@article{andow_paula_2024, title={Estimating relative per capita predation rates from molecular gut content analysis}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105499}, abstractNote={The problem of estimating predation rates from molecular gut content data has been challenging. Previous work showed how per capita predation rates could be estimated from quantitative molecular gut content data using the average prey quantity in the predator, the decay rate of the prey in the predator and a conversion constant to convert measured prey quantity into prey numbers or biomass. Based on this previous work, we developed and illustrated a method to estimate relative per capita predation rates for a single prey species consumed by one predator species. This method does not require estimation of either the decay rate of the prey in the predator or the conversion constant. We describe how gut content data from qPCR, quantitative ELISA, metabarcoding and unassembled shotgun reads (Lazaro) can be used to estimate relative per capita predation rates. The method was used to estimate the relative per capita predation rate in a laboratory feeding trial to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the method using Lazaro data. Ten independent estimates were statistically similar, but precision was related to the number of observed prey reads. We estimated the relative per capita predation rate by the ant Pheidole flavens on another ant Pheidole tristis in a field experiment and by the ladybeetle Hippodamia convergens on the aphid Lipaphis pseudobrassicae on organic production farms. We found that higher P. flavens activity-density was associated with lower relative per capita predation rates, therefore indicating lower predation rates on P. tristis. The absence of variation among farms in relative per capita predation by H. convergens suggested that the farms were biological replicates. Using relative per capita predation rates can provide a rapid way to assess how a predator–prey interaction changes over space and time and may help identify factors that limit or enhance biological control of pests.}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Andow, David A. and Paula, Debora Pires}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{lozano_hurley_knodel_andow_koch_2024, title={Soybean aphid management and perception of insecticide resistance by farmers}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmae020}, abstractNote={Abstract In the Midwest United States, soybean aphids can cause significant economic losses in soybean production. The repeated use of insecticides within the same family has led to the development of insecticide resistance in soybean aphids. Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide-resistance management (IRM) strategies can help farmers reduce the frequency of insecticide applications and delay the evolution of soybean aphid resistance while reducing production costs, maintaining yields, and protecting the environment. Farmers play a crucial role in implementing such practices; therefore, to understand farmers’ practices for management of soybean aphids and their perceptions of insecticide resistance, a survey of soybean farmers in Minnesota and North Dakota was conducted in 2021. Overall, the reported decision-making sources were similar for both farmers who changed and those who did not change their aphid management due to insecticide resistance; these were crop consultants and agricultural retailers. The threshold used by farmers in both groups to determine whether to use a foliar insecticide was lower than the research-based threshold for soybean aphids, and farmers were aware that this could contribute to insecticide resistance. In addition, farmers who changed soybean aphid management were more concerned than farmers who did not change about insecticide resistance and were implementing good practices such as scouting, using labeled application rates, and rotating insecticide modes of action. The results of this research can inform the refinement of IPM and IRM programs as well as extension education efforts.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Lozano, Rosa E. and Hurley, Terrance M. and Knodel, Janet J. and Andow, David A. and Koch, Robert L.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{andow_2023, title={A simple definition of food resources for the highly polyphagous <i>Lygus lineolaris</i> (Hemiptera: Miridae) enables prediction of adult abundance}, volume={52}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad032}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvad032}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a highly polyphagous herbivore with more than 300 known host plants. The high polyphagy has created logistical challenges for understanding its population dynamics. I hypothesized that the primary food resource of this species can be characterized simply, cutting across the multiple host plant species, and enabling a simpler understanding of its population dynamics. The food resource was defined as the apical buds and meristematic tissue and terminal flowers and young seeds. Adult abundance in a habitat was related to the relative abundance of food in the habitat, abundance on a host plant stem was related to the amount of food resource on the stem, and the rate of emigration was lower from host plant patches with higher amounts of food resources. These results suggest that the population dynamics of L. lineolaris depends less on the identity of the host plants and more on the amount of food resource the various host plant species provide.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David A}, editor={Sword, GregoryEditor}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={521–526} }
 @article{andow_2023, title={Deconstructing insect herbivore trivial movement in a monoculture and triculture: Limitations of emigration}, volume={65}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.12150}, DOI={10.1002/1438-390X.12150}, abstractNote={AbstractSignificantly higher population densities of a squash pest beetle, Acalymma vittatum, were observed in a squash monoculture than a triculture of squash, maize, and beans. One hypothesis for such differences is that non‐host plants in the triculture cause the herbivore to move more frequently resulting in higher emigration rates from the tricultures. Plant to plant movement of the beetle was studied in vegetative winter squash to evaluate if differences in components of trivial movement would generate a higher emigration rate from the triculture. Tenure times were shorter on plants in the triculture than on plants in the squash monoculture, there was no movement directionality, movement distances were greater in squash monocultures than in tricultures and were greater during July than August. In the tricultures, plant‐to‐plant transitions were primarily to maize from non‐host plants and to beans or squash from host plants during July, but during August, movement from any plant was primarily to maize. We integrated the values of the movement components from vegetative winter squash into a simple Markov model, and found that during July, emigration was estimated to be faster from the triculture than the monoculture, supporting the hypothesis. However, in August, emigration was estimated to be slower from the triculture. In August, maize plants were tall and, by acting like a fence, greatly reduced the movement distance of beetles. The effect of the differences in emigration rate on beetle population density was greatest for small patches, indicating that emigration may be important only in small‐scale production systems.}, number={3}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={183–191} }
 @article{andow_paula_2023, title={Estimating predation rates from molecular gut content analysis}, volume={23}, ISSN={1755-098X 1755-0998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13769}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.13769}, abstractNote={AbstractSeveral methods have been published to estimate per capita predation rates from molecular gut content analysis relying on intuitive understanding of predation, but none have been formally derived. We provide a theoretical framework for estimating predation rates to identify an accurate method and lay bare its assumptions. Per capita predation can be estimated by multiplying the prey decay rate and the prey quantity in the predators. This assumes that variation in per capita predation rate is approximately normally distributed, prey decay occurs exponentially, and predation is in steady state. We described several ways to estimate steady state predation, including using only qualitative presence‐absence data to estimate the decay rate and in addition, we provided a method for estimating per capita predation rate when predation is not in steady state. We used previously published data on aphid consumption by a ladybird beetle in a feeding trial to calculate the predation rate and compare published methods with this theoretically derived method. The estimated predation rate (3.29 ± 0.27 aphids/h) using our derived method was not significantly different from the actual predation rate, 3.11 aphids/h. In contrast, previously published methods were less accurate, underestimating the predation rate (0.33 ± 0.02 to 1.66 ± 0.8 aphids/h) or overestimating it (3.64 ± 0.30 aphids/h). In summary, we provide methods to estimate predation rates even when variation in predation rates is not exactly normally distributed and not in steady state and demonstrate that the prey decay rate, and not the prey detection period, is required.}, number={5}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A. and Paula, Débora Pires}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={1023–1033} }
 @article{andow_fontes_pires_paula_2023, title={Organization of the macroinvertebrate community in a tropical annual agroecosystem into modules}, volume={18}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289103}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0289103}, abstractNote={The structure of macroinvertebrate communities in agroecosystems has been assumed to be modular and organized around key herbivore pests. We characterized the macroinvertebrate community in the annual organic brassica agroecosystem in tropical central Brazil to determine if the community was a random assemblage of independent populations or was organized into repeatable multi-species components. We sampled 36 macroinvertebrate taxa associated with six organic brassica farms at biweekly intervals during the dry season during two years in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. We used an unconstrained ordination based on latent variable modeling (boral) with negative binomial population counts to analyze community composition independent of variation in sample abundance. We evaluated observed community structure by comparing it with randomized alternatives. We found that the community was not a random assemblage and consistently organized itself into two modules based around the major herbivores; one with lepidoptera and whiteflies and their associated natural enemies which was gradually replaced during the season by one with brassica aphids, aphid parasitoids and coccinellids. This analysis suggests that the historical and present-day focus on pest herbivores and their associated species in agroecosystems may be justified based on community structure.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Andow, David A. and Fontes, Eliana M. G. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Paula, Débora P.}, editor={Lou, YonggenEditor}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={e0289103} }
 @article{andow_2023, title={Population responses to temperature in 12-year insect time series}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.13294}, abstractNote={Abstract
Considerable work has examined the distribution of species under projected climate change, but empirical data are needed to support predicting change in abundance.
I analysed populations of 17 saproxylic beetle species collected twice nightly from mid‐May to mid‐October from 2004 to 2015 at lights in Shizuoka, Japan, to investigate effects of two 100‐year hot summers (2010 and 2013) and correlated changes with June, July and August maximum temperatures. The first analysis examined the effect of heat stress and the second examined how populations tracked changes in temperature.
I hypothesised that the responses would be species‐specific and could be related to interspecific variation in body size, voltinism, primary food source and the strength of density dependence.
Heat stress was associated with population declines of five species during the same year and five other species in the following year. Conifer feeders were more likely to decline during the same year as the heat stress. Only one species tracked variation in maximum June temperature. Larger, later emerging species were more strongly detrimentally affected by high June temperatures than smaller, early emerging species. There was no relation between the response to heat stress and tracking June temperatures across species.
The influence of summer temperature on saproxylic beetles was detectable from relatively short time series and occurred in a species‐specific manner. The effect of heat stress was more readily detected than correlated changes in abundance and temperature. Short time series may help reveal the response of insect populations to changing temperatures.
}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{paula_andow_2022, title={DNA High-Throughput Sequencing for Arthropod Gut Content Analysis to Evaluate Effectiveness and Safety of Biological Control Agents}, volume={52}, ISSN={1678-8052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-01011-3}, DOI={10.1007/s13744-022-01011-3}, number={2}, journal={Neotropical Entomology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Paula, Débora Pires and Andow, David Alan}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={302–332} }
 @article{andow_2022, title={Dispersal kernel of green rice leafhopper estimated from truncated data}, volume={65}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.12141}, DOI={10.1002/1438-390X.12141}, abstractNote={AbstractCharacterizing dispersal kernels from truncated data is important for managing and predicting population dynamics. We used mark‐recapture data from 10 previously published replicated experiments at three host plant development stages (seedling, tillering, and heading) to estimate parameters of the normal and exponential dispersal kernels for green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cincticeps(Uhler). We compared classic statistical methods for estimating untruncated distribution parameters from truncated data with maximum likelihood (MLE) and the method of statistical moments for simulated and empirical data. Simulations showed that both methods provided accurate parameter estimates with similar precision. The method of moments is algebraically complex, but simple to calculate, while the MLE methods require numerical solutions of nonlinear equations. Simulations also showed that accurate, precise estimates of the parameters of the untruncated distributions could be attained even under severe truncation with sufficient numbers of recaptures. Both diffusivity and the exponential mean were higher with later plant growth stage, showing that insects moved farther and faster at the heading stage. Precision of the estimates was not strongly related to percent capture, size of the experimental field, or the number of leafhoppers captured. The leptokurtic exponential kernel fit the data better than the normal kernel for all the experiments. These results support an alternative explanation for the strong density‐dependent population regulation of this species at the heading stage. Instead of leafhopper density per se, the increase in movement at this stage could integrate the populations in the separate fields, leveling densities throughout the landscape.}, number={2}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={111–120} }
 @article{andow_fontes_pires_souza_paula_2022, title={Invasion of the coccinellid community associated with a tropical annual agroecosystem}, volume={48}, ISSN={0307-6946 1365-2311}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.13212}, DOI={10.1111/een.13212}, abstractNote={Abstract
Detailed understanding of the mechanisms enabling or limiting the impacts of invasive generalist predators is needed. Harmonia axyridis is an invasive generalist coccinellid predator that may have destabilised coccinellid communities worldwide and is an excellent candidate for investigating invasion dynamics.
We evaluated four hypotheses: (1) Nine years after being detected in Central Brazil, Ha. axyridis has dominated the coccinellid community. This is facilitated by (2) its broader aphid prey range than the other aphidophagous coccinellids, (3) its superiority as an asymmetrical intraguild predator, and (4) the invasibility of the present coccinellid community.
We sampled the invertebrate communities associated with six organic vegetable farms in Brazil during 2017 and 2018, conducted a feeding trial to measure prey niche breadth and overlap, and estimated intra‐ and interspecific interaction strengths corresponding to first‐order Lotka‐Volterra parameters to evaluate the strength of intraguild predation and create a community matrix.
We found (1) Ha. axyridis comprised ≤8.3% of the coccinellid community. (2) Hi. convergens had the broadest prey niche and dominated the prey niche of Ha. axyridis. (3) We could not determine from the population data if Ha. axyridis was the dominant intraguild predator because its density was too low and constant. (4) The community matrix indicated that the present‐day coccinellid community was stable.
We conclude Ha. axyridis has not become invasive in Central Brazil, in part because it does not have the broadest prey niche breadth and the present coccinellid community is stable to the present perturbation of Ha. axyridis.
}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A. and Fontes, Eliana M. G. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Souza, Lucas M. and Paula, Débora P.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={174–185} }
 @misc{andow_pires paula_fontes_pires_souza_2022, title={Invasion of the coccinellid community associated with a tropical annual agroecosystem}, url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.1zcrjdfwb}, DOI={10.5061/dryad.1zcrjdfwb}, publisher={Dryad}, author={Andow, David and Pires Paula, Debora and Fontes, Eliana and Pires, Carmen and Souza, Lucas}, year={2022} }
 @article{paula_barros_pitta_barreto_togawa_andow_2022, title={Metabarcoding versus mapping unassembled shotgun reads for identification of prey consumed by arthropod epigeal predators}, volume={11}, ISSN={2047-217X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giac020}, DOI={10.1093/gigascience/giac020}, abstractNote={Abstract
               
                  Background
                  A central challenge of DNA gut content analysis is to identify prey in a highly degraded DNA community. In this study, we evaluated prey detection using metabarcoding and a method of mapping unassembled shotgun reads (Lazaro).
               
               
                  Results
                  In a mock prey community, metabarcoding did not detect any prey, probably owing to primer choice and/or preferential predator DNA amplification, while Lazaro detected prey with accuracy 43–71%. Gut content analysis of field-collected arthropod epigeal predators (3 ants, 1 dermapteran, and 1 carabid) from agricultural habitats in Brazil (27 samples, 46–273 individuals per sample) revealed that 64% of the prey species detections by either method were not confirmed by melting curve analysis and 87% of the true prey were detected in common. We hypothesized that Lazaro would detect fewer true- and false-positive and more false-negative prey with greater taxonomic resolution than metabarcoding but found that the methods were similar in sensitivity, specificity, false discovery rate, false omission rate, and accuracy. There was a positive correlation between the relative prey DNA concentration in the samples and the number of prey reads detected by Lazaro, while this was inconsistent for metabarcoding.
               
               
                  Conclusions
                  Metabarcoding and Lazaro had similar, but partially complementary, detection of prey in arthropod predator guts. However, while Lazaro was almost 2× more expensive, the number of reads was related to the amount of prey DNA, suggesting that Lazaro may provide quantitative prey information while metabarcoding did not.
               }, journal={GigaScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Paula, Débora Pires and Barros, Suellen Karina Albertoni and Pitta, Rafael Major and Barreto, Marliton Rocha and Togawa, Roberto Coiti and Andow, David A}, year={2022} }
 @article{gray_farias_venzon_torres_souza_aita_andow_2022, title={Predation on sentinel prey increases with increasing latitude in <i>Brassica</i>‐dominated agroecosystems}, volume={12}, ISSN={2045-7758 2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9086}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.9086}, abstractNote={AbstractIn natural ecosystems, arthropod predation on herbivore prey is higher at lower latitudes, mirroring the latitudinal diversity gradient observed across many taxa. This pattern has not been systematically examined in human‐dominated ecosystems, where frequent disturbances can shift the identity and abundance of local predators, altering predation rates from those observed in natural ecosystems. We investigated how latitude, biogeographical, and local ecological factors influenced arthropod predation in Brassica oleracea‐dominated agroecosystems in 55 plots spread among 5 sites in the United States and 4 sites in Brazil, spanning at least 15° latitude in each country. In both the United States and Brazil, arthropod predator attacks on sentinel model caterpillar prey were highest at the highest latitude studied and declined at lower latitudes. The rate of increased arthropod attacks per degree latitude was higher in the United States and the overall gradient was shifted poleward as compared to Brazil. PiecewiseSEM analysis revealed that aridity mediates the effect of latitude on arthropod predation and largely explains the differences in the intensity of the latitudinal gradient between study countries. Neither predator richness, predator density, nor predator resource availability predicted variation in predator attack rates. Only greater non‐crop plant density drove greater predation rates, though this effect was weaker than the effect of aridity. We conclude that climatic factors rather than ecological community structure shape latitudinal arthropod predation patterns and that high levels of aridity in agroecosystems may dampen the ability of arthropod predators to provide herbivore control services as compared to natural ecosystems.}, number={7}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gray, Hannah L. and Farias, Juliano R. and Venzon, Madelaine and Torres, Jorge Braz and Souza, Lucas Machado and Aita, Rafael Carlesso and Andow, David A.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{paula_timbó_togawa_vogler_andow_2022, title={Quantitative prey species detection in predator guts across multiple trophic levels by mapping unassembled shotgun reads}, volume={23}, ISSN={1755-098X 1755-0998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13690}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.13690}, abstractNote={AbstractQuantifying species trophic interaction strengths is crucial for understanding community dynamics and has significant implications for pest management and species conservation. DNA‐based methods to identify species interactions have revolutionized these efforts, but a significant limitation is the poor ability to quantify the strength of trophic interactions, that is the biomass or number of prey consumed. We present an improved pipeline, called Lazaro, to map unassembled shotgun reads to a comprehensive arthropod mitogenome database and show that the number of prey reads detected is quantitatively predicted from the prey biomass consumed, even for indirect predation. Two feeding bioassays were performed: starved coccinellid larvae consuming different numbers of aphids (Prey Quantity bioassay), and starved coccinellid larvae consuming a chrysopid larvae that had consumed aphids (Direct and Indirect Predation bioassay). Prey taxonomic assignment against a mitochondrial genome database had high accuracy (99.8% positive predictive value) and the number of prey reads was directly related to the number of prey consumed and inversely related to the elapsed time since consumption with high significance (r2 = .932, p = 4.92E‐6). Aphids were detected up to 6 h after direct predation plus 3 h after indirect predation (9 h in total) and detection was related to the predator‐specific decay rates. Lazaro enabled quantitative predictions of prey consumption across multiple trophic levels with high taxonomic resolution while eliminating all false positives, except for a few confirmed contaminants, and may be valuable for characterizing prey consumed by field‐sampled predators. Moreover, Lazaro is readily applicable for species diversity determination from any degraded environmental DNA.}, number={1}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Timbó, Renata V. and Togawa, Roberto C. and Vogler, Alfried P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={64–80} }
 @misc{débora_suellen_rafael_marliton_roberto_david_2022, title={Supporting data for "Metabarcoding versus mapping unassembled shotgun reads for identification of prey consumed by arthropod epigeal predators"}, url={http://gigadb.org/dataset/100970}, DOI={10.5524/100970}, publisher={GigaScience Database}, author={Débora, Paula Pires and Suellen, Barros Karina Albertoni and Rafael, Pitta Major and Marliton, Barreto and Roberto, Togawa Coiti and David, Andow A}, year={2022} }
 @article{lozano_paula_andow_koch_2022, title={Validation of Reference Genes Across Populations of <i>Aphis glycines</i> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) for RT-qPCR Analysis of Gene Expression Related to Pyrethroid Detoxification}, volume={57}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/JES21-38}, DOI={10.18474/JES21-38}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Metabolic detoxification is a common mechanism of insecticide resistance, in which detoxifying enzyme genes are overexpressed. Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the major soybean pests in the United States and has developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides after almost two decades of use. To date, there are no validated reference genes to normalize expression of detoxification genes for pyrethroid resistance in A. glycines. From a literature review, a list was compiled of genes from 36 gene families (68 sequences) frequently used as reference genes in gene expression analysis in Hemiptera. Exon–exon junction primers were designed for the best alignment matches to a draft A. glycines genome and were assayed in a three-phase screening. The first screen eliminated nonamplifying primers. The second screen used nine A. glycines populations varying in resistance to pyrethroids and eliminated primers with inconsistent amplification or low amplification efficiency, and quantitatively assessed the stability of expression in the 14 remaining candidates using NormFinder and a generalization of BestKeeper. The third screen quantitatively validated these results on the best candidates. Six genes were identified with the greatest stability across technical and biological replication and the nine populations. The genes identified as the most suitable reference genes for the study of detoxifying enzymes related to pyrethroid resistance in soybean aphid were: actin, RPL9 (ribosomal protein L9), RPS9 (ribosomal protein S9), AK (arginine kinase), RNAPol2 (RNA polymerase II), and RPL17 (ribosomal protein L17). Our findings will support studies related to insecticide resistance in A. glycines.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Lozano, Rosa E. and Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A. and Koch, Robert L.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={213–239} }
 @article{pires paula_lozano_menger_andow_koch_2021, title={Identification of point mutations related to pyrethroid resistance in voltage-gated sodium channel genes in Aphis glycines}, volume={41}, ISSN={0171-8177}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1226}, DOI={10.1127/entomologia/2021/1226}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Generalis}, publisher={Schweizerbart}, author={Pires Paula, Débora and Lozano, Rosa E. and Menger, James P. and Andow, David A. and Koch, Robert L.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={243–255} }
 @article{paula_andow_2021, title={Melting curve analysis for detection and identification of ghost parasitoids in host carcasses a month after host death}, volume={12}, ISSN={2041-210X 2041-210X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13626}, DOI={10.1111/2041-210X.13626}, abstractNote={Abstract


Incidence of parasitism is often underestimated because ‘ghost’ parasitoids (dead unemerged parasitoids or those that have emerged leaving the host carcasses) are difficult to detect and identify. This study demonstrates that the use of melting curve analysis (MCA) of host carcasses can detect and identify DNA of ghost parasitoids even a month after host death.

The coccinellid hosts Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis and Hippodamia convergens were sampled from cole crops in 2017 and 2018 in the Midwest of Brazil, and reared and observed daily for parasitoid emergence. Dead coccinellids were held for 30 days after death before storage and only host carcasses with parasitoid emergence observed were analysed. Species‐specific primers were designed for the identification of the parasitoid species that emerged during host rearing: Dinocampus coccinellae, Homalotylus mirabilis, Ho. terminalis, Strongygaster triangulifera and Phalacrotophora sp. The melting temperatures (Tm) of their amplicons were used as positive controls in MCA post‐amplification in qPCR.

Detection of parasitoid DNA in host carcasses was possible for D. coccinellae, Ho. mirabilis and Phalacrotophora sp. with a limit of detection (LOD) for all the parasitoids <1 pg of DNA, except for Phalacroptopthora sp. (LOD = 1.9 ng). Parasitoids were detected in 31 out of 70 host carcasses (44.3%) with detection ranging from 0% to 71%, depending on the parasitoid species.

Synthesis and applications. This work demonstrates that MCA could be used to detect and rapidly identify the DNA of some parasitoid species (e.g. Ho. mirabilis, D. coccinellae and Phalacrotophora sp.) in host carcasses up to a month after parasitoid emergence with high sensitivity and specificity. MCA can be used on any field‐collected host and, for some parasitoid species, it should lead to more accurate estimates of the incidence of parasitism. Our approach can be easily adapted and applied to study other parasitoid–host interactions.

