar_lissemore_et al._2008, title={Assessing Clinical Competency: Reports from Discussion Groups}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.3.343}, abstractNote={ This report describes proposed new models for assessment of eight of the nine clinical competencies the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education requires for accreditation. The models were developed by discussion groups at the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges’ Clinical Competency Symposium. Clinical competencies and proposed models (in parentheses) are described. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Turnwald, Grant and Stone, Elizabeth and Bristol, David and Fuentealba, Carmen and Hardie, Lizette and Hellyer, Peter and Jaeger, Laurie and Kerwin, Sharon and Kochevar, Deborah and Lissemore, Kerry and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={343–353} }
 @article{moeser_blikslager_swanson_2008, title={Determination of minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in juvenile swine}, volume={84}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015}, abstractNote={Pigs are important animal models in veterinary and medical research and have been widely used in experiments requiring surgical anesthesia. Sevoflurane is an inhalant anesthetic with unique properties that make it an ideal anesthetic for mask induction and anesthesia maintenance. However, there are relatively few studies reporting the anesthetic requirements for sevoflurane in juvenile swine, an age group that is commonly used in research experiments. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) for sevoflurane in juvenile swine. Sevoflurane anesthesia was induced in six Yorkshire-cross pigs of approximately 9 weeks-of-age and MAC for sevoflurane was determined. The sevoflurane MAC value was determined to be 3.5+/-0.1% which is notably higher than values reported in the literature for pigs. This discrepancy in MAC values may represent changes in anesthetic requirements between different age groups of pigs and differences in the type of stimulus used to determine MAC.}, number={2}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Moeser, Adam J. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Swanson, Cliff}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={283–285} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_swanson_kishimori_boylan_2005, title={Behavioral and clinical pathology changes in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics}, volume={55}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Harms, C. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Swanson, C. R. and Kishimori, J. M. and Boylan, S. M.}, year={2005}, pages={223–228} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_swanson_harms_blasiola_noga_gratzek_lehmann_levine_may_2005, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, June 21-23, 2005}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G. and Swanson, C. and Harms, C. and Blasiola, G. and Noga, E. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, W. and Levine, J. and May, S.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_stoskopf_blasiola_gratzek_lehmann_harms_lewbart_2004, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course,  July 29-31, 2004}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Stoskopf, M. and Blasiola, G. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. and Lewbart, G.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_lewbart_harms_blasiola_juopperi_gratzek_2002, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Lewbart, G. and Harms, G. and Blasiola, G. and Juopperi, T. and Gratzek, J.}, year={2002} }
 @article{sladky_swanson_stoskopf_loomis_lewbart_2001, title={Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Sladky, KK and Swanson, CR and Stoskopf, MK and Loomis, MR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={337–342} }
 @article{stell_price_swanson_2000, title={Implementation and assessment of a career and life skills program for matriculating veterinary medical students}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.1311}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stell, EJ and Price, GS and Swanson, C}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1311–1314} }
 @article{corton_swanson_miller_cattley_1999, title={Alteration of protein kinase C isoform-specific expression during rat hepatocarcinogenesis after exposure to the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643}, volume={137}, ISSN={["0304-3835"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00334-6}, abstractNote={The role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in mediating peroxisome proliferator chemical- (PPC) induced hepatocarcinogenesis was examined. After an acute gavage exposure to WY-14,643 (WY) membrane-bound PKCdelta and cytosolic PKCbeta decreased, whereas the expression of the other isoforms was not altered. After a 13-week chronic exposure, membrane-bound PKCbeta, delta and zeta levels decreased. In WY-induced hepatocellular adenomas, PKCalpha was increased, and PKCbeta was further decreased in membrane fractions. These results, taken together with previous studies, indicate that alterations in PKCalpha, beta and delta isoforms, which regulate mitogenesis, could play important roles in perpetuating the high cell proliferative rate in PPC-induced hepatocellular adenomas.}, number={1}, journal={CANCER LETTERS}, author={Corton, JC and Swanson, C and Miller, RT and Cattley, RC}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{lee_meyer_sullivan_davidson_swanson_hellyer_1998, title={Respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of low-dose pancuronium bromide in spontaneously breathing, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00159.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To assess and compare the respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of two low doses of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker, pancuronium bromide. To determine if a “low dose” of pancuronium bromide can produce selective skeletal muscle relaxation in extraocular muscles sufficient to perform intraocular surgery while sparing or minimizing depression of muscles of ventilation.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Lee, DD and Meyer, RE and Sullivan, TC and Davidson, MG and Swanson, CR and Hellyer, PW}, year={1998}, pages={473–479} }