}, number={9}, journal={Methods in Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1552–1561} }
 @misc{paula_andow_2021, title={Melting curve analysis for detection and identification of ghost parasitoids in host carcasses a month after host death-fluorescence data}, url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b5k}, DOI={10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b5k}, publisher={Dryad}, author={Paula, Debora Pires and Andow, David}, year={2021} }
 @article{paula_menger_andow_koch_2020, title={Diverse patterns of constitutive and inducible overexpression of detoxifying enzyme genes among resistant Aphis glycines populations}, volume={164}, ISSN={0048-3575}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.12.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.12.012}, abstractNote={Understanding the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance is essential to the effective management of pesticide resistance in Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We mined putative detoxifying enzyme genes in the draft genome sequence of A. glycines for cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and esterases (E4 and carboxylesterases-CES). Aphids from clonal populations resistant to pyrethroids from three sites in Minnesota, USA, were screened against a diagnostic LC99 concentration of either λ-cyhalothrin or bifenthrin and detoxifying enzyme genes expression in survivors was analyzed by qPCR. Their expression profiles were compared relative to a susceptible clonal population. We found 61 CYP (40 full-length), seven GST (all full-length), seven E4 (five full-length) and three CES (two full-length) genes, including 24 possible pseudogenes. The detoxifying enzymes had different expression profiles across resistant aphid populations, possibly reflecting differences in the genetic background and pyrethroid selection pressures as the number of constitutively overexpressed detoxifying enzyme genes was correlated with the level of resistance. Our findings will strengthen the understanding of the pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in A. glycines.}, journal={Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Paula, Débora Pires and Menger, James and Andow, David A. and Koch, Robert L.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={100–114} }
 @article{andow_barratt_pfannenstiel_paula_2021, title={Exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: need to improve environmental risk assessment to ensure safe use}, volume={66}, ISSN={1386-6141 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10067-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10526-020-10067-2}, number={1}, journal={BioControl}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, David A. and Barratt, Barbara I. P. and Pfannenstiel, Robert S. and Paula, Débora Pires}, year={2021}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{paula_andow_barratt_pfannenstiel_gerard_todd_zaviezo_luna_cédola_loomans_et al._2021, title={Integrating adverse effect analysis into environmental risk assessment for exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: a three-tiered framework}, volume={66}, ISSN={1386-6141 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10053-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10526-020-10053-8}, abstractNote={Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) are required before utilizing exotic arthropods for biological control (BC). Present ERAs focus on exposure analysis (host/prey range) and have resulted in approval of many specialist exotic biological control agents (BCA). In comparison to specialists, generalist arthropod BCAs (GABCAs) have been considered inherently risky and less used in classical biological control. To safely consider exotic GABCAs, an ERA must include methods for the analysis of potential effects. A panel of 47 experts from 14 countries discussed, in six online forums over 12 months, scientific criteria for an ERA for exotic GABCAs. Using four case studies, a three-tiered ERA comprising Scoping, Screening and Definitive Assessments was developed. The ERA is primarily based on expert consultation, with decision processes in each tier that lead to the approval of the petition or the subsequent tier. In the Scoping Assessment, likelihood of establishment (for augmentative BC), and potential effect(s) are qualitatively assessed. If risks are identified, the Screening Assessment is conducted, in which 19 categories of effects (adverse and beneficial) are quantified. If a risk exceeds the proposed risk threshold in any of these categories, the analysis moves to the Definitive Assessment to identify potential non-target species in the respective category(ies). When at least one potential non-target species is at significant risk, long-term and indirect ecosystem risks must be quantified with actual data or the petition for release can be dismissed or withdrawn. The proposed ERA should contribute to the development of safe pathways for the use of low risk GABCAs.}, number={1}, journal={BioControl}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A. and Barratt, Barbara I. P. and Pfannenstiel, Robert S. and Gerard, Philippa J. and Todd, Jacqui H. and Zaviezo, Tania and Luna, Maria G. and Cédola, Claudia V. and Loomans, Antoon J. M. and et al.}, year={2021}, pages={113–139} }
 @article{andow_2020, title={Keizi Kiritani (1929–2020)}, volume={66}, ISSN={1046-2821 2155-9902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmaa019}, DOI={10.1093/ae/tmaa019}, number={2}, journal={American Entomologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David}, year={2020}, pages={61–61} }
 @article{paula_togni_costa_souza_sousa_tostes_pires_andow_2020, title={Scrutinizing the enemy release hypothesis: population effects of parasitoids on Harmonia axyridis and local host coccinellids in Brazil}, volume={66}, ISSN={1386-6141 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10041-y}, DOI={10.1007/s10526-020-10041-y}, number={1}, journal={BioControl}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Togni, Pedro H. B. and Costa, Valmir A. and Souza, Lucas M. and Sousa, Alex A. T. C. and Tostes, Gustavo M. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Andow, David A.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={71–82} }
 @inbook{andow_ragsdale_nyvall_1997, title={Biological Control in Cool Temperate Regions}, ISBN={9780429041686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429041686-1}, DOI={10.1201/9780429041686-1}, abstractNote={Biological control has grown to encompass several approaches: inoculation, inundation, and conservation. Inoculative methods involve introducing the biological control agent in relatively small numbers so that when it increases it will control the target pest. Cool temperate regions contain some of the most productive agricultural lands in the world. Many successes have been obtained in cool temperate regions, and successes have been more numerous where efforts have been more intensive; other factors, such as climate, have been unreliable guides to success. Evaluation of establishment and success of a biological control effort has been idiosyncratic. Evaluation of success is more complicated than evaluation of establishment, but it is essential to integrate biological control with pesticide-based controls. Complete control results when the biological control agent constantly controls the pest. The potential for research on biological control in cool temperate regions seems vast.}, booktitle={Ecological Interactions and Biological Control}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Andow, David A. and Ragsdale, David W. and Nyvall, Robert F.}, year={1997}, pages={1–28} }
 @book{andow_ragsdale_nyvall_2019, title={Ecological Interactions and Biological Control}, ISBN={9780429041686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429041686}, DOI={10.1201/9780429041686}, publisher={CRC Press}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @inbook{andow_levin_harwell_1987, title={Evaluating Environmental Risks from Biotechnology: Contributions of Ecology}, ISBN={9780429042850}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042850-7}, DOI={10.4324/9780429042850-7}, abstractNote={This chapter explores a class of techniques that can be distinguished from conventional methods of genetic manipulation such as selective breeding, crop rotation, introduction of exotic organisms, hybridization, and isolation of microbial pesticides. Biotechnology has a large potential to improve the human condition, and to engender important advances in pharmaceutical production, food processing, agricultural production, and environmental management. The larger the population of bacteria at a source site, the more likely it is that some organisms will disperse. In general, conventional plant and animal breeding have selected for features that have little effect on the ability of the species to proliferate in natural environments; indeed, they are usually at a disadvantage outside the target environment. Augmentative biological control of crop pests provides another model. Predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors of crop pests are artificially increased and released back into the target environment.}, booktitle={Application of Biotechnology}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Andow, David A. and Levin, Simon A. and Harwell, Mark A.}, year={1987}, pages={125–142} }
 @inbook{andow_1997, title={Integrating Biological Control in IPM Systems}, ISBN={9780429041686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429041686-4}, DOI={10.1201/9780429041686-4}, abstractNote={Integrated pest management (IPM) as originally conceived was a methodology for integrating chemical and biological control. In its more practical incarnation, however, IPM was developed mainly as a means to optimize the use of chemical insecticides based on information about pest incidence. This chapter utilizes the framework of partial budget analysis for evaluating the potential use of Trichogramma as an inundative biological control agent in some US corn commodities. Technical improvements to Trichogramma could be aimed at improved efficacy, reduced cost, or both. Two approaches have been used for improving efficacy of Trichogramma. Strains of Trichogramma can be screened to identify the most effective. The other approach has been to analyze the limitations of a particular strain to identify characteristics that need improvement. Integration of inundative biological control agents in existing IPM systems requires an agent with sufficient efficacy and low enough cost that it will compete in the current pest management system.}, booktitle={Ecological Interactions and Biological Control}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={1997}, pages={71–86} }
 @article{gray_andow_kiritani_2019, title={Investigating the Movement Components of Host Preference in a Highly Mobile Insect Herbivore, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz128}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvz128}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Effective insect management strategies require a firm understanding of the factors determining host preference, particularly in highly mobile insect herbivores. Host preference studies commonly employ average or first position as a proxy for preference. Yet few studies have explored host preference in relation to transitory attraction and leaving rates, yet these are both components of host plant selection. We investigated the transitory dynamics of preference by the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) by conducting experiments on groups of females, males, or mixed-sex leafhoppers, and recording their position over time between low-N and normal-N rice plants. Utilizing a log-linear model and variants of a biostatistical model we used these positional data to extract attraction, leaving and tenure rates to better understand the process of host-plant selection. We found a general preference for normal-N over low-N plants at equilibrium. However, between sexes there was variation in the relative significance of attraction or leaving rates on that preference. Female leafhoppers were more attracted to host plants with higher nitrogen content. Male leafhoppers were less discriminate in their initial attraction to hosts but left low-N hosts at a faster rate. Whereas estimated tenure times on both normal- and low-N plants exceeded transmission times for the leafhopper-transmitted rice dwarf virus, longer tenure on normal-N plants likely increases the likelihood of virus acquisition from these plants. Our findings support previous recommendations that growers can mitigate the risks of leafhopper damage and pathogen transmission by optimizing their application of nitrogenous fertilizers.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gray, Hannah L and Andow, David A and Kiritani, Keizi}, editor={Mercader, RodrigoEditor}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={115–122} }
 @article{prescott_andow_2018, title={Co-occurrence Among Intraguild Predators: Avoidance or Aggregation?}, volume={47}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy016}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvy016}, abstractNote={Abstract Intraguild predation (IGP) may interact with prey availability to structure predator communities. However, if predators are able to avoid each other, its effect on predator community structure may be minimized or absent. To determine whether co-occurrence among IG predators is limited, we estimated co-occurrence among predators in experimental plots of maize and soybean. These crops provide high densities of shared resources (aphids) as well as known IG predators (primarily coccinellids). Despite documented intraspecific and interspecific avoidance behaviors, aggregation to patchy resources could bring IG predators into contact. We, therefore, hypothesized that despite documented intraspecific avoidance behaviors, aphidophagous IG coccinellid predators would not significantly avoid co-occurrence, making IGP likely. Co-occurrence was estimated from visual counts of aphid predators and their prey on randomly selected plants over the course of the growing season. For each habitat, we used maximum likelihood analysis to determine whether observed co-occurrence deviated significantly from that expected for each possible pairwise combination of IG predators. We repeated this analysis using published data on co-occurrence among aphid predators on tansy. We found that most co-occurrence among IG predators was random, suggesting that avoidance does not limit co-occurrence. Failure to limit co-occurrence could be the result of ineffective avoidance mechanisms or because predators balance aggregating on shared resources with avoiding IG predators.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Prescott, Kristina K and Andow, David A}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={559–566} }
 @article{kukanur_singh_kranthi_andow_2018, title={Cry1Ac resistance allele frequency in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) collected in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India}, volume={107}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.01.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2018.01.008}, abstractNote={Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac insecticidal protein was introduced in India in 2002. Within a span of 12 years, Bt-cotton constituted more than 90% of cropping area covering 11.6 mHa. This large scale cultivation favours resistance evolution in target pests. One of the major factors that influences rate of resistance is frequency of resistance alleles. Using F2 screen methodology and a discriminating dose, we estimated the level of resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). We report an increase in Cry1Ac resistance allele frequency in field populations of H. armigera collected in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states of India. Collective allele frequency was 0.085 (95% CI) for 2013 and 0.035 (95% CI) for 2014, which was 65 times and 29 times higher than the initial frequencies estimated during 2004. To prevent further increase in Bt resistance frequency in H. armigera, it is necessary to integrate other resistance management tactics that preserves pest susceptibility to Bt cotton.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kukanur, Vinod S. and Singh, T.V.K. and Kranthi, Keshav R. and Andow, David A.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={34–40} }
 @book{mason_rice_difonzo_porter_sappington_hunt_hellmich_bauté_andow_buntin_et al._2018, place={Ames, Iowa}, title={European corn borer ecology, management, and association with other corn pests}, number={NCR 0327}, institution={Iowa State University Extension and Outreach}, author={Mason, C.E. and Rice, M.E. and DiFonzo, C.D. and Porter, R.P. and Sappington, T.W. and Hunt, T.E. and Hellmich, R.L. and Bauté, T.S. and Andow, D.A. and Buntin, G.D. and et al.}, year={2018} }
 @article{camargo_andow_castañera_farinós_2018, title={First detection of a Sesamia nonagrioides resistance allele to Bt maize in Europe}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21943-4}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-21943-4}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Ebro Valley (Spain) is the only hotspot area in Europe where resistance evolution of target pests to Cry1Ab protein is most likely, owing to the high and regular adoption of Bt maize (>60%). The high-dose/refuge (HDR) strategy was implemented to delay resistance evolution, and to be effective it requires the frequency of resistance alleles to be very low (<0.001). An F2 screen was performed in 2016 to estimate the frequency of resistance alleles in Sesamia nonagrioides from this area and to evaluate if the HDR strategy is still working effectively. Out of the 137 isofemale lines screened on Cry1Ab maize leaf tissue, molted larvae and extensive feeding were observed for two consecutive generations in one line, indicating this line carried a resistance allele. The frequency of resistance alleles in 2016 was 0.0036 (CI 95% 0.0004–0.0100), higher but not statistically different from the value obtained in 2004–2005. Resistance does not seem to be evolving faster than predicted by a S. nonagrioides resistance evolution model, but the frequency of resistance is now triple the value recommended for an effective implementation of the HDR strategy. Owing to this, complementary measures should be considered to further delay resistance evolution in the Ebro Valley.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Camargo, Ana M. and Andow, David A. and Castañera, Pedro and Farinós, Gema P.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{olson_prescott_zeilinger_hou_coffin_smith_ruberson_andow_2018, title={Landscape Effects on Reproduction of Euschistus servus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a Mobile, Polyphagous, Multivoltine Arthropod Herbivore}, volume={47}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy045}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvy045}, abstractNote={Abstract Landscape factors can significantly influence arthropod populations. The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native mobile, polyphagous and multivoltine pest of many crops in southeastern United States and understanding the relative influence of local and landscape factors on their reproduction may facilitate population management. Finite rate of population increase (λ) was estimated in four major crop hosts—maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean—over 3 yr in 16 landscapes of southern Georgia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the surrounding landscape structure. LASSO regression was used to identify the subset of local and landscape characteristics and predator densities that account for variation in λ. The percentage area of maize, peanut and woodland and pasture in the landscape and the connectivity of cropland had no influence on E. servus λ. The best model for explaining variation in λ included only four predictor variables: whether or not the sampled field was a soybean field, mean natural enemy density in the field, percentage area of cotton in the landscape and the percentage area of soybean in the landscape. Soybean was the single most important variable for determining E. servus λ, with much greater reproduction in soybean fields than in other crop species. Penalized regression and post-selection inference provide conservative estimates of the landscape-scale determinants of E. servus reproduction and indicate that a relatively simple set of in-field and landscape variables influences reproduction in this species.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Olson, Dawn M and Prescott, Kristina K and Zeilinger, Adam R and Hou, Suqin and Coffin, Alisa W and Smith, Coby M and Ruberson, John R and Andow, David A}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={660–668} }
 @article{olson_zeilinger_prescott_coffin_ruberson_andow_2018, title={Landscape Effects on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae), Two Important Omnivorous Arthropod Taxa in Field Crops}, volume={47}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy104}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvy104}, abstractNote={Abstract The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native pest of many crops in southeastern United States and insecticide applications are the prevailing method of population suppression. To elucidate biological control of E. servus populations, we investigated two egg predators' (red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)) responses to both local and landscape factors that may have influenced their combined ability to cause mortality in immature E. servus. We estimated the density of fire ants and Geocoris spp. on four major crop hosts—maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean—in 16 landscapes over 3 yr in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Both Geocoris spp. and fire ant populations were concentrated on specific crops in this study, maize and soybean for Geocoris spp. and peanut and cotton for fire ants, but the percentage area of specific crops and woodland and pasture in the landscape and year also influenced their density in focal fields.The crop specific density of both taxa, the influence of the percentage area of specific crops and woodland in the landscape, and the variability in density over years may have been related to variable alternative resources for these omnivores in the habitats. Despite the variability over years, differential habitat use of fire ants and Georcoris spp. may have contributed to their combined ability to cause E. servus immature mortality.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Olson, Dawn M and Zeilinger, Adam R and Prescott, Kristina K and Coffin, Alisa W and Ruberson, John R and Andow, David A}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={1057–1063} }
 @article{hinton_andow_2003, title={Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas}, volume={36}, ISSN={0090-0222}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.2089}, DOI={10.22543/0090-0222.2089}, abstractNote={The frequency of mating and polyandry in natural populations are important parameters for understanding evolutionary dynamics. Mating frequency among natural populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) [Lepidoptera: Crambidae] are quite variable. Showers et al. (1974) found 91.1, 73.8, and 71.3% of females had mated during the second flight over 1971-3 at one location in Iowa. During 1971, only 10% mated multiple times, with lower levels of polyandry in subsequent years. In an earlier study in Iowa, Pesho (1961) found that 65-100 % of females had mated and up to 43% had mated more than once. A population in southwestern Ontario averaged 73% mating and 37% polyandry for the 5-year period from 1971-5, a higher rate of polyandry than during the same period in Iowa (Elliot, 1977). In this note, we amplify these previously published results by reporting the mating status of female O. nubilalis captured in light traps in Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. We also provide evidence that some females in natural populations may be sperm-limited.}, number={3 & 4}, journal={The Great Lakes Entomologist}, publisher={Valparaiso University}, author={Hinton, J. L and Andow, D. A}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={156–159} }
 @article{paula_togawa_do carmo costa_grynberg_martins_andow_2018, title={Systemic and sex-biased regulation of OBP expression under semiochemical stimuli}, volume={8}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24297-z}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-24297-z}, abstractNote={AbstractConstitutive expression of Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs) in antennae and other body parts has been examined mainly to infer their involvement in insect olfaction, while their regulation in response to semiochemical stimuli has remained poorly known. Previous studies of semiochemical response were basically done using electrophysiology, which integrates the response of the set of OBPs present in an antenna or sensillum, without revealing the regulation of OBPs or which ones might be involved. In this study we used boll weevil as a model and mined its OBPs by RNA-Seq to study their simultaneous antennal expression by qPCR under controlled semiochemical stimuli with aggregation pheromone and plant volatiles. In the absence of a semiochemical stimulus, 23 of 24 OBPs were constitutively expressed in the antenna in both sexes. Semiochemicals changed systemically the expression of OBPs in both sexes. There were different patterns of up- and down-regulation in female antennae for each semiochemical stimulus, consistent with female chemical ecology. On the other hand, the only response in males was down-regulation of some OBPs. We suggest that these systemic changes in OBP expression might be related to enhancing detection of the semiochemical stimuli and/or priming the olfactory system to detect other environmental chemicals.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Paula, Débora Pires and Togawa, Roberto Coiti and do Carmo Costa, Marcos Mota and Grynberg, Priscila and Martins, Natália Florêncio and Andow, David Alan}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{souza_silveira_paula_andow_mendes_2018, title={Transfer of Cry1F from Bt maize to eggs of resistant Spodoptera frugiperda}, volume={13}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203791}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0203791}, abstractNote={The intergenerational transfer of plant defense compounds by aposematic insects is well documented, and since 2006, has been shown for Cry toxins. Cry toxins are proteins naturally produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its genes have been expressed in plants to confer insect pest resistance. In this work we tested if non-aposematic larvae of a major maize pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, with resistance to Cry1F, could transfer Cry1F from a genetically engineered maize variety to their offspring. Resistant 10-day-old larvae that fed on Cry1F Bt maize until pupation were sexed and pair-mated to produce eggs. Using ELISA we found that Cry1F was transferred to offspring (1.47–4.42 ng Cry1F/10 eggs), a toxin concentration about 28–83 times less than that detected in Cry1F Bt maize leaves. This occurred when only one or both sexes were exposed, and more was transferred when both parents were exposed, with transitory detection in the first five egg masses. This work is an unprecedented demonstration that a non-aposematic, but resistant, species can transfer Cry1F to their offspring when exposed to Bt host plant leaves as immatures.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Souza, Camila S. F. and Silveira, Luís C. P. and Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A. and Mendes, Simone M.}, editor={Lopez-Ferber, MiguelEditor}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={e0203791} }
 @article{resende filho_andow_carneiro_lorena_sujii_alves_2019, title={Economic and productivity incentives to produce organically in Brazil: Evidence from strawberry production in the Federal District}, volume={34}, ISSN={1742-1705 1742-1713}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742170517000412}, DOI={10.1017/S1742170517000412}, abstractNote={AbstractBrazil has the largest market for organic products in Latin America, but only 1.04% of its agricultural land is utilized for organic production (OP). We compared organic and conventional production (CP) in economic and productivity terms using data from a randomized survey of 86 organic and conventional strawberry growers (response rate 85.2%) in Brazlândia, Federal District, Brazil. Probit model selection estimates showed that the use of technical assistance from rural extension and producer gender had no effect, but growers with greater age, higher indebtedness, smaller strawberry production area, more education and less experience on growing strawberries were more likely to produce organically. For growers with more than 5.6 years of education and less than 13.54 years of experience, more education and experience make them less likely to produce strawberry organically. Thus, we expect growers’ probabilities of conversion for strawberry OP will remain about the same over time in the study area. The average treatment effect for the treated (ATT) was estimated using nearest neighbor/propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression (ESR). These showed that producing strawberry organically had no effect on productivity or total cost per box, but increased revenue and profit per box, probably as a result of the price premium for organic strawberries. As only 4.8% of farmers had converted to organic production, conversion costs and non-economic factors, such as psychological factors and social capital, may be barriers to conversion.}, number={2}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Resende Filho, M. A. and Andow, D. A. and Carneiro, R. G. and Lorena, D. R. and Sujii, E. R. and Alves, R. T.}, year={2019}, pages={155–168} }
 @article{milonas_partsinevelos_andow_2017, title={Effect of male mating history and age on remating by female European corn borer}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175512}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0175512}, abstractNote={If mating with an inferior male has high fitness costs, females may try to avoid mating with these males. Alternatively, females may accept an inferior male to ensure they have obtained at least one mate, and/or to avoid the costs of resisting these males. We hypothesized that females compensate for mating with an inferior male by remating. We tested this hypothesis by measuring remating propensity in females that had mated with an old, multiply-mated male, a 9-day-old virgin male, or a young, virgin male. Females were more likely to remate when they had mated with multiply-mated males than when they had mated with a 9-day-old or young virgin male. We discuss the observed mating behavior by females in terms of sexual selection for multiple mating.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Milonas, Panagiotis G. and Partsinevelos, George K. and Andow, David A.}, editor={Wicker-Thomas, ClaudeEditor}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={e0175512} }
 @article{kokotovich_andow_2017, title={Exploring tensions and conflicts in invasive species management: The case of Asian carp}, volume={69}, ISSN={1462-9011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.016}, abstractNote={There is a growing recognition that scientific and social conflict pervades invasive species management, but there is a need for empirical work that can help better understand these conflicts and how they can be addressed. We examined the tensions and conflicts facing invasive Asian carp management in Minnesota by conducting 16 in-depth interviews with state and federal agency officials, academics, and stakeholders. Interviewees discussed the tensions and conflicts they saw impacting management, their implications, and what could be done to address them. We found three key areas of conflict and tension in Asian carp management: 1) scientific uncertainty concerning the impacts of Asian carp and the efficacy and non-target effects of possible management actions; 2) social uncertainty concerning both the lack of societal agreement on how to respond to Asian carp and the need to avoid acting from apathy and/or fear; and 3) the desired approach to research and management – whether it is informed by “political need” or “biological reality”. Our study of these tensions and conflicts reveals their importance to Asian carp management and to invasive species management, more broadly. We conclude with a discussion of possible ways to address these areas of tension and conflict, including the potential of deliberative, participatory approaches to risk-related decision making and the need to productively engage with apathy and fear.}, journal={Environmental Science & Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kokotovich, Adam E. and Andow, David A.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={105–112} }
 @article{andow_wright_hodgson_hunt_ostlie_2017, title={Farmers perspectives on resistance in western corn rootworm to CRW-Bt corn in Midwest USA}, volume={9}, ISSN={2141-2170}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2016.0827}, DOI={10.5897/JAERD2016.0827}, abstractNote={Resistance in western corn rootworm to transgenic corn hybrids was first confirmed in 2011 in Midwestern USA, and threatens their continued use. Farmers are often the first line of resistance detection, so their understanding and attitudes toward this issue are critical for improving resistance management. We conducted telephone focus groups during 2013 with farmers who had experienced rootworm resistance. There were four stages in dealing with unexpected rootworm injury: Awareness of a problem, diagnosis, confirmation, and recommendations. Most farmers discovered the problem themselves, but this usually happened too late in the growing season to limit yield loss. Once aware of a problem, farmers first sought help diagnosing the problem from their seed dealer, chemical rep, and/or crop consultant. They considered the problem to be a significant one, both because of its severity and suddenness, and were concerned about their difficulty in obtaining a correct diagnosis. They eventually used extension entomology specialists to confirm the diagnosis. Farmers gathered recommendations from independent consultants, input suppliers, and extension and indicated that they would aggressively deal with the problem, because they were not sure of what would work to protect their crop. They recommended that public extension put more emphasis on increasing awareness of the problem, assessing the extent of the problem and being an unbiased source of information. However, farmers were unlikely to report rootworm injury if the perceived barriers to reporting outweighed the perceived incentives. These barriers were emotional ones, including being unsure who to trust, fear that reporting will be time-consuming, and shame that they did something wrong. The incentive was access to credible advice. They did not automatically acknowledge the broader social benefits of reporting. Thus, extension probably needs to be explicit about these broader benefits to obtain information about the extent of the problem. With the conflicting demands and multiple information sources, it will be a challenge for extension to involve farmers to improve resistance monitoring and management. Key words: Resistance management, focus group, qualitative analysis, Diabrotica virgifera, genetically modified organism, transgenic crop, extension.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development}, publisher={Academic Journals}, author={Andow, David A. and Wright, Robert J. and Hodgson, Erin W. and Hunt, Thomas E. and Ostlie, Kenneth R.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={27–38} }
 @article{andow_resende filho_carneiro_lorena_sujii_alves_2017, title={Heterogeneity in Intention to Adopt Organic Strawberry Production Practices Among Producers in the Federal District, Brazil}, volume={140}, ISSN={0921-8009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.026}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.026}, abstractNote={Despite its benefits, adoption of organic farming is low in Brazil. We used the theory of planned behavior to determine factors that influenced a farmer's decision to adopt organic production methods and identify key social psychological barriers. We focused on strawberry production as a model, and surveyed 83 conventional strawberry farmers (response rate 90.2%), and found that attitudes and perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted intent to adopt organic production (r2 = 37.2%). For farmers interested in conversion, beliefs about the improved social/financial status from conversion were positively related to their attitude toward conversion, and the lack of control over informational and physical resources was negatively related to PBC. For farmers disinterested in conversion, the influence of their social norms was stronger than for interested farmers, and PBC most strongly influenced their intention to convert. These results suggest that different strategies should be pursued for encouraging conversion to organic strawberry production. For interested farmers, their interest may be enhanced by addressing their attitudinal beliefs, and allaying concerns over access to technical assistance. For disinterested producers, it may be important to raise the salience of their positive attitudinal beliefs, involve people whose opinions they value, and enhance their perceived control over information and risks.}, journal={Ecological Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, D.A. and Resende Filho, M.A. and Carneiro, R.G. and Lorena, D.R. and Sujii, E.R. and Alves, R.T.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={177–189} }
 @article{farrell_andow_2017, title={Highly variable male courtship behavioral sequences in a crambid moth}, volume={35}, ISSN={0289-0771 1439-5444}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-017-0513-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10164-017-0513-0}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Ethology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Farrell, Shannon L. and Andow, David A.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={221–236} }
 @article{takahashi_yamanaka_sudo_andow_2017, title={Is a larger refuge always better? Dispersal and dose in pesticide resistance evolution}, volume={71}, ISSN={0014-3820 1558-5646}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13255}, DOI={10.1111/evo.13255}, abstractNote={The evolution of resistance against pesticides is an important problem of modern agriculture. The high‐dose/refuge strategy, which divides the landscape into treated and nontreated (refuge) patches, has proven effective at delaying resistance evolution. However, theoretical understanding is still incomplete, especially for combinations of limited dispersal and partially recessive resistance. We reformulate a two‐patch model based on the Comins model and derive a simple quadratic approximation to analyze the effects of limited dispersal, refuge size, and dominance for high efficacy treatments on the rate of evolution. When a small but substantial number of heterozygotes can survive in the treated patch, a larger refuge always reduces the rate of resistance evolution. However, when dominance is small enough, the evolutionary dynamics in the refuge population, which is indirectly driven by migrants from the treated patch, mainly describes the resistance evolution in the landscape. In this case, for small refuges, increasing the refuge size will increase the rate of resistance evolution. Our analysis distils major driving forces from the model, and can provide a framework for understanding directional selection in source‐sink environments.}, number={6}, journal={Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Takahashi, Daisuke and Yamanaka, Takehiko and Sudo, Masaaki and Andow, David A.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1494–1503} }
 @article{velozo timbó_coiti togawa_m. c. costa_a. andow_paula_2017, title={Mitogenome sequence accuracy using different elucidation methods}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179971}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0179971}, abstractNote={Mitogenome sequences are highly desired because they are used in several biological disciplines. Their elucidation has been facilitated through the development of massive parallel sequencing, accelerating their deposition in public databases. However, sequencing, assembly and annotation methods might induce variability in their quality, raising concerns about the accuracy of the sequences that have been deposited in public databases. In this work we show that different sequencing methods (number of species pooled in a library, insert size and platform) and assembly and annotation methods generated variable completeness and similarity of the resulting mitogenome sequences, using three species of predaceous ladybird beetles as models. The identity of the sequences varied considerably depending on the method used and ranged from 38.19 to 90.1% for Cycloneda sanguinea, 72.85 to 91.06% for Harmonia axyridis and 41.15 to 93.60% for Hippodamia convergens. Dissimilarities were frequently found in the non-coding A+T rich region, but were also common in coding regions, and were not associated with low coverage. Mitogenome completeness and sequence identity were affected by the sequencing and assembly/annotation methods, and high within-species variation was also found for other mitogenome depositions in GenBank. This indicates a need for methods to confirm sequence accuracy, and guidelines for verifying mitogenomes should be discussed and developed by the scientific community.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Velozo Timbó, Renata and Coiti Togawa, Roberto and M. C. Costa, Marcos and A. Andow, David and Paula, Débora P.}, editor={Xu, PengEditor}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={e0179971} }
 @article{hidaka_andow_2017, title={Natural farming and rice planthoppers in Western Japan}, volume={6}, ISSN={2168-3565 2168-3573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1345032}, DOI={10.1080/21683565.2017.1345032}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Planthoppers are serious pests of rice in both tropical and temperate East Asia. In temperate regions, population density has been shown to be largely determined by the rate and timing of immigration from tropical areas. Historical records of planthopper outbreaks in western Japan over 1300 years suggest that the cropping system may influence planthopper populations as the likelihood of an outbreak has increased substantially since the conversion to intensive rice production during the second half of the twentieth century. To investigate this in more detail, planthopper populations were compared in naturally and conventionally farmed paddies in Hiroshima Prefecture. Naturally farmed paddies differed from conventionally farmed ones in the absence of synthetic chemicals and the use of plant compost as the sole source of fertilizer. Paddies farmed naturally for >8 years had less planthopper damage than conventional paddies, slightly lower densities of white-backed planthopper, much lower densities of brown planthopper, and higher rates of planthopper parasitism by the nematode Agamermis unka. Nematode density and parasitism showed a close correlation with variation in planthopper populations, suggesting that nematodes may control planthoppers in naturally farmed paddies.}, journal={Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Hidaka, K and Andow, D. A.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{sudo_takahashi_andow_suzuki_yamanaka_2017, title={Optimal management strategy of insecticide resistance under various insect life histories: Heterogeneous timing of selection and interpatch dispersal}, volume={11}, ISSN={1752-4571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12550}, DOI={10.1111/eva.12550}, abstractNote={AbstractAlthough theoretical studies have shown that the mixture strategy, which uses multiple toxins simultaneously, can effectively delay the evolution of insecticide resistance, whether it is the optimal management strategy under different insect life histories and insecticide types remains unknown. To test the robustness of this management strategy over different life histories, we developed a series of simulation models that cover almost all the diploid insect types and have the same basic structure describing pest population dynamics and resistance evolution with discrete time steps. For each of two insecticidal toxins, independent one‐locus two‐allele autosomal inheritance of resistance was assumed. The simulations demonstrated the optimality of the mixture strategy either when insecticide efficacy was incomplete or when some part of the population disperses between patches before mating. The rotation strategy, which uses one insecticide on one pest generation and a different one on the next, did not differ from sequential usage in the time to resistance, except when dominance was low. It was the optimal strategy when insecticide efficacy was high and premating selection and dispersal occur.}, number={2}, journal={Evolutionary Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sudo, Masaaki and Takahashi, Daisuke and Andow, David A. and Suzuki, Yoshito and Yamanaka, Takehiko}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={271–283} }
 @article{ives_paull_hulthen_downes_andow_haygood_zalucki_schellhorn_2017, title={Spatio-Temporal Variation in Landscape Composition May Speed Resistance Evolution of Pests to Bt Crops}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169167}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0169167}, abstractNote={Transgenic crops that express insecticide genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used worldwide against moth and beetle pests. Because these engineered plants can kill over 95% of susceptible larvae, they can rapidly select for resistance. Here, we use a model for a pyramid two-toxin Bt crop to explore the consequences of spatio-temporal variation in the area of Bt crop and non-Bt refuge habitat. We show that variability over time in the proportion of suitable non-Bt breeding habitat, Q, or in the total area of Bt and suitable non-Bt habitat, K, can increase the overall rate of resistance evolution by causing short-term surges of intense selection. These surges can be exacerbated when temporal variation in Q and/or K cause high larval densities in refuges that increase density-dependent mortality; this will give resistant larvae in Bt fields a relative advantage over susceptible larvae that largely depend on refuges. We address the effects of spatio-temporal variation in a management setting for two bollworm pests of cotton, Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera, and field data on landscape crop distributions from Australia. Even a small proportion of Bt fields available to egg-laying females when refuges are sparse may result in high exposure to Bt for just a single generation per year and cause a surge in selection. Therefore, rapid resistance evolution can occur when Bt crops are rare rather than common in the landscape. These results highlight the need to understand spatio-temporal fluctuations in the landscape composition of Bt crops and non-Bt habitats in order to design effective resistance management strategies.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Ives, Anthony R. and Paull, Cate and Hulthen, Andrew and Downes, Sharon and Andow, David A. and Haygood, Ralph and Zalucki, Myron P. and Schellhorn, Nancy A.}, editor={Desneux, NicolasEditor}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={e0169167} }
 @article{paula_souza_andow_sousa_pires_sujii_2016, title={Artificial tritrophic exposure system for environmental risk analysis on aphidophagous predators}, volume={88}, ISSN={0001-3765}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150883}, DOI={10.1590/0001-3765201620150883}, abstractNote={We evaluated an artificial tritrophic exposure system for use in ecotoxicological evaluations of environmental stressors on aphidophagous predators. It consists of an acrylic tube with a Parafilm M sachet containing liquid aphid diet, into which can be added environmental stressors. Immature Cycloneda sanguinea, Harmonia axyridis and Chrysoperla externa, and adult H. axyridis were reared on Myzus persicae. Larval and pupal development and survival of all species and reproductive parameters of H. axyridis were similar to published results. The system provides a suitable tritrophic exposure route, enables ex-ante evaluation of stressors, and improves the accuracy of the assessment.}, number={3}, journal={Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Souza, Lucas M. De and Andow, David A. and Sousa, Alex A.T. Cortês De and Pires, Carmen S.S. and Sujii, Edison R.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1569–1575} }
 @article{zeilinger_olson_andow_2016, title={Competitive release and outbreaks of non‐target pests associated with transgenic
            <i>Bt
            cotton}, volume={26}, ISSN={1051-0761 1939-5582}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-1314}, DOI={10.1890/15-1314}, abstractNote={AbstractThe adoption of transgenic Bt cotton has, in some cases, led to environmental and economic benefits through reduced insecticide use. However, the distribution of these benefits and associated risks among cotton growers and cotton‐growing regions has been uneven due in part to outbreaks of non‐target or secondary pests, thereby requiring the continued use of synthetic insecticides. In the southeastern USA, Bt cotton adoption has resulted in increased abundance of and damage from stink bug pests, Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). While the impact of increased stink bug abundance has been well‐documented, the causes have remained unclear. We hypothesize that release from competition with Bt‐susceptible target pests may drive stink bug outbreaks in Bt cotton. We first examined the evidence for competitive release of stink bugs through meta‐analysis of previous studies. We then experimentally tested if herbivory by Bt‐susceptible Helicoverpa zea increases stink bug leaving rates and deters oviposition on non‐Bt cotton. Consistent with previous studies, we found differences in leaving rates only for E. servus, but we found that both species strongly avoided ovipositing on H. zea‐damaged plants. Considering all available evidence, competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton likely contributes to outbreaks, though the relative importance of competitive release remains an open question. Ecological risk assessments of Bt crops and other transgenic insecticidal crops would benefit from greater understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying non‐target pest outbreaks and greater attention to indirect ecological effects more broadly.}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zeilinger, Adam R. and Olson, Dawn M. and Andow, David A.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1047–1054} }
 @inbook{paula_timbo_togawa_costa_andow_2016, title={Datasets of DNA sequencing (Illumina) of ladybird beetles}, url={https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/New_draft_item/3798543}, DOI={10.6084/m9.figshare.3798543.v2}, author={Paula, D.P. and Timbo, R.V. and Togawa, R.C. and Costa, M.M.C. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2016} }
 @article{andow_kiritani_2016, title={Density-dependent population regulation detected in short time series of saproxylic beetles}, volume={58}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-016-0558-x}, DOI={10.1007/s10144-016-0558-x}, abstractNote={AbstractUnderstanding the regulation of natural populations has been a long‐standing problem in ecology. Here we analyze the population dynamics of 17 species of saproxylic beetles in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan collected over 11–12 years using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. We first examined the dynamics for indications of the order of the ARIMA models and evaluated the time series to determine that it was not simply a random, white noise sequence. All species dynamics were not mere random noise, and ARIMA models up to lag 3 were considered. The best model was selected from the possible ones using several criteria: model convergence, weak residual autocorrelation, the small sample AIC must be among the smallest that were not significantly different, and the lag indicated by the cutoff values in the detrended partial autocorrelation function. We found significant and nearly significant direct density‐dependence for 14 of the 17 species, varying from −0.709 and stronger. The characteristic return rates were strong and only one species had a weak return rate (>0.9), implying that these species were strongly regulated by density‐dependent factors. We found that populations with higher order ARIMA models (lag 2 and 3) had weaker return rates than populations with ARIMA models with only one lag, suggesting that species with more complex dynamics were more weakly regulated. These results contrast with previous suggestions that 20+ years are needed to detect density dependence from population time series and that most populations are weakly regulated.}, number={4}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A. and Kiritani, Keizi}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={493–505} }
 @article{paula_andow_2016, title={Differential Cry toxin detection and effect on <i>Brevicoryne brassicae</i> and <i>Myzus persicae</i> feeding on artificial diet}, volume={159}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12419}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12419}, abstractNote={AbstractThe literature about effects of genetically modified plants expressing Cry toxins has several contrasting results regarding detection and effects of Cry toxins on aphids. To test the hypothesis that this variation could be due to a lack of controlled exposure, and not just a lack of toxicity, we used an artificial aphid rearing system to detect acquisition and examine potential effects of Cry1Ac and Cry1F on mortality and population growth rate of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae). Using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Cry1Ac and Cry1F were not detected in B. brassicae feeding on any of the Cry diets, whereas in M. persicae, Cry1Ac was detected in 55% of samples exposed alone or in combination with Cry1F, and Cry1F was detected in 67% of samples exposed alone or in combination with Cry1Ac. The toxins reduced the net population growth rate of M. persicae, but not of B. brassicae. For M. persicae, the reduction in growth rate was similar for Cry1Ac and Cry1F and there was no synergism from co‐feeding the aphids with both Cry toxins. The toxins had no detectable effect on survival of either aphid species. Variability in detection and effects of Cry toxins on aphids may not depend only on the presence and level of a Cry toxin in the phloem, and on differential experimental conditions as previously suggested, but may also depend on some characteristic of the aphid that remains to be determined.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={54–60} }
 @article{farias_andow_horikoshi_bernardi_ribeiro_nascimento_santos_omoto_2016, title={Frequency of Cry1F resistance alleles in <i>Spodoptera frugiperda
 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil}, volume={72}, ISSN={1526-498X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4274}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4274}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
The frequency of resistance alleles is a major factor influencing the rate of resistance evolution. Here, we adapted the F2 screen procedure for Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) with a discriminating concentration assay, and extended associated statistical methods to estimate the frequency of resistance to Cry1F protein in S. frugiperda in Brazil when resistance was not rare.


RESULTS
We show that F2 screen is efficient even when the resistance frequency is 0.250. It was possible to screen 517 isoparental lines from 12 populations sampled in five states of Brazil during the first half of 2012. Western Bahia had the highest allele frequency of Cry1F resistance, 0.192, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) between 0.163 and 0.220. All other states had a similar and lower frequency varying from 0.042 in Paraná to 0.080 in Mato Grosso do Sul.


CONCLUSION
The high frequency in western Bahia may be related to year-round availability of maize, the high population density of S. frugiperda, the lack of refuges and the high adoption rate of Cry1F maize. Cry1F resistance alleles were not rare and occurred at frequencies that have already compromised the useful life of TC1507 maize in western Bahia. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farias, Juliano R and Andow, David A and Horikoshi, Renato J and Bernardi, Daniel and Ribeiro, Rebeca da S and Nascimento, Antonio RB do and Santos, Antonio C dos and Omoto, Celso}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={2295–2302} }
 @article{andow_zwahlen_2016, title={Ground beetle acquisition of Cry1Ab from plant- and residue-based food webs}, volume={103}, ISSN={1049-9644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.09.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.09.009}, abstractNote={Ground beetles are significant predators in agricultural habitats. While many studies have characterized effects of Bt maize on various carabid species, few have examined the potential acquisition of Cry toxins from live plants versus plant residue. In this study, we examined how live Bt maize and Bt maize residue affect acquisition of Cry1Ab in six species. Adult beetles were collected live from fields with either current-year Bt maize, one-year-old Bt maize residue, two-year-old Bt maize residue, or fields without any Bt crops or residue for the past two years, and specimens were analyzed using ELISA. Observed Cry1Ab concentrations in the beetles were similar to that reported in previously published studies. Only one specimen of Cyclotrachelus iowensis acquired Cry1Ab from two-year-old maize residue. Three species acquired Cry1Ab from fields with either live plants or plant residue (Cyclotrachelus iowensis, Poecilus lucublandus, Poecilus chalcites), implying participation in both live-plant and residue-based food webs. Two species acquired toxin from fields with live plants, but not from fields with residue (Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Elaphropus incurvus), suggesting participation only in live plant-based food webs. One species did not acquire Cry1Ab from either live-plant or residue (Scarites quadriceps), suggesting that its food sources might not contain significant amounts of Cry1Ab. These results revealed significant differentiation among carabid species in their associations with live-plant and residue-based food webs in agricultural fields.}, journal={Biological Control}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, D.A. and Zwahlen, C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={204–209} }
 @article{paula_togawa_costa_grynberg_martins_andow_2016, title={Identification and expression profile of odorant‐binding proteins in
            <i>Halyomorpha halys
            (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)}, volume={25}, ISSN={0962-1075 1365-2583}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imb.12243}, DOI={10.1111/imb.12243}, abstractNote={AbstractThe brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a devastating invasive species in the USA. Similar to other insects, olfaction plays an important role in its survival and reproduction. As odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are involved in the initial semiochemical recognition steps, we used RNA‐Sequencing (RNA‐Seq) to identify OBPs in its antennae, and studied their expression pattern in different body parts under semiochemical stimulation by either aggregation or alarm pheromone or food odorants. Thirty full‐length putative HhalOBPs were identified, corresponding to 22 ‘classic’ OBPs and eight ‘Plus‐C’ OBPs. The similarity amongst them ranged from 4.95–70.92%, and with another 325 hemipteran OBPs similarity ranged from 1.94–91.51%, the highest levels being with other stink bug OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of seven groups of stink bug and other hemipteran OBPs. All 30 HhalOBPs were expressed and about 2/3 were expressed primarily in antennae. The expression of 21 HhalOBPs was higher in the antennae under alarm pheromone stimulus, indicating that multiple OBPs may be responding to this pheromone. Two were highest in antennae under aggregation pheromone stimulus. These findings should provide a basis for understanding the physiological functions of HhalOBPs and the chemosensory perception of this pest, which may help to uncover new control targets for behavioural interference.}, number={5}, journal={Insect Molecular Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paula, D. P. and Togawa, R. C. and Costa, M. M. C. and Grynberg, P. and Martins, N. F. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={580–594} }
 @article{paula_andow_bellinati_timbó_souza_pires_sujii_2016, title={Limitations in dose–response and surrogate species methodologies for risk assessment of Cry toxins on arthropod natural enemies}, volume={25}, ISSN={0963-9292 1573-3017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1619-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10646-016-1619-9}, abstractNote={Dose-response assays and surrogate species are standard methods for risk analysis for environmental chemicals. These assume that individuals within a species have unimodal responses and that a surrogate species can predict responses of other related taxa. We exposed immature individuals of closely related aphidophagous coccinellid predators, Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis, to Cry1Ac and Cry1F toxins through uniform and constant artificial tritrophic exposure through Myzus persicae aphids. Both toxins were detected in coccinellid pupae, with individual and interspecific variation. Uptake was significantly higher in H. axyridis than in C. sanguinea, both in the proportion of individuals and the concentrations per individual. We also observed bimodal uptake of the Cry toxins by H. axyridis, which indicated that some individuals had low bioaccumulation and some had high bioaccumulation. This suggests that standard dose-response assays need to be interpreted with caution and future assays should examine the modality of the responses. In addition, the similarity in the biological effects of the Cry toxins in the two predators was due to different biological exposure mechanisms. The majority of H. axyridis were exposed both internally and in the gut, while C. sanguinea was exposed primarily in the gut. Thus, despite their close phylogenetic relatedness, these species would not be good surrogates for each other and the surrogate species methodology should be tested more rigorously.}, number={3}, journal={Ecotoxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A. and Bellinati, André and Timbó, Renata Velozo and Souza, Lucas M. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Sujii, Edison R.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={601–607} }
 @article{andow_borgida_hurley_williams_2016, title={Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers in a Citizen Science Network to Detect Invasive Species on Private Lands}, volume={58}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0746-7}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-016-0746-7}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, David A. and Borgida, Eugene and Hurley, Terrance M. and Williams, Allison L.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={606–618} }
 @article{olson_ruberson_andow_2016, title={Relative longevity of adult <i><scp>Nezara viridula </scp></i> in field cages of cotton, peanut, and soybean}, volume={159}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12408}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12408}, abstractNote={AbstractProducers in the southeastern USA face significant crop losses from the stink bugs Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), and Chinavia hilaris (Say) (all Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Cotton, peanut, and soybean are major agronomic crops and host plants of stink bugs in the region. We conducted a field plot study to measure the relative longevity of adult, unmated N. viridula males and females caged on peanut, cotton, and soybean to test three hypotheses: (1) differences in mortality are associated with differences in host plant food suitability, (2) mortality rates increase with age, and (3) males have higher mortality than females. Using survival analysis, we found that the sex of the individual did not affect survival rates on any of the three host plants. Survival was significantly higher in cotton and soybean than in peanut. Mortality rates increased with age in peanut, but not in soybean or cotton. The frequency of canopy temperatures above 35 °C was higher in peanut than in soybean. Peanut appears to be a less than ideal habitat in terms of canopy temperature and/or food quality for N. viridula adults. Both, cotton and soybean were equally suitable food resources for N. viridula adults prior to maturation of the plants.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olson, D.M. and Ruberson, J.R. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={30–36} }
 @article{paula_machado de souza_andow_torres cortês de sousa_pires_sujii_2016, title={Sistema para avaliação de risco de estressores ambientais a insetos não alvo}, volume={311}, journal={Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento}, author={Paula, D.P. and Machado de Souza, L. and Andow, D.A. and Torres Cortês de Sousa, A.A. and Pires, C.S.S. and Sujii, E.R.}, year={2016}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{castañera_farinós_ortego_andow_2016, title={Sixteen Years of Bt Maize in the EU Hotspot: Why Has Resistance Not Evolved?}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154200}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0154200}, abstractNote={The majority of Bt maize production in the European Union (EU) is concentrated in northeast Spain, which is Europe’s only hotspot where resistance might evolve, and the main target pest, Sesamia nonagrioides, has been exposed to Cry1Ab maize continuously since 1998. The cropping system in northeast Spain has some similar characteristics to those that probably led to rapid resistance failures in two other target noctuid maize pests. These include repeated cultivation of Bt maize in the same fields, low use of refuges, recurring exposure of larvae to non-high dose concentrations of Cry1Ab toxin during the first years of cultivation, low migratory potential, and production concentrated in an irrigated region with few alternative hosts. Available data reveal no evidence of resistance in S. nonagrioides after 16 years of use. We explore the possible reasons for this resistance management success using evolutionary models to consider factors expected to accelerate resistance, and those expected to delay resistance. Low initial adoption rates and the EU policy decision to replace Event 176 with MON 810 Bt maize were key to delaying resistance evolution. Model results suggest that if refuge compliance continues at the present 90%, Bt maize might be used sustainably in northeast Spain for at least 20 more years before resistance might occur. However, obtaining good estimates of the present R allele frequency and level of local assortative mating are crucial to reduce uncertainty about the future success of resistance management.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Castañera, Pedro and Farinós, Gema P. and Ortego, Félix and Andow, David A.}, editor={Jurat-Fuentes, Juan LuisEditor}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={e0154200} }
 @article{rosengren_andow_2016, title={Spatiotemporal patterns of population decline in Oarisma poweshiek (Hesperidae)}, volume={49}, number={1-2}, journal={The Great Lakes Entomologist}, author={Rosengren, E. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2016}, pages={27–35} }
 @article{paula_linard_crampton-platt_srivathsan_timmermans_sujii_pires_souza_andow_vogler_2016, title={Uncovering Trophic Interactions in Arthropod Predators through DNA Shotgun-Sequencing of Gut Contents}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161841}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0161841}, abstractNote={Characterizing trophic networks is fundamental to many questions in ecology, but this typically requires painstaking efforts, especially to identify the diet of small generalist predators. Several attempts have been devoted to develop suitable molecular tools to determine predatory trophic interactions through gut content analysis, and the challenge has been to achieve simultaneously high taxonomic breadth and resolution. General and practical methods are still needed, preferably independent of PCR amplification of barcodes, to recover a broader range of interactions. Here we applied shotgun-sequencing of the DNA from arthropod predator gut contents, extracted from four common coccinellid and dermapteran predators co-occurring in an agroecosystem in Brazil. By matching unassembled reads against six DNA reference databases obtained from public databases and newly assembled mitogenomes, and filtering for high overlap length and identity, we identified prey and other foreign DNA in the predator guts. Good taxonomic breadth and resolution was achieved (93% of prey identified to species or genus), but with low recovery of matching reads. Two to nine trophic interactions were found for these predators, some of which were only inferred by the presence of parasitoids and components of the microbiome known to be associated with aphid prey. Intraguild predation was also found, including among closely related ladybird species. Uncertainty arises from the lack of comprehensive reference databases and reliance on low numbers of matching reads accentuating the risk of false positives. We discuss caveats and some future prospects that could improve the use of direct DNA shotgun-sequencing to characterize arthropod trophic networks.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Linard, Benjamin and Crampton-Platt, Alex and Srivathsan, Amrita and Timmermans, Martijn J. T. N. and Sujii, Edison R. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Souza, Lucas M. and Andow, David A. and Vogler, Alfried P.}, editor={Schierwater, BerndEditor}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={e0161841} }
 @article{zeilinger_olson_maclean_mori_nakata_andow_2015, title={Behavioural and chemical mechanisms of plant‐mediated deterrence and attraction among frugivorous insects}, volume={40}, ISSN={0307-6946 1365-2311}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12221}, DOI={10.1111/een.12221}, abstractNote={1. Herbivory often induces systemic plant responses that affect the host choice of subsequent herbivores, either deterring or attracting them, with implications for the performance of both herbivore and host plant. Combining measures of herbivore movement and consumption can efficiently provide insights into the induced plant responses that are most important for determining choice behaviour.2. The preferences of two frugivorous stink bug species, Nezara viridula and Euschistus servus between cotton plants left undamaged or damaged by Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens larvae were investigated. A novel consumer movement model was used to investigate if attraction rates or leaving rates determined preferences. Stink bug consumption rates were measured using salivary sheath flanges. Finally, the systemic induction of selected phenolic‐based and terpenoid secondary metabolites were measured from heliothine herbivory on developing cotton bolls, to investigate if they explained stink bug feeding responses.3. Heliothine herbivory did not affect the N. viridula feeding preference. However, we found opposing effects of H. zea and H. virescens herbivory on the behaviour of E. servus. Avoidance of H. zea‐damaged plants is not obviously related to phenolic or terpenoid induction in cotton bolls; whereas a preference for H. virescens‐damaged plants may be related to reductions in chlorogenic acid in boll carpel walls.4. The present results highlight the inferential power of measuring both consumer movement and consumption in preference experiments and combining behavioural responses with phytochemical responses. Furthermore, while plant‐mediated interactions among herbivorous insects are well studied, interactions among frugivorous species specifically have been poorly documented.}, number={5}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zeilinger, Adam R. and Olson, Dawn M. and Maclean, Dan and Mori, Naoki and Nakata, Ryu and Andow, David A.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={532–542} }
 @article{tylczak_andow_borgida_hurley_2015, title={Design Clarity in Public Outreach Documents: A Guidebook for a First Detector Volunteer Network}, volume={53}, ISSN={1077-5315 0022-0140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/joe.53.02.29}, DOI={10.34068/joe.53.02.29}, abstractNote={We established a first detectors network by inviting woodland owners to monitor for invasive pests on their property as volunteers. Accessible outreach materials are necessary to communicate volunteer responsibilities. A professional graphic design firm provided a series of design and layout techniques, including font size, font style, spacing, color palette, backgrounds, and figures, that improved our instructional guidebook. The guidebook was received positively in anonymous volunteer evaluations and in face-to-face discussion. The techniques may be useful in the development of materials for other outreach programs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, publisher={Clemson University}, author={Tylczak, Lesley and Andow, David and Borgida, Eugene and Hurley, Terrence}, year={2015}, month={Apr} }
 @article{zeilinger_olson_raygoza_andow_2015, title={Do Counts of Salivary Sheath Flanges Predict Food Consumption in Herbivorous Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)?}, volume={108}, ISSN={0013-8746 1938-2901}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sau011}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/sau011}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Counts of salivary sheaths and salivary flanges have been widely used in studies of feeding behavior and crop damage of pestiferous stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and other sheath-feeding Hemiptera. While salivary flanges can effectively predict crop damage by stink bugs, previous studies have assumed that food consumption (e.g., ingestion) and preference can also be inferred from flange data. Yet this assumption has remained untested. We investigated the relationship between the number of stink bug salivary flanges and consumption of cotton bolls for two important agricultural pest species: Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say). We inferred food consumption rates from measures of relative growth rate and excreta quantity. To measure excreta, we quantified the color intensity, or chromaticity, of excreta using digital image analysis. We found a positive relationship between growth rate and the number of flanges for fifth instars of E. servus. However, we found no relationship between growth or excretion and the number of flanges for all stages of N. viridula and for E. servus adults. Our results indicate that counts of salivary flanges should not be used to infer food consumption or preference in studies on N. viridula and E. servus adults, but can be used in studies of E. servus nymphs. Species-and stage-specific differences in the relationship between consumption and salivary flanges suggests distinct feeding strategies among species and stages; such differences may be potentially important in determining crop damage from pestiferous stink bugs.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zeilinger, A. R. and Olson, D. M. and Raygoza, T. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={109–116} }
 @article{farias_andow_horikoshi_sorgatto_santos_omoto_2016, title={Dominance of Cry1F resistance in<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on TC1507<i>Bt</i>maize in Brazil}, volume={72}, ISSN={1526-498X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4077}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4077}, abstractNote={AbstractBACKGROUNDDominance of resistance has been one of the major parameters affecting the rate of evolution of resistance to Bt crops. High dose is the capacity of Bt crops to kill heterozygous insects and has been an essential component of the most successful strategy to manage resistance to these crops. Experiments were conducted to evaluate directly and indirectly whether the TC1507 event is high dose to Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith).RESULTSAbout 8% of heterozygote neonate larvae were able to survive, complete larval development and emerge as normal adults on TC1507 leaves, while susceptible larvae could not survive for 5 days. The estimated dominance of resistance was 0.15 ± 0.09 and significantly higher than zero; therefore, the resistance to Cry1F expressed in TC1507 was not completely recessive. A 25‐fold dilution of TC1507 maize leaf tissue in an artificial diet was able to cause a maximum mortality of only 37%, with growth inhibition of 82% at 7 days after larval infestation.CONCLUSIONResistance to Cry1F in TC1507 maize is incompletely recessive in S. frugiperda. TC1507 maize is not high dose for S. frugiperda. Additional or alternative resistance management strategies, such as the replacement of single‐trait Bt maize with pyramided Bt maize, which produces multiple proteins targeting the same insect pests, should be implemented wherever this technology is in use and S. frugiperda is the major pest. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={5}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farias, Juliano R and Andow, David A and Horikoshi, Renato J and Sorgatto, Rodrigo J and Santos, Antonio C dos and Omoto, Celso}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={974–979} }
 @article{andow_farias_horikoshi_bernardi_nascimento_omoto_2015, title={Dynamics of cannibalism in equal-aged cohorts of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda}, volume={40}, ISSN={0307-6946}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12178}, DOI={10.1111/een.12178}, abstractNote={1. Antagonistic interactions in herbivorous insects are often density‐dependent, so rates are predicted to vary dynamically over time as density changes. Fatal intraspecific interactions, especially cannibalism, occur between equal‐aged larvae in young first‐ and second‐instar Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith).2. A cannibalism experiment was conducted, starting with seven different densities of neonate S. frugiperda larvae, each replicated 50 times. Larvae were examined daily for the duration of the first and second instars (7 days). Seven‐day mortality was density‐dependent.3. A stochastic mathematical model was developed in which per‐capita mortality from antagonistic interactions among equal‐aged larvae varies dynamically as density changes. A maximum likelihood method was developed to estimate the conditional per‐capita mortality rate from antagonistic interactions given an intraspecific encounter. An alternative model with mean‐mortality from antagonistic interactions that depends only on the initial larval density was also developed.4. The models were fitted to the experimental data, and compared using log‐likelihood. The dynamic model fitted the cannibalism data significantly better than the time‐averaged mortality model for all starting densities for the experimental data, implying that density‐dependent mortality varied dynamically over time even within short 7‐day periods.5. The conditional per‐capita mortality rate from antagonistic interactions was also density‐dependent, possibly because encounters became more aggregated at higher density, or because the probability that a larva died from the interaction was higher at higher density, or both.}, number={3}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A. and Farias, Juliano R. and Horikoshi, Renato J. and Bernardi, Daniel and Nascimento, Antonio R. B. and Omoto, Celso}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={229–236} }
 @article{andow_pueppke_schaafsma_gassmann_sappington_meinke_mitchell_hurley_hellmich_porter_2016, title={Early Detection and Mitigation of Resistance to <i>Bt</i> Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)}, volume={109}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov238}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tov238}, abstractNote={Abstract Transgenic Bt maize that produces less than a high-dose has been widely adopted and presents considerable insect resistance management (IRM) challenges. Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, has rapidly evolved resistance to Bt maize in the field, leading to local loss of efficacy for some corn rootworm Bt maize events. Documenting and responding to this resistance has been complicated by a lack of rapid diagnostic bioassays and by regulatory triggers that hinder timely and effective management responses. These failures are of great concern to the scientific and agricultural community. Specific challenges posed by western corn rootworm resistance to Bt maize, and more general concerns around Bt crops that produce less than a high-dose of Bt toxin, have caused uncertainty around current IRM protocols. More than 15 years of experience with IRM has shown that high-dose and refuge-based IRM is not applicable to Bt crops that produce less than a high-dose. Adaptive IRM approaches and pro-active, integrated IRM-pest management strategies are needed and should be in place before release of new technologies that produce less than a high-dose. We suggest changes in IRM strategies to preserve the utility of corn rootworm Bt maize by 1) targeting local resistance management earlier in the sequence of responses to resistance and 2) developing area-wide criteria to address widespread economic losses. We also favor consideration of policies and programs to counteract economic forces that are contributing to rapid resistance evolution.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David A. and Pueppke, Steven G. and Schaafsma, Arthur W. and Gassmann, Aaron J. and Sappington, Thomas W. and Meinke, Lance J. and Mitchell, Paul D. and Hurley, Terrance M. and Hellmich, Richard L. and Porter, R. Pat}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={1–12} }
 @article{hodgson_wright_gray_hunt_ostile_andow_2015, title={Farmer Responses to Resistance Issues in Corn Rootworm to Bt Corn: Qualitative Analysis of Focus Groups}, volume={53}, ISSN={1077-5315 0022-0140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/joe.53.02.12}, DOI={10.34068/joe.53.02.12}, abstractNote={Western corn rootworm is an important corn pest in the U.S. Some farmers noted unexpected corn rootworm injury of transgenic hybrids as early as 2008; however, the full extent of product performance is still not fully understood. We conducted telephone focus groups with farmers in 2013 to gain their perspective of current and future issues for corn rootworm. Respondents were surprised how quickly corn rootworm injury escalated in their fields and were disappointed with incorrect diagnoses from consultants and seed companies. Most participating farmers saw university Extension as an unbiased source of information.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, publisher={Clemson University}, author={Hodgson, Erin and Wright, Robert and Gray, Michael and Hunt, Tom and Ostile, K. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2015}, month={Apr} }
 @inbook{paula_andow_pires_sujii_2015, place={Minas Gerais, Brasil}, title={Impacto da introdução de pragas sobre a biodiversidade}, booktitle={Defesa Vegetal: Fundamentos, Ferramentas, Politicas e Perspectivas. Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa Vegetal}, publisher={Belo Horizonte}, author={Paula, D.P. and Andow, D.A. and Pires, C.S.S. and Sujii, E.R.}, editor={Sugayama, R.L. and Lopes da Silva, M. and de Brito Silva, S.X. and Ribeiro, L.C. and Rangel, L.E.P.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={79–101} }
 @article{prescott_andow_2015, title={Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Communities in Soybean and Maize}, volume={45}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv154}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv154}, abstractNote={Abstract Coccinellids provide the most effective natural control of soybean aphid, but outbreaks remain common. Previous work suggests that native coccinellids are rare in soybean, potentially limiting soybean aphid control. We compared the coccinellid community in soybean with that of maize to identify differences in how coccinellid species use these habitats. As maize has long been used by coccinellids in the Americas, we hypothesized that coccinellids native to the Americas would use maize habitats, while exotic coccinellids would be more common in soybean. We identified and quantified aphids and all species and stages of coccinellids in a randomized complete block experiment with four blocks of 10 by 10 -m plots of soybean and maize in central Minnesota during 2008 and 2009. Coccinellid egg masses were identified by hatching in the laboratory. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to identify the dominant species in each habitat and compared species richness and Shannon's diversity with a paired t-test. Aphids and coccinellids had a similar phenology across habitats, but the coccinellid species composition differed significantly between soybean and maize. In soybean, the exotic, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, was the dominant species, while in maize, H. axyridis and the native, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer, were co-dominant. Eggs of H. axyridis were abundant in both habitats. In contrast, C. maculata eggs were very rare in soybean, despite being abundant in adjacent plots of maize. Species diversity was higher in maize. These findings were consistent with other published studies of coccinellid communities in these habitats.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Prescott, K. K. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={74–82} }
 @article{paula_souza_andow_2015, title={Sequestration and Transfer of Cry Entomotoxin to the Eggs of a Predaceous Ladybird Beetle}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144895}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0144895}, abstractNote={In the past 10 years, sequestration of Cry toxins and transfer to offspring has been indicated in three insect species in laboratory studies. This work directly demonstrates the sequestration and intergenerational transfer of Cry1F by the parents of the aphidophagous coccinellid predator, Harmonia axyridis, to its offspring. Recently emerged adults (10 individual couples/cage/treatment) were exposed during 20 days to aphids (100 Myzus persicae each day) that fed on a holidic diet containing 20 μg/mL Cry1F (and a control-group). Egg batches and neonate larvae were monitored daily, and counted and weighed for immunodetection of Cry1F by ELISA. At the end of the bioassay, the parents were weighed and analyzed by ELISA. Cry1F was detected in the offspring, both eggs and neonate larvae, of exposed H. axyridis adults. On average the neonate larvae had 60% of the Cry1F concentration of the eggs from the same egg batch. The Cry1F concentration in the adults was positively correlated with the concentration in their eggs. These three results provided independent evidence of transfer to offspring. No detrimental effects of Cry1F were observed on the age of first reproduction, total number of eggs laid per female, age-specific fecundity, egg development time, hatching rate, or fertility rate. The occurrence and generality of intergenerational transfer of Cry toxins should be investigated in the field to determine its potential ecological implications.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Souza, Lucas M. and Andow, David A.}, editor={Schausberger, PeterEditor}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={e0144895} }
 @article{paula_andow_2016, title={Uptake and bioaccumulation of Cry toxins by an aphidophagous predator}, volume={209}, ISSN={0269-7491}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.036}, DOI={10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.036}, abstractNote={Uptake of Cry toxins by insect natural enemies has rarely been considered and bioaccumulation has not yet been demonstrated. Uptake can be demonstrated by the continued presence of Cry toxin after exposure has stopped and gut contents eliminated. Bioaccumulation can be demonstrated by showing uptake and that the concentration of Cry toxin in the natural enemy exceeds that in its food. We exposed larvae of the aphidophagous predator, Harmonia axyridis, to Cry1Ac and Cry1F through uniform and constant tritrophic exposure via an aphid, Myzus persicae, and looked for toxin presence in the pupae. We repeated the experiment using only Cry1F and tested newly emerged adults. Both Cry toxins were detected in pupae, and Cry1F was detected in recently emerged, unfed adults. Cry1Ac was present 2.05 times and Cry1F 3.09 times higher in predator pupae than in the aphid prey. Uptake and bioaccumulation in the third trophic level might increase the persistence of Cry toxins in the food web and mediate new exposure routes to natural enemies.}, journal={Environmental Pollution}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={164–168} }
 @article{zeilinger_olson_andow_2014, title={A Likelihood-Based Biostatistical Model for Analyzing Consumer Movement in Simultaneous Choice Experiments}, volume={43}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN13287}, DOI={10.1603/EN13287}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Consumer feeding preference among resource choices has critical implications for basic ecological and evolutionary processes, and can be highly relevant to applied problems such as ecological risk assessment and invasion biology. Within consumer choice experiments, also known as feeding preference or cafeteria experiments, measures of relative consumption and measures of consumer movement can provide distinct and complementary insights into the strength, causes, and consequences of preference. Despite the distinct value of inferring preference from measures of consumer movement, rigorous and biologically relevant analytical methods are lacking. We describe a simple, likelihood-based, biostatistical model for analyzing the transient dynamics of consumer movement in a paired-choice experiment. With experimental data consisting of repeated discrete measures of consumer location, the model can be used to estimate constant consumer attraction and leaving rates for two food choices, and differences in choice-specific attraction and leaving rates can be tested using model selection. The model enables calculation of transient and equilibrial probabilities of consumer-resource association, which could be incorporated into larger scale movement models. We explore the effect of experimental design on parameter estimation through stochastic simulation and describe methods to check that data meet model assumptions. Using a dataset of modest sample size, we illustrate the use of the model to draw inferences on consumer preference as well as underlying behavioral mechanisms. Finally, we include a user's guide and computer code scripts in R to facilitate use of the model by other researchers.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zeilinger, Adam R. and Olson, Dawn M. and Andow, David A.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={977–988} }
 @article{huang_qureshi_meagher_reisig_head_andow_ni_kerns_buntin_niu_et al._2014, title={Cry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112958}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0112958}, abstractNote={Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. However, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S. after 18 years of intensive Bt maize planting. Here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to Cry1F maize (TC 3507) in the southeastern region of the U.S. An F2 screen showed a surprisingly high (0.293) Cry1F resistance allele frequency in a population collected in 2011 from non-Bt maize in south Florida. Field populations from non-Bt maize in 2012–2013 exhibited 18.8-fold to >85.4-fold resistance to purified Cry1F protein and those collected from unexpectedly damaged Bt maize plants at several locations in Florida and North Carolina had >85.4-fold resistance. In addition, reduced efficacy and control failure of Cry1F maize against natural populations of S. frugiperda were documented in field trials using Cry1F-based and pyramided Bt maize products in south Florida. The Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda also showed a low level of cross-resistance to Cry1A.105 and related maize products, but not to Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. The occurrence of Cry1F resistance in the U.S. mainland populations of S. frugiperda likely represents migration of insects from Puerto Rico, indicating the great challenges faced in achieving effective resistance management for long-distance migratory pests like S. frugiperda.}, number={11}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Huang, Fangneng and Qureshi, Jawwad A. and Meagher, Robert L. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Head, Graham P. and Andow, David A. and Ni, Xinzi and Kerns, David and Buntin, G. David and Niu, Ying and et al.}, editor={Zhu, Kun YanEditor}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={e112958} }
 @article{paula_linard_andow_sujii_pires_vogler_2015, title={Detection and decay rates of prey and prey symbionts in the gut of a predator through metagenomics}, volume={15}, ISSN={1755-098X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12364}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.12364}, abstractNote={AbstractDNA methods are useful to identify ingested prey items from the gut of predators, but reliable detection is hampered by low amounts of degraded DNA. PCR‐based methods can retrieve minute amounts of starting material but suffer from amplification biases and cross‐reactions with the predator and related species genomes. Here, we use PCR‐free direct shotgun sequencing of total DNA isolated from the gut of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis at five time points after feeding on a single pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Sequence reads were matched to three reference databases: Insecta mitogenomes of 587 species, including H. axyridis sequenced here; A. pisum nuclear genome scaffolds; and scaffolds and complete genomes of 13 potential bacterial symbionts. Immediately after feeding, multicopy mtDNA of A. pisum was detected in tens of reads, while hundreds of matches to nuclear scaffolds were detected. Aphid nuclear DNA and mtDNA decayed at similar rates (0.281 and 0.11 h−1 respectively), and the detectability periods were 32.7 and 23.1 h. Metagenomic sequencing also revealed thousands of reads of the obligate Buchnera aphidicola and facultative Regiella insecticola aphid symbionts, which showed exponential decay rates significantly faster than aphid DNA (0.694 and 0.80 h−1, respectively). However, the facultative aphid symbionts Hamiltonella defensa, Arsenophonus spp. and Serratia symbiotica showed an unexpected temporary increase in population size by 1–2 orders of magnitude in the predator guts before declining. Metagenomics is a powerful tool that can reveal complex relationships and the dynamics of interactions among predators, prey and their symbionts.}, number={4}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paula, Débora P. and Linard, Benjamin and Andow, David A. and Sujii, Edison R. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Vogler, Alfried P.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={880–892} }
 @article{farias_andow_horikoshi_sorgatto_fresia_dos santos_omoto_2014, title={Field-evolved resistance to Cry1F maize by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil}, volume={64}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.06.019}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2014.06.019}, abstractNote={The Cry1F protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner expressed in event TC1507 maize (Zea mays L.) was one of the most effective ways to control Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Brazil. After reports of reduced effectiveness of this Bt maize event in some areas of Brazil, research was undertaken to investigate if damage to Cry1F maize was caused by resistant S. frugiperda. Additional investigations were conducted to evaluate the genetic basis of the resistance and to test if Cry1F resistant S. frugiperda selected from populations of different regions of Brazil share the same resistance locus by using complementation tests. Neonate larvae of S. frugiperda collected from TC1507 maize fields with damage in Western Bahia region in 2011 were able to survive on Cry1F maize plants under laboratory conditions and subsequently produced normal adults. Survival of Cry1F-susceptible S. frugiperda on non-Bt maize was significantly higher in leaf than plant bioassays. Resistance ratio in diet overlay bioassays was >5000-fold. A discriminating concentration of 2000 ng cm−2 of Cry1F protein was defined for monitoring the frequency of resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F. Cry1F resistant S. frugiperda showed a recessive autosomal inheritance for alleles involved in resistance to Cry1F protein. In complementation tests, the resistant population from Western Bahia was crossed with the other seven resistant populations collected from different States of Brazil. F1 larvae from each cross had the same survival at discriminating concentration of 2000 ng cm−2 of Cry1F protein, indicating that the resistance alleles in each population were likely at the same locus. Therefore, implementation of resistance management strategies is urgent to prolong the lifetime of Cry1F for controlling S. frugiperda in Brazil.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Farias, Juliano Ricardo and Andow, David A. and Horikoshi, Renato Jun and Sorgatto, Rodrigo José and Fresia, Pablo and dos Santos, Antonio Cesar and Omoto, Celso}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={150–158} }
 @article{pires_silveira_cardoso_sujii_paula_fontes_silva_rodrigues_andow_2014, title={Selection of bee species for environmental risk assessment of GM cotton in the Brazilian Cerrado}, volume={49}, ISSN={0100-204X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2014000800001}, DOI={10.1590/S0100-204X2014000800001}, abstractNote={The objective of this work was to list potential candidate bee species for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) cotton and to identify the most suited bee species for this task, according to their abundance and geographical distribution. Field inventories of bee on cotton flowers were performed in the states of Bahia and Mato Grosso, and in Distrito Federal, Brazil. During a 344 hour sampling, 3,470 bees from 74 species were recovered, at eight sites. Apis mellifera dominated the bee assemblages at all sites. Sampling at two sites that received no insecticide application was sufficient to identify the three most common and geographically widespread wild species: Paratrigona lineata, Melissoptila cnecomola, and Trigona spinipes, which could be useful indicators of pollination services in the ERA. Indirect ordination of common wild species revealed that insecticides reduced the number of native bee species and that interannual variation in bee assemblages may be low. Accumulation curves of rare bee species did not saturate, as expected in tropical and megadiverse regions. Species-based approaches are limited to analyze negative impacts of GM cotton on pollinator biological diversity. The accumulation rate of rare bee species, however, may be useful for evaluating possible negative effects of GM cotton on bee diversity.}, number={8}, journal={Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira}, publisher={FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, author={Pires, Carmen Sílvia Soares and Silveira, Fernando Amaral and Cardoso, Carolina Ferreira and Sujii, Edison Ryotii and Paula, Débora Pires and Fontes, Eliana Maria Gouveira and Silva, Joseane Padilha da and Rodrigues, Sandra Maria Morais and Andow, David Alan}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={573–586} }
 @article{paula_andow_timbó_sujii_pires_fontes_2014, title={Uptake and Transfer of a Bt Toxin by a Lepidoptera to Its Eggs and Effects on Its Offspring}, volume={9}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095422}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0095422}, abstractNote={Research on non-target effects of transgenic crop plants has focused primarily on bitrophic, tritrophic and indirect effects of entomotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, but little work has considered intergenerational transfer of Cry proteins. This work reports a lepidopteran (Chlosyne lacinia) taking up a Bt entomotoxin when exposed to sublethal or low concentrations, transferring the entomotoxin to eggs, and having adverse effects on the first filial generation (F1) offspring. Two bioassays were conducted using a sublethal concentration of toxin (100.0 ng/µl Cry1Ac) for adults and a concentration equal to the LC10 (2.0 ng/µl Cry1Ac) for larvae. Cry1Ac is the most common entomotoxin expressed in Bt cotton in Brazil. In the adult diet bioassay there was no adverse effect on the parental generation (P0) adults, but the F1 larvae had higher mortality and longer development time compared to F1 larvae of parents that did not ingest Cry1Ac. For the 3rd instar larvae, there was no measurable effect on the P0 larvae, pupae and adults, but the F1 larvae had higher mortality and longer development time. Using chemiluminescent Western Blot, Cry1Ac was detected in F1 eggs laid by P0 butterflies from both bioassays. Our study indicates that, at least for this species and these experimental conditions, a ∼65 kDa insecticidal protein can be taken up and transferred to descendants where it can increase mortality and development time.}, number={4}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Paula, Débora Pires and Andow, David A. and Timbó, Renata Velozo and Sujii, Edison R. and Pires, Carmen S. S. and Fontes, Eliana M. G.}, editor={Mills, Nicholas J.Editor}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={e95422} }
 @article{andow_lovej_arpaia_wilson_fontes_hilbeck_lang_van tuat_pires_sujii_et al._2013, title={An ecologically-based method for assessing the risks to biological diversity from genetically-engineered plants}, volume={22}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Biosafety}, author={Andow, D. A. and Lovej, Gabor L. and Arpaia, Salvatore and Wilson, Lewis and Fontes, Eliana M. G. and Hilbeck, Angelika and Lang, Andreas and Van Tuat, Nguyen and Pires, C.S.S. and Sujii, E.R. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={141–156} }
 @article{nakasu_dias_pires_andow_paula_togni_macedo_sujii_de sá_fontes_2013, title={Bitrophic toxicity of Cry1Ac to<i>Cycloneda sanguinea</i>, a predator in Brazilian cotton}, volume={148}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12082}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12082}, abstractNote={AbstractInsect predators are exposed to the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton fields through several pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of activated Cry1Ac added to a diet on Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which is one of the main predators of non‐target pests in Brazilian cotton. Direct bitrophic exposure of C. sanguinea to Cry1Ac was done by feeding beetles with Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) sprayed with 500 μg per ml Cry1Ac solution. Larval and pupal survival, development time, aphid consumption, and adult longevity were recorded daily. Couples within the same experimental treatment were paired and numbers of eggs laid and hatched per female were recorded daily. Net replacement rate was calculated for each female. During development, a C. sanguinea larva consumed on average 1.8 μg of activated Cry1Ac. No significant differences due to Cry1Ac were observed for any of the response variables, except aphid consumption. Larvae receiving Cry1Ac consumed more aphids than larvae receiving distilled water alone. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate independence of responses, and for the independent responses, a simple meta‐analysis was conducted to test the null hypothesis that all responses were zero. Nearly all of the response variables were statistically independent. Two pairs of responses were not independent, but the associated multivariate tests were not significant. The meta‐analysis suggested that all effects were not different from random variation around zero and no cumulative effects could be detected. Our results indicated that bitrophic exposure to activated Cry1Ac is likely to have little or no adverse ecological effect on C. sanguinea.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nakasu, Erich Y.T. and Dias, Simoni C. and Pires, Carmen S.S. and Andow, David A. and Paula, Debora Pires and Togni, Pedro Henrique B. and Macedo, Tainã R. and Sujii, Edison R. and de Sá, Maria F.G. and Fontes, Eliana M.G.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={105–115} }
 @inbook{andow_gray_hodgson_hunt_ostlie_wright_2013, place={St. Paul, MN}, title={Corn rootworm in Bt corn: Focus groups with farmers}, booktitle={Report from focus groups}, publisher={University of Minnesota}, author={Andow, D.A. and Gray, M. and Hodgson, E. and Hunt, T. and Ostlie, K.R. and Wright, R.}, year={2013}, month={May} }
 @article{david_kaser_morey_roth_andow_2013, title={Release of genetically engineered insects: a framework to identify potential ecological effects}, volume={3}, ISSN={2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.737}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.737}, abstractNote={AbstractGenetically engineered (GE) insects have the potential to radically change pest management worldwide. With recent approvals of GE insect releases, there is a need for a synthesized framework to evaluate their potential ecological and evolutionary effects. The effects may occur in two phases: a transitory phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new, constant density. We review potential effects of a rapid change in insect density related to population outbreaks, biological control, invasive species, and other GE organisms to identify a comprehensive list of potential ecological and evolutionary effects of GE insect releases. We apply this framework to the Anopheles gambiae mosquito – a malaria vector being engineered to suppress the wild mosquito population – to identify effects that may occur during the transitory and steady state phases after release. Our methodology reveals many potential effects in each phase, perhaps most notably those dealing with immunity in the transitory phase, and with pathogen and vector evolution in the steady state phase. Importantly, this framework identifies knowledge gaps in mosquito ecology. Identifying effects in the transitory and steady state phases allows more rigorous identification of the potential ecological effects of GE insect release.}, number={11}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={David, Aaron S. and Kaser, Joe M. and Morey, Amy C. and Roth, Alexander M. and Andow, David A.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={4000–4015} }
 @article{andow_lövei_2012, title={Cry Toxins in Transgenic Plants Have Direct Effects on Natural Enemies in the Laboratory}, volume={41}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN11238}, DOI={10.1603/EN11238}, abstractNote={Previously, we demonstrated via meta-analysis that Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors that are used in GM plants have nonzero direct and indirect effects on arthropod predators and parasitoids in the laboratory (Andow et al. 2009, Lovei et al. 2009). Our purpose was not to analyze the risks associated with any particular GM plant, but to measure whether there are detectable nonzero effects and the implications for assessing risk. These conclusions were criticized by Shelton et al. (2009a, b) on statistical grounds. We have argued that mean effect sizes cannot be used to claim the lack of an effect of Cry toxins on diverse species as was done in previous meta-analyses (cit. Andow et al. 2009). Instead, one must measure whether the distribution of observed effect sizes are normally distributed, as predicted under the null hypothesis that none of the observed effects are significantly nonzero. We provide here a technical clarification of our calculations, respond to two comments by Shelton et al. (2009b), and clarify the theory underlying our statistical tests.

### Statistical Issues: Theory and Methodological Details.

There remain some misunderstandings about the structure of our statistical model for meta-analysis and the nature of the null hypothesis. Meta-analysis can be conducted in two fundamentally different cases. In Case I, which is most common in medical meta-analysis, data are aggregated from several studies measuring the same response on the same species by using the same laboratory protocols. Meta-analysis theory assumes that the real response underlying the experimental observations is either positive, negative, or zero, but by necessity, it has a single value. Under Case I, the null hypothesis is that if there is one real response, μ, then the normalized data have a standard normal distribution with a mean equal to the single real response value, $$ \text H_0 :g \sim \text N(\mu ,1),\,\text {for …}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Lövei, G. L.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1045–1047} }
 @article{olson_ruberson_andow_2012, title={Effects on stink bugs of field edges adjacent to woodland}, volume={156}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.005}, abstractNote={Stink bug responses to crop edges were examined in 30 fields each of corn, peanut, cotton and soybean adjacent to woodland. A total of 20 sampling points of the crop row in 2009 and 15 sampling points in 2010, each 1.5 m long, was sampled along two 101-m transects running perpendicular to the woodland edge in each crop field. A random distribution of stink bugs (focusing on Euschistus servus, Nezara viridula, and Chinavia hilaris) was found most often with respect to the woodland edge of all crops examined. The exception occurred mainly in corn fields, where more stink bugs were found at the crop edge when flowering alternative hosts were present in the woodland edges. In 113 fields of four major crops grown in this area (7 of the 120 fields were excluded from analysis due to lack of stink bugs or limited woodland edges), the woodland edge was not a major source from which stink bugs colonized these crops. These results suggest that edge-specific control measures should not be concentrated at those field edges adjacent to woodlands.}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Olson, D.M. and Ruberson, J.R. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={94–98} }
 @article{andow_2011, title={Assessing unintended effects of GM plants on biological species}, volume={6}, ISSN={1661-5751 1661-5867}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-011-0670-y}, DOI={10.1007/s00003-011-0670-y}, number={S1}, journal={Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={119–124} }
 @article{olson_ruberson_zeilinger_andow_2011, title={Colonization preference of Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula in transgenic cotton varieties, peanut, and soybean}, volume={139}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01116.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01116.x}, abstractNote={Producers of Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), in the southeastern USA face significant losses from highly polyphagous stink bug species. These problems may be exacerbated by crop rotation practices that often result in cotton, peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (both Fabaceae), growing in close proximity to one another. Because all of these crops are hosts for the major pest stink bug species in the region, we experimentally examined colonization preference of these species among the crops to clarify this aspect of their population dynamics. We planted peanut, soybean, Bt cotton, and glyphosate‐tolerant (RR) non‐Bt cotton at three sites over 3 years in replicated plots ranging from 192 to 1 323 m2 and calculated odds ratios for colonization of each crop for Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say) (both Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In four of five experiments, both E. servus and N. viridula preferred soybean significantly more often than Bt cotton, non‐Bt cotton, and peanut. Neither N. viridula nor E. servus showed any preference between non‐Bt and Bt cotton in any experiment. Both species had higher numbers in Bt and non‐Bt cotton relative to peanut; this was not significant for any single experiment, but analyses across all experiments indicated that N. viridula preferred Bt and non‐Bt cotton significantly more often than peanut. Our results suggest that soybean in the landscape may function as a sink for stink bug populations relative to nearby peanut and cotton when the soybean is in the reproductive stage of development. Stink bug preference for soybean may reduce pest pressure in near‐by crops, but population increases in soybean could lead to this crop functioning as a source for later‐season pest pressure in cotton.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olson, D. M. and Ruberson, J. R. and Zeilinger, A. R. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{zeilinger_olson_andow_2011, title={Competition between stink bug and heliothine caterpillar pests on cotton at within-plant spatial scales}, volume={141}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01165.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01165.x}, abstractNote={Outbreaks of non‐target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton threaten the economic and ecological benefits of the technology in cotton‐producing countries. In the southeastern USA, stink bug pests, namely Nezara viridula L. and Euschistus servus Say (both Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), have recently become severe problems associated with Bt cotton, requiring continued insecticide use. However, the causes of non‐target pest outbreaks remain unclear. Release from competition with Bt‐susceptible pest species, in addition to other mechanisms, may contribute to increased stink bug populations in Bt cotton. We investigated the competitive interactions between the two stink bug species and the Bt‐susceptible pests Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens Fabricius (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non‐Bt cotton. We tested for competition effects on stink bug growth rates in no‐choice experiments at two spatial scales: a single cotton boll and a branch with multiple developing bolls. Although caterpillars of the two species had equivalent effects on resource availability, they had distinct effects on stink bug growth rates. Fourth instar H. zea reduced growth rates of both stink bug species by 60% when caged on a single cotton boll and reduced growth rates of only E. servus by 36% when caged on a cotton branch. In contrast, H. virescens had no effect on stink bug growth rates. Resource competition was apparent in the interactions between H. zea and E. servus, but interference competition may have contributed to the interactions as well. Competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton is possible, and should be more likely for E. servus than for N. viridula. Understanding the causes of non‐target pest outbreaks in Bt cotton will contribute to improved environmental risk assessments of future releases of Bt cotton and related transgenic crops.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zeilinger, Adam R. and Olson, Dawn M. and Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={59–70} }
 @article{glaum_ives_andow_2011, title={Contamination and management of resistance evolution to high-dose transgenic insecticidal crops}, volume={5}, ISSN={1874-1738 1874-1746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-010-0109-6}, DOI={10.1007/s12080-010-0109-6}, number={2}, journal={Theoretical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Glaum, Paul R. and Ives, Anthony R. and Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={195–209} }
 @article{huang_andow_buschman_2011, title={Corrigendum}, volume={141}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01190.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01190.x}, abstractNote={The authors would like to correct some errors in Huang et al. (2011) related to the definition of resistance and the frequency of resistance in Pectinophora gossypiella. Definition of resistance on page 3: ‘The National Research Council (1986) proposed that insecticide resistance be defined as an individual trait, which is an inherited ability of an insect to tolerate doses of a toxicant that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in the normal population of the species’. should have read: ‘The National Research Council (1986) defined resistance as the inherited ability of a pest strain to tolerate doses of toxicant that would prove lethal to a majority of individuals in a normal population of that species. In contrast, Andow (2008) proposed that resistance is an individual trait’. Resistance monitoring of P. gossypiella on page 6: ‘For P. gossypiella, statewide resistance monitoring to Cry1Ac toxin has been conducted in Arizona (USA) since 1997 (Patin et al., 1999; Tabashnik et al., 2000). An early survey reported that resistance allele frequency to Cry1Ac in 10 field populations of P. gossypiella collected from Bt and non-Bt cotton plants in 1997 was high: 0.16 (range 0.05–0.26) (Tabashnik et al., 2000). The estimated resistance allele frequencies in this survey could be overestimated if the results were applied to natural populations because three of the 10 populations were collected from Bt plants. In addition, a low discriminating dose, 10 lg of Cry1Ac per ml of diet, was used to identify the resistance. In fact, a later study using a DNA screening method revised the resistance allele frequency in P. gossypiella to be <0.0003 with 95% confidence in Arizona, California, and Texas combined (Tabashnik et al., 2006)’. should have read: ‘For P. gossypiella, monitoring of resistance to Cry1Ac toxin has been conducted in Arizona (USA) since 1997 (Patin et al., 1999; Tabashnik et al., 2000). Based on results from bioassays with Cry1Ac, the mean resistance allele frequency (with 95% confidence limits) declined from 0.16 (0.05–0.26) in 1997 to 0.007 (0.00–0.02) in 1998 (Tabashnik et al., 2005). Although some variation occurred from 1999 to 2003, the mean resistance allele frequency did not differ significantly between 1998 (0.007) and 2004 (0.004, 95% confidence limits 0–0.01) (Tabashnik et al., 2005). DNA screening of 5 571 feral individuals collected from Arizona, California, and Texas during 2001–2005 detected none of the three cadherin alleles linked with resistance to Cry1Ac in several lab-selected strains of P. gossypiella (Tabashnik et al., 2006). These results led to the estimate that the probability was <5% that the combined frequency of these three resistance alleles exceeded 0.0003. However, unlike bioassays, this DNA screening could not detect other resistance alleles and thus could underestimate the frequency of resistance. Tabashnik et al. (2006) concluded that the combination of data from DNA screening, bioassays, and field efficacy tests showed that resistance to Cry1Ac remained rare in P. gossypiella despite a decade of exposure to Bt cotton. A synthesis of experimental and modeling results suggests that this delay in resistance evolution can be explained by refuges of non-Bt cotton, recessive inheritance of resistance, incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance (Tabashnik et al., 2005)’.}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huang, F. and Andow, D.A. and Buschman, L.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={262–262} }
 @article{milonas_farrell_andow_2011, title={Experienced males have higher mating success than virgin males despite fitness costs to females}, volume={65}, ISSN={0340-5443 1432-0762}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1138-x}, DOI={10.1007/s00265-011-1138-x}, number={6}, journal={Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Milonas, Panagiotis G. and Farrell, Shannon L. and Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={1249–1256} }
 @article{hu_andow_2011, title={Field observations of Ostrinia nubilalis eclosion and post-eclosion activity of females around their natal plants}, volume={18}, ISSN={1672-9609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01408.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01408.x}, abstractNote={Abstract  The early part of the post‐eclosion, pre‐mating period were examined under field conditions for Ostrinia nubilalis. Post‐eclosion behavior of 25 and 21 females during the first and second flight periods were observed until they left their natal site. Summer generation larvae were reared under field conditions and the timing of adult eclosion was observed. Eclosion occurred at two times during the day, peaking before dawn and before dusk; 46% of females and 56% of males eclosed during the morning period and the rest eclosed during the evening period. After eclosion, females spent 30–60 min expanding their wings. Their typical behavior was to remain calmly on their natal site. None of the females exhibited calling behavior before leaving. All females left their natal sites sometime before dawn. The probability of leaving increased with time. Leaving rates were not significantly different between females of the first and second flight. These field observations indicate that females have several possibilities for pre‐mating movement, which might allow females to move out from their natal field before mating. In addition, we also discuss the influence of pre‐mating movements in relation to the rate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance evolution.}, number={6}, journal={Insect Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hu, Yang and Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={712–718} }
 @book{andow_2011, title={Preserving the Integrity of Manoomin in Minnesota}, url={http://www.cfans.umn.edu/sites/cfans.umn.edu/files/WhitePaperFinalVersion2011.pdf.}, institution={University of Minnesota}, author={Andow, D.}, year={2011} }
 @article{huang_andow_buschman_2011, title={Success of the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy after 15 years of Bt crop use in North America}, volume={140}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01138.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01138.x}, abstractNote={Transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first commercialized in 1996. By 2009, Bt crops were planted on ca. 47.6 Mha in 22 countries worldwide, with the USA and Canada accounting for 54% of this area. Resistance (virulence) development in target insect pests is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. Four major target pests of Bt crops in the USA and Canada – European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (both Lepidoptera: Crambidae), tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) – remain susceptible to Bt toxins after 15 years of intensive use of Bt maize and Bt cotton. The success in sustaining susceptibility in these major pests is associated with successful implementation of the ‘high‐dose/refuge’ insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy: (i) Bt crop cultivars express a ‘high dose’, (ii) initial frequency of resistance alleles is very low, and (iii) a refuge is maintained nearby in the environment. Field resistance (including control failure) to a Bt crop has been clearly documented in three situations: fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith] in Puerto Rico, African stem borer [Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] in South Africa, and P. gossypiella in India. Factors associated with these cases of field resistance include: failure to use high‐dose Bt cultivars and lack of sufficient refuge. These observations support the claim that implementation of the ‘high‐dose/refuge’ IRM strategy has been successful in substantially delaying field resistance to Bt crops.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huang, Fangneng and Andow, David A. and Buschman, Lawrent L.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{andow_2011, title={Transgenic varieties and India’s agriculture}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Review of Agrarian Studies}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2011}, pages={128–129} }
 @inbook{andow_2011, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Vulnerability and environmental risk assessment}, url={https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/51354/nabc23_10_Andow.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}, booktitle={Food Security: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense}, publisher={National Agricultural Biotechnology Council}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Eaglesham, A. and Ponce de León, F.A. and Hardy, R.W.F.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={87–96} }
 @book{andow_2010, place={Sunray Harvesters}, title={Bt Brinjal: The scope and adequacy of the GEAC environmental risk assessment}, publisher={New Delhi}, year={2010} }
 @article{drew_anderson_andow_2010, title={Conundrums of a complex vector for invasive species control: a detailed examination of the horticultural industry}, volume={12}, ISSN={1387-3547 1573-1464}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9689-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-010-9689-8}, number={8}, journal={Biological Invasions}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Drew, Jennifer and Anderson, Neil and Andow, David}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={2837–2851} }
 @article{zeilinger_andow_zwahlen_stotzky_2010, title={Earthworm populations in a northern U.S. Cornbelt soil are not affected by long-term cultivation of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins}, volume={42}, ISSN={0038-0717}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.004}, abstractNote={Earthworms, which play a key role in biogeochemical processes in soil ecosystems, could be negatively affected by the cultivation of transgenic Bt crops. Studies to date have found few effects of Bt maize on earthworm species. If adverse effects occur, they are likely to be chronic or sub-lethal and expressed over large spatial and temporal scales. Our objective in the present study was to investigate potential effects on earthworm populations in soil cultivated with Bt maize in a large multiple-year field study. We surveyed the earthworm populations in 0.16-ha experimental field plots of two varieties of Cry1Ab Bt maize, one variety of Cry3Bb1 Bt maize, and three non-transgenic control varieties cultivated for four years. Four earthworm species were found in our sample: Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Aporrectodea tuberculata (collectively, the A. caliginosa species complex), and Lumbricus terrestris. We found no significant differences in the biomass of juveniles and adults for all four species between Bt and non-Bt maize varieties. From this and previous studies, we conclude that the effects of Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 Bt maize on the A. caliginosa species complex and L. terrestris are small. Nonetheless, general conclusions about the effects of Bt maize on earthworm populations are not warranted due to the small number of species tested. In future laboratory studies, earthworm species should be selected according to their association with a Bt crop and the impact of that species to valued soil ecosystem processes.}, number={8}, journal={Soil Biology and Biochemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zeilinger, Adam R. and Andow, David A. and Zwahlen, Claudia and Stotzky, Guenther}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1284–1292} }
 @article{drew_anderson_andow_2010, title={Erratum to: Conundrums of a complex vector for invasive species control: a detailed examination of the horticultural industry}, volume={12}, ISSN={1387-3547 1573-1464}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9783-y}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-010-9783-y}, number={8}, journal={Biological Invasions}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Drew, Jennifer and Anderson, Neil and Andow, David}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={2853–2853} }
 @article{engels_bourguet_cagáň_manachini_schuphan_stodola_micoud_brazier_mottet_andow_2010, title={Evaluating Resistance to Bt Toxin Cry1Ab by F<SUB>2</SUB> Screen in European Populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={103}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec10055}, DOI={10.1603/ec10055}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have already lead to the evolution of Bt resistance in some pest populations targeted by these crops. We used the F2 screening method for further estimating the frequency of resistance alleles of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to Bt maize, Zea mays L., producing the CrylAb toxin. In France, Germany, and Italy, 784, 455, and 80 lines of European corn borer were screened for resistance to Mon810 maize, respectively. In Slovakia, 26 lines were screened for resistance to the CrylAb toxin. The cost of F2 screen performed in the four countries varied from US$300 to $1,300 per line screened. The major difference in cost was mostly due to a severe loss of univoltine lines during the screen in Germany and Slovakia. In none of the screened lines did we detect alleles conferring resistance to Mon810 maize or to the CrylAb toxin. The frequency of resistance alleles were <1.0 × 10-3, <1.6 × 10-3, <9.2 × 10-3, and <2.6 × 10-2 in France, Germany, Italy, and Slovakia, with 95% probability, respectively. The average detection probability over all lines was ≈90%. Making the assumption that European corn borer populations in these countries belong to the same genetic entity, the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the CrylAb produced by the Mon810 maize in western and central Europe was 1.0 × 10-4, with a 95% confidence interval of 0–3.0 × 10-4.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Engels, H. and Bourguet, D. and Cagáň, L'. and Manachini, B. and Schuphan, I. and Stodola, T. J. and Micoud, A. and Brazier, C. and Mottet, C. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={1803–1809} }
 @inbook{andow_2010, place={Geneva}, title={Formulating an ecological risk assessment}, booktitle={Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission: Report on planning meeting 1: Technical consultation on current status and planning for future development of genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria and dengue control}, publisher={World Health Organization}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2010}, pages={40–41} }
 @article{guiney_andow_wilder_2010, title={Metapopulation structure and dynamics of an endangered butterfly}, volume={11}, ISSN={1439-1791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2009.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.baae.2009.09.006}, abstractNote={Recovery plans for endangered invertebrates will improve with a better understanding of population dynamics and structure. Some spatially distributed structures beyond the classic metapopulation, including highly integrated patchy populations and core-satellite, maybe better suited for the recovery of endangered populations. In this study we examined the population dynamics of the Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Nabokov) [Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae], which is federally endangered in the USA, at eleven sites at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. Adult L. m. samuelis butterflies were surveyed approximately weekly at each site using a straight line transect method. We used autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation function to look for patterns in the population dynamic, and tested for density-dependent growth and weather factors as potential explanatory factors of the yearly variation. We found non-declining or stable Karner blue populations at all eleven sites at Fort McCoy, a long-term trend and an alternating generational cycle. The trend occurred at seven of the eleven sites and was synchronous, suggesting that Karner blue butterflies were not functioning as a classic metapopulation and maybe functioning as a patchy metapopulation. We also found density-dependent growth and a positive relationship between early summer precipitation and population growth from the spring to summer generation. We suggest that aiming to recover patchy metapopulations will reduce monitoring costs, simplify reserve design, and create more robust populations, which are more likely to persist into the future. Regenerationsprogramme für gefährdete Wirbellose werden sich durch ein tieferes Verständnis der Populationsdynamik und struktur verbessern. Einige räumlich verteilte Strukturen jenseits der klassischen Metapopulation, darunter hoch-integrierte fleckenhafte Populationen und Kern-Satellit-Konzepte, könnten besser für die Wiederherstellung von gefährdeten Populationen geeignet sein. Wir untersuchten die Populationsdynamik des Karner-Bläulings, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Nabokov) [Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae], der in den USA bundesweit gefährdet ist, auf elf Arealen von Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. Die adulten L. m. samuelis wurden ungefähr wöchentlich auf jedem Areal mit der Transektlinien-Methode untersucht. Wir setzten Autokorrelation und partielle Autokorrelation ein, um nach Mustern in der Populationsdynamik zu suchen, und testeten dichteabhängiges Wachstum und Witterungsfaktoren als potentielle erklärende Steuergrößen für die jährliche Variation. Wir fanden nicht-abnehmende bzw. stabile Populationen des Karner-Bläulings auf allen elf Arealen auf Fort McCoy, einen langfristigen Trend und alternierende Generationszyklen. Der Trend zeigte sich auf sieben der elf Areale und war synchron, was nahelegt, dass die Karner-Bläulinge nicht als klassische Metapopulation funktionieren, und dass sie als fleckenhafte Metapopulation funktionieren könnten. Wir fanden außerdem dichteabhängiges Wachstum und einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen dem Niederschlag im Frühsommer und dem Populationswachstum von der Frühjahrs-zur Sommergeneration. Wir meinen, dass die Regeneration von fleckenaften Metapopulationen die Monitoring-Kosten senken, das Schutzgebietsdesign vereinfachen und stabilere Populationen hervorbringen wird, die mit nöherer Wahrscheinlichkeit langfristig persistieren können.}, number={4}, journal={Basic and Applied Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Guiney, Margaret S. and Andow, David A. and Wilder, Timothy T.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={354–362} }
 @article{andow_bentur_2010, title={Pedigreed crosses to estimate recessive virulence allele frequencies in natural populations of gall midges}, volume={135}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.00973.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.00973.x}, abstractNote={AbstractMonitoring changes in rare, recessive allele frequencies in natural populations can be accomplished using pedigreed individuals sampled from these populations. A pedigree keeps track of and limits the mating of sampled individuals, to preserve information about the genotype of the sampled individual in the phenotypes of its descendents. To estimate allele frequencies in a natural population using pedigreed crosses, four relations must be specified: (1) a method to determine whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele; (2) a method to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines and a credibility limit for the estimate; (3) the genetic relation between the phenotype frequency among the lines and the allele frequency in the natural population; and (4) a method to estimate the probability that the first method did not detect the trait, assuming that the allele was present in the sampled individual. Knowledge about the segregation patterns of the allele enables specification of (3) and (4). Bayesian statistics were used to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines. The method determining whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele will vary with the species and trait of concern. We focused on monitoring of vGm1, a recessive autosomal allele, and vGm2, a recessive sex‐linked allele, which provide virulence against certain rice resistance genes in rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood‐Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We show how three pedigrees can be used to estimate these allele frequencies. An F1 field screen challenges the F1 offspring of sampled individuals on the rice differentials. A P1 test‐cross mates the sampled individual with a homozygous lab colony for the allele of interest, and evaluates their offspring on the rice differentials. A conditional F1 test‐cross takes the offspring from pedigrees that were negative in an F1 field screen, and test‐crosses these offspring with the homozygous laboratory colony. We also indicate how to test for independent assortment when a double (or multiple) homozygote laboratory colony is used in a test‐cross, how to test for differences among samples, and how to pool data to produce a single estimate based on a larger number of pedigreed lines. These methods may encourage the development of a variety of pedigreed monitoring strategies that could improve and prolong the use of scarce plant resistance alleles in rice and other plants.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A. and Bentur, J. S.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={18–36} }
 @article{andow_farrell_hu_2010, title={Planting Patterns of In-Field Refuges Observed for Bt Maize in Minnesota}, volume={103}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec09201}, DOI={10.1603/ec09201}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requires the use of nontransgenic refuges to slow the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops. In-field refuges, or refuges that are planted within the same field as the transgenic crop, are allowed; however, these refuges are required to be at least four rows wide. We described in-field planting patterns used by growers for both Cry1Ab [against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)] and Cry3Bb (against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) maize, Zea mays L. Maize fields known to contain Cry1Ab, Cry3Bb, or both were sampled in southwestern Minnesota during late June and early September 2005. Rows were sampled to describe the pattern of in-field refuges in the entire field, Most in-field refuges contained >20% Cry- seed (79% of Cry1Ab and 84% of Cry3Bb). However, only 5% of Cry1Ab fields and 2% of Cry3Bb fields with in-field refuges were in compliance with USEPA requirements because the Cry- seed was not in wide enough strips or blocks. Most growers had planted their fields with either finely mixed refuges or with strips that were too narrow. There was a high diversity in planting patterns, and the occurrence of Cryseed was in random rows. Growers may have been rushed while planting and not noticed which seed was going into which rows, Resistance failures have not been documented for either O. nubilalis or D. virgifera virgifera, so better education programs will need to be undertaken to encourage growers to plant in-field refuges properly.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Farrell, S. L. and Hu, Y.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1394–1399} }
 @article{ives_glaum_ziebarth_andow_2011, title={The evolution of resistance to two-toxin pyramid transgenic crops}, volume={21}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-1869.1}, DOI={10.1890/09-1869.1}, abstractNote={Pyramid transgenic crops that express two Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins hold great potential for reducing insect damage and slowing the evolution of resistance to the toxins. Here, we analyzed a suite of models for pyramid Bt crops to illustrate factors that should be considered when implementing the high dose-refuge strategy for resistance management; this strategy involves the high expression of toxins in Bt plants and use of non-Bt plants as refuges. Although resistance evolution to pyramid Bt varieties should in general be slower, resistance to pyramid Bt varieties is nonetheless driven by the same evolutionary processes as single Bt-toxin varieties. The main advantage of pyramid varieties is the low survival of insects heterozygous for resistance alleles. We show that there are two modes of resistance evolution. When populations of purely susceptible insects persist, leading to density dependence, the speed of resistance evolution changes slowly with the proportion of refuges. However, once the proportion of non-Bt plants crosses the threshold below which a susceptible population cannot persist, the speed of resistance evolution increases rapidly. This suggests that adaptive management be used to guarantee persistence of susceptible populations. We compared the use of seed mixtures in which Bt and non-Bt plants are sown in the same fields to the use of spatial refuges. As found for single Bt varieties, seed mixtures can speed resistance evolution if larvae move among plants. Devising optimal management plans for deploying spatial refuges is difficult because they depend on crop rotation patterns, whether males or females have limited dispersal, and other characteristics. Nonetheless, the effects of spatial refuges on resistance evolution can be understood by considering the three mechanisms determining the rate of resistance evolution: the force of selection (the proportion of insects killed by Bt), assortative mating (deviations of the proportion of heterozygotes from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the total population level), and male mating success (when males carrying resistance alleles find fewer mates). Of these three, assortative mating is often the least important, even though this mechanism is the most frequently cited explanation for the efficacy of the high dose-refuge strategy.}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ives, Anthony R. and Glaum, Paul R. and Ziebarth, Nicolas L. and Andow, David A.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={503–515} }
 @article{guiney_andow_weller_setliff_2010, title={Unusual Wing Coloration in Female Karner Blue Butterflies,<i>Lycaeides melissa samuelis</i>(Lycaenidae) in Minnesota}, volume={64}, ISSN={0024-0966}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18473/lepi.v64i2.a8}, DOI={10.18473/lepi.v64i2.a8}, abstractNote={Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Nabokov) (Lycaenidae) is a bivoltine butterfly inhabiting oak-pine savanna or pine barren habitats. Historically this subspecies’ range extended from the northeastern United States to southeastern Minnesota and southern most Ontario, Canada. Its current distribution is much reduced and fragmented (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). The dramatic population decline of L. m. samuelis over the last few decades and its listing as a federally endangered species has attracted considerable conservation attention. Habitat loss and degradation are the two main reasons for population decline range-wide. Lycaeides m. samuelis has become a symbol of this endangered ecosystem, and efforts to save the butterfly will assist conservation of this ecosystem (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). For two summers (2002, 2003), co-authors Guiney and Andow conducted a captive rearing project to augmentation local populations of Karner blue butterflies (Permit 2002: USFS MNDNR/ agreement CA30181-0-J014; Permit 2003: MNDNR Fed. ES permit #TE697830-5 subpermit 03-16). The study was conducted on a small population of Karner blue butterflies at the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area in Minnesota, which is the western most extant location of the subspecies. On the hind wing, Karner blue females typically have several orange crescents near the margins on both the dorsal and ventral sides (Nabokov 1943, 1944, 1949; Fig. 1.) During the first summer, we caught three females with unusual wing coloration. One butterfly (wild caught female #8) lacked any orange crescents on the dorsal edge of her hind wings, but did possess the typical orange crescents on the ventral side (Fig. 2). Another (wild caught female #5) had partial expression of a terminal orange bar on the forewing (Fig. 3), a trait typically seen in L. m. melissa (Fig. 4), but not in the Karner blue. We also captured one (wild caught female #9) with partial expression of the usual hind wing orange crescents. We did not notice any unusual wing color patterns in the summer of 2003. In his original and subsequent treatment of the subspecies, Nabokov (1943, 1944, 1949) did not report these aberrant female color patterns. All three females described above were captured for the captive rearing project and were brought into the lab to obtain eggs on 17 June 2002. The female that lacked orange on the dorsal hind wing bands laid 112 eggs, more than any other female collected during a three-day interval. The female with partial expression of a terminal orange bar on the forewing laid 7 eggs, and the female with partial expression of the usual hind wing orange crescents laid 12 eggs. These three females died before they could be released and are now deposited in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection. Label}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society}, publisher={Lepidopterists' Society}, author={Guiney, Margaret Savanick and Andow, D.A. and Weller, S. J. and Setliff, G. P.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={112–113} }
 @article{blanco_andow_abel_sumerford_hernandez_lópez_adams_groot_leonard_parker_et al._2009, title={<I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> Cry1Ac Resistance Frequency in Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={102}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0149}, DOI={10.1603/029.102.0149}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that has become resistant to a wide range of synthetic insecticides. Cry1Ac-expressing cotton has proven its effectiveness against this insect since its introduction in North America in 1996. However, the constant exposure of tobacco budworm to this protein toxin may result in the development of resistance to it. To estimate the frequency of alleles that confer resistance to a 1.0 µg of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac diagnostic concentration in field-collected insects, the second generation (F2) of 1,001 single-pair families from seven geographical regions representing 2,202 alleles from natural populations was screened in 2006 and 2007 without finding major resistant alleles. Neonates of 56 single-pair families were able to develop to second instar on the diagnostic concentration in the initial screen, but only seven of these lines did so again in a second confirmatory screen. Minor resistance alleles to Cry1Ac may be quite common in natural populations of H. virescens. Our estimated resistance allele frequencies (0.0036 – 0.0263) were not significantly different from a previously published estimate from 1993. There is no evidence that H. virescens populations have become more resistant to Cry1Ac.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Blanco, Carlos A. and Andow, David A. and Abel, Craig A. and Sumerford, Douglas V. and Hernandez, Gerardo and López, Juan D., Jr and Adams, Larry and Groot, Astrid and Leonard, Rogers and Parker, Roy and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={381–387} }
 @article{hu_andow_2009, title={A Technique for Distinguishing Virgin and Mated Males of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={44}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-44.3.264}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-44.3.264}, abstractNote={Studies on the mating history of male Lepidoptera are generally lacking because of difficulties in determining male mating status. In previous studies, presence/absence of pigmented fluids inside the male primary simplex have been used successfully for determining mating status. However, males of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), have creamy white fluids in the primary simplex instead of pigmented fluids, so presence/absence of pigmented fluids inside the primary simplex cannot be used to assess mating status in this species. We developed a scoring system for the fluids inside the primary simplex that allowed us to classify O. nubilalis male mating status and the timing of copulation. The scoring system relies on differences in the fluids in the 1st, 2nd and 7th segments of the primary simplex. Males known to be virgins, mated <1d previously and mated >1d previously could be distinguished with a 6.3% error rate. The method was verified on 41 males in a blind study, with 100% accurate classification of the males.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Hu, Yang and Andow, D. A.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={264–275} }
 @book{mcintyre_herren_wakhungu_watson_andow_2009, place={Washington, DC}, title={Agriculture at a Crossroads, Volume IV, North America and Europe}, institution={Island Press}, author={McIntyre, B.D. and Herren, H.R. and Wakhungu, Judi and Watson, Robert T. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{andow_lövei_arpaia_2009, title={Cry Toxins and Proteinase Inhibitors in Transgenic Plants Do Have Non-Zero Effects on Natural Enemies in the Laboratory: Rebuttal to Shelton et al. 2009: Table 1.}, volume={38}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0602}, DOI={10.1603/022.038.0602}, abstractNote={A main point of our recent paper (Lovei et al. 2009) is that there are non-neutral effects of Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors (PIs) on natural enemies in the laboratory and that the pattern of responses is complex and needs additional analysis. Shelton et al. (2009) aggressively attacked this conclusion. They claimed that all negative effects of Cry toxins are caused by effects of sublethally affected hosts and prey. We suggested in Lovei et al. (2009) and reiterate here that the actual situation is not that simple when laboratory studies are considered. We made our point by using statistical meta-analysis to show that there are more nonzero effects of Cry toxins and PIs on natural enemies than expected under a statistical null hypothesis that all observed effects were zero. The interested reader may want to examine the longer history of some of these issues (Lovei and Arpaia 2005; Andow et al. 2006; Romeis et al. 2006a,b).

In our rebuttal, we first address the deeper, fundamental questions raised by Shelton et al. (2009) about the value of meta-analysis and then proceed to rebut the core criticisms about our statistical methods. Although Shelton et al. (2009) raised many other issues, we limited our rebuttal to these central issues; our lack of comment does not imply agreement with their other complaints.

Shelton et al. (2009) make two criticisms of our work that are, in actuality, more fundamental criticisms of meta-analysis. These criticisms are made, in part, to defend the methods used and conclusions reached in reviews by O'Callaghan et al. (2005) and Romeis et al. (2006b), neither of which are based on meta-analyses. First they argued that nonsignificant P values are "devoid of futher meaning and interpretation" (Shelton et al. 2009, p. 318), and second, they …}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David A. and Lövei, Gabor L. and Arpaia, Salvatore}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={1528–1532} }
 @article{icoz_andow_zwahlen_stotzky_2009, title={Is the Cry1Ab Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Taken Up by Plants from Soils Previously Planted with Bt Corn and by Carrot from Hydroponic Culture?}, volume={83}, ISSN={0007-4861 1432-0800}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9760-2}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-009-9760-2}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Icoz, I. and Andow, D. and Zwahlen, C. and Stotzky, G.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={48–58} }
 @article{guiney_andow_2009, title={Long Lifetime of a Male Karner Blue Butterfly,<i>Lycaeides melissa samuelis</i>(Lycaenidae) in Minnesota, U.S.A.}, volume={120}, ISSN={0013-872X 2162-3236}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3157/021.120.0106}, DOI={10.3157/021.120.0106}, abstractNote={Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Nabokov) is a bivoltine lycaenid butterfly that lives in oak-pine savanna or pine barren habitats Historically, the range of this subspecies extended from the northeastern United States to southeastern Minnesota, including southern Ontario, Canada. Its current distribution is much reduced and fragmented (Andow et al., 1994, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003). The dramatic population declines of L. m. samuelis over the last few decades and its listing as a federally endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992a, 1992b) has attracted considerable conservation attention. Habitat loss and degradation are the two main reasons for population decline range-wide. Lycaeides m. samuelis has become a symbol of the oak savanna and pine barren endangered ecosystems, and efforts to save the butterfly will assist conservation of these ecosystems (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003). In a small population of Karner blue butterflies in the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Minnesota, we determined that a male Karner blue butterfly was still alive after 29 days of adult life. The male was reared from egg to adult in the laboratory on excised wild lupine (Lupinus perennis L.) (Fabaceae) leaves. The leaves were collected from current or past Karner blue butterfly habitat. On July 10, the butterfly emerged as an adult, and in order to know its emergent date and recognize it from non-reared butterflies once it was returned to its natural habitat, we marked its wing with a Sharpie® permanent marker. This individual lived its first five days as an adult in a cage in the laboratory, due to inclement weather in the field. The cage conditions were similar to natural temperature, humidity, and light. On July 15, 2003, we released a group of marked, captively-reared butterflies in the Whitewater WMA, including the male and an additional 27 males and 56 females. We monitored the release site three times. On July 18, we re-sighted 5 marked females and 4 marked males. On August 8, 2003, the noteworthy male was the only butterfly re-sighted while nectar feeding and flying. Its wings were worn and almost transparent. During the final visit on August 13, we saw one wild Karner blue (non-marked) but did not re-sight any marked Karner blue butterflies. Volume 120, Number 1, January and February 2009 107}, number={1}, journal={Entomological News}, publisher={American Entomological Society}, author={Guiney, Margaret Savanick and Andow, D. A.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={107–108} }
 @article{nelson_andow_banker_2009, title={Problem Formulation and Option Assessment (PFOA) Linking Governance and Environmental Risk Assessment for Technologies: A Methodology for Problem Analysis of Nanotechnologies and Genetically Engineered Organisms}, volume={37}, ISSN={1073-1105 1748-720X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00444.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00444.x}, abstractNote={Societal evaluation of new technologies, specifically nanotechnology and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), challenges current practices of governance and science. When a governing body is confronted by a technology whose use has potential environmental risks, some form of risk analysis is typically conducted to help decision makers consider the range of possible benefits and harms posed by the technology. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is a critical component in the governance of nanotechnology and genetically engineered organisms because the uncertainties and complexities surrounding these technologies pose such risk potential. However, GEOs are unique technologies, and there is widespread, international recognition (e.g., the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of Living Modified Organisms) that many traditional forms of ERA are not well-suited for evaluating them. Nanotechnology products are also likely to need different models of risk assessment, as there is very little information on their fate, transport, and impacts in the environment.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Nelson, Kristen C. and Andow, David A. and Banker, Michael J.}, year={2009}, pages={732–748} }
 @misc{andow_2009, title={Seeds for the Future: The impact of genetically modified crops on the environment}, volume={84}, number={2}, journal={Quarterly Review of Biology}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2009}, pages={208} }
 @article{lövei_andow_arpaia_2009, title={Transgenic Insecticidal Crops and Natural Enemies: A Detailed Review of Laboratory Studies}, volume={38}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0201}, DOI={10.1603/022.038.0201}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This review uses a data-driven, quantitative method to summarize the published, peer-reviewed literature about the impact of genetically modified (GM) plants on arthropod natural enemies in laboratory experiments. The method is similar to meta-analysis, and, in contrast to a simple author-vote counting method used by several earlier reviews, gives an objective, data-driven summary of existing knowledge about these effects. Significantly more non-neutral responses were observed than expected at random in 75% of the comparisons of natural enemy groups and response classes. These observations indicate that Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors often have non-neutral effects on natural enemies. This synthesis identifies a continued bias toward studies on a few predator species, especially the green lacewing, Chrysoperla cornea Stephens, which may be more sensitive to GM insecticidal plants (16.8% of the quantified parameter responses were significantly negative) than predators in general (10.9% significantly negative effects without C. cornea). Parasitoids were more susceptible than predators to the effects of both Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors, with fewer positive effects (18.0%, significant and nonsignificant positive effects combined) than negative ones (66.1%, significant and nonsignificant negative effects combined). GM plants can have a positive effect on natural enemies (4.8% of responses were significantly positive), although significant negative (21.2%) effects were more common. Although there are data on 48 natural enemy species, the database is still far from adequate to predict the effect of a Bt toxin or proteinase inhibitor on natural enemies.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lövei, Gabor L. and Andow, David A. and Arpaia, Salvatore}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={293–306} }
 @article{xu_liu_chen_huang_andow_wang_zhu_shen_2009, title={Using an F<sub>2</sub>screen to monitor frequency of resistance alleles to Bt cotton in field populations of<i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={65}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1703}, DOI={10.1002/ps.1703}, abstractNote={AbstractBACKGROUND: In an effort to control the most devastating cotton pest, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in Qiuxian County (Hebei, China), Bt cotton has been planted almost exclusively since 1998 in this area. Owing to the high insecticidal selection pressures in this region, monitoring of Bt resistance in H. armigera is necessary so that proactive actions can be implemented before field control measures fail. From 2003 to 2005, an F2 screen was conducted in order to monitor Bt resistance in H. armigera populations collected from this area.RESULTS: The F2 screen showed that 15 out of 278 isofemale lines carried resistance alleles to Bt cotton. The resistance allele frequency in field populations of H. armigera ranged from 0.0119 to 0.0297, with an overall frequency of 0.0146 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.0084–0.0225 for the 3 year period. This value is greater than the value reported from 1999 (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: A fluctuating but overall increase in resistance allele frequency was detected in the field populations of H. armigera in Qiuxian County from 1999 to 2005. To prevent further increases in Bt resistance frequency in this pest, it is necessary to introduce Bt cotton expressing multiple Bt toxins and integrate this technology with other tactics for management of this key pest. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={4}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Xu, Zhiping and Liu, Fengyi and Chen, Jin and Huang, Fangneng and Andow, David A and Wang, Yanhua and Zhu, Yu Cheng and Shen, Jinliang}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={391–397} }
 @article{milonas_andow_2010, title={Virgin male age and mating success in  Ostrinia nubilalis  (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={79}, ISSN={0003-3472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.005}, abstractNote={It is generally assumed that age is potentially an important aspect affecting the mating biology of insects. Some theoretical models correlate mating success with male age, and predict female preference for either older males, as they have proven viability, or younger partners, to avoid age-related fitness costs. Differences in mating success of males in relation to age have been observed in Lepidoptera. We investigated the mating success of males in relation to their age, controlling for mating experience, and the fitness of their female mates in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. In a laboratory experiment we examined mating success in relation to age and the consequences of male age for female fitness parameters. Male age had no significant influence on mating success for O. nubilalis males: 0-day-old virgin males were as likely to mate as 3-, 6- and 9-day-old males. Testes size decreased and spermatophore size increased with virgin male age. Lifetime fecundity was highest for females that mated with 3-day-old virgin males, which was related to their greater longevity. There was no trade-off between daily fecundity and longevity for females mating with different-aged males. These results suggest that direct benefits from males are insufficient to account for the observed female mating preferences for different-aged males.}, number={2}, journal={Animal Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Milonas, Panagiotis G. and Andow, David A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={509–514} }
 @article{harmon_hayden_andow_2008, title={Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder: Isolation Enhances the Frequency of Mating in Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)}, volume={21}, ISSN={0892-7553 1572-8889}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-008-9145-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10905-008-9145-0}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Insect Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Harmon, Jason P. and Hayden, Andrea and Andow, D. A.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={495–504} }
 @article{blanco_perera_gould_sumerford_hernández_abel_andow_2008, title={An Empirical Test of the F2 Screen for Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis-Resistance Alleles in Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={101}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/101.4.1406}, DOI={10.1093/jee/101.4.1406}, abstractNote={Insects exposed to genetically modified crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are under intense selection pressure that could result on widespread Bt resistance. Screening for early indications of Bt resistance developing in targeted Lepidoptera is conducted in many of the regions where genetically modified cotton and corn have been commercialized. Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been selected in the laboratory to have a gene for resistance to Cry1Ac. We used this laboratory line to test the assumptions and theoretical predictions related to detection of recessive Bt-resistant alleles in field populations based on a second generation (F2) screen. By creating single-pair families from mating a heterozygous Cry1Ac-resistant moth with a Cry1Ac-susceptible moth, we simulated the most common genotype when Bt-resistance alleles are at low frequency in the field. The second generation (F2) neonates of single-pair families were screened daily with diagnostic concentration bioassays. Cry1Ac-resistant homozygous larvae were detected, but the proportion of resistant larvae was generally below the theoretical expectation of 6.25% and was influenced by the moth F1 sib-mating density and by the day of oviposition of F2 eggs. Logistical considerations such as F1 sib-mating density and F2 neonate screening are important for the successful implementation of a reliable method.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Blanco, Carlos A. and Perera, O. P. and Gould, Fred and Sumerford, Douglas V. and Hernández, Gerardo and Abel, Craig A. and Andow, David A.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1406–1414} }
 @article{white_andow_2008, title={Benefits of self-superparasitism in a polyembryonic parasitoid}, volume={46}, ISSN={1049-9644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.04.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.04.005}, abstractNote={Macrocentrus grandii is a polyembryonic parasitoid, with embryos that divide asexually within the host (European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis) to produce broods of clonal offspring. From a biological control standpoint, polyembryony seems advantageous because each parasitized host yields multiple parasitoids with minimal time and egg investment. When we observed M. grandii in the field, however, we found that the parasitoid virtually always invested additional time and, if possible, stings into hosts that it had already stung, apparently reducing some of the advantages of polyembryony. We therefore investigated and found support for two potential benefits that can be gained by self-superparasitism in this system. First, multiple stings allowed production of mixed-sex broods: 27% of multiply-stung versus 0% of singly-stung hosts produced mixed-sex broods. Second, multiple stings increased mean parasitoid progeny produced per host, primarily by reducing the chance of complete brood failure. Our results indicate substantial benefit for a second sting, but little benefit for three or more stings, even though M. grandii was sometimes observed to invest more than two stings within a single host. However, we also found that within-host larval competition is prevalent, suggesting that supernumerary stings may pay off in competition against conspecific larvae. Such additional investment within a single host would be particularly beneficial when hosts, rather than eggs, are limiting, but would decrease the overall efficacy of M. grandii as a biological control agent.}, number={2}, journal={Biological Control}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={White, Jennifer A. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={133–139} }
 @inbook{andow_văn tuất,_hilbeck_underwood_birch_quyết tâm_fitt_giband_west_lang_et al._2008, place={Wallingford, UK}, title={Challenges and Opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam: Synthesis and Recommendations}, booktitle={Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Viet Nam}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Andow, D.A. and Văn Tuất,, Nguyễn and Hilbeck, A. and Underwood, E. and Birch, A.N.E. and Quyết Tâm, Đình and Fitt, G.P. and Giband, M. and West, J.J. and Lang, A. and et al.}, editor={Andow, D.A. and Hilbeck, A. and Van Tuat, NguyenEditors}, year={2008}, pages={330–344} }
 @inbook{van tuat_andow_fitt_sujii_fontes_just_quang quyen_2008, title={Challenges and opportunities with GM crops in Vietnam: the case of Bt cotton.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0001}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0001}, abstractNote={This chapter provides an overview of biosafety regulations for agricultural biotechnology in Vietnam, status of genetically modified (GM) plants and products in Vietnam, cotton production in Vietnam, cultivation of GM cotton worldwide (USA, Australia, China, Argentina, Brazil and South Africa), and nontarget effects of Bt cotton. Prospects for Bt cotton production in Vietnam are discussed.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Van Tuat, Nguyen and Andow, D. A. and Fitt, G. P. and Sujii, E. R. and Fontes, E. and Just, D. R. and Quang Quyen, Le}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={1–23} }
 @book{andow_hilbeck_văn tuất_2008, place={Wallingford, UK}, title={Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Viet Nam}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{west_quang_giband_baorong_andow_hu'u ho_thi phan_quang quyen_2008, title={Environmental risks associated with gene flow from transgenic cotton in Vietnam.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0274}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0274}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses the potential risks of gene flow from genetically modified insect-resistant cotton in Vietnam, using a general framework to guide gene flow risk assessment. This framework includes assessment stages beginning with the conception of the specific transgenic crops (pre-transformation assessment) and extending until after their release into the environment (post-release monitoring). Factors that affected the likelihood of transgene flow to each type of non-transgenic cotton population present in Vietnam are discussed, including the distribution of potential recipient plant populations, and the types of agricultural and social practices that might influence gene flow in each area. The potential adverse consequences of transgene introgression and spread in recipient populations are mentioned.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={West, J. J. and Quang, VuÐu'c and Giband, M. and BaoRong, Lu and Andow, D. A. and Hu'u Ho, Nguyen and Thi Phan, Vu'o'ng and Quang Quyen, Le}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={274–295} }
 @article{icoz_saxena_andow_zwahlen_stotzky_2008, title={Microbial Populations and Enzyme Activities in Soil In Situ under Transgenic Corn Expressing Cry Proteins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis}, volume={37}, ISSN={0047-2425 1537-2537}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0352}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2007.0352}, abstractNote={AbstractTransgenicBtcrops produce insecticidal Cry proteins that are released to soil in plant residues, root exudates, and pollen and that may affect soil microorganisms. As a continuation of studies in the laboratory and a plant‐growth room, a field study was conducted at the Rosemount Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota. ThreeBtcorn varieties that express the Cry1Ab protein, which is toxic to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalisHübner), and oneBtcorn variety that expresses the Cry3Bb1 protein, which is toxic to the corn rootworm complex (Diabroticaspp.), and their near‐isogenic non‐Btvarieties were evaluated for their effects on microbial diversity by classical dilution plating and molecular (polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) techniques and for the activities of some enzymes (arylsulfatases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, dehydrogenases, and proteases) involved in the degradation of plant biomass. After 4 consecutive years of corn cultivation (2003–2006), there were, in general, no consistent statistically significant differences in the numbers of different groups of microorganisms, the activities of the enzymes, and the pH between soils planted withBtand non‐Btcorn. Numbers and types of microorganisms and enzyme activities differed with season and with the varieties of corn, but these differences were not related to the presence of the Cry proteins in soil. The Cry1Ab protein ofBtcorn (events Bt11 and MON810) was detected in most soils during the 4 yr, whereas the Cry3Bb1 protein was not detected in soils ofBtcorn (event MON863) expressing thecry3Bb1gene.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Quality}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Icoz, I. and Saxena, D. and Andow, D. A. and Zwahlen, C. and Stotzky, G.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={647–662} }
 @inbook{hilbeck_arpaia_birch_chen_fontes_lang_thi thu hong_lövei_manachini_thi thu cuc_et al._2008, title={Non-target and biological diversity risk assessment.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0115}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0115}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses the following procedures for risk assessment in Bt cotton using the non-target risk assessment model developed by scientists of the GMO ERA Project ("International Project on GMO Environmental Risk Assessment Methodologies", which is a continuation of the GMO Guidelines Project, which was launched by scientists of the International Organization for Biological Control Global Working Group on "Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control"): (1) identify relevant functional groups of biological diversity associated with adverse effects, (2) list and prioritize species or ecological processes, (3) identify potential exposure pathways and adverse effects pathways, and use these to formulate and prioritize risk hypotheses, and (4) develop an analysis plan and suggest designs for experiments to test risk hypotheses.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Hilbeck, A. and Arpaia, S. and Birch, A. N. E. and Chen, Y. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Lang, A. and Thi Thu Hong, Le and Lövei, G. L. and Manachini, B. and Thi Thu Cuc, Nguyen and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={115–137} }
 @misc{andow_fitt_grafius_jackson_radcliffe_ragsdale_rossiter_2008, title={Pesticide and transgenic plant resistance management in the field.}, ISBN={9781845933531 9781845933791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933531.0118}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933531.0118}, abstractNote={This chapter reviews the different resistance management techniques, highlighting current examples of arthropod resistance management in the field. Specifically, this chapter addresses any generalizations that can be made about integrated pest management (IPM) and, more importantly, considers the barriers to field implementation of resistance management techniques and suggests further research to improve IPM strategies, tactics, and tools. Moreover, a portion of the chapter summarizes the use of transgenic Bt crops and their role in IPM.}, journal={Global pesticide resistance in arthropods}, publisher={CABI}, author={Andow, D. A. and Fitt, G. P. and Grafius, E. J. and Jackson, R. E. and Radcliffe, E. B. and Ragsdale, D. W. and Rossiter, L.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={118–145} }
 @article{thi thu cuc_sujii_wilson_underwood_andow_van hao_baoping_van chien_2008, title={Potential effect of transgenic cotton on non-target herbivores in Vietnam.}, volume={1}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0138}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0138}, abstractNote={This chapter focuses on the assessment of the risk of greater crop damage in Bt cotton by nontarget pest herbivores or disease transmitted by these pests. A diagram of possible risk hypotheses for nontarget herbivores associated with Bt cotton that could lead to pest outbreaks is presented. The following procedures for the evaluation of potential risks associated with the effects of Bt cotton on nontarget herbivores in cotton ecosystems in Vietnam are discussed: (i) list nontarget herbivores and identify species for further evaluation; (ii) identify potential exposure pathways and potential adverse effect pathways; and (iii) formulate risk hypotheses and design and conduct risk experiments based on the identified exposure pathways and adverse effect pathways to try to reject the risk hypothesis.}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Thi Thu Cuc, Nguyen and Sujii, E. R. and Wilson, L. J. and Underwood, E. and Andow, D. A. and Van Hao, Mai and BaoPing, Zhai and Van Chien, Ho}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={138–175} }
 @inbook{thi thu hong_quyet tam_anh tuan_khu'o'ng lai_lövei_pires_fanghao_jianying_andow_2008, title={Potential effects of transgenic cotton on flower visitors in Vietnam.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0236}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0236}, abstractNote={In this chapter, the adverse effects of transgenic cotton on nontarget flower visitors (such as honey bees and Bombus spp.) in Vietnam are discussed, focusing on the following: (i) potential reduction in pollination value; (ii) potential reduction in the economic value of bee products; (iii) potential adverse effects stemming from reduction in wild bee populations, including effects on other species and loss of genetic diversity; and (iv) potential reduction in species with conservation value or biological control value. The following procedures for the assessment of the potential effects of Bt cotton on non-target flower visitors in cotton ecosystems in Vietnam are discussed: (i) list non-target flower visitors and identify species for further evaluation; (ii) identify potential exposure pathways and potential adverse effect pathways; (iii) formulate risk hypotheses based on the identified exposure pathways and adverse effect pathways; (iv) and design experiments testing the risk hypotheses. Some possible experimental designs are presented, and the analysis and interpretation of field biodiversity studies are discussed.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Thi Thu Hong, Le and Quyet Tam, Dinh and Anh Tuan, Hoang and Khu'o'ng Lai, Track and Lövei, G. L. and Pires, C. S. S. and FangHao, Wan and JianYing, Guo and Andow, D. A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={236–257} }
 @misc{pham van toan_hoang ngoc binh_anyango_zwahlen_manachini_andow_wheatley_2008, title={Potential effects of transgenic cotton on soil ecosystem processes in Vietnam.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0258}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0258}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Pham Van Toan, Pham Van Toan and Hoang Ngoc Binh, Hoang Ngoc Binh and Anyango, B. and Zwahlen, C. and Manachini, B. and Andow, D. A. and Wheatley, R. E.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={258–273} }
 @inbook{fitt_andow_hu'u huan_caprio_omoto_tho_hong son_cach tuyen_2008, title={Resistance risk assessment and management for Bt cotton in Vietnam.}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0296}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0296}, abstractNote={This chapter establishes a series of informational needs that are essential to completing an assessment of resistance risk and the development of a practical resistance management plan for the deployment of Bt cotton. It deals with the specific cases of the introduction of either Bollgard II cotton or a VIP3A cotton to the cropping system of Vietnam. A comprehensive assessment of the pest/plant system and ecological attributes of the pests that help to define the risk of resistance and indicate possible resistance management approaches is presented.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Fitt, G. P. and Andow, D. A. and Hu'u Huan, Nguyen and Caprio, M. and Omoto, C. and Tho, Nguyen and Hong Son, Nguyen and Cach Tuyen, Bui}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={296–329} }
 @article{andow_2008, title={The risk of resistance evolution in insects to transgenic insecticidal crops}, volume={4}, journal={Collection of Biosafety Reviews}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2008}, pages={142–199} }
 @article{thi cuc hoa_depicker_ghosh_amugune_ðinh phap_nam hai_andow_2008, title={Transgene locus structure and expression.}, volume={1}, ISBN={9781845933906 9781845932282}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845933906.0079}, DOI={10.1079/9781845933906.0079}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam, Vol.4}, publisher={CABI}, author={Thi Cuc Hoa, Tran and Depicker, A. and Ghosh, Kakoli and Amugune, N. and Ðinh Phap, Phan and Nam Hai, Tru'o'ng and Andow, D. A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={79–114} }
 @article{yue_huang_leonard_moore_parker_andow_cook_emfinger_lee_2008, title={Verifying an F1 screen for identification and quantification of rare Bacillus thuringiensis resistance alleles in field populations of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis}, volume={129}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00761.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00761.x}, abstractNote={AbstractUsing an F1 screen, 352 feral individuals of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were examined for the presence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐resistance alleles. These insects represented four geographical populations collected in central and northeastern Louisiana, USA, and one field population from the Gulf Coast area of Texas, USA, during 2006. The F1 screen used various crosses between field‐collected insects and a laboratory strain of Cry1Ab‐resistant D. saccharalis, including both reciprocal crosses and group mating. F1 neonates of the crosses were screened for Bt resistance on Bt maize leaf tissue. One field‐collected individual of D. saccharalis was shown to have a Bt‐resistance allele. Based on Bayesian analysis procedures, the Bt‐resistance allele frequency in the five populations of D. saccharalis was 0.0028 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.0003–0.0079. The successful identification of a resistance allele in a field collection of insects suggests that the F1 screening technique could be an effective tool for detecting and monitoring rare Bt‐resistance alleles in field populations of D. saccharalis.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yue, Bisong and Huang, Fangneng and Leonard, B. Rogers and Moore, Steven and Parker, Roy and Andow, David A. and Cook, Don and Emfinger, Karla and Lee, Donna R.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={172–180} }
 @article{harmon_andow_2007, title={Behavioral mechanisms underlying ants’ density-dependent deterrence of aphid-eating predators}, volume={116}, ISSN={0030-1299 1600-0706}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15578.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15578.x}, abstractNote={Density‐dependent mutualisms have been well documented, but the behavioral mechanisms that can produce such interactions are not as well understood. We investigated interactions between predatory ladybirds and the ant Lasius neoniger, which engages in a facultative association with the aphid Aphis fabae. We found that ants disrupted predator aggregation and deterred foraging, but that this effect varied with aphid density. In the field, smaller aphid colonies had higher numbers of ants per aphid (higher relative ant density), whereas plants with larger aphid colonies had lower relative ant density. Ants deterred ladybird foraging when relative ant density was high, but when relative ant density was low, ladybirds aggregated to aphids and foraged more successfully. This difference in ladybird foraging success appeared to be driven by variation in the ants’ distribution on the plant and the ladybirds’ reaction to ants. When relative ant density was high, ants moved around the perimeter of the aphid colonies, which resulted in faster detection of predators and a greater likelihood of ladybirds leaving. However, when relative ant density was low, ants moved only in the midst of the aphid colonies and rarely around the perimeter, which allowed predators to approach the aphid colony from the perimeter and feed without detection. Such predators were less likely to leave the aphid colony when subsequently detected by ants. We suggest that differences in relative ant numbers, ant distribution, and predator reaction to detection by ants could lead to complex population‐level consequences including density‐dependent mutualisms and the possibility that predators act as prudent predators.}, number={6}, journal={Oikos}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Harmon, Jason P. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1030–1036} }
 @article{huang_leonard_andow_2007, title={F<sub>2</sub> screen for resistance to a <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>-maize hybrid in the sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={97}, ISSN={0007-4853 1475-2670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530700510x}, DOI={10.1017/s000748530700510x}, abstractNote={AbstractA novel F2 screening technique was developed for detecting resistance in sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize expressing the Cry1Ab insecticidal protein. The F2 screening method involved (i) collecting larvae from maize fields; (ii) establishing two-parent families; (iii) screening F2 neonates for survival on Bt-maize leaf tissues; and (iv) confirming resistance on commercial Bt-maize plants. With the F2 screening method, 213 iso-line families of D. saccharalis were established from field collections in northeast Louisiana, USA and were screened for Bt resistance. One family was confirmed to carry a major Bt resistance allele(s). In a laboratory bioassay, larval mortality of the Bt-resistant D. saccharalis on Bt-maize leaf tissues was significantly lower than that of a Bt-susceptible strain. This Bt-resistant D. saccharalis population is the first corn stalk borer species that has completed larval development on commercial Bt-maize. The F2 screening protocol developed in this study could be modified for detecting Bt resistance alleles in other similar corn stalk borers, such as the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and the southwestern corn borer, D. grandiosella Dyar.}, number={5}, journal={Bulletin of Entomological Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Huang, F.N. and Leonard, B.R. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={437–444} }
 @article{white_andow_2007, title={Foraging for intermittently refuged prey: theory and field observations of a parasitoid}, volume={76}, ISSN={0021-8790 1365-2656}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01299.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01299.x}, abstractNote={Summary

Many insect herbivores feed in concealed locations but become accessible intermittently, creating windows of greater vulnerability to attack, and generating a proportion of the prey population that is readily accessible to foraging natural enemies. We incorporated accessible prey into an extant optimal foraging model, and found that this addition allowed opportunistic exploitation of prey that have already emerged from refugia (the leaving strategy) as a viable strategy, in addition to waiting at refugia for prey to emerge (the waiting strategy).
We parameterized the model empirically for the parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii and its host, Ostrinia nubilalis, under field conditions. The model predicted that M. grandii should adopt a leaving strategy when host patch density is high (travel time between patches is short), but a waiting strategy when host patch density is low (travel time between patches is long).
Field observations of M. grandii patch tenure were consistent with model predictions, indicating that M. grandii exhibited flexible behaviour based on experience within a foraging bout, and that these behavioural shifts improved foraging efficiency.
Behaviour of M. grandii was responsive to heterogeneity in host emergence rates, and appeared to be driven by the relatively small proportion of the host population that became accessible at a fast rate. Therefore understanding forager responses to intermittently refuged prey may require characterization of the behaviour of a subset of the prey population, rather than the average prey individual.
The model can potentially be used as a framework for comparative studies across forager taxa, to understand when foragers on intermittently accessible prey should adopt fixed waiting or leaving strategies vs. a flexible strategy that is responsive to the current environment.

}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={White, Jennifer A. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1244–1254} }
 @article{andreadis_álvarez-alfageme_sánchez-ramos_stodola_andow_milonas_savopoulou-soultani_castánera_2007, title={Frequency of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab in Greek and Spanish Population of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={100}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.1.195}, DOI={10.1093/jee/100.1.195}, abstractNote={The high-dose/refuge strategy is considered as the main strategy for delaying resistance in target pests to genetically modified crops that produce insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. This strategy is based on a key assumption that resistance alleles are initially rare (<10−3). To test this assumption, we used an F2 screen on natural populations of Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Greece and Spain. In total, 75 lines from Greece and 85 lines from Spain were screened for survival of F2 larvae on Cry1Ab corn, Zea mays L., leaves. No major resistance alleles were found. The frequency of resistance alleles in the Greek population was <9.7 × 10−3 with 95% probability, which was very similar to that of the Spanish population (<8.6 × 10−3 with 95% probability), and the expected frequencies were 3.2 × 10−3 (0–0.0097) and 2.9 × 10−3 (0–0.0086) in Greece and Spain (pooled 1.5 × 10−3). The experiment-wise detection probability of resistance was 94.0 and 97.5% for the Greek and the Spanish population, respectively. Evidence of alleles conferring partial resistance to Cry1Ab was found only for the Greek population. The frequency of alleles for partial resistance was estimated as 6.5 × 10−3 with a 95% credibility interval between 8 × 10−4 and 17.8 × 10−3 and a detection probability of 94%. Our results suggest that the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Cry1Ab, regarding the population of S. nonagrioides, may be rare enough so that the high-dose/refuge strategy could be applied with success for resistance management.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andreadis, S. S. and Álvarez-Alfageme, F. and Sánchez-Ramos, I. and Stodola, T. J. and Andow, D. A. and Milonas, P. G. and Savopoulou-Soultani, M. and Castánera, P.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={195–201} }
 @article{olson_andow_2008, title={Patch edges and insect populations}, volume={155}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0933-6}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-007-0933-6}, number={3}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Olson, D. and Andow, D.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={549–558} }
 @article{mercer_andow_wyse_shaw_2007, title={Stress and domestication traits increase the relative fitness of crop?wild hybrids in sunflower}, volume={10}, ISSN={1461-023X 1461-0248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01029.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01029.x}, abstractNote={AbstractAfter a decade of transgenic crop production, the dynamics of gene introgression into wild relatives remain unclear. Taking an ecological genetics approach to investigating fitness in crop–wild hybrid zones, we uncovered both conditions and characteristics that may promote introgression. We compared diverse crop–wild hybrid genotypes relative to wildHelianthus annuusunder one benign and three stressful agricultural environments. Whereas relative fitness of crop–wild hybrids averaged 0.25 under benign conditions, with herbicide application or competition it reached 0.45 and was more variable. In some instances, hybrid fitness matched wild fitness (≈ 1). Thus, wild populations under agronomic stress may be more susceptible to introgression. Although ‘domestication’ traits are typically considered unlikely to persist in wild populations, we found some (e.g. rapid growth and early flowering) that may enhance hybrid fitness, especially in stressful environments. Rigorous assessment of how particular genotypes, phenotypes, and environments affect introgression will improve risk assessment for transgenic crops.}, number={5}, journal={Ecology Letters}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mercer, Kristin L. and Andow, David A. and Wyse, Donald L. and Shaw, Ruth G.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={383–393} }
 @article{huang_leonard_andow_2007, title={Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Resistance to Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Maize}, volume={100}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.1.164}, DOI={10.1093/jee/100.1.164}, abstractNote={Transgenic maize, Zea mays L., expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ab toxin has been planted to extensive areas across the United States and several other countries, but no resistance has been documented in field populations of lepidopteran target pests. This article describes the first report of resistance alleles to commercially available Cry1Ab Bt maize in a Louisiana population of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Two hundred thirteen two-parent isolines of D. saccharalis were screened for Cry1Ab resistance on Bt maize leaf tissue using an F2 screening technique. Larvae representing three isolines survived >15 d on Bt tissue in the F2 generation. The second generation backcross progeny (B1F2) derived from isoline 52 completed larval development on Bt maize in the greenhouse. Segregation and resistance frequency analysis associated with isoline 52 suggested that Bt resistance is probably determined by a nearly completely recessive allele at a single locus. With this assumption, the estimated resistance allele frequency in this population is 0.0023, within a 95% confidence interval of 0.0003–0.0064.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Huang, Fangneng and Leonard, B. R. and Andow, David A.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={164–171} }
 @inbook{faria_lundgren_fontes_fernandes_schmidt_van tuat_andow_2006, title={Assessing the effects of Bt cotton on generalist arthropod predators.}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0175}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0175}, abstractNote={This chapter illustrates the particular application of the scientific methodology (used during the pre-release stages of Bt cotton) supporting the risk assessment of nontarget organisms and biodiversity to generalist arthropod predators in Brazil. The steps in the methodology (i.e. species selection, listing and prioritizing nontarget species and processes, identifying trophically mediated exposure pathways to transgenic plant and transgene products, identifying possible adverse effect scenarios for trophically mediated and other ecological effects, and testing hypotheses and experimental designs to test causal chains of events associated with specific exposure pathways and adverse effect scenarios) as applied to generalist arthropod predators, are discussed.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Faria, M. R. de and Lundgren, J. G. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Fernandes, O. A. and Schmidt, F. and Van Tuat, Nguyen and Andow, D. A.}, editor={Hilbeck, A. and Andow, D.A. and Fontes, E.M.G.Editors}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={175–199} }
 @article{lodge_williams_macisaac_hayes_leung_reichard_mack_moyle_smith_andow_et al._2006, title={BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY AND MANAGEMENT}, volume={16}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2035:birfup]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2035:birfup]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={The Ecological Society of America has evaluated current U.S. national policies and practices on biological invasions in light of current scientific knowledge. Invasions by harmful nonnative species are increasing in number and area affected; the damages to ecosystems, economic activity, and human welfare are accumulating. Without improved strategies based on recent scientific advances and increased investments to counter invasions, harm from invasive species is likely to accelerate. Federal leadership, with the cooperation of state and local governments, is required to increase the effectiveness of prevention of invasions, detect and respond quickly to new potentially harmful invasions, control and slow the spread of existing invasions, and provide a national center to ensure that these efforts are coordinated and cost effective. Specifically, the Ecological Society of America recommends that the federal government take the following six actions: (1) Use new information and practices to better manage commercial and other pathways to reduce the transport and release of potentially harmful species; (2) Adopt more quantitative procedures for risk analysis and apply them to every species proposed for importation into the country; (3) Use new cost-effective diagnostic technologies to increase active surveillance and sharing of information about invasive species so that responses to new invasions can be more rapid and effective; (4) Create new legal authority and provide emergency funding to support rapid responses to emerging invasions; (5) Provide funding and incentives for cost-effective programs to slow the spread of existing invasive species in order to protect still uninvaded ecosystems, social and industrial infrastructure, and human welfare; and (6) Establish a National Center for Invasive Species Management (under the existing National Invasive Species Council) to coordinate and lead improvements in federal, state, and international policies on invasive species. Recent scientific and technical advances provide a sound basis for more cost-effective national responses to invasive species. Greater investments in improved technology and management practices would be more than repaid by reduced damages from current and future invasive species. The Ecological Society of America is committed to assist all levels of government and provide scientific advice to improve all aspects of invasive-species management.}, number={6}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lodge, David M. and Williams, Susan and MacIsaac, Hugh J. and Hayes, Keith R. and Leung, Brian and Reichard, Sarah and Mack, Richard N. and Moyle, Peter B. and Smith, Maggie and Andow, David A. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={2035–2054} }
 @article{andow_lövei_arpaia_2006, title={Ecological risk assessment for Bt crops}, volume={24}, ISSN={1087-0156 1546-1696}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0706-749}, DOI={10.1038/nbt0706-749}, number={7}, journal={Nature Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, David A. and Lövei, Gábor L. and Arpaia, Salvatore}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={749–751} }
 @misc{hilbeck_andow_fontes_2006, title={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0000}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0000}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, year={2006}, month={Jan} }
 @article{wenes_bourguet_andow_courtin_carré_lorme_sanchez_augustin_2006, title={Frequency and fitness cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)}, volume={97}, ISSN={0018-067X 1365-2540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800845}, DOI={10.1038/sj.hdy.6800845}, abstractNote={The "high dose-refuge" (HDR) strategy is commonly recommended and currently used for delaying or preventing pest adaptation to transgenic plants producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. The efficiency of this strategy depends, among other factors, on the initial frequency of Bt resistance alleles and on the fitness costs associated with these alleles. Two years ago, an allele conferring resistance to Bt poplar was detected in a French population of the poplar pest Chrysomela tremulae F. Although this pest had never been subjected to Bt selection pressure due to human activities, the frequency of this allele was estimated at 0.0037, with a 95% credible (CI) interval of 0.00045-0.0080. We investigated the frequency of this allele in a second sample of C. tremulae collected more than 500 km from the site of the initial population. The estimated frequency in this sample was 0.0113 (95% CI 0.0031-0.0247), reinforcing the conclusion that resistance to Bt plants may be present at detectable frequencies in pest populations before selection resulting from pest management by humans. The frequency of the Bt resistance allele over the two samples was 0.0049 (95% CI 0.0020-0.0091). We also followed five laboratory lines in which the frequency of this allele was initially fixed at 0.500. After five generations maintained on non-Bt poplar leaves, the frequency of this allele decreased in all lines, whereas allelic frequencies at a neutral locus were unaffected. Thus, the Bt resistance allele detected in French populations of C. tremulae is probably associated with a fitness cost.}, number={2}, journal={Heredity}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wenes, A-L and Bourguet, D and Andow, D A and Courtin, C and Carré, G and Lorme, P and Sanchez, L and Augustin, S}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={127–134} }
 @article{stodola_andow_hyden_hinton_roark_buschman_porter_cronholm_2006, title={Frequency of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab in Southern United States Corn Belt Population of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={99}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.2.502}, DOI={10.1093/jee/99.2.502}, abstractNote={The high-dose refuge resistance management strategy is the main approach used to delay resistance in targeted pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic crops. We used an F2 screen to test a critical assumption of the high-dose refuge strategy, which is that resistance allele (R) frequencies are initially rare (<10(-3)) in Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the southern Corn Belt. We expanded the methodological scope of the F2 screen so that both males and females may be used to initiate a screen and determined how the results from both sexes may be combined. In total, 62 female and 131 male O. nubilalis lines from Kansas and 39 female and four male lines from Texas were screened. No major resistance alleles were found and estimated R frequency for the southern Corn Belt was updated to between 0 and 0.0044 with 95% credibility. The experiment-wise detection probability was 98.7%. These results suggest the frequency of resistance alleles is low enough that the high-dose refuge resistance management strategy may be effective for delaying resistance evolution in O. nubilalis to Bt corn in the southern Corn Belt.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Stodola, T. J. and Andow, D. A. and Hyden, A. R. and Hinton, J. L. and Roark, J. J. and Buschman, L. L. and Porter, P. and Cronholm, G. B.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={502–507} }
 @article{huang_leonard_cook_lee_andow_baldwin_tindall_wu_2007, title={Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis maize in Louisiana populations of the southwestern corn borer}, volume={122}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00495.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00495.x}, abstractNote={AbstractTransgenic maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] expressing Bacillus thuringiensis proteins (Bt maize) has become the most important tool for managing stalk borers in maize in the USA. The current strategy for delaying the evolution of resistance in target insects for Bt maize is referred to as high dose/refuge strategy. A key requirement of the strategy is that initial resistance allele frequencies in field insect populations are low (e.g., <0.001). More than 200 iso‐line families of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major target stalk borer pest of Bt maize, were developed from Louisiana populations and evaluated for Bt resistance using a modified F2 screening method during 2005. No major resistance alleles were detected in these populations. The results showed that the expected Bt resistance allele frequency in the Louisiana populations was <0.0035 with 95% probability and a detection power of 83.9 ± 0.6%. The F2 screen indicates that Bt resistance allele frequencies in D. grandiosella are low among the Louisiana populations and should meet the rare resistance allele requirement of the ‘high dose/refuge’ strategy.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huang, Fangneng and Leonard, B.Rogers and Cook, Donald R. and Lee, Donna R. and Andow, David A. and Baldwin, Jack L. and Tindall, Kelly V. and Wu, Xiaoyi}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={53–58} }
 @article{white_andow_2006, title={Habitat modification contributes to associational resistance between herbivores}, volume={148}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0388-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-006-0388-1}, number={3}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={White, Jennifer A. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={482–490} }
 @misc{andow_barroso_fontes_grossi-de-sa_hilbeck_fitt_2006, title={Improving the scientific basis for environmental risk assessment through the case study of Bt cotton in Brazil.}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0001}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0001}, abstractNote={This chapter illustrates several methodologies for conducting the scientific analysis that supports environmental risk assessment of transgenic crops that are in the process of commercial development, using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton in Brazil as a case study. It highlights several points that stem from a previous case study (on Bt maize in Kenya), previous research and applications of environmental risk assessment, and emphasizes the importance of identifying possible adverse effects that are hypothetically feasible in the Brazilian cotton agroecosystem.}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Andow, D. A. and Barroso, P. A. V. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Grossi-de-Sa, M. F. and Hilbeck, A. and Fitt, G. P.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={1–20} }
 @article{lee_andow_heimpel_2006, title={Influence of floral resources on sugar feeding and nutrient dynamics of a parasitoid in the field}, volume={31}, ISSN={0307-6946 1365-2311}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00800.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00800.x}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. To investigate how floral resources impact feeding and nutrient dynamics of parasitoids, the ichneumonid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) was monitored in cabbage fields with and without buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench borders. Biochemical analyses of field‐collected wasps determined whether sugar feeding occurred, and whether it enhanced nutrient levels and increased parasitism of diamondback larvae Plutella xylostella (L.) from 2000 to 2003. The effects of experimental spatial scale on sugar feeding dynamics were also evaluated in 2001.2. The majority of D. insulare foraging on cabbage had fed upon sugar, but floral borders did not consistently increase the proportion of sugar‐fed wasps or their levels of glycogen and lipid over all 4 years. Floral borders increased sugar storage by females in 2001. More females fed on sugar when experimental plots were separated by at least 800 m compared with 67 m.3. Feeding on buckwheat nectar vs. honeydew produced by the soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura in surrounding fields was distinguished using the ratio of fructose to total sugars, which was higher in nectar‐ than in honeydew‐fed parasitoids. Floral borders increased the probability that females collected from adjacent crops were nectar‐fed in 2002, demonstrating that floral resources were utilised by foraging parasitoids. Diadegma insulare that fed upon any sugar source had higher levels of sugar and glycogen than unfed wasps, and feeding on honeydew appeared to enhance nutrient storage.4. The prevalence of sugar or nectar feeding by female D. insulare was not correlated with parasitism rates over the 4 years from all plots, but nectar feeding was positively correlated with parasitism rates within floral plots.}, number={5}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lee, Jana C. and Andow, David A. and Heimpel, George E.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={470–480} }
 @misc{hilbeck_andow_arpaia_birch_fontes_lövei_sujii_wheatley_underwood_2006, title={Methodology to support non-target and biodiversity risk assessment.}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0108}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0108}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Hilbeck, A. and Andow, D. A. and Arpaia, S. and Birch, A. N. E. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Lövei, G. L. and Sujii, E. R. and Wheatley, R. E. and Underwood, E.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={108–132} }
 @inproceedings{andow_birch_dusi_fontes_hilbeck_lang_lövei_pires_sujii_underwood_et al._2006, place={Jeju, Korea}, title={Non-target and biodiversity risk assessment for genetically modified (GM) crops}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on the Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms}, publisher={Rural Development Administration}, author={Andow, D. A. and Birch, A. N. E. and Dusi, A. N. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Hilbeck, A. and Lang, A. and Lövei, G. L. and Pires, C. S. S. and Sujii, E. R. and Underwood, E. and et al.}, year={2006}, pages={68–73} }
 @article{lodge_andow_boersma_pouyat_2006, title={Reply to Letter by B. P. Caton in Response to ESA Position Paper on Invasives}, volume={87}, ISSN={0012-9623}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[333:rtlbbp]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[333:rtlbbp]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={See PDF.}, number={4}, journal={Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lodge, David M. and Andow, David A. and Boersma, P. Dee and Pouyat, Richard V.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={333–334} }
 @inbook{fitt_omoto_maia_waquil_caprio_okech_cia_nguyen huu huan_andow_2006, title={Resistance risks of Bt cotton and their management in Brazil.}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0300}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0300}, abstractNote={This chapter focuses primarily on risk analysis prior to any field release of transgenic plants and addresses the risk that Lepidopteran pests associated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton may evolve resistance to Bt proteins in Brazil. It lays out a simple procedure for identifying the target species most at risk of resistance evolution, and proposes effective and potentially workable plans to manage this resistance risk to delay the occurrence of resistance to Bt cotton. It also considers approaches for developing a practical monitoring and response system to detect resistance and to adapt management appropriately.}, booktitle={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Fitt, G. P. and Omoto, C. and Maia, A. H. and Waquil, J. M. and Caprio, M. and Okech, M. A. and Cia, E. and Nguyen Huu Huan, Nguyen Huu Huan and Andow, D. A.}, editor={Hilbeck, A. and Andow, D.A. and Fontes, E.M.G.Editors}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={300–345} }
 @misc{andow_fontes_hilbeck_johnston_capalbo_nelson_underwood_fitt_sujii_arpaia_et al._2006, title={Supporting risk assessment of Bt cotton in Brazil: synthesis and recommendations.}, ISBN={9781845930004 9781845930196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930004.0346}, DOI={10.1079/9781845930004.0346}, abstractNote={D .A . A n d o w , E.M.G. F o n t e s , A . H il b e c k , J . J o h n s t o n , D.M.F. C a p a l b o , K.C. N e l s o n , E. U n d e r w o o d , G.P. F it t , E.R. S u j i i , S . A r p a ia , A.N.E. B ir c h , A. P a l l in i a n d R.E. W h e a t l e y C orresponding author: D r D.A. Andow, P ro fessor o f Insect Ecology, U niversity o f M innesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folweli Avenue, S t Paul, M N 55108, USA. Fax: +1 612 6255299, e-m ail: dandow@ um n.edu}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 2: methodologies for assessing Bt cotton in Brazil}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Andow, D. A. and Fontes, E. M. G. and Hilbeck, A. and Johnston, J. and Capalbo, D. M. F. and Nelson, K. C. and Underwood, E. and Fitt, G. P. and Sujii, E. R. and Arpaia, S. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={346–361} }
 @article{olson_andow_2006, title={Walking pattern of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) on various surfaces}, volume={39}, ISSN={1049-9644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.08.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.08.018}, abstractNote={The leaf surfaces on which mass-reared Trichogramma spp. are released for augmentative biological control may be an important factor effecting the success of these releases. We observed and recorded the walking pattern of Trichogramma nubilale females on leaves of Zea mays, Canna × generalis (Canna lilly), Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant), Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf), Schizachyruim scoparium (little bluestem), a smooth and a fuzzy polyester material, and waxed paper. For each surface type, a total of 10 mated, 1–2 days old, naive and fed females were observed and their walking path was traced. Females walked fastest on waxed paper and leaves of S. scoparium and slowest on leaves of A. theophrasti and the fuzzy material. Turning rates were high on Canna × generalis and waxed paper. In general, walking speed was negatively affected by the presence and density of trichomes and possibly the lack of leaf veins. The effect of surface structures, such as trichomes is likely to scale to the body size of the searching parasitoid. Parasitoids can walk over short trichomes, but short directionally pointed trichomes (as on S. scoparium) can guide the search paths in certain directions. The effects of long trichomes may depend on trichome density relative to the parasitoid body length. When trichome density is on the same order of magnitude as 1/L2 (Z. mays), wasps will stand between trichomes, and will frequently run into trichomes, which will retard walking speeds and increase turning.}, number={3}, journal={Biological Control}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Olson, D.M. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={329–335} }
 @article{andow_zwahlen_2005, title={Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants}, volume={9}, ISSN={1461-023X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00846.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00846.x}, abstractNote={AbstractBy the end of the 1980s, a broad consensus had developed that there were potential environmental risks of transgenic plants requiring assessment and that this assessment must be done on a case‐by‐case basis, taking into account the transgene, recipient organism, intended environment of release, and the frequency and scale of the intended introduction. Since 1990, there have been gradual but substantial changes in the environmental risk assessment process. In this review, we focus on changes in the assessment of risks associated with non‐target species and biodiversity, gene flow, and the evolution of resistance. Non‐target risk assessment now focuses on risks of transgenic plants to the intended local environment of release. Measurements of gene flow indicate that it occurs at higher rates than believed in the early 1990s, mathematical theory is beginning to clarify expectations of risks associated with gene flow, and management methods are being developed to reduce gene flow and possibly mitigate its effects. Insect pest resistance risks are now managed using a high‐dose/refuge or a refuge‐only strategy, and the present research focuses on monitoring for resistance and encouraging compliance to requirements. We synthesize previous models for tiering risk assessment and propose a general model for tiering. Future transgenic crops are likely to pose greater challenges for risk assessment, and meeting these challenges will be crucial in developing a scientifically coherent risk assessment framework. Scientific understanding of the factors affecting environmental risk is still nascent, and environmental scientists need to help improve environmental risk assessment.}, number={2}, journal={Ecology Letters}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A. and Zwahlen, Claudia}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={196–214} }
 @inbook{andow_2005, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Characterizing ecological risks of introductions and invasions}, booktitle={Invasive alien species: A new synthesis}, publisher={Island Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Mooney, H.A. and Mack, R.N. and McNeely, J.A. and Neville, L.E. and Schei, P.J. and Waage, J.K.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={84–103} }
 @article{zwahlen_andow_2005, title={Field evidence for the exposure of ground beetles to Cry1Ab from transgenic corn}, volume={4}, ISSN={1635-7922 1635-7930}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2005014}, DOI={10.1051/ebr:2005014}, abstractNote={Non-target organisms associated with the soil might be adversely affected by exposure to the CrylAb protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic corn (Zea mays L.). To check for such exposure, we used ELISA to test for Cry1Ab in ground beetles collected live from fields with Bt corn residues and Bt corn (Bt/Bt), Bt corn residues and non-Bt crops (Bt/non-Bt), or non-Bt corn residues and non-Bt crops (non-Bt/non-Bt). In fields with Bt corn residues (Bt/Bt and Bt/non-Bt), Cry1Ab was present in all seven species of ground beetles examined (Agonum placidum, Bembidion rupicola, Clivina impressefrons, Cyclotrachelus iowensis, Harpalus pensylvanicus, Poecilus chalcites, and Poecilus lucublandus). For the two most abundant species, P. chalcites and P. lucublandus, the proportion of beetles with Cry1Ab was significantly higher in Bt/Bt fields (0.50-1.0) and Bt/non-Bt fields (0.41-0.50) than in non-Bt/non-Bt fields (0.0). This is the first field evidence that some ground beetle species are exposed to Cry1Ab. The implications of exposure on the performance of these non-target organisms are unclear.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, publisher={EDP Sciences}, author={Zwahlen, Claudia and Andow, David A.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={113–117} }
 @article{snow_andow_gepts_hallerman_power_tiedje_wolfenbarger_2005, title={Genetically engineered organisms and the environment: current status and recommendations}, volume={15}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-0539}, DOI={10.1890/04-0539}, abstractNote={The Ecological Society of America has evaluated the ecological effects of current and potential uses of field‐released genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), as described in this Position Paper. Some GEOs could play a positive role in sustainable agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, bioremediation, and environmental management, both in developed and developing countries. However, deliberate or inadvertent releases of GEOs into the environment could have negative ecological effects under certain circumstances.Possible risks of GEOs could include: (1) creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens; (2) exacerbating the effects of existing pests through hybridization with related transgenic organisms; (3) harm to nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non‐pest insects, birds, and other animals; (4) disruption of biotic communities, including agroecosystems; and (5) irreparable loss or changes in species diversity or genetic diversity within species. Many potential applications of genetic engineering extend beyond traditional breeding, encompassing viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, grasses, trees, insects, fish, and shellfish. GEOs that present novel traits will need special scrutiny with regard to their environmental effects.The Ecological Society of America supports the following recommendations. (1) GEOs should be designed to reduce environmental risks. (2) More extensive studies of the environmental benefits and risks associated with GEOs are needed. (3) These effects should be evaluated relative to appropriate baseline scenarios. (4) Environmental release of GEOs should be prevented if scientific knowledge about possible risks is clearly inadequate. (5) In some cases, post‐release monitoring will be needed to identify, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. (6) Science‐based regulation should subject all transgenic organisms to a similar risk assessment framework and should incorporate a cautious approach, recognizing that many environmental effects are GEO‐ and site‐specific. (7) Ecologists, agricultural scientists, molecular biologists, and others need broader training and wider collaboration to address these recommendations.In summary, GEOs should be evaluated and used within the context of a scientifically based regulatory policy that encourages innovation without compromising sound environmental management. The Ecological Society of America is committed to providing scientific expertise for evaluating and predicting the ecological effects of field‐released transgenic organisms.}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Snow, A. A. and Andow, D. A. and Gepts, P. and Hallerman, E. M. and Power, A. and Tiedje, J. M. and Wolfenbarger, L. L.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={377–404} }
 @article{white_andow_2005, title={Host–Parasitoid Interactions in a Transgenic Landscape: Spatial Proximity Effects of Host Density}, volume={34}, ISSN={0046-225X 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.6.1493}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-34.6.1493}, abstractNote={Abstract Widespread management practices such as transgenic insecticidal crops influence the distribution and density of targeted pest species across the agricultural landscape. Natural enemies must cope with this altered distribution, and their response potentially influences the rate of resistance evolution in the pest. The purpose of this study was to examine spatial patterns of parasitism by the specialist parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in response to the density of its host, the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner [Lepidoptera: Crambidae]). When we manipulated host distribution and observed resulting patterns of wasp density and parasitism, we found that the smallest host aggregations had the lowest parasitism, but only when not associated with larger host aggregations. A subsequent field experiment confirmed that proximity to large host aggregations increased parasitism in small host aggregations. Theory indicates that such positive density-dependent parasitism should accelerate the evolution of toxin resistance in pest species, but our study suggests that close spatial proximity between insecticidal crops and refuges may help equalize M. grandii parasitism and that simple management techniques such as in-field refuges could potentially increase the complementarity of transgenic and biological control of European corn borer in this system. Further research is needed, however, before extrapolating the results of our small-scale study to field-level patterns and concluding that M. grandii will necessarily hasten resistance evolution in the European corn borer.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={White, Jennifer A. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1493–1500} }
 @article{boody_vondracek_andow_krinke_westra_zimmerman_welle_2005, title={Multifunctional Agriculture in the United States}, volume={55}, ISSN={0006-3568}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0027:maitus]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0027:maitus]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We evaluated possible changes to current farming practices in two Minnesota watersheds to provide insight into how farm policy might affect environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Watershed residents helped develop four scenarios to evaluate alternative future trends in agricultural management and to project potential economic and environmental outcomes. We found that environmental and economic benefits can be attained through changes in agricultural land management without increasing public costs. The magnitude of these benefits depends on the magnitude of changes to agricultural practices. Environmental benefits include improved water quality, healthier fish, increased carbon sequestration, and decreased greenhouse gas emissions, while economic benefits include social capital formation, greater farm profitability, and avoided costs. Policy transitions that emphasize functions of agriculture in addition to food production are crucial for creating change. We suggest that redirecting farm payments by using alternative incentives could lead to substantial environmental changes at little or no extra cost to the taxpayer.}, number={1}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Boody, George and Vondracek, Bruce and Andow, David A. and Krinke, Mara and Westra, John and Zimmerman, Julie and Welle, Patrick}, year={2005}, pages={27} }
 @article{heimpel_neuhauser_andow_2005, title={Natural Enemies and the Evolution of Resistance to Transgenic Insecticidal Crops by Pest Insects: The Role of Egg Mortality}, volume={34}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.3.512}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-34.3.512}, abstractNote={Abstract We explore the influence of egg mortality dynamics on the rate at which target pests evolve resistance to high-dose transgenic insecticidal crops. We develop a two-patch deterministic population genetic model in which pests can develop in either toxic or nontoxic (refuge) fields, and their eggs are subject to varying levels and forms of egg mortality. The three standard forms of egg mortality are studied: density independence (DI), positive density dependence (PDD), and inverse density dependence (IDD). Resistance is modeled as a single locus with a fully recessive allele that confers complete resistance with no fitness cost. Insect movement and oviposition is modeled as follows: males move panmictically before mating and females may either stay in their natal patch to oviposit or move after mating before oviposition. While our simulations show that both the magnitude and form of egg mortality can influence the rate of resistance evolution, important caveats apply. Higher levels of DI egg mortality can lead to substantial delays in resistance evolution, but this effect is dependent on the presence of intraspecific competition among larvae. The rate of resistance evolution is affected by the form of density dependence (DI versus PDD versus IDD), but these effects are dependent on at least some females ovipositing in their natal field. If this condition is met, the rate of resistance evolution is fastest when eggs are subject to PDD mortality and slowest when eggs are subject to IDD egg mortality. DI egg mortality produces intermediate rates of resistance evolution.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Heimpel, George E. and Neuhauser, Claudia and Andow, D. A.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={512–526} }
 @article{jordan_andow_mercer_2005, title={New Concepts in Agroecology: A Service-Learning Course}, volume={34}, ISSN={1059-9053}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.2005.0083}, DOI={10.2134/jnrlse.2005.0083}, abstractNote={- orative efforts to implement such transformations. t oward this end, we have integrated methods from systems thinking, soft- systems methodology, and agroecosystems analysis, and used a service-learning component to provide students with an op - portunity to apply and evaluate these methods in practice. Most students favorably evaluated the course. Ultimately, we expect that the course will help our students to develop a civic profes - sionalism through which they apply their professional skills to complex public problems in agriculture.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jordan, Nicholas R. and Andow, David A. and Mercer, Kristin L.}, year={2005}, pages={83–89} }
 @article{schellhorn_andow_2005, title={Response of coccinellids to their aphid prey at different spatial scales}, volume={47}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-004-0204-x}, DOI={10.1007/s10144-004-0204-x}, abstractNote={AbstractPredators that have an increasing numerical response for aggregation, attack and oviposition to increasing prey density are thought to be ideal for biological control. However density‐dependent processes are infrequently detected and explanations include differences in the scales at which observations are made, behavioral differences among species, and habitat features. We examined the aggregation of four species of colonizing adult coccinellids to varying prey densities at two spatial scales in a maize system. Three of the species, Adalia bipunctata, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, and Hippodamia convergens, responded to aphid abundance at the plant scale, and one species, Coleomegilla maculata, responded to the average aphid density at the plot (10×10 m) scale. In addition, H. convergens responded to individual plants with high aphid abundance in those plots with many plants of high aphid abundance. These results suggests that C. maculata (and possibly H. convergens) may be better able to colonize fields before aphid populations reach high levels, whereas A. bipunctata and H. tredecimpunctata may only be able to respond to high aphid abundance at the plant scale. This study suggests that spatial scale can affect predator–prey dynamics in a species‐specific manner. However, the differences among coccinellid species in the community appear to be complementary, potentially contributing to greater aphid suppression.}, number={1}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schellhorn, Nancy A. and Andow, David A.}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={71–76} }
 @article{schellhorn_andow_2005, title={Response of coccinellids to their aphid prey at different spatial scales}, volume={47}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-005-0237-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10144-005-0237-9}, abstractNote={In Table 2, unnecessary words appeared in two entries in column 1. “Grid plot*plant” should read “Plot*plant,” and “Rid error” should read “Error.” The correct table appears here. Source df MS F P C. maculata Plot 38 0.5599 1.46 0.0002 Plant 1 0.6565 1.71 0.1919 Plot*plant 38 0.5878 1.53 0.0241 Error 597 0.3845 H. convergens Plot 38 0.1199 0.81 0.7832 Plant 1 1.5524 10.51 0.0013 Plot*plant 38 0.2430 1.65 0.0098 Error 598 0.1477}, number={3}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schellhorn, Nancy A. and Andow, David A.}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={281–281} }
 @book{andow_2004, place={Boston, Massachusetts}, title={A growing concern: Protecting the food supply in an era of pharmaceutical and industrial crops}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{hilbeck_nelson_andow_underwood_2004, place={Bonn}, title={A scientist’s use of problem formulation and options assessment (PFOA) in risk assessment of GM crops}, booktitle={Risk hazard damage – Specification of criteria to assess environmental impact of genetically modified organisms. Bundesamt für Naturschutz}, publisher={Bundesamt für Naturschutz}, author={Hilbeck, A. and Nelson, K. and Andow, D.A. and Underwood, E.}, editor={Breckling, B. and Verhoeven, R.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={131–143} }
 @misc{andow_hilbeck_2004, title={Bt maize, risk assessment and the Kenya case study.}, ISBN={9780851998619 9780851990477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998619.0001}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998619.0001}, abstractNote={This introductory chapter provides a scientific background to the Kenyan Bt maize case study. Transgenesis and the worldwide use of transgenic crops (including Bt maize) are discussed alongside the complexities of maize breeding. The chapter also provides an introduction to risk assessment and valuation issues. A commonly used model of risk assessment is described along with consideration of evidential standards that are typically used. An indication of how these will be applied throughout the case study is given. The scope of the Kenyan Bt maize study is presented with respect to timeliness and geographical generality.}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 1: A case study of Bt maize in Kenya}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Andow, D. A. and Hilbeck, A.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={1–20} }
 @inbook{capalbo_fontes_hilbeck_andow_2004, place={Brazil}, series={Embrapa Document}, title={Comentários e conclusões}, url={http://www.cnpma.embrapa.br/download/documentos_38.pdf}, booktitle={GMO Guidelines Project, Algodão Bt. Embrapa Meio Ambiente}, publisher={Jaguariúna, SP}, author={Capalbo, D.M.F. and Fontes, E.M.G. and Hilbeck, A. and Andow, D.}, editor={Capalbo, D.M.F. and Fontes, E.M.G.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={50–52}, collection={Embrapa Document} }
 @inbook{gepts_andow_daniell_nafziger_strayer_2004, place={Boston, Massachusetts}, title={Confinement options}, booktitle={A growing concern: Protecting the food supply in an era of pharmaceutical and industrial crops}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, author={Gepts, P. and Andow, D.A. and Daniell, H. and Nafziger, E. and Strayer, Dennis}, editor={Andow, D.A.Editor}, year={2004}, pages={33–53} }
 @misc{andow_2004, title={Dangerous Liaisons? When Cultivated Plants Mate with Their Wild Relatives, by Norman C. Ellstrand}, volume={3}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2004}, pages={129–130} }
 @article{white_harmon_andow_2004, title={Ecological Context for Examining the Effects of Transgenic Crops in Production Systems}, volume={12}, ISSN={1542-7528 1542-7536}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v12n01_08}, DOI={10.1300/j411v12n01_08}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Ecological processes can have strong effects on production systems, many of which prevent crops from reaching their maximal yield. Past and present management strategies have been developed to mitigate the negative interactions, thereby improving crop production. However, when applied to complex and variable agroecosystems, some of these strategies have resulted in unintended ecological effects that ultimately hindered production. Transgenic crops are a widespread and powerful management option, and there is a tremendous need to understand their intended ecological effects as well as potential unintended direct and indirect effects. The purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to discuss four of the major ecological effects that limit crop production: competition, herbivory, disease, and abiotic stresses, (2) to describe how biotechnology is addressing these problems, and (3) to examine the ways these biotechnological solutions may cause ecological effects that unintentionally hinder crop production. We find that, to date, there has been little diversity in the types of transgenic crops available and the approaches they use to improve crop production. Transgenic crops, like previous agricultural technologies, are designed to enhance a singular plant trait in order to solve a specific production problem. When viewed in a simplified system, transgenic crops seem to provide effective means to mitigate negative ecological effects. However, when approached via a larger ecological context, it is clear that transgenic crops have already had and will continue to have unintended ecological effects that can ultimately affect crop production through mechanisms such as gene flow, resistance evolution, community interactions, and production practices. No management option, including transgenics, is universally beneficial or detrimental. The ecological context of specific agroecosystems may improve predictions of the benefits, limitations, and consequences of a given management tactic within that system. As we increase our understanding of the ecological context of crop production problems, we may be able to improve our control efforts to maximize production and minimize potential problems in the future.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Crop Improvement}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={White, Jennifer A. and Harmon, Jason P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={457–489} }
 @misc{hilbeck_andow_2004, title={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 1: A case study of Bt maize in Kenya}, ISBN={9780851998619 9780851990477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998619.0000}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998619.0000}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, year={2004}, month={Jan} }
 @inbook{andow_strayer_daniell_gepts_lamkey_nafziger_2004, place={Boston, Massachusetts}, title={Experts’ introduction}, booktitle={A growing concern: Protecting the food supply in an era of pharmaceutical and industrial crops}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, author={Andow, D.A. and Strayer, D. and Daniell, H. and Gepts, P. and Lamkey, K.R. and Nafziger, E.}, editor={Andow, D.A.Editor}, year={2004}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{stodola_andow_2004, title={F<SUB>2</SUB> Screen Variations and Associated Statistics}, volume={97}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1756}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1756}, abstractNote={Abstract The F2 screen is a flexible methodology used to estimate the frequency of resistance alleles (R) in an insect population. We have developed several alternative protocols, along with the associated statistics, to conduct an F2 screen with mated or unmated individuals, random and nonrandom mating of F1 adults, and the screening of multiple lines together in the F2 screen. Our protocols describe how to perform and analyze an F2 screen starting with unmated P1 as an alternative to mated females. A randomly mated population of ≥50 F1 adults should be sufficient to detect R alleles >99% of the time. If nonrandom mating occurs in the F2 screen, it is most likely to be positive assortative mating, and this would improve the probability of detecting an R allele. Pair mating the F1 adults greatly increases costs of the screen while providing a small, but negligible improvement in detecting R alleles. The number of screens may be reduced by more than two-thirds by screening multiple lines together. These methodological variants show the F2 screen to be much more robust than originally described.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Stodola, T. J. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1756–1764} }
 @book{andow_2004, place={Rome}, title={Final Report on technical issues associated with the development of CGIAR policies to address the possibility of adventitious presence of transgenes in CGIAR ex situ collections}, institution={International Plant Genetic Resources Institute}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2004} }
 @article{andow_hilbeck_2004, title={GE crops: balancing predictions of promise and peril}, volume={2}, ISSN={1540-9295}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0154:gcbpop]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0154:gcbpop]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Frontiers in Ecology and the EnvironmentVolume 2, Issue 3 p. 154-160 Forum GE crops: balancing predictions of promise and peril First published: 01 April 2004 https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0154:GCBPOP]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume2, Issue3April 2004Pages 154-160 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D.A. and Hilbeck, A.}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={154–160} }
 @misc{andow_2004, place={Amsterdam}, title={Genomics for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology}, volume={3}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2004}, pages={169–170} }
 @article{harmon_andow_2004, title={Indirect effects between shared prey: Predictions for}, volume={49}, ISSN={1386-6141 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-004-0420-5}, DOI={10.1007/s10526-004-0420-5}, number={6}, journal={BioControl}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Harmon, Jason and Andow, D.A.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={605–626} }
 @book{andow_2004, place={Montreal}, title={Maize and biodiversity: The effects of transgenic maize in Mexico: Key findings and recommendations}, institution={Commission for Environmental Cooperation}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{andow_2004, place={New York}, title={Pathways-based risk assessment of exotic species invasions}, booktitle={Invasive Species: Vectors and Management Strategies}, publisher={Island Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Ruiz, G.M. and Carlton, J.T.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={439–455} }
 @article{haygood_ives_andow_2004, title={Population genetics of transgene containment}, volume={7}, ISSN={1461-023X 1461-0248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00575.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00575.x}, abstractNote={AbstractSeveral strategies have been proposed for creating transgenic cultivars from which transgene escape to wild relatives would seem unlikely; for example, to impede escape through pollen, a transgene could be inserted into chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), which in many crops is rarely transmitted through pollen. None of these strategies would be failsafe; for example, the rate of cpDNA transmission through pollen may be low but non‐zero in many crops. Here, we study how the probability distribution of escape time depends on the rates of pollen and seed flow from the crop to wild populations, the number and sizes of the wild populations, the selection coefficient for the transgene, and a leakage parameter characteristic of the strategy, for example, the rate of cpDNA transmission through pollen. We find that even with a leakage parameter as small as 10−3, the probability of escape within as few as 10 generations could be appreciable.}, number={3}, journal={Ecology Letters}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Haygood, Ralph and Ives, Anthony R. and Andow, David A.}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={213–220} }
 @misc{fitt_andow_carrière_moar_schuler_omoto_kanya_okech_arama_maniania_2004, title={Resistance risks and management associated with Bt maize in Kenya.}, ISBN={9780851998619 9780851990477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998619.0209}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998619.0209}, abstractNote={This chapter addresses the risk that insect pests associated with Bt maize may evolve resistance to Bt proteins. A series of questions has been constructed to assess risk resistance prior to field release, and before and after commercial release. A possible resistance management plan for the use of Bt maize to control stem borers in Kenya is presented.}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 1: A case study of Bt maize in Kenya}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Fitt, G. P. and Andow, D. A. and Carrière, Y. and Moar, W. J. and Schuler, T. H. and Omoto, C. and Kanya, J. and Okech, M. A. and Arama, P. and Maniania, N. K.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={209–250} }
 @misc{hilbeck_andow_birch_fitt_johnston_nelson_osir_songa_underwood_wheatley_2004, title={Risk assessment of Bt maize in Kenya: synthesis and recommendations.}, ISBN={9780851998619 9780851990477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998619.0251}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998619.0251}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 1: A case study of Bt maize in Kenya}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Hilbeck, A. and Andow, D. A. and Birch, A. N. E. and Fitt, G. P. and Johnston, J. and Nelson, K. C. and Osir, E. and Songa, J. and Underwood, E. and Wheatley, R.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={251–269} }
 @article{andow_hilbeck_2004, title={Science-Based Risk Assessment for Nontarget Effects of Transgenic Crops}, volume={54}, ISSN={0006-3568}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0637:srafne]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0637:srafne]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Nontarget risk assessment for transgenic crops should be case specific, depending on the plant, the transgene, and the intended release environment. We propose an ecological risk-assessment model that preserves the strengths and avoids the deficiencies of two other commonly used models, the ecotoxicology and nonindigenous-species models. In this model, locally occurring nontarget species are classified into groups according to their ecological function. Within each group, ecological criteria are used to select the species that are most likely to be affected by the transgenic crop. Initial experimental assessments are conducted in the laboratory and consist of two kinds of test: toxicity tests using purified transgene product, and whole-plant tests using intact transgenic plants. For nontarget natural enemy species, it will also be important to evaluate both direct bitrophic impacts and indirect tritrophic impacts.}, number={7}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David A. and Hilbeck, Angelika}, year={2004}, pages={637} }
 @inbook{andow_daniell_gepts_lamkey_nafziger_strayer_2004, place={Boston, Massachusetts}, title={Synthesis, conclusions and recommendations}, booktitle={A growing concern: Protecting the food supply in an era of pharmaceutical and industrial crops}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, author={Andow, D.A. and Daniell, H. and Gepts, P. and Lamkey, K.R. and Nafziger, E. and Strayer, D.}, editor={Andow, D.A.Editor}, year={2004}, pages={109–122} }
 @misc{andow_somers_amugune_aragão_ghosh_gudu_magiri_moar_njihia_osir_2004, title={Transgene locus structure and expression of Bt maize.}, ISBN={9780851998619 9780851990477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998619.0083}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998619.0083}, abstractNote={This chapter documents the outcomes from a working group on transgene locus expression with reference to Bt maize (held as part of an international workshop on scientific risk assessment of Bt maize in Kenya). The current knowledge in relation to Bt maize lines was reviewed and a scientific strategy for characterising transgene locus structure and expression provided. The strategy relies on general principles underlying risk assesment of transgenic organisms and on the classical distinction in genetics between the genotype and phenotype which is developed in the context of transgenes.}, journal={Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. Volume 1: A case study of Bt maize in Kenya}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Andow, D. A. and Somers, D. A. and Amugune, N. and Aragão, F. J. L. and Ghosh, K. and Gudu, S. and Magiri, E. and Moar, W. J. and Njihia, S. and Osir, E.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={83–116} }
 @inproceedings{harmon_andow_2003, place={Morgantown, WV}, title={Alternative foods as a mechanism to enhance a generalist ladybird's predation of target prey}, number={FHTET-2003-05}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods}, publisher={United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}, author={Harmon, J. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={van Driessche, R.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={244–249} }
 @inbook{andow_2003, place={Taipei, ROC Taiwan}, title={Biological invasions: Assessment and management of environmental risk}, volume={538}, url={http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/eb/538/}, booktitle={FFTC Extension Bulletin}, publisher={Food & Fertilizer Technology Center}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{andow_2003, place={Tsukuba, Japan}, title={Biological invasions: Assessment and management of environmental risk}, booktitle={Proceedings of International Seminar on Biological Invasions: Environmental impacts and the development of a database for the Asian-Pacific Region}, publisher={National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences and Food and Fertilizer Technology Center}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Oka, M. and Matsui, M. and Shiomi, T. and Ogawa, Y. and Tsuchiya, K.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={1–29} }
 @article{maria fontana capalbo_hilbeck_andow_snow_ba bong_wan_fontes_onyango osir_fitt_johnston_et al._2003, title={Brazil and the development of international scientific biosafety testing guidelines for transgenic crops}, volume={83}, ISSN={0022-2011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00061-2}, DOI={10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00061-2}, abstractNote={Under the umbrella of the International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC), an international working group of public sector scientists entitled on "Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control" has been organized. The group will develop scientific principles and detailed scientific guidelines for biosafety testing of transgenic crops. The key elements of this project are: (1) An international initiative including expert scientists from leading research institutions in developed and developing countries; (2) coordination of the development and implementation of the guidelines as a dynamic process, which will include scientific and technical capacity building and communication among scientists and between scientists and policy makers; (3) rapid serial publication of sections of the guidelines as they are completed; and (4) rapid and timely revision of previously published sections. The guidelines will be constructed on a case-by-case basis and will have no regulatory legitimacy themselves.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Invertebrate Pathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Maria Fontana Capalbo, Deise and Hilbeck, Angelika and Andow, David and Snow, Allison and Ba Bong, Bui and Wan, Fang-Hao and Fontes, Eliana M.G and Onyango Osir, Ellie and Fitt, Gary P and Johnston, Jill and et al.}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={104–106} }
 @article{neuhauser_andow_heimpel_may_shaw_wagenius_2003, title={COMMUNITY GENETICS: EXPANDING THE SYNTHESIS OF ECOLOGY AND GENETICS}, volume={84}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0545:cgetso]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0545:cgetso]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Community genetics synthesizes community ecology and population genetics and yields fresh insights into the interplay between evolutionary and ecological processes. A community genetics framework proves especially valuable when strong selection on traits results from or impinges on interspecific interactions, an increasingly common phenomenon as more communities are subject to direct management or anthropogenic disturbances. We draw illustrations of this perspective from our ongoing studies of three representative communities, two managed and one natural, that have recently undergone large perturba- tions. The studied communities are: (1) insect pests of crop plants genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins; (2) insect-pollinated plants in habitats severely fragmented by agriculture and urbanization; and (3) a pathogen and its crop host now grown extensively outside their native ranges. We demonstrate the value of integrating genetic and ecological processes to gain a full understanding of community dynamics, particularly in nonequilib- rium systems that are subject to strong selection.}, number={3}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Neuhauser, Claudia and Andow, D. A. and Heimpel, George E. and May, Georgiana and Shaw, Ruth G. and Wagenius, Stuart}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={545–558} }
 @article{haygood_ives_andow_2003, title={Consequences of recurrent gene flow from crops to wild relatives}, volume={270}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2426}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2003.2426}, abstractNote={Concern about gene flow from crops to wild relatives has become widespread with the increasing cultivation of transgenic crops. Possible consequences of such gene flow include genetic assimilation, wherein crop genes replace wild ones, and demographic swamping, wherein hybrids are less fertile than their wild parents, and wild populations shrink. Using mathematical models of a wild population recurrently receiving pollen from a genetically fixed crop, we find that the conditions for genetic assimilation are not stringent, and progress towards replacement can be fast, even for disfavoured crop genes. Demographic swamping and genetic drift relax the conditions for genetic assimilation and speed progress towards replacement. Genetic assimilation can involve thresholds and hysteresis, such that a small increase in immigration can lead to fixation of a disfavoured crop gene that had been maintained at a moderate frequency, even if the increase in immigration is cancelled before the gene fixes. Demographic swamping can give rise to ‘migrational meltdown’, such that a small increase in immigration can lead to not only fixation of a disfavoured crop gene but also drastic shrinkage of the wild population. These findings suggest that the spread of crop genes in wild populations should be monitored more closely.}, number={1527}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Haygood, Ralph and Ives, Anthony R. and Andow, David A.}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={1879–1886} }
 @inbook{hilbeck_andow_2003, place={Vienna, Austria}, title={Data requirements for ecological risk assessment of transgenic plants}, booktitle={Ecological impact of GMO dissemination in agro-ecosystems}, publisher={Facultas Universitätsverlag}, author={Hilbeck, A, and Andow, D.A.}, editor={Lelley, T. and Balázs, E. and Tepfer, M.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={193–212} }
 @article{andow_2003, title={Editorial: Negative and positive data, statistical power, and confidence intervals}, volume={2}, ISSN={1635-7922 1635-7930}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2003008}, DOI={10.1051/ebr:2003008}, abstractNote={What is negative about negative data? Scientists understand negative data from our training in data analysis and statistics, where we use a positive concept of negative data. Negative data are data that do not enable us to reject our null hypothesis. Such data are often difficult to publish because it is not possible to prove the null hypothesis. Every active research scientist has a large drawer where these data languish. In the area of environmental biosafety, however, some scientists have begun to use “negative data” in a second, normative way. This normative concept of negative data has socio-political connotations, where “negative” data has come to connote results that GMO proponents could use to support, and GMO opponents could use to oppose the development of GMOs. This politicization of GMO biosafety research is worthy of study in its own right, but EBR is prepared to accept any kind of “negative” or “positive” data.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, publisher={EDP Sciences}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={75–80} }
 @book{andow_stodola_2003, title={European corn borer rearing manual}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/11299/174415}, number={564}, author={Andow, D.A. and Stodola, T.J.}, year={2003} }
 @article{harmon_hladilek_hinton_stodola_andow_2003, title={Herbivore response to vegetational diversity: spatial interaction of resources and natural enemies}, volume={45}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-003-0146-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10144-003-0146-8}, abstractNote={AbstractVegetational diversity in agricultural systems is predicted to reduce herbivore populations, but we observed the opposite effect: higher nymph population densities of a functionally monophagous herbivore, the squash bug, Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in a vegetationally diverse squash‐bean‐corn polyculture than in a squash monoculture. We examined spatial and temporal aspects of squash bug and predator populations in relation to vegetational diversity. Average colonization, oviposition, and mortality rates for the herbivore were similar in monocultures and polycultures. In the polyculture, however, we found that squash bugs eggs were highly aggregated on plants on the outer edges of plots. Predation was also lower on plants near the edges, allowing the large aggregations of eggs found in the polyculture to escape predation and ultimately produce more squash bugs. Spatial interactions between herbivores and natural enemies may underlie some of the general effects of vegetational diversity on herbivores.}, number={2}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Harmon, Jason P. and Hladilek, Erin E. and Hinton, Jennifer L. and Stodola, Timothy J. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={75–81} }
 @article{andow_olson_2003, title={Inheritance of host finding ability on structurally complex surfaces}, volume={136}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1262-z}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-003-1262-z}, number={2}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, D. A. and Olson, D. M.}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={324–328} }
 @misc{zwahlen_andow_2003, title={Insect Molecular Genetics. An Introduction to Principles and Applications, second edition, by Marjorie A. Hoy}, volume={2}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, author={Zwahlen, C. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2003}, pages={277–278} }
 @article{lane_andow_2003, title={Oak Savanna Subhabitat Variation and the Population Biology of <I>Lycaeides melissa samuelis</I> (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, volume={96}, ISSN={0013-8746 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0799:ossvat]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0799:ossvat]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov, the Karner blue butterfly, is a federally endangered species that has two generations per year in oak savanna habitats. The significance of “subhabitat” variation, formed by variable tree canopy cover, in creating high-quality habitat for this butterfly was evaluated. Subhabitats were characterized by percent canopy cover as open (0–15%), partial (16–75%), and closed (76–100%). Habitat quality was assessed by measuring egg distribution and larval and pupal survival, in each subhabitat at sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota for as long as 3 yr. Estimates of mortality rates were used to project adult production for each subhabitat in each generation at the two Wisconsin sites (Sawyer and Fishery). At the Sawyer site, the largest number of eggs tended to occur in open subhabitats, ranging in number from 16,460 to 665,860. Similarly, during the second flight at the Fishery site, a greater number of eggs were observed in the open subhabitat; for two of the five sample periods, egg numbers ranged from 61,470 to 173,430. However, in other years and/or broods, partial subhabitats had greatest number of eggs at the Fishery site, ranging from 24,850 to 88,160 eggs. The fewest total eggs were laid in closed subhabitat, ranging from 20 to 12,740, where larval survival rates were the highest. Therefore, the subhabitat with the highest immature survival rates typically received the lowest total number of eggs. However, we predicted greater adult production per stem to occur in partial and closed subhabitats. The unique attributes of all three subhabitats and their potential influences on population dynamics suggest that all subhabitats studied may be essential for the long-term persistence of healthy L. m. samuelis populations.}, number={6}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lane, Cynthia P. and Andow, David A.}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={799–809} }
 @article{harmon_white_andow_2003, title={Oviposition Behavior of <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Response to Potential Intra- and Interspecific Interactions}, volume={32}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-32.2.334}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-32.2.334}, abstractNote={Abstract Oviposition behavior is an important mechanism for establishing spatial distribution and mitigating potential interactions among community members. We studied the oviposition behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, in the presence of conspecific larvae, the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and corn pollen to determine whether these potential interacting factors affect the distribution of European corn borer egg masses laid on sweet corn in field cages. We found that ovipositing females in the field differentiate between adjacent corn plants in response to conspecific larvae. We also found that European corn borers laid significantly fewer egg masses on plants with large aphid colonies compared with adjacent plants with few aphids. Furthermore, fewer egg masses were laid on the top one third of the plant where the aphid colonies were located. We also tested for a fitness advantage of European corn borer’s oviposition behavior in response to aphids and found that neonate larvae inoculated on plants with small aphid colonies had higher establishment (survivorship + retention) than larvae on plants with large aphid colonies. Pollen, disentangled from any effects of differential plant stage, did not seem to affect oviposition behavior. These results may have important implications for understanding the spatial distribution and interaction of European corn borer, its natural enemies, and potential management strategies.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Harmon, Jason P. and White, Jennifer A. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={334–339} }
 @inproceedings{white_andow_2003, place={Morgantown, WV}, title={Role of Macrocentrus in resistance evolution}, number={FHTET-2003-05}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods}, publisher={United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}, author={White, J. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={van Driessche, R.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={292} }
 @article{andow_2003, title={UK farm-scale evaluations of transgenic herbicide-tolerant crops}, volume={21}, ISSN={1087-0156 1546-1696}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1203-1453}, DOI={10.1038/nbt1203-1453}, number={12}, journal={Nature Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, David A}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1453–1454} }
 @article{andow_2003, title={XIII International Entomophagous Insects Workshop July 27-31, 2003, Tucson, Arizona}, volume={3}, ISSN={1536-2442}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/3.1.33}, DOI={10.1093/jis/3.1.33}, abstractNote={The parasitism of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) eggs by Ceratogramma etiennei Delvare as influenced by host age, age of the parasitoid, and host plant preference was evaluated.Percent parasitism of D. abbreviatus eggs by C. etiennei decreased as eggs matured under laboratory and greenhouse tests.One to 2 d old C. etiennei females parasitized more hosts than older females.Host plant leaf thickness, leaf pubescence and plant strata affected parasitism by C. etiennei.This parasitoid is diurnal and spends approximately 5 min probing, 46 min in actual parasitism per egg mass and 24 min resting. Natural enemies and the evolution of host range expansion in herbivorous insects}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Insect Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{andow_2002, place={Farnham, Surrey, UK}, title={Adaptive resistance management in Bt maize}, booktitle={British Crop Protection Council, The BCPC Conference, Pests and Diseases 2002}, publisher={British Crop Protection Council}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2002}, pages={1035–1042} }
 @article{andow_2002, title={Ancestral feeding and survival of offspring in European corn borer}, volume={103}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00965.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00965.x}, abstractNote={AbstractExperiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of ancestral adult feeding by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on larval survival in the field and neonate movement behavior in laboratory. Larval survival was higher when either the grandparental or parental generation had fed, but the feeding sites of the surviving larvae were not affected by ancestral feeding condition. This is the first evidence that grandparental feeding could influence larval survival in the field. Larval movement was observed in the laboratory. Silking speed of neonates was faster when either grandparents or parents had fed, while walking speed was faster only when parents had fed. No broad‐sense genetic correlation was found between silking speed and walking speed. Broad‐sense heritability among feeding histories were not significant for silking speed, but was significantly greater than zero for walking speed when grandparents fed and parents did not. These intergenerational effects could induce complex population dynamics in this species.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={115–122} }
 @book{pimentel_andow_2002, title={Encyclopedia of Pest Management}, ISBN={9780367803742}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824706326}, DOI={10.1201/noe0824706326}, abstractNote={Auxiliaries: Deodorants, Diluents, Solvents, Stickers, Surfactants, and Synergists | Allergenic Reactions to Pesticides and Pests | Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Fungi) | Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Viruses) | Compatibility of Chemical and Biological Pesticides | Cosmetic Standards (Blemished Food Products and Insects in Foods) | Destruction of Natural Enemies by Pesticides | Ecological Aspects of Pest Management | Field Crop Pest Management (Insects and Mites) | Field Crop Pest Management (Plant Pathogens) | GIS and Gps Systems in Pest Control | Glasshouse Crop Pest Management (Insects and Mites) | Historical Epidemics (E.G., Irish Potato Famine) | History of Biological Controls | Insect Pest Management | Insect Pest Management for Lawns | Legal Aspects of Pest Management and Pesticides | Lethal Genes for Use in Insect Control | Natural Enemy Monitoring for Pest Management | Neurological Effects of Insecticides | Ornamental Crop Pest Management (Insects) | Ornamental Crop Pest Management (Plant Pathogens) | Postharvest Insect Control with Inert Dusts | Principles of Pest Management with Emphasis on Plant Pathogens | Regulating Pesticides (Laws and Regulations) | Reproductive and Developmental Effects from Occupational Pesticides Exposure | Soil Erosion and Pesticide Translocation Control | System and Management of Integrated Plant Control | Vegetable Crop Pest Management (Weeds) | Weed Management: Introduction and Mechanical and Cultural Approaches | Worker Protection Standard}, publisher={CRC Press}, year={2002}, month={May} }
 @article{tepfer_andow_ammann_2002, title={Environmental Biosafety Research</i>(EBR): a new journal to fill a unique scientific niche}, volume={1}, ISSN={1635-7922 1635-7930}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2002000}, DOI={10.1051/ebr/2002000}, abstractNote={Environmental applications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have received unprecedented inspection and evaluation. In recent decades, public valuation of the environment has increased, and public perceptions of the environmental impacts of agricultural technologies have changed. Agricultural technologies, which at one time escaped broad public consideration, now receive intense public scrutiny because of their potential adverse environmental effects. For instance, pesticides, sub-soil drainage, fertilizers, and the Green Revolution have been examined with increasing intensity, and GMOs are the most recent agricultural technology to attract public criticism in their evolving attitudes toward the environment. However, the breadth of the ongoing public discourse concerning GMOs is unprecedented in scope and timing. This is the first time that human health, environmental, and socio-economic considerations have been brought to bear in evaluating a technological innovation prior to commercialization. For nearly all innovative biological technologies, thoughtful scientists have been acutely aware that application of these discoveries could have detrimental effects on humans or the environment, and have called for careful application of these new technologies. In the 1960s and 1970s, molecular biologists were in the forefront of asking the pertinent safety questions in their field, and seeking answers to these questions resulted in the NIH Guidelines for safe laboratory practice and safe cloning in Escherichia coli (Wright, 1994). Here improved knowledge made it possible to implement safe laboratory practices, and thus to benefit from the many medical and food processing innovations of genetic engineering. In the 1970s and 1980s, ecological scientists called for environmental safety evaluations for releases of GMOs into the environment (Sharples, 1983; Gillett et al., 1986; Tiedje et al., 1989). Improved understanding of GMOs intended for deliberate release plays a key role in making it possible to benefit more fully from GMOs, while mitigating or avoiding potential negative effects. Science-based assessment of GMOs is universally recognized as the essential foundation of national and international evaluation of GMO-based innovation, and this is the basis of the enormous challenge to the scientific community involved.This prospective, interdisciplinary feature of the GMO discussion makes research in this area particularly interesting, but it has become increasingly difficult to follow new developments across this broad and actively growing domain. Although researchers will continue to publish in specialized journals, the principal objective of Environmental Biosafety Research (EBR) is to provide a common interdisciplinary ground for publication of results that are pertinent to the environmental safety and risk - in the broadest sense - of biotechnological innovations. This includes biological and socio-economic evaluations of environmental effects, and environmentally mediated effects on human health.Our hope is that results published in EBR will help provide answers to current and future questions about the environmental effects of GMOs. Even when the current phase of debate has reached some scientific consensus, there will be a need for continued focus on biosafety research for at least two reasons. The currently available GMOs are modified for relatively simple traits, both genetically and phenotypically. When far more complex traits, such as resistance to salinity or drought, or modifications of entire metabolic pathways, are ready for evaluation, the scientific biosafety issues will likely be correspondingly complex. Also, public involvement in the decision-making process for commercial release of GMOs may deepen or spread to other environmental applications of biological technologies. This would raise new challenges to provide the solid scientific results necessary to satisfy the analysis called for by the public - and scientists as well - which we believe is a positive social good. EBR will be attentive to these possibilities, and expects to adapt to the shifting demands for scientific knowledge to support the decision making process regarding the use of any biological discovery in uncontained environments. EBR begins its life as the official journal of a new learned society, the International Society for Biosafety Research (ISBR). These twin projects were conceived during 2000 at the 6th International Biosafety Symposium held in Saskatchewan, and their birth will be recognized at the 7th International Biosafety Symposium at Beijing on October 11-16, 2002. The linkage with the ISBR will guarantee that EBR will be able to publish forward-looking research with the necessary independence. Another essential element necessary for the success of EBR is active participation by the scientific community. We look forward with great anticipation to our intertwined development with ISBR and will take great pleasure in meeting you, as a member of ISBR, as a reader of our articles, and most importantly as an author who believes that appropriate use of biological innovation requires the highest standards of research.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, publisher={EDP Sciences}, author={Tepfer, Mark and Andow, David A. and Ammann, Klaus}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={3–4} }
 @book{andow_2002, place={Washington, DC}, title={Environmental effects of transgenic plants: The scope and adequacy of regulation}, institution={National Academy Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{ives_andow_2002, title={Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments}, volume={5}, ISSN={1461-023X 1461-0248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00392.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00392.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Widespread use of transgenic crops that express an insecticidal endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis increases the risk of evolution of resistance by the European corn borer and other insect pests. To delay resistance evolution, the high‐dose/refuge strategy is being implemented for Bt maize and Bt cotton. We develop a general modelling framework to understand the invasion and spread of alleles conferring resistance. We show that at least three processes are involved in explaining the effectiveness of the high‐dose/refuge strategy: the intensity of selection, assortative (non‐random) mating due to spatial subdivision, and variation in male mating success also due to spatial subdivision. Understanding these processes leads to a greater range of possible resistance management tactics. For example, efforts to encourage adults to leave their natal fields may have the unwanted effect of speeding rather than slowing resistance evolution. Furthermore, when Bt maize causes high mortality to susceptible target pests, spraying insecticides in refuges to reduce pest populations may not greatly disrupt resistance management.}, number={6}, journal={Ecology Letters}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ives, Anthony R. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={792–801} }
 @inproceedings{cuong_andow_cohen_2002, title={Frequency of alleles conferring major resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a Philippine population of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Rim Conference}, author={Cuong, N.L. and Andow, D.A. and Cohen, M.B.}, editor={Akhurst, R.J. and Beard, C.E. and Hughes, P.A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={99} }
 @article{bourguet_chaufaux_séguin_buisson_hinton_stodola_porter_cronholm_buschman_andow_2002, title={Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis}, volume={106}, ISSN={0040-5752}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-1172-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-002-1172-1}, number={7}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Genetics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bourguet, D. and Chaufaux, J. and Séguin, M. and Buisson, C. and Hinton, J. L. and Stodola, T. J. and Porter, P. and Cronholm, G. and Buschman, L. L. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1225–1233} }
 @inbook{andow_2002, place={San Diego, California}, title={Genetically modified plants}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Insects}, publisher={Academic Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Resh, V. and Cardé, R.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={466–471} }
 @article{olson_andow_2002, title={Inheritance of an oviposition behavior by an egg parasitoid}, volume={88}, ISSN={0018-067X 1365-2540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800076}, DOI={10.1038/sj.hdy.6800076}, abstractNote={A quantitative genetic study revealed genetic and environmental sources of variance in percentage parasitism of European corn borer egg masses and secondary sex ratios by Trichogramma nubilale. Full and half-sib groups of T. nubilale were obtained from a nested mating design, which permitted the partitioning of the variance of T. nubilale parasitism of European corn borer egg masses into additive genetic variance, maternal/dominant variance and environmental variance. A mother-daughter regression of the percentage of an egg mass parasitized allowed a determination of the direction of a potential response to selection in the event of maternal effects. No or very little additive genetic effects were associated with the percentage of eggs within a mass parasitized and secondary sex ratios, but a significant amount of the variance for both traits had a maternal and/or dominant genetic source. The relationship between mothers and daughters in egg mass parasitism was positive, and 55.4% of the progeny of a given mother had behaviors that resemble their mother. Most of the variance had an environmental and/or unknown genetic source implying potentially high phenotypic plasticity associated with all these traits. The presence of maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity could have multiple and complex effects on progeny characters and potential responses to selection.}, number={6}, journal={Heredity}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Olson, D M and Andow, D A}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={437–443} }
 @inproceedings{andow_2002, place={Alexandria, VA}, title={Insect resistance in Bt corn: Management, monitoring and response}, booktitle={Report of the 56th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference}, publisher={American Seed Trade Association}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2002}, pages={214–225} }
 @article{andow_ives_2002, title={MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT}, volume={12}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1378:maarm]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1378:maarm]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={An adaptive management strategy can be used to hedge against failures in the scientific assumptions underlying the high-dose plus refuge strategy for managing the resistance of the European corn borer to Bt corn. This will require sensitive monitoring coupled with effective adaptive management interventions. Using a theoretical model, we suggest that recessive resistance alleles must be detected at frequencies of ≤5 × 10−3 to provide enough time to adapt management. Analysis of the costs of monitoring indicates that an F2 screen is the most cost effective method for monitoring recessive resistance to Bt corn. If resistance is dominant, an in-field screen is the most cost effective method. Both methods can detect and measure resistance at frequencies of ≤5 × 10−3 for ∼$5000 (U.S. dollars) per site. Two kinds of adaptive responses can be taken: (1) reducing the selective advantage of the resistance allele or (2) modifying the mating system so fewer resistance alleles are passed on to future generations. Ass...}, number={5}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A. and Ives, A. R.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1378–1390} }
 @article{andow_huet_altosaar_2001, title={An ounce of prevention enough to stem Asia's appetite for rice?}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, author={Andow, D.A. and Huet, A.-S. and Altosaar, I.}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={95–97, 99–100} }
 @article{andow_stodola_2001, title={Detecting Subtle Effects of Diet Preservatives on European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={36}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.285}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.285}, abstractNote={A wheat germ-casien-agar diet for rearing European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, contains five preservatives, sorbic acid (0.055% w/w), para-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (methyl paraben, 0.144% w/w), propionic acid (0.488% w/w), aureomycin (0.292% w/w), and phosphoric acid (0.084% w/w). We conducted studies to determine if the first four of these preservatives can be reduced. In the first experiment we eliminated simultaneously propionic acid and aureomycin and either retained all sorbic acid and methyl paraben or reduced them by 50% or eliminated them as well. The diet with full sorbic acid and methyl paraben and no propionic acid and aureomycin performed similar to the unchanged control. All other diets resulted in microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. In the second experiment, we compared 5 diets, the full complement of sorbic acid and methyl paraben with elimination or 50% reduction of both propionic acid and aureomycin, elimination of aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid. The last diet had no aureomycin or propionic acid and 50% reduction in methyl paraben. Some of the replicate dishes with diets without any propionic acid or aureomycin had microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. Larval survival was similar for the remaining diets. The diet without aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid produced large larvae that were about half as variable in size as those from the control diet, suggesting that a reduction in these preservatives would increase moth uniformity. No differences in development rate were observed among the diets.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Andow, D. A. and Stodola, T. J.}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={285–296} }
 @book{andow_2001, place={Washington, DC}, title={Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops}, ISBN={9780309073356}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10068}, DOI={10.17226/10068}, abstractNote={On July 13-14, 2000, the National Research Council held a workshop on Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops. As the title suggests, the workshop specifically excluded monitoring aimed at detecting effects on human health. Its focus was on monitoring for effects that genetically modified crops might have on the surrounding ecosystems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The purpose was to lay out the issues surrounding such monitoring, to describe what was known, and to identify what needed further attention.}, publisher={National Academies Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2001}, month={Feb} }
 @book{andow_2001, place={Fort Snelling, Minnesota}, title={Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Technical/Agency Draft Recovery Plan}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, year={2001} }
 @article{andow_2001, title={Patterns of Feeding and Mortality of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Laboratory}, volume={94}, ISSN={0013-8746 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0563:pofamo]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0563:pofamo]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract I studied the diurnal and ontological patterns of feeding by European corn borer adults, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and characterized the effect of feeding on adult mortality in the laboratory. Adults were provided a sucrose diet and water ad libitum, and were observed at periodic intervals to estimate the proportion feeding on sucrose or water. Dead adults were counted daily to estimate mortality. Adults preferred to feed on the sucrose diet during the first week of life, but not thereafter. Feeding occurred mainly just after the lights were turned off but also just after lights were turned on, and this time preference also waned by the second week of life. Daily mortality rates increased during adult life. These results are consistent with other studies on adult mortality, and suggest that feeding on sugar may be beneficial for adults only when their life expectancy exceeds 4 d.}, number={4}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={563–565} }
 @book{andow_2001, title={Position Statement: Genetically Modified Organisms}, volume={1}, institution={ESA (Ecological Society of America)}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2001} }
 @misc{andow_2001, title={Resisting resistance to Bt-corn}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420042030.ch4}, DOI={10.1201/9781420042030.ch4}, journal={Genetically Engineered Organisms}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Andow, David}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={99–124} }
 @misc{harmon_andow_2001, title={Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control</i>. Bradford A. Hawkins , Howard V. Cornell}, volume={76}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393839}, DOI={10.1086/393839}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksTheoretical Approaches to Biological Control. Bradford A. Hawkins , Howard V. Cornell J. P. Harmon and D. A. AndowJ. P. Harmon Search for more articles by this author and D. A. Andow Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 76, Number 1Mar., 2001 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/393839 Copyright 2001 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={1}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Harmon, J. P. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={110–110} }
 @article{andow_2000, title={Adaptive resistance management}, volume={11}, journal={Resistant Pest Management Newsletter}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={2000}, pages={8} }
 @article{venette_hutchison_andow_2000, title={An In-Field Screen for Early Detection and Monitoring of Insect Resistance to <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> in Transgenic Crops}, volume={93}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1055}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1055}, abstractNote={Abstract We present a field-based approach to detect and monitor insects with resistance to insecticidal toxins produced by transgenic plants. Our objective is to estimate the phenotypic frequency of resistance in a population by relating the densities of insects on genetically transformed plants to densities on nontransformed plants. We focus on European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in sweet corn, Zea mays L., expressing Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner to illustrate principles underlying the method. The probability of detecting one or more rare, resistant larvae depends on sample size, the density of larvae on nontransformed plants, and an assumed frequency of resistant phenotypes in a given population. Probability of detection increases with increases in sample size, background density, or the frequency of resistant individuals. Following binomial probability theory, if a frequency of 10−4 is expected, 103–104 samples must be collected from a B. thuringiensis (Bt) crop to have at least a 95% probability of locating one or more resistant larvae. In-field screens using transgenic crops have several advantages over traditional laboratory-based methods, including exposure to a large number of feral insects, discrimination of resistant individuals based on Bt dosages expressed in the field, incorporation of natural and Bt-induced mortality factors, simultaneous monitoring for more than one insect species, and ease of use. The approach is amenable to field survey crews working in research, extension, and within the seed corn industry. Estimates of the phenotypic frequency of resistance from the in-field screen can be useful for estimating initial frequency of resistant alleles. Bayesian statistical methods are outlined to estimate phenotype frequencies, allele frequencies, and associated confidence intervals from field data. Results of the approach are discussed relative to existing complementary methods currently available for O. nubilalis and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie).}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Venette, Robert C. and Hutchison, W. D. and Andow, D. A.}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={1055–1064} }
 @article{bentur_andow_cohen_romena_gould_2000, title={Frequency of Alleles Conferring Resistance to a <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> Toxin in a Philippine Population of <I>Scirpophaga incertulas</I> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)}, volume={93}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515}, abstractNote={Abstract Using the F2 screen methodology, we estimated the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in a Philippine population of the stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). Evaluation of >450 isofemale lines for survival of F2 larvae on cry1Ab plants did not detect the presence of an allele conferring a high level of resistance. The frequency of such an allele in the sampled population was conservatively estimated to be <3.6 × 10−3 with 95% confidence and a detection probability of 94%. However, there was evidence of the presence of alleles conferring partial resistance to Cry1Ab. The frequency of alleles for partial resistance was estimated as 4.8 × 10−3 with a 95% CI between 1.3 × 10−3 and 1.04 × 10−2 and a detection probability of 94%. Our results suggest that the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Cry1Ab in the population of S. incertulas sampled is not too high to preclude successful implementation of the high dose/refuge resistance management strategy.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bentur, J. S. and Andow, D. A. and Cohen, M. B. and Romena, A. M. and Gould, F.}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={1515–1521} }
 @article{andow_olson_hellmich_alstad_hutchison_2000, title={Frequency of Resistance to <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> Toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa Population of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={93}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.26}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.26}, abstractNote={Abstract The refuge plus high-dose strategy for resistance management assumes that the frequency of resistance alleles is low. We used an F2 screen to estimate the frequency of resistance to transgenic corn that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ab toxin (Bt corn) in an Iowa population of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). We also proposed a modification to the statistical analysis of the F2 screen that extends its application for nonuniform prior distributions and for repeated sampling of a single population. Based on a sample of 188 isofemale lines derived from females caught at light traps during the 2nd flight of 1997, we show with 95% confidence that the frequency of resistance to Bt corn was <3.9 × 10−3 in this Iowa population. These results provide weak evidence that the refuge plus high-dose strategy may be effective for managing resistance in O. nubilalis to Bt corn. Partial resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was found commonly. The 95% CI for the frequency of partial resistance were [8.2 × 10−4, 9.4 × 10−3] for the Iowa population. Variable costs of the method were $14.90 per isofemale line, which was a reduction of 25% compared with our initial estimate.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Olson, D. M. and Hellmich, R. L. and Alstad, D. N. and Hutchison, W. D.}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={26–30} }
 @inbook{andow_2000, place={Berlin}, title={Management of pesticidal crops}, booktitle={Biological resource management: Connecting science and policy}, publisher={Springer Verlag}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Balazs, E. and Galante, E. and Lynch, J.M. and Schepers, J.S. and Toutant, J.-P. and Werner, D. and Werry, P.A.Th J.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={265–276} }
 @inproceedings{hutchison_andow_2000, place={Berlin}, title={Resistance management for Bt corn: Progress and challenges to consensus in U.S. policy}, booktitle={Proceedings of 5th International symposium on biosafety results of field tests of genetically modified plants and microorganisms}, publisher={Parey Buchverlag}, author={Hutchison, W.D. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={Schiemann, J.Editor}, year={2000}, pages={231–238} }
 @inproceedings{venette_o'rourke_hutchison_burkness_andow_2000, title={Survival of Helicoverpa zea on Bt sweet corn}, volume={2}, booktitle={Proceeding of the Beltway Cotton Conference}, author={Venette, R.C. and O'Rourke, P.K. and Hutchison, W.D. and Burkness, E.C. and Andow, D.A.}, year={2000}, pages={1058–1060} }
 @misc{steffey_rice_all_andow_gray_van duyn_1999, title={Beneficial Organisms}, ISBN={9781960154644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4182/eiog7808.120.137}, DOI={10.4182/eiog7808.120.137}, journal={Handbook of Corn Insects}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Steffey, Kevin L. and Rice, Marlin E. and All, John and Andow, David A. and Gray, Michael E. and Van Duyn, John W.}, year={1999}, month={Aug} }
 @book{yano_matsuo_shiyomi_andow_1999, place={Tsukuba}, title={Biological invasions of ecosystems by pests and beneficial organisms}, publisher={National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences}, author={Yano, E. and Matsuo, K. and Shiyomi, M. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1999} }
 @article{schellhorn_andow_1999, title={Cannibalism and Interspecific Predation: Role of Oviposition Behavior}, volume={9}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2641129}, DOI={10.2307/2641129}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schellhorn, N. A. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={418} }
 @article{andow_alstad_1999, title={Credibility interval for rare resistance allele frequency}, volume={92}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Andow, D.A. and Alstad, D.N.}, year={1999}, pages={755–758} }
 @book{steffey_rice_all_andow_gray_van duyn_1999, place={Lanham, MD}, title={Entomological Society of America handbook of corn insects}, publisher={Entomological Society of America}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{yano_andow_matsuo_shiyomi_1999, place={Tsukuba}, title={Introduction}, booktitle={Biological invasions of ecosystems by pests and beneficial organisms}, publisher={National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences}, author={Yano, E. and Andow, D.A. and Matsuo, K. and Shiyomi, M.}, editor={Yano, E. and Matsuo, K. and Shiyomi, M. and Andow, D.A.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={vii-x} }
 @article{bolin_hutchison_andow_1999, title={Long-Term Selection for Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Endotoxin in a Minnesota Population of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={92}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/92.5.1021}, DOI={10.1093/jee/92.5.1021}, abstractNote={Transgenic corn, expressing the insecticidal δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, provides high levels of control of some lepidopteran pests, particularly the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). However, resistance to B. thuringiensis has been documented recently in laboratory colonies of agronomically important Lepidoptera, including O. nubilalis. For the past 4 yr, we have selected for Cry1Ac resistance in a population of O. nubilalis from southeastern Minnesota. Increasing resistance to B. thuringiensis was noted after only 8 generations of selection, with a peak at 162-fold resistance, based on comparisons of LC50s to a nonselected parental strain. This resistance was found to decrease at the same rate in the absence of B. thuringiensis selection, with one selected colony becoming nearly as sensitive to the Cry1Ac toxin as the nonselected colony after 9 generations without exposure to B. thuringiensis. The most resistant of the colonies, S-I, was only marginally cross-resistant to Cry1Ab, yet another selected colony, S-IV, did demonstrate a 16-fold cross-resistance. In addition, larvae from the S-IV colony had significantly greater weight gain when feeding on diet incorporated with B. thuringiensis -transgenic corn than did larvae from the nonselected parental colony. These findings emphasize the need for careful deployment of B. thuringiensis corn to preserve this effective pest management technology.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Bolin, Patricia C. and Hutchison, William D. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={1021–1030} }
 @article{schellhorn_andow_1999, title={Mortality of Coccinellid (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Larvae and Pupae When Prey Become Scarce}, volume={28}, ISSN={0046-225X 1938-2936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.6.1092}, DOI={10.1093/ee/28.6.1092}, abstractNote={Coccinellid larvae are known to prey upon conspecific and heterospecific eggs, larvae, prepupae, and pupae. This behavior may depend on both the aggregation and intensive search of potential cannibals and predators near aphid colonies and the disappearance of aphids before coccinellid larvae have completed their development. We examined how coccinellid density and prey availability influence cannibalism and interspecific predation of larvae and pupae of 4 species of coccinellids. We determined whether coccinellid mortality and dispersal were density-dependent when prey become scarce, and estimated the leaving rates of Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Adalia bipunctata (L.), and Hippodamia convergens (Guerin) larvae from plants with aphids and plants without aphids. Our results show that larval and pupal cannibalism and interspecific predation occur more frequently when aphid populations crash, but we found no evidence of coccinellid density-dependent mortality or density-dependent larval dispersal among species. However, A. bipunctata and H. convergens were significantly more aggressive and more likely to leave a plant without aphids than was C. maculata. These results suggest that the decision to stay on a plant is not strongly aphid- or pollen-mediated for C. maculata, but the decision to stay or leave does appear to be aphid-mediated for H. convergens and to some extent A. bipunctata. Whether a coccinellid larva stays or leaves and its tendency to cannibalize can affect larval and pupal survival and the population dynamics of each species.}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Schellhorn, Nancy A. and Andow, David A.}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1092–1100} }
 @article{letourneau_andow_1999, title={Natural-Enemy Food Webs}, volume={9}, ISSN={1051-0761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0363:nefw]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0363:nefw]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Ecological ApplicationsVolume 9, Issue 2 p. 363-364 Feature Natural-Enemy Food Webs D. K. Letourneau, D. K. Letourneau University of California, Santa CruzSearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Andow, D. A. Andow University of MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author D. K. Letourneau, D. K. Letourneau University of California, Santa CruzSearch for more papers by this authorD. A. Andow, D. A. Andow University of MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1999 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0363:NEFW]2.0.CO;2Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume9, Issue2May 1999Pages 363-364 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Letourneau, D. K. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={363–364} }
 @inproceedings{andow_1999, place={Washington, DC}, title={Pro-active monitoring}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EPA/USDA Workshop on Bt Crop Resistance Management}, publisher={USEPA}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{andow_1999, place={Tsukuba}, title={Spread of invading organisms}, booktitle={Biological invasions of ecosystems by Pests and beneficial organisms}, publisher={National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Yano, E. and Matsuo, K. and Shiyomi, M. and Andow, D.A.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={66–77} }
 @inbook{andow_1999, place={Lanham, MD}, title={Trichogrammatid wasps}, booktitle={Entomological Society of America handbook of corn insects}, publisher={Entomological Society of America}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Steffey, K.L. and Rice, M.E. and All, J. and Andow, D.A. and Gray, M.E. and Van Duyn, J.W.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={128–129} }
 @misc{schellhorn_harmon_andow_1999, title={Using Cultural Practices to Enhance Insect Pest Control by Natural Enemies}, ISBN={9781566704786 9781439822685}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439822685.ch5}, DOI={10.1201/9781439822685.ch5}, journal={Insect Pest Management}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Schellhorn, N and Harmon, J and Andow, D}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={147–171} }
 @inbook{andow_hutchison_1998, place={Cambridge, MA}, title={Bt-corn resistance management}, booktitle={Now or Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, author={Andow, D.A. and Hutchison, W.D.}, editor={Mellon, M. and Rissler, J.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={19–66} }
 @article{andow_alstad_1998, title={F2 Screen for Rare Resistance Alleles}, volume={91}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/91.3.572}, DOI={10.1093/jee/91.3.572}, abstractNote={The refuge plus high-dose resistance management strategy for transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner crystal protein toxins (Bt crops) assumes that resistance is rare and functionally recessive. We propose an F 2 screening procedure to estimate the frequency of rare resistance alleles in natural insect populations and acquire them for further testing. The procedure preserves genetic variation in isofemale lines and concentrates the resistance alleles in homozygous genotypes where they can be detected, whether they are recessive or dominant. Bayesian statistics for estimating allele frequency and credibility intervals, and the probability that the screen will not detect a resistance allele are derived. Compared with other methods for detecting and estimating resistance alleles, the F 2 screen will be efficient and accurate, extend the sensitivity of allele-frequency estimation for recessive traits by more than an order of magnitude compared with a discriminating-dose assay, and detect all resistance traits segregating in the initial sample of field-collected insects rather than a subset that responds most rapidly to laboratory selection.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Alstad, D. N.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={572–578} }
 @article{olson_andow_1998, title={Larval Crowding and Adult Nutrition Effects on Longevity and Fecundity of Female
Trichogramma nubilale
Ertle & Davis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)}, volume={27}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/27.2.508}, DOI={10.1093/ee/27.2.508}, abstractNote={The influence of adult feeding of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis and larval competition within an egg of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, on progeny fecundity and longevity was tested. The number and sex of eggs laid were determined through direct observations. Hind tibial lengths were measured on females that were solitary or had shared a host egg with another wasp. Females were separated by size and provided either honey and excess hosts, honey and no hosts, no honey and hosts, or no honey and no hosts each day for their lifetimes. The number of mature eggs at eclosion was determined for several females by dissection of their ovarioles and counting their eggs. The mean hind tibial lengths of solitary females was 0.18 mm, whereas females that had shared a host egg with a male or female had hind tibial lengths of 0.14–0.16 mm. Solitary females had 2.3 times more eggs and lived 1.2 times longer than females that had shared the host with a male or female. Honey increased fecundity by factors of 1.6 and 1.9 and longevity by 5.4 and 4.8 d for solitary females and those that had shared a host egg, respectively. Females that are not fed lay the same number of eggs as estimated from dissected females at eclosion, suggesting that females mature additional eggs only if they are fed as adults. Some implications for inundative releases of T. nubilale against European corn borer in the field are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Olson, D. M. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={508–514} }
 @article{bolin_hutchison_andow_ostlie_1998, title={Monitoring for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Logistical considerations when sampling larvae}, volume={15}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Entomology}, author={Bolin, P.C. and Hutchison, W.D. and Andow, D.A. and Ostlie, K.R.}, year={1998}, pages={231–238} }
 @inbook{gould_tabashnik_hutchison_ferro_andow_whalon_1998, place={Cambridge, MA}, title={Recommendations for developing and implementing resistance management plans for Bt-toxin-producing crops}, booktitle={Now or Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control}, publisher={Union of Concerned Scientists}, author={Gould, F. and Tabashnik, B. and Hutchison, W. and Ferro, D. and Andow, D. and Whalon, M.}, editor={Mellon, M. and Rissler, J.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={13–18} }
 @inbook{andow_1998, title={Supplement to NCR-602: Bt corn and European corn borer}, booktitle={NC-205}, publisher={University of Minnesota}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{andow_alstad_pang_bolin_hutchison_1998, title={Using an F2 Screen to Search for Resistance Alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={91}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/91.3.579}, DOI={10.1093/jee/91.3.579}, abstractNote={We present an application of an F2 screening method for recovering and estimating the frequencies of rare alleles that confer insect resistance to a transgenic corn variety producing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner crystal protein toxin ( Bt corn). Based on a sample of 91 female Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) we show with 95% confidence that the frequency of B. thuringiensis resistance alleles from a wild Minnesota population is <0.013. This is an upper limit to the estimated allele frequency and does not provide clear evidence that 1 of the assumptions of the refuge plus high-dose strategy will or will not be met. With additional sampling, a more precise estimate of resistance allele frequency could be obtained that would clearly support or refute 1 of the assumptions of the refuge plus high-dose strategy. Variable costs of the screening method were 19.70per female line, but these could be reduced by improved collecting, rearing, and handling methods.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Alstad, D. N. and Pang, Y.H. and Bolin, P. C. and Hutchison, W. D.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={579–584} }
 @article{andow_hidaka_1998, title={Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems}, volume={70}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(98)00122-4}, DOI={10.1016/s0167-8809(98)00122-4}, abstractNote={Compared to modern, conventional agriculture, alternative agricultural production systems may rely on biologically different mechanisms (syndromes) to attain similar production goals. Yield loss to rice in conventional and natural farming rice paddies in Japan was evaluated by simulated injury (leaf-clipping) and monitoring plants damaged by insect herbivores. Rice grown under natural farming practices was more tolerant of simulated injury and injury from Oulema oryzae than rice grown under conventional practices. Natural farming rice retained proportionately more tillers and had a higher proportion of mature seeds than conventionally grown rice. In conventional paddies, the simulated injury may have made the rice plants more susceptible to plant pathogens than their non-injured counterparts, resulting in higher disease attack and proportionately greater yield loss. These results suggest that, pests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss.}, number={2-3}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, D.A and Hidaka, K}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={151–158} }
 @inbook{witkowski_wedberg_steffey_sloderbeck_siegfried_rice_pilcher_onstad_mason_lewis_et al._1997, place={St. Paul, MN}, title={Bt corn and European corn borer}, booktitle={NCR publication 602}, publisher={University of Minnesota}, author={Witkowski, J.F. and Wedberg, J.L. and Steffey, K.L. and Sloderbeck, P.E. and Siegfried, B.D. and Rice, M.E. and Pilcher, C.D. and Onstad, D.W. and Mason, C.E. and Lewis, L.C. and et al.}, editor={Ostlie, K.R. and Hutchison, W.D. and Hellmich, R.L.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @book{andow_ragsdale_nyvall_1997, place={Boulder, CO}, title={Ecological Theory and Biological Control}, publisher={Westview Press}, author={Andow, D.A. and Ragsdale, D.W. and Nyvall, R.F.}, year={1997} }
 @article{olson_andow_1997, title={Primary Sex Allocation in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Effects of Sperm on Oviposition Behavior}, volume={90}, ISSN={1938-2901 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/90.5.689}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/90.5.689}, abstractNote={The oviposition behaviors of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis and T. ostriniae Pang & Chen were characterized and compared with those of T. chilonis Ishii and T. embryophagum Hartig. The effects of the lack of sperm on oviposition behaviors and on the sex of progeny produced also were examined for both species. Oviposition behaviors of all 4 species are similar, and there is complete correspondence between observed behaviors and the sex of progeny to emerge in mated T. nubilale and T. ostriniae. In females that lack sperm, there is no correspondence between the behavior of either species and the production of females. These females behave as though they could fertilize their eggs, but they produce all males. The progeny sex determination behavior of Trichogramma species appears to have a fixed expression. Sperm limitations in males may limit their reproductive success both in the laboratory colony and the field. The reproductive success of sperm-limited females may be limited in the field because females may not find males, and the sons that they produce may not find females.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Olson, D. M. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={689–692} }
 @inbook{andow_1996, place={Taipei, Taiwan}, title={Augmenting natural enemies in maize using vegetational diversity}, booktitle={Biological Control Agents in Integrated Pest Management}, publisher={Food and Fertilizer Technology Center}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Grey, G. and Murakami, Y. and Kiritani, K.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={137–153} }
 @article{alstad_andow_1996, title={Evolution of Insect Resistance to
            <i>Bacillus thuringiensis
            -Transformed Plants}, volume={273}, ISSN={0036-8075 1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5280.1412}, DOI={10.1126/science.273.5280.1412}, abstractNote={digestion (Promega Erase-a-Base System) of bases 4210 through 4405 (clone pDKA421 0), followed by digestion and fill-in of the Bbs site at nucleotide 1 198 and the Apa site in the polylinker outside of ORFIII. This fragment was cloned into the blunted Bam HI site of pPL2.7. The plasmid pDK3 is an Apa I-Pf MI fragment from pDKA421 0 inserted into the deletion clone pDKA2013 at the Apa and Aat II sites of the polylinker. The outer four bases of the 3' end of the Pfl Ml end and the outer five bases of the 3' end of the Aat II end were removed with T4 DNA polymerase (Pharmacia Biotech) before ligation. This resulted in an in-frame deletion of 525 amino acids and addition of a codon for an arginine residue. The insert was excised from this construct with Apa and Bbs and cloned into pPL2.7 (as for pDK2). For pDK4, pDKA421 0 was digested with Bbs and Bsa WI, and the ends of the excised fragment were end-filled and cloned into pPL2.7 (as for pDK2). Junctions of all constructs and pDK1 were sequenced with an ABI PRISM 310 genetic analyzer. 27. Cell lines were transformed as described in (25). After transformation, samples were divided in two, and each portion was plated onto solid BG-1 1 medium [M. M. Allen, J. Bacteriol. 96, 836 (1968)] containing kanamycin (25 ,ug/ml). Plates were incubated at 25'C in 35 ,uE m-2 s-' of either constant red light (Westinghouse 20-watt red fluorescent tube, F20T1 2/R) or constant green light (Westinghouse 20-watt green fluorescent tube, F20T1 2/G) for 2 weeks. 28. Database searches were conducted with the BLAST Network Service at the National Center for Biotechnology Information [S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, D. J. Lipman, J. Mol. BioL 215, 403 (1990)]. Alignments were performed with the Bestfit program from the GCG Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Madison, WI. 29. T. Clack, S. Mathews, R. A. Sharrock, Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 413 (1994). 30. T. Seki, H. Yoshikawa, H. Takahashi, H. Saito, J. Bacteriol. 169, 2913 (1987). 31. We acknowledge the Camegie Institution of Washington for providing an enlightened research environment and, in particular, W. Brggs, who has always shared his enthusiasm and encouragement with us and has been instrumental in bringing this work to fruition. We also thank E. Casey, D. Bhaya, and B. Kehoe for thoughtful discussions and K. Bump for help in preparng the manuscnpt. Supported by a NSF 1993 Postdoctoral Fellowship in Plant Biology to D.M.K. and NSF award MCB 9513576 to A.R.G. The GenBank accession number for rcaE is U59741. This is Carnegie Institution of Washington publication number 1303.}, number={5280}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Alstad, D. N. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={1412–1413} }
 @article{alstad_andow_1996, title={Implementing management of insect resistance to transgenic crops}, volume={8}, journal={AgBiotech News and Information}, author={Alstad, D.N. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1996}, pages={177–181} }
 @article{andow_klacan_bach_leahy_1995, title={Limitations of
Trichogramma nubilale
(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as an Inundative Biological Control of
Ostrinia nubilalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.5.1352}, DOI={10.1093/ee/24.5.1352}, abstractNote={Previous work indicated that Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis could potentially be used as an inundative biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis in sweet corn, Zea mays L., in Minnesota. We expand on these observations to evaluate some of the factors that might limit the utility of T. nubilale in sweet corn and report on releases in green snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. We conducted 3 releases in sweet corn and 2 releases in beans at LeSueur, MN, from 1990 to 1992. Between 11.8 and 60.0 females per square meter of plant surface were released. Two-day egg parasitism varied between 2 and 60% in corn and 15 and 60% in beans. A meta-analysis of these results and several published experimental releases indicated that the major limitation in using T. nubilale is high variability in the relation between release rates and egg mass parasitism rates. This analysis also indicated that the relation between egg mass parasitism and larval population reduction was very strong, and that there was no evidence of density-dependent larval mortality. Thus, future work should focus on elucidating the factors causing variability in parasitism rates to improve the reliability of T. nubilale.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Klacan, G. C. and Bach, D. and Leahy, T. C.}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={1352–1357} }
 @article{alstad_andow_1995, title={Managing the Evolution of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Plants}, volume={268}, ISSN={0036-8075 1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5219.1894}, DOI={10.1126/science.268.5219.1894}, abstractNote={
            The evolution of resistance in pests such as the European corn borer will imperil transgenic maize varieties that express insecticidal crystal proteins of
            Bacillus thuringiensis
            . Patchworks of treated and untreated fields can delay the evolution of pesticide resistance, but the untreated refuge fields are likely to sustain heavy damage. A strategy that exploits corn borer preferences and movements can eliminate this problem. Computer simulation indicates that this approach can delay the evolution of resistance and reduce insect damage in the untreated fields of a patchwork planting regime.
          }, number={5219}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Alstad, D. N. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={1894–1896} }
 @inbook{andow_lane_olson_1995, title={Use of <i>Trichogramma</i> in Maize – Estimating Environmental Risks}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511661730.012}, DOI={10.1017/cbo9780511661730.012}, abstractNote={Biological control of arthropod pests using arthropod natural enemies has been practised for centuries (Flint and van den Bosch, 1981), and although it has been widely appreciated that these natural enemies can have adverse effects on the environment, it has been largely assumed that they are either absolutely small or small relative to the benefits of biological control. For example, Samways (1988) suggested that there are no quantified cases where the introduction of an arthropod agent has been shown to have harmed a specific conservation programme or has been conclusively damaging to native fauna. This suggestion has proved difficult to test under natural conditions. For example, many natural enemies have been released to control forest Lepidoptera pests. Some of these enemies kill non-target, nonpest insects, and it has been suggested that such unintended mortality might destabilize these nonpest populations thus causing them to become sporadic pests. Recently, Pimentel et al. (1984) reviewed the evidence that biological control agents can cause adverse environmental effects. Their review clearly documented that biological control can entail environmental risk and that categorical dismissal of this concern is unwarranted. More recently, Howarth (1991) argued that the introduction of biological control agents into Hawaii and New Zealand is one of the major causes of extinctions of the native, insular, endemic arthropod faunae associated with these two islands. In most of those cases, vertebrate natural enemies were implicated, but Howarth (1991) developed a reasonable argument that arthropod natural enemies could also affect the native faunae.}, booktitle={Biological Control}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Andow, D. A. and Lane, C. P. and Olson, D. M.}, editor={Lynch, J.M. and Hokkanen, H.H,Editors}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={101–118} }
 @article{andow_1994, title={Community response to transgenic plant release: using mathematical theory to predict effects of transgenic plants}, volume={3}, ISSN={0962-1083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00046.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00046.x}, abstractNote={AbstractPredicting the potential effects of introductions of plants on the structure of plant communities has been elusive. I suggest that mathematical models of resource competition might be useful for identifying categories of plants that either are unlikely to alter community structure or that have the potential for altering community structure. Assuming that the transgenic plant will escape and establish viable populations in nontarget habitats, this theory suggests that species that have a high minimum resource requirement are unlikely to alter community structure. The theory is elaborated to evaluate the potential effects on community structure of transgenic plants with resistance to primary consumers. Results indicate that the greatest reduction in the minimum resource requirement caused by resistance will occur when consumers are consuming enough plant biomass that the plant can no longer grow. If resistance to such a consumer were incorporated into a plant, it could lower the minimum resource requirement sufficiently that a transgenic plant would be able to alter community structure substantially. Examples of introductions of exotic plants, plant pathogens, and insect herbivores are given to support the conceptual basis of the theory. Not all transgenic plants with resistance, however, have the potential to alter community structure. Resistance to primary consumers that strongly reduce the biomass producing ability of a plant will probably be able to alter community structure, whereas resistance that reduces most other types of yield loss is less likely to alter community structure. The theory should be elaborated to incorporate more‐realistic assumptions, such as those regarding reproduction, dormancy, and dispersal of the transgenic plants, and provide more detailed characterization of the potential hazard of transgenic plants to plant communities.}, number={1}, journal={Molecular Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1994}, month={Feb}, pages={65–70} }
 @article{leahy_andow_1994, title={Egg Weight, Fecundity, and Longevity Are Increased by Adult Feeding in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)}, volume={87}, ISSN={1938-2901 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.3.342}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/87.3.342}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to assess the influence of sugar and protein foods for adult Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) females on selected reproductive parameters. Individuals were fed diets of sugar plus protein (fructose-egg-agar) in all possible combinations and diets with one of three sugars (glucose-agar, fructose-agar, sucrose-agar). Free water served as a control in both experiments. Diets with sugars significantly increased oviposition period, fecundity, and adult longevity. Total numbers of eggs and egg masses oviposited were significantly higher in females that received sugar diets. Weight of individual eggs remained constant for females that received a sugar diet but decreased by the 3rd d of oviposition for females that did not receive sugar. Adult nutrition may be an important factor in the population ecology of O. nubilalis .}, number={3}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Leahy, T. C. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={342–349} }
 @book{andow_baker_lane_1994, place={St. Paul, MN}, series={Miscellaneous Publication Series}, title={Karner Blue Butterfly: A Symbol of a Vanishing Landscape}, publisher={Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={Andow, D.A. and Baker, R.J. and Lane, C.P.}, year={1994}, collection={Miscellaneous Publication Series} }
 @inbook{andow_baker_lane_1994, place={St.Paul, MN}, title={Research needs for management and recovery of Karner Blue Butterfly}, booktitle={Karner Blue Butterfly: A Symbol of a Vanishing Landscape}, publisher={Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={Andow, D.A. and Baker, R.J. and Lane, C.P.}, editor={Andow, D.A. and Baker, R.J. and Lane, C.P.Editors}, year={1994}, pages={209–216} }
 @article{andow_imura_1994, title={Specialization of Phytophagous Arthropod Communities on Introduced Plants}, volume={75}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939535}, DOI={10.2307/1939535}, abstractNote={Arthropod herbivore communities vary in the proportion of plant family specialists and broad generalists. Examination of the literature of 23 annual crop plant species and the associated feeding relations of 498 arthropod species in Japan revealed that contemporary cropping area was only weakly associated with current arthropod species richness and that the proportion of plant family specialists was greater and the proportion of generalists was lower on plant species that had been in Japan for longer periods of time. These results suggest that arthropod communities become increasingly more specialized or less generalized the longer a plant coexists with the community, and that this process can occur over time periods of a few thousand years. Exotic arthropod species associated with these plants and known to have invaded Japan in the last 100—200 yr are more generalized than the native fauna, so species invasions could not contribute to the increased specialization or decreased generalization with time.}, number={2}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A. and Imura, O.}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={296–300} }
 @article{olson_andow_1993, title={Antennal sensilla of female Trichogramma nubilale (Ertle and Davis) (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) and comparisons with other parasitic Hymenoptera}, volume={22}, ISSN={0020-7322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(93)90037-2}, DOI={10.1016/0020-7322(93)90037-2}, abstractNote={We describe the external morphology and relative positions of antennal sensilla of female Trichgramma nubilale (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compared the results with 11 similar studies representing 15 species and 8 families within the parasitic Hymenoptera. There are 6 morphologically and structurally distinct structures on female T. nubilale antennae, which are probably sensilla, and one seta and one campaniform-like structure that may have a sensory function. Sensilla pore numbers and positions suggests that the multiporous grooved basiconica (MPG) C, multiporous pitted (MPP) trichodea A and the MPP placodea A have an olfactory function, whereas the MPP trichodea C have a gustatory function. The lack of pores and the presence of a basal socket suggests a mechanoreceptor function for aporous (AP) trichodea B, and the uniporous pitted (UPP) trichodea D, although, the latter also have a minute pore or dimple at the sensillar apex. Positions and numbers of these sensilla, setae and campaniform-like structures were consistent in all the specimens examined. These analyses suggest that antennal sensilla types and relative positions are highly conserved within the genus Trichogramma, and there are broad similarities within the parasitic Hymenoptera.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Olson, D.M. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={507–520} }
 @inbook{andow_1993, place={Taipei, Taiwan}, title={Augmenting natural enemies in maize using vegetational diversity}, booktitle={Use of Biological Control Agents under Integrated Pest Management}, publisher={Food and Fertilizer Technology Center}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1993}, pages={31–64} }
 @book{davis_andow_hutchison_sauter_gingera_1993, title={Development of resistance in sweet corn to European corn borer}, publisher={Minnesota/ Wisconsin Food Processors Association}, author={Davis, D.W. and Andow, D.A. and Hutchison, W. and Sauter, K. and Gingera, G.}, year={1993} }
 @article{lamb_davis_andow_1993, title={Mid-parent heterosis and combining ability of European corn borer resistance in maize}, volume={72}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023774}, DOI={10.1007/bf00023774}, number={1-2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lamb, Elizabeth M. and Davis, David W. and Andow, David A.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={65–72} }
 @article{andow_1993, title={Mustard as an antifeedant for Epilachna varivestis adults}, volume={47}, journal={Coleopterists Bulletin}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1993}, pages={131–135} }
 @article{davis_andow_hutchison_1993, title={Registration of Three European Corn Borer Resistant Sweet Corn Germplasm Lines: A684su A685su, and A686su}, volume={33}, ISSN={0011-183X 1435-0653}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060086x}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060086x}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 33, Issue 6 cropsci1993.0011183X003300060086x p. 1422-1423 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Three European Corn Borer Resistant Sweet Corn Germplasm Lines: A684su A685su, and A686su D. W. Davis, Corresponding Author D. W. Davis n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorD. A. Andow, D. A. AndowSearch for more papers by this authorW. D. Hutchison, W. D. HutchisonSearch for more papers by this author D. W. Davis, Corresponding Author D. W. Davis n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorD. A. Andow, D. A. AndowSearch for more papers by this authorW. D. Hutchison, W. D. HutchisonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1993 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060086xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue6November–December 1993Pages 1422-1423 RelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Davis, D. W. and Andow, D. A. and Hutchison, W. D.}, year={1993}, month={Nov}, pages={1422–1423} }
 @inbook{andow_kareiva_levin_okubo_1993, title={Spread of invading organisms: Patterns of spread}, booktitle={Evolution of Insect Pests: The Patterns of Variations}, publisher={John Wiley and Sons}, author={Andow, D.A. and Kareiva, P.M. and Levin, S.A. and Okubo, A.}, editor={Kim, K.C. and McPheron, B.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={219–241} }
 @misc{andow_1993, title={The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates edited by D.L Hawksworth}, volume={22}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1993}, pages={879–880} }
 @inproceedings{andow_olson_1992, place={Urbana, IL}, title={Biological control of European corn borers with Trichogramma}, booktitle={Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference '92}, publisher={University of Illinois Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Andow, D.A. and Olson, D.M.}, editor={Steffy, K.L.Editor}, year={1992}, pages={52–65} }
 @book{shiyomi_yano_koizumi_andow_hokyo_1992, place={Yokendo Publishers}, title={Ecological Processes in Agro-Ecosystems}, publisher={Tokyo}, year={1992} }
 @article{andow_1992, title={Fate of Eggs of First-Generation Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Three Conservation Tillage Systems}, volume={21}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.2.388}, DOI={10.1093/ee/21.2.388}, abstractNote={Percentage hatch, chewing predation, Chrysopa sp. predation, other sucking predation, and parasitism by Trichogramma sp. of egg masses of first-generation Ostrinia nubilalis (H¨bner) were estimated in spring chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage maize, Zea mays L., in southeastern Minnesota during 1986 and 1987. Tillage plots were split with and without terbufos application and with and without Bacillus thuringiensis -permethrin application in all combinations. Egg masses from laboratory reared O. nubilalis were exposed to natural enemies in the field eight times during the oviposition period of first-generation O. nubilalis , and population densities of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer were estimated. Parasitism was 0.6% and predation was low during 1986. During 1987, chewing predation was highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system; Chrysopa sp. predation was lowest in the chisel-plow system and highest in the no-tillage system. C. maculata population densities were highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system, and chewing predation was positively related to C. maculata density. Predation by other unknown chewing predators was also higher in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system. The inverse relation between chewing and Chrysopa sp. predation was probably related to species specific responses to the tillage environments.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={388–393} }
 @inproceedings{prokrym_andow_1992, place={Paris}, title={Field evaluation of Trichogramma nubilale against Ostrinia nubilalis in sweet corn}, booktitle={Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids. 3rd International Symposium}, publisher={INRA}, author={Prokrym, D.R. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={Wajnberg, E. and Vinson, S.B.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={231–234} }
 @book{olson_andow_kelleher_1992, place={Durham, NC}, title={Organization for Tropical Studies, Tropical Managed Ecosystems}, publisher={Organization for Tropical Studies}, author={Olson, D.M. and Andow, D.A. and Kelleher, S.A.}, year={1992} }
 @inbook{andow_1992, place={Yokendo}, title={Plant quality and density-dependent population dynamics}, booktitle={Ecological Processes in Agro-Ecosystems}, publisher={Tokyo}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Shiyomi, M. and Yano, E. and Koizumi, H. and Andow, D.A. and Hokyo, N.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={57–66} }
 @article{andow_1992, title={Population Density of Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Weedy Beans}, volume={85}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.2.379}, DOI={10.1093/jee/85.2.379}, abstractNote={The response of Empoasca fabae (Harris) to beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., in four weed habitats, bean monocultures, beans with Brassica kaber (D.-C.), beans with weeds that were removed in early July, and unweeded beans, was examined by visual and D-Vac samples. Weeds in the unweeded treatment were mixed broadleaf and grassy weeds. Visual samples showed that leafhopper density per bean leaflet was highest in bean monocultures, lowest in unweeded beans, and intermediate in the remaining weed habitats. D-Vac samples showed no difference in leafhopper density per area among weed habitats. D-Vac samples included leafhoppers living on the associated weeds, whereas visual samples restricted population estimates to leafhoppers on bean plants. These results suggest that mixed broad leaf and grassy weeds did not affect total E. fabae population density per land area, but did affect the spatial distribution of E. fabae among weedy and cultivated host plants.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={379–383} }
 @article{prokrym_andow_ciborowski_sreenivasam_1992, title={Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis by Trichogramma nubilale in sweet corn}, volume={64}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01596.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01596.x}, abstractNote={AbstractWe conducted inundative release experiments with Trichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to suppress Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sweet corn (Zea mays): two experiment during O. nubilalis first generation and three experiments during second generation. Five measurements of ear and stalk damage were used to assess O. nubilalis control in treated and untreated plots within each experimental field. In one experiment during second generation, natural O. nubilalis populations were sufficiently high to demonstrate that the parasitoids (three releases totaling 4.4 million parasitoids per ha) parasitized an estimated 57.4% of the placed O. nubilalis egg masses and reduced the mean number of O. nubilalis larvae per ear by 97.4%, the number of tunnels per stalk by 92.9%, and the number of larvae per stalk by 94.3% in the release plot. Ear damage in this experiment was suppressed to meet acceptable standards for use in cut‐corn commercial processing. Larval mortality was apparently density independent, which implies that density‐dependent larval loss would not compensate for egg parasitism by T. nubilale.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Prokrym, D. R. and Andow, D. A. and Ciborowski, J. A. and Sreenivasam, D. D.}, year={1992}, month={Jul}, pages={73–85} }
 @inproceedings{davis_andow_lamb_joyce_1991, title={Breeding for corn borer resistance in sweet corn}, volume={3}, booktitle={1991 MWFPA Proceedings}, author={Davis, D.W. and Andow, D.A. and Lamb, E.M. and Joyce, M.S.}, year={1991}, pages={199–201} }
 @article{andow_prokrym_1991, title={Release density, efficiency and disappearance ofTrichogramma nubilale for control of European corn borer}, volume={36}, ISSN={0013-8959 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02374641}, DOI={10.1007/bf02374641}, number={1}, journal={Entomophaga}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, D. A. and Prokrym, D. R.}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={105–113} }
 @article{andow_1991, title={Vegetational Diversity and Arthropod Population Response}, volume={36}, ISSN={0066-4170 1545-4487}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.003021}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.003021}, abstractNote={Studies of agroecosystems during the past 30 years have lead several agri­ cultural scientists to question the commitment of modem industrial agriculture to high intensity monocultural production . Additionally, current research directions in integrated pest management emphasize biological interactions among insect pests, natural enemies, and other crop pests, such as weeds. These inquiries have led to a recent rebirth in interest and research activities on cultural and biological controls in entomology . Vegetational diversity plays a central role in this research renaissance. If one considers it broadly, vegetational diversity involves mixing different kinds of plants in a plant community, but, to paraphrase Vilfredo Pareto ( 1 12), vegetational diversity appears like a bat; within it one can find both birds and mice . More specifically, vegetational diversity varies in three ways: the kinds, the spatial array, and the temporal overlap of the plants in the mixture. In most cases, the mixed plants are different plant species. These plants might be two crops, which is called intercropping; a crop and a weed, which is called weedy culture; or a crop and a beneficial noncrop, which is known by many names including nursery crops, living-mulches, cover­ cropping, etc . In some cases, however, different plant genotypes are mixed (41), including polyvarietal mixtures of agronomically dissimilar genotypes}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Entomology}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Andow, D A}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={561–586} }
 @article{andow_1991, title={Yield Loss to Arthropods in Vegetationally Diverse Agroecosystems}, volume={20}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.5.1228}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.5.1228}, abstractNote={Five methods were evaluated for measuring the effects of arthropod pests on crop yields in vegetationally diverse agroecosystems, and the conditions for vegetational diversity to improve yields were examined. Two methods measured absolute yield benefits in which polyculture yields were higher than yields in monocultures. A review of the literature indicated that absolute yield benefits occurred only rarely and only when the arthropod pests caused severe yield losses in monocultures. One method was judged of limited use. The remaining two methods measured marginal yield benefits, in which yield loss in polycultures is less than that in monocultures. Statistical tests for factorial experiments that estimate this marginal benefit are proposed. A review of 41 cases suggested that this benefit occurred only if polycultures had lower pest populations than monocultures, and even then, it occurred intermittently. Severe competition from the other plants in the polyculture might limit the ability of the crop to compensate for pest injury and crop tolerance, or resistance to pest injury might otherwise limit yield losses in polycultures. In addition, the data suggested that pest injury is less likely to exceed economic injury levels in polycultures than in monocultures.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1228–1235} }
 @article{andow_1990, title={Characterization of Predation on Egg Masses of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)}, volume={83}, ISSN={1938-2901 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/83.3.482}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/83.3.482}, abstractNote={Predation by several species of potential predators of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) egg masses was examined under laboratory conditions to determine which species are likely predators of O. nubilalis egg masses, to characterize the damage by predators on egg masses, and to develop a technique to quantify predation on egg masses in the field. Adults and larvae of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, larvae of Chrysopa sp., larvae and adults of Orius insidiosus Say, adults of Stenus flavicornis Erichson, and adults of Amblyseius (?) sp. readily consumed egg masses. Adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin, H. tredecimpunctata (L.), H. parenthesis (Say), H. variegata (Goeze), Adalia bipunctata (L.), Cycloneda munda (Say), Coccinella septempunctata L., C. transversoguttata Faldermann, C. novemnotata Herbst, and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), and neonate larvae of H. convergens, H. tredecimpunctata, A. bipunctata, C. munda, and C. septempunctata rarely consumed any part of an egg mass. Adult C. maculata consumed 1.02 egg masses/d at 24°C and 1.45 egg masses/d at 30°C, and larvae completed development from egg to adult on a pure diet of egg masses, consuming nearly 3 egg masses/d during the fourth stadium. Hatched eggs, eggs that had been preyed upon by chewing predators, eggs that had been preyed upon by Chrysopa sp., and eggs that had been preyed upon by other sucking predators could be distinguished from each other readily and reliably. Chewing predation on egg masses exposed to naturally occurring predators in maize fields at Goodhue, Minn., was correlated with C. maculata population density, and Chrysopa predation was correlated with larval Chrysopa sp. population density. Thus, characterization of predation on egg masses is a potentially useful technique for quantifying predation rates in the field.}, number={3}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1990}, month={May}, pages={482–486} }
 @inbook{andow_1990, place={Boca Raton, FL}, edition={2nd}, title={Control of arthropods using crop diversity}, booktitle={Handbook on Pest Management}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Pimentel, D.Editor}, year={1990}, pages={257–284} }
 @inbook{lamb_davis_andow_1990, series={State Miscellaneous Publication}, title={Dispersal of European corn borer larvae on plants of resistant and susceptible types of corn. Vegetable Crops Research Report 1989}, volume={63}, booktitle={Minnesota Agricultural Exposition}, author={Lamb, E.M. and Davis, D.W. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1990}, pages={25–28}, collection={State Miscellaneous Publication} }
 @inbook{joyce_.davis_andow_1990, series={State Miscellaneous Publication}, title={Ear resistance to the European corn borer in sweet corn: The response in single crosses and a preliminary study of the contribution of silk channel length to ear resistance}, volume={63}, booktitle={Vegetable Crops Research Report, Minnesota Agricultural Exposition}, author={Joyce, M.S. and .Davis, D.W. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1990}, pages={29–32}, collection={State Miscellaneous Publication} }
 @inbook{joshi_moncrief_andow_swan_malzer_1990, series={State Miscellaneous Publication}, title={Effect of tillage and source of swine manure on soil N, corn yield and N uptake}, volume={2}, number={revised}, booktitle={Minnesota Agriculatural Exposition}, author={Joshi, J.R. and Moncrief, J.F. and Andow, D.A. and Swan, J.B. and Malzer, G.L.}, year={1990}, pages={301–312}, collection={State Miscellaneous Publication} }
 @inbook{pimentel_andow_dyson-hudson_gallahan_jacobson_irish_moss_kroop_schreiner_shepard_et al._1990, place={Boca Raton, FL}, edition={2nd}, title={Environmental and social costs of pesticides: A preliminary assessment}, booktitle={Handbook on Pest Management}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Pimentel, D. and Andow, D.A. and Dyson-Hudson, R. and Gallahan, D. and Jacobson, S. and Irish, M. and Moss, A. and Kroop, S. and Schreiner, I. and Shepard, M. and et al.}, editor={Pimentel, D.Editor}, year={1990}, pages={721–740} }
 @article{andow_ostlie_1990, title={First-Generation European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Response to Three Conservation Tillage Systems in Minnesota}, volume={83}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.6.2455}, DOI={10.1093/jee/83.6.2455}, abstractNote={Plant injury and densities of mature larvae by first-generation Ostnnja nubilalis (Hubner), European corn borer, were examined in chisel-plow, ridge-tillage, and notillage maize, Zea mays (L.). in southeastern Minnesota during 1985-1987. Tillage plots were split with and without terbufos application and with and without Bacjllus thurjngjensjs permethrin application in all combinations. Chisel-plow suffered greater plant injury than ridge-tillage or no-tillage, probably because oviposition was greater in chisel-plow. Ovipositing females were not responding primarily to plant height or developmental stage. Soil surface temperatures were higher in chisel-plow during the early evening when oviposition occurred, and we suggest microclimate influenced female oviposition. Larval density was highest in chisel-plow maize that received terbufos. We concluded that the risk of yield loss to first-generation O. nubllaljs in ridge-tillage and no-tillage maize did not exceed the risk of yield loss in chisel-plow maize.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Ostlie, Kenneth R.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={2455–2461} }
 @article{hintz_andow_1990, title={Host age and host selection byTrichogramma nubilale}, volume={35}, ISSN={0013-8959 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02374310}, DOI={10.1007/bf02374310}, number={1}, journal={Entomophaga}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hintz, J. L. and Andow, D. A.}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={141–150} }
 @article{andow_prokrym_1990, title={Plant structural complexity and host-finding by a parasitoid}, volume={82}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00323530}, DOI={10.1007/bf00323530}, number={2}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, D. A. and Prokrym, D. R.}, year={1990}, month={Feb}, pages={162–165} }
 @article{andow_1990, title={Population Dynamics of an Insect Herbivore in Simple and Diverse Habitats}, volume={71}, ISSN={0012-9658}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1937369}, DOI={10.2307/1937369}, abstractNote={Much of the recent experimental work on the effect of vegetational diversity on arthropod herbivores has tested Root's (1973) resource concentration hypothesis and natural enemies hypothesis. Two limitations of this work are that only a part of any arthropod life cycle has been examined, and that there is no common currency by which to compare the influence of resource concentration and natural enemies. In this paper, I describe and analyze the demographic response of Epilachna varivestis, a beetle that feeds on Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), to four experimental habitats at Ithaca, New York: bean monocultures, bean—mustard mixtures, and two bean—weed mixtures. Beetle population densities were significantly lower in the weed mixtures, and only slightly lower in the mustard mixture compared to the bean monoculture. Colonization and egg survival were lower in the weed mixtures, confirming both hypotheses. Demographic analysis provided a common currency to compare the relative influence of colonization and egg survival, and showed that variation in colonization accounted for 58% of the variation in first generation offspring, while variation in egg survival accounted for only 1.7% of this variation. Larval/pupal survival was higher in the weed mixtures, which contradicted the predictions of the natural enemies hypothesis, and obliterated the potential effect of egg survival on first generation offspring. Independent experiments and observations suggested that non—host plants inhibited immigration and hastened emigration, that predaceous coccinellids ate more eggs in vegetationally diverse habitats, and that variation in larval/pupal survival could be related to greater larval movement at high densities. In this study, non—host plant interference influenced beetle populations more than mortality from natural enemies. Demographic analysis was essential for determining the causes of beetle response to vegetational diversity.}, number={3}, journal={Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1990}, month={Jun}, pages={1006–1017} }
 @article{andow_kareiva_levin_okubo_1990, title={Spread of invading organisms}, volume={4}, ISSN={0921-2973 1572-9761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00132860}, DOI={10.1007/bf00132860}, number={2-3}, journal={Landscape Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, D. A. and Kareiva, P. M. and Levin, Simon A. and Okubo, Akira}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={177–188} }
 @inproceedings{joshi_moncrief_swan_andow_1990, title={Tillage effects on water and nitrate movement in silt loam soils of Southeast Minnesota}, booktitle={Proceedings of the National Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Conference}, author={Joshi, J.R. and Moncrief, J.F. and Swan, J.B. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1990}, pages={73–74} }
 @misc{andow_davis_1989, title={Agricultural Chemicals: Food and Environment}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-556555-4.50012-0}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-556555-4.50012-0}, journal={Food and Natural Resources}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Andow, David A. and Davis, David P.}, year={1989}, pages={191–234} }
 @inbook{joshi_moncrief_andow_swan_malzer_1989, series={State Miscellaneous Publication}, title={Effect of tillage and swine manure on N uptake and corn yield}, volume={2}, number={revised}, booktitle={Minnesota Agricultural Exposition}, author={Joshi, J.R. and Moncrief, J.F. and Andow, D.A. and Swan, J.B. and Malzer, G.L.}, year={1989}, pages={271–282}, collection={State Miscellaneous Publication} }
 @article{andow_hidaka_1989, title={Experimental natural history of sustainable agriculture: syndromes of production}, volume={27}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(89)90105-9}, DOI={10.1016/0167-8809(89)90105-9}, abstractNote={Shizen farming of rice in Japan may represent a qualitatively set of management practices (syndrome) from conventional rice-production practices, which are based on the agronomic theory of Matsushima. We examined the growth of rice and the development of the pest fauna on adjacent farms at Dezima-mura, Ibaraki-ken, one of which used shizen farming practices and the other conventional farming practices. Differences in management practice included transplanting technique, plant density, irrigation practice, fertility source and quantity, and insect, disease and weed management tactics. Rice yields were comparable, but shizen farming produced larger seeds and conventional farming produced more seeds. Shizen plants grew steadily and probably had little internal recycling of nutrients. Conventional plants grew rapidly with much internal recycling of nutrients. Pest attack was apparently related to plant development and was more severe on conventional plants early in growth and of similar severity late in growth on both conventional and shizen plants.}, number={1-4}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, David A. and Hidaka, Kazumasa}, year={1989}, month={Nov}, pages={447–462} }
 @inbook{andow_rosset_1989, place={New York}, title={Integrated pest management}, booktitle={Agroecology}, publisher={McGraw-Hill}, author={Andow, D.A. and Rosset, P.M.}, editor={Carroll, C.R. and Vandermeer, J.H. and Rosset, P.M.Editors}, year={1989}, pages={413–439} }
 @article{andow_teng_johnson_snapp_1989, title={Simulating the effects of bioengineered non-ice nucleating bacteria on potato yields}, volume={29}, ISSN={0308-521X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(89)90072-3}, DOI={10.1016/0308-521x(89)90072-3}, abstractNote={While potato is a frost vulnerable crop, simulation studies indicate there is little potato acreage in the United States where application of INA− bacteria would be economically feasible. Our analysis is based on a comparison of maximum potential gain and reasonable estimated costs. Maximum potential gains were calculated by simulating yield loss from frost induced defoliation with a computer model and estimating probability distribution functions for yield loss from historical frost records. Expected losses from these two data sets were calculated and equated with maximum potential gains. Reasonable values of cost were determined from analogous pesticides. We conclude that perhaps less than 5% of United States potato acreage will ever receive applications of INA− bacteria.}, number={1}, journal={Agricultural Systems}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, D.A. and Teng, P.S. and Johnson, K.B. and Snapp, S.S.}, year={1989}, pages={81–92} }
 @misc{andow_1988, title={Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practice. Environmental Science and Technology.</i>Marcos Kogan}, volume={63}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415800}, DOI={10.1086/415800}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksEcological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practice. Environmental Science and Technology. Marcos Kogan David A. AndowDavid A. Andow Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 63, Number 1Mar., 1988 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/415800 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1988 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={1}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={1988}, month={Mar}, pages={111–112} }
 @article{elmstrom_andow_barclay_1988, title={Flea Beetle Movement in a Broccoli Monoculture and Diculture}, volume={17}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/17.2.299}, DOI={10.1093/ee/17.2.299}, abstractNote={Colonization of broccoli monocultures and broccoli–white clover dicultures by Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was observed at Ithaca, N.Y. A simple continuous time model of P. cruciferae movement was developed, and instantaneous immigration and emigration rates were estimated. The movement model fit the observed colonization data extremely well ( r 2 = 0.971). Immigration was 1.3 times faster into broccoli monocultures than into dicultures, and emigration was about 2 times faster from dicultures than from monocultures. This differential movement in monocultures and dicultures resulted both from differences in host plant quality and presence or absence of white clover. Our results provide strong, direct support for Root's (1973) hypothesis that host plants are harder to find and easier to lose in vegetationally diverse habitats than in monocultures. In addition, after perturbation, population densities rapidly returned to unperturbed levels. This implies that P. cruciferae can rapidly respond to changes in its environment, which might underlie its success as a crop pest.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Elmstrom, K. M. and Andow, D. A. and Barclay, W. W.}, year={1988}, month={Apr}, pages={299–305} }
 @inbook{andow_1988, place={Boca Raton, Florida}, title={Management of Weeds for Insect Manipulation in Agroecosystems}, booktitle={Weed Management: Ecological Approaches}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Altieri, M.A. and Liebman, M.Z.Editors}, year={1988}, pages={265–301} }
 @inproceedings{lamb_davis_andow_1987, title={Behavioral studies of European corn borer on resistant and susceptible corn}, booktitle={Proceedings, 1987 Minnesota Food Processors Association Annual Meeting}, author={Lamb, E. and Davis, D.W. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={Zeyen, R.J. and Groth, J.V. and Davis, D.W. and Rosen, C.J.Editors}, year={1987}, pages={27} }
 @inbook{krimsky_andow_doyle_mellon_nader_1987, title={Beyond the technical problems of intentional release}, booktitle={Prospects for Physical and Biological Containment of Genetically Engineered Organisms}, publisher={Ecosystems Research Center, Cornell University}, author={Krimsky, S. and Andow, D.A. and Doyle, J. and Mellon, M. and Nader, C.}, editor={Gillett, J.W.Editor}, year={1987}, pages={67–74} }
 @inbook{andow_1987, title={Environmental dispersal and spread}, booktitle={Prospects for Physical and Biological Containment of Genetically Engineered Organisms}, publisher={Ecosystems Research Center, Cornell University}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Gillett, J.W.Editor}, year={1987}, pages={129–135} }
 @inproceedings{davis_lamb_andow_1987, title={Family selection for second brood corn borer resistance}, booktitle={Proceedings 1987, Minnesota Food Processors Association Annual Meeting}, author={Davis, D.W. and Lamb, E. and Andow, D.A.}, editor={Zeyen, R.J. and Groth, J.V. and Davis, D.W. and Rosen, C.J.Editors}, year={1987}, pages={21–22} }
 @article{andow_risch_1987, title={Parasitism in diversified agroecosystems: Phenology of Trichogramma minutum [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae]}, volume={32}, ISSN={0013-8959 1573-8248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02373248}, DOI={10.1007/bf02373248}, number={3}, journal={Entomophaga}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Andow, D. A. and Risch, S. J.}, year={1987}, month={Jun}, pages={255–260} }
 @inbook{stotzky_glaser_watrud_andow_frederick_krimsky_levin_matheson_mcintire_nader_et al._1987, title={Prospects for containment of genetically engineered bacteria}, booktitle={Prospects for Physical and Biological Containment of Genetically Engineered Organisms}, publisher={Ecosystems Research Center, Cornell University}, author={Stotzky, G. and Glaser, D. and Watrud, L. and Andow, D.A. and Frederick, R. and Krimsky, S. and Levin, S. and Matheson, J. and McIntire, J. and Nader, C. and et al.}, editor={Gillett, J.W.Editor}, year={1987}, pages={31–50} }
 @article{andow_1986, title={Dispersal of microorganisms with emphasis on bacteria}, volume={10}, journal={Environmental Management}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1986}, pages={470–487} }
 @misc{andow_szatrowski_1986, title={Insect Communication Trevor Lewis}, volume={36}, ISSN={0006-3568 1525-3244}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310288}, DOI={10.2307/1310288}, abstractNote={Journal Article Insect Communication Get access Insect Communication. Lewis Trevor, ed. Academic Press, London, 1984. 414 pp., illus. $55.00 (cloth). David A. Andow, David A. Andow Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Polly E. Szatrowski Polly E. Szatrowski Department of Asian, Languages and Cultures, and Program in Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 36, Issue 11, December 1986, Pages 745–746, https://doi.org/10.2307/1310288 Published: 01 December 1986}, number={11}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, David A. and Szatrowski, Polly E.}, year={1986}, month={Dec}, pages={745–746} }
 @article{andow_nicholson_wien_willson_1986, title={Insect Populations on Cabbage Grown with Living Mulches}, volume={15}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/15.2.293}, DOI={10.1093/ee/15.2.293}, abstractNote={Cabbage was grown interplanted with several living mulches and in bare-ground monocultures in 1982 and 1983 at Freeville, N.Y. Living mulches were creeping bentgrass, red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and two white clovers. Populations of Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were lower on cabbage grown with any living mulch than on cabbage in bare-ground monocultures. First-generation larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) were more common on cabbage with clover living mulches, but second-generation eggs and larvae were less common on cabbage with clover living mulches. These differences in population density were probably determined by variation in herbivore colonization rates, not by variation in herbivore mortality. The data suggest that early season chemical treatments for flea beetles might be eliminated when living mulches are used. However, this potential gain may be offset by yield reduction from competition between cabbage and living mulches.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A. and Nicholson, A. G. and Wien, H. C. and Willson, H. R.}, year={1986}, month={Apr}, pages={293–299} }
 @inbook{andow_1986, place={Ithaca, New York}, title={Plant diversification and insect population control in agroecosystems}, booktitle={Some Aspects of Integrated Pest Management}, publisher={Cornell University Department of Entomology}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Pimentel, D.Editor}, year={1986}, pages={277–368} }
 @inbook{andow_snapp_teng_1986, title={Potential Environmental Impact of Widespread Release of Non-Ice Nucleating Bacteria in Agriculture}, booktitle={OTA 86-000}, author={Andow, D.A. and Snapp, S.S. and Teng, P.S.}, year={1986} }
 @article{vandermeer_andow_1986, title={Prophylactic and Responsive Components of an Integrated Pest Management Program}, volume={79}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.2.299}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.2.299}, abstractNote={Pest management decisions can be divided into prophylactic and responsive components. We define prophylactic decisions as those made without evaluating whether or not control will result in economic gain for the particular crop in a particular year. Responsive decisions are those made after evaluating the potential economic gain of control based on information obtained in a particular year. This conceptual division permits comparison of efficacy with different control tactics. We present criteria for determining minimal total cost of pest control, and for determining when a pure prophylactic, pure responsive, or mixed control strategy is preferred. All three strategies are theoretically possible.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Vandermeer, John and Andow, David A.}, year={1986}, month={Apr}, pages={299–302} }
 @article{andow_risch_1985, title={Predation in Diversified Agroecosystems: Relations Between a Coccinellid Predator Coleomegilla maculata and Its Food}, volume={22}, ISSN={0021-8901}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403170}, DOI={10.2307/2403170}, abstractNote={SUMMARY (1) A common prediction based on ecological theory is that natural populations of insect predators will be more abundant and effective in diverse plant assemblages. Contrary to expectation, the abundance of the predaceous coccinellid beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was higher on corn in monocultures than on corn in two different polycultures. In addition, predation rate by the beetle on egg masses of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis (Walker)) was higher in monocultures. (2) Important alternative resources for the beetle in these systems were aphids and pollen. Temporal dispersion of pollen and aphids was more even and species richness of the aphids was greater in the polyculture, while overall density of corn pollen and aphids was greater and their spatial distribution more even in the monoculture. (3) The higher density of evenly spaced food rewards in the corn monoculture had the greatest impact on bettle behaviour, resulting in decreased emigration and therefore greater abundance. (4) Plant diversification can have important effects on the density, species richness, and temporal and spatial dispersion of alternative resources of generalist predators. Depending on the particular effects and how a predator responds to them, the predator may be more or less abundant in the diverse system. If diversification results in a greater abundance of food resources, or a more even spatial dispersion of food, then predators can be made more abundant and effective in diversified agroecosystems.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Applied Ecology}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Andow, D. A. and Risch, S. J.}, year={1985}, month={Aug}, pages={357–372} }
 @article{andow_1984, title={Estimating Relative Population Density of Many Soecies from Trap Data}, volume={19}, ISSN={0003-6862 1347-605X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.391}, DOI={10.1303/aez.19.391}, number={3}, journal={Applied Entomology and Zoology}, publisher={Japanese Society of Applied Entomology & Zoology}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1984}, pages={391–392} }
 @article{andow_kiritani_1984, title={Fine Structure of Trivial Movement in the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (UHLER) (Homoptera : Cicadellidae)}, volume={19}, ISSN={0003-6862 1347-605X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.306}, DOI={10.1303/aez.19.306}, abstractNote={Individual movement of 29 Nephotettix cincticeps was observed to determine the fine structure of N. cincticeps movement in homogeneous environments. Movement was considered to be a series of place to place transitions, and each transition was composed of a tenure time followed by movement to a new position. Tenure time and movement distance were independent. Tenure times were independent of each other, followed a POISSON process, and their frequency distributions were identical. However, they apparently decerased with adult age. Movement distances were identically distributed, but not independent. Some individuals tended to move farther than others. From these results, it was concluded that the simple random walk and the simple diffusion model are good first approximations of N. cincticeps movement.}, number={3}, journal={Applied Entomology and Zoology}, publisher={Japanese Society of Applied Entomology & Zoology}, author={Andow, D.A and Kiritani, Keizi}, year={1984}, pages={306–316} }
 @article{andow_1984, title={Microsite of the green rice leafhopper, <i>Nephotettix cincticeps</i> (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice: Plant nitrogen and leafhopper density}, volume={26}, ISSN={1438-3896 1438-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02515497}, DOI={10.1007/bf02515497}, abstractNote={Population EcologyVolume 26, Issue 2 p. 313-329 Article Microsite of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice: Plant nitrogen and leafhopper density David A. Andow, David A. Andow Division of Entomology, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Kannondai 3-1-1, 305 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 55108 St. Paul, Minnesota, USASearch for more papers by this author David A. Andow, David A. Andow Division of Entomology, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Kannondai 3-1-1, 305 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 55108 St. Paul, Minnesota, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1984 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02515497Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume26, Issue2December 1984Pages 313-329 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Population Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andow, David A.}, year={1984}, month={Dec}, pages={313–329} }
 @article{pimentel_andow_1984, title={Pest management and pesticide impacts}, volume={5}, ISSN={1742-7584 1742-7592}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400008201}, DOI={10.1017/s1742758400008201}, abstractNote={Although pesticides provide benefits in our battle to control pests that destroy more than a third of all food, the use of pesticides also results in significant costs to public health and the environment. As many as 500,000 humans are poisoned annually by pesticides in the world; the United States alone reports about 45,000 human pesticide poisonings.Pesticides have also caused many detrimental effects on agroecosystems and natural ecosystems. These include: (i) reducing and sometimes eliminating beneficial natural enemies that keep pest populations at low densities; (ii) increasing or decreasing reproduction in various animal populations; (iii) altering decomposition rates of soil organic matter; (iv) developing insecticide resistance in pests, which results in increased pesticide use and additional crop losses; and (v) eliminating honey bee and other bee populations in certain regions thus reducing crop yields and quality. Pesticides also have had major impacts on fish, bird and mammal populations.}, number={03}, journal={International Journal of Tropical Insect Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Pimentel, David and Andow, David A.}, year={1984}, month={Jun}, pages={141–149} }
 @book{gillett_levin_harwell_alexander_andow_stern_1984, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Potential impacts of environmental release of biotechnology products: Assessment, regulation, and research needs}, publisher={Ecosystems Research Center, Cornell University}, author={Gillett, J.W. and Levin, S.A. and Harwell, M.A. and Alexander, M. and Andow, D.A. and Stern, A.M.}, year={1984} }
 @misc{kiritani_andow_1984, title={Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology edited by M. Kogan and D.C. Herzog}, volume={6}, journal={Protection Ecology}, author={Kiritani, K. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1984}, pages={242–249} }
 @article{boake_andow_visscher_1984, title={Spacing of Ant-lions and Their Pits}, volume={111}, ISSN={0003-0031}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425558}, DOI={10.2307/2425558}, number={1}, journal={American Midland Naturalist}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Boake, Christine R. B. and Andow, David and Visscher, P. Kirk}, year={1984}, month={Jan}, pages={192} }
 @article{risch_andow_altieri_1983, title={Agroecosystem Diversity and Pest Control: Data, Tentative Conclusions, and New Research Directions}, volume={12}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/12.3.625}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.3.625}, abstractNote={Recent criticism of the theory that increased diversity leads to increased stability has led to widespread skepticism about the value of using ecological theory to suggest strategies of agricultural diversification to better control insect pests. A total of 150 published studies which examine the effect of diversifying an agroecosystem on insect pest abundance are summarized; 198 total herbivore species were examined in these studies: 53% of these species were found to be less abundant in the more diversified system, 18% were more abundant in the diversified system, 9% showed no difference, and 20% showed a variable response. Two major problems with the studies were: (1) proper experiments were not conducted to show that differences in pest abundance between more and less diverse systems resulted in yield differences; (2) the ecological mechanisms accounting for the differences in pest abundance were carefully examined in only a few of the studies. A fundamental understanding of these ecological mechanisms is critical to the development of a predictive theory of how agricultural diversification affects insect pests. Empirical data and several theoretical arguments are presented which suggest that differences in pest abundance between diverse and simple systems can frequently be accounted for by the response of herbivore host-finding behavior to the patterns of resource availability, rather than the activities of natural enemies. The development of ecologically sound agroecosystems may well utilize within-field plant diversity, both in developing and in developed regions.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Risch, Stephen J. and Andow, David and Altieri, Miguel A.}, year={1983}, month={Jun}, pages={625–629} }
 @article{andow_1983, title={Insect Behavior}, volume={29}, ISSN={0013-8754}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/29.4.59}, DOI={10.1093/besa/29.4.59}, number={4}, journal={Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Andow, D. A.}, year={1983}, month={Dec}, pages={59–62} }
 @phdthesis{andow_1983, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Plant diversity and insect populations: Interactions among beans, weeds and insects}, school={Cornell University}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1983} }
 @article{freeman_andow_1983, title={Plants protecting plants: The use of insect feeding deterrents}, volume={34}, journal={Scientific Horticulture}, author={Freeman, A.B. and Andow, D.A.}, year={1983}, pages={48–53} }
 @article{andow_kiritani_1983, title={The economic injury level and the control threshold}, volume={43}, journal={Japan Pesticide Information}, author={Andow, D.A. and Kiritani, K.}, year={1983}, pages={3–9} }
 @inbook{andow_1983, place={New York}, title={The effect of agricultural diversity on insect populations}, booktitle={Environmentally Sound Agriculture}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Andow, D.A.}, editor={Lockeretz, W.Editor}, year={1983}, pages={91–115} }
 @article{andow_1983, title={The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton}, volume={9}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(83)90003-8}, DOI={10.1016/0167-8809(83)90003-8}, abstractNote={The effects of changes in region-wide cropping patterns on insect pest populations have not been well studied. This paper reviews the empirical literature and develops a theoretical framework for these effects. Changes in regional cropping patterns do affect insect populations, and in at least one case, the presence of fence rows and thickets provide a net benefit to the nearby agro-ecosystem. Of the 17 studies reviewed here, 15 discuss cotton or wheat. With cotton, increased monoculture leads to increases in 13 pest populations and a decrease in two. With wheat, increases occurred in only three populations, while seven were not affected or decreased. Most of the insect populations that were not affected or decreased are multivoltine and oligophagous or polyphagous. All of the populations that increased are monophagous on the crop in the region in which they were studied. A higher proportion of the wheat fauna is multivoltine and oligophagous or polyphagous than the cotton fauna. This may explain the difference between the response of the wheat fauna and the cotton fauna to changes in the extent of monoculture. Additional factors may be insect vagility, host-finding ability, and the response of the predators and parasitoids.}, number={1}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Andow, David}, year={1983}, month={Feb}, pages={25–35} }
 @article{andow_wetzler_1982, title={A new method for mass marking insects}, volume={118}, journal={Entomologist's Monthly Magazine}, author={Andow, D.A. and Wetzler, R.}, year={1982}, pages={211–212} }
 @article{risch_wrubel_andow_1982, title={Foraging by a Predaceous Beetle,
Coleomegilla maculata
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in a Polyculture: Effects of Plant Density and Diversity}, volume={11}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/11.4.949}, DOI={10.1093/ee/11.4.949}, abstractNote={Experimental studies in a greenhouse demonstrated that the foraging rate per individual of a predaceous beetle, Coleomegilla maculata , on egg masses of the European corn borer was significantly reduced by increasing density, but not diversity, of the plants on which it foraged. In higher-density plantings, the beetles apparently spent more time foraging on plants that contained no food, indicating a certain degree of randomness in the foraging behavior of the beetle. These data help explain why observed predation rates on European corn borer egg masses were higher in field plantings of com monocultures than the more densely planted corn-bean-squash polycultures. Since polycultures are nearly always more dense than their respective monocultures, intercropping may act to decrease the predation rate and abundance of certain insect predators or parasites.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Risch, Stephen J. and Wrubel, Roger and Andow, David}, year={1982}, month={Aug}, pages={949–950} }
 @article{andow_1982, title={Miridae and Coleoptera associated with tulip tree flowers at Ithaca, New York}, volume={90}, journal={Journal of the New York Entomological Society}, author={Andow, D.A.}, year={1982}, pages={119–124} }
 @article{pimentel_andow_dyson-hudson_gallahan_jacobson_irish_kroop_moss_schreiner_shepard_et al._1980, title={Environmental and Social Costs of Pesticides: A Preliminary Assessment}, volume={34}, ISSN={0030-1299}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544173}, DOI={10.2307/3544173}, abstractNote={A study was made of the indirect costs that result from pesticide usage in the United States. These costs included: 45,000 annual non-fatal and fatal human pesticide poisonings; $ 12 million in livestock losses; $ 287 million in reduced natural enemies and pesticide resistance; $ 135 million in honey bee poisonings and reduced pollination; $ 70 million in losses of crops and trees; $ 11 million in fish and wildlife losses; and $ 140 million in miscellaneous losses. The estimated total of $ 839 million annual losses attributed to environmental and social costs of pesticide use represents only a small portion of the actual costs. A more complete accounting of the indirect costs would probably be several times the total reported. The results of this preliminary assessment underscore the serious nature of the environmental and social costs of pesticide use.}, number={2}, journal={Oikos}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Pimentel, David and Andow, David and Dyson-Hudson, Rada and Gallahan, David and Jacobson, Stuart and Irish, Molly and Kroop, Susan and Moss, Anne and Schreiner, Ilse and Shepard, Mike and et al.}, year={1980}, pages={126} }
 @inbook{pimentel_andow_gallahan_schriener_thompson_dyson-hudson_jacobson_irish_kroop_moss_et al._1980, place={Boulder, CO}, title={Pesticides: Environmental and social costs}, booktitle={Pest Control: Cultural and Environmental Aspects}, publisher={Westview}, author={Pimentel, D, and Andow, D.A. and Gallahan, D. and Schriener, I. and Thompson, T. and Dyson-Hudson, R. and Jacobson, S. and Irish, M. and Kroop, S. and Moss, A. and et al.}, editor={Pimentel, D. and Perkins, J.H.Editors}, year={1980}, pages={99–158} }
 @misc{ehrman_andow_1977, title={Understanding Genetics.</i>Norman V. Rothwell}, volume={52}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/409747}, DOI={10.1086/409747}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksUnderstanding Genetics. Norman V. Rothwell Lee Ehrman and David AndowLee Ehrman Search for more articles by this author and David Andow Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 52, Number 1Mar., 1977 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/409747 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1977 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={1}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Ehrman, Lee and Andow, David}, year={1977}, month={Mar}, pages={81–82} }