@article{didomenico_jacob_stowe_gruber_2024, title={Diagnostic utility of the total nucleated cell count for differentiation of septic and sterile peritoneal effusions in dogs}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13315}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13315}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundRapid and accurate diagnosis of septic peritonitis is critical for initiating appropriate medical and surgical management.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic utility of the total nucleated cell count (TNCC), absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage, and total protein (TP) to distinguish septic versus non‐septic peritoneal effusions in dogs.MethodsElectronic medical records were retrospectively searched for peritoneal fluid samples from 2008 to 2018 and classified as septic or non‐septic based on bacterial culture and/or cytology results. Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROCs) were used to describe the overall diagnostic utility of each test, with optimal cutpoints analyzed to dichotomize continuous variables. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated at these cutpoints.ResultsA total of 166 unique samples, including 87 septic and 79 non‐septic peritoneal effusions, were included. There were no significant differences in dog sex, age, or days hospitalized between groups. Septic effusions had significantly higher TP, TNCC, absolute neutrophil count, and neutrophil percentage compared with non‐septic effusions. The area under the curve of the ROC curves was TNCC (0.80), absolute neutrophil count (0.80), neutrophil percentage (0.64), and TP (0.63). For TNCC and absolute neutrophil count, optimal cutoffs were 17.13 × 103 cells/μL and 19.88 × 103 cells/μL, resulting in positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.39 and 0.28 and 2.85 and 0.28, respectively.ConclusionsTotal nucleated cell counts and absolute neutrophil counts aid in the differentiation of septic and non‐septic peritoneal effusions with similar diagnostic utility but are not sufficiently sensitive or specific to use without concurrent microscopic evaluation.}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Didomenico, Amy E. and Jacob, Megan E. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Gruber, Erika J.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{stowe_held_cross_meritet_hess_ferris_mochizuki_2024, title={Elevated serum gamma‐glutamyltransferase activity and immunohistochemistry in two dogs with renal carcinoma}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13373}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13373}, abstractNote={During a 3-year time period, a 15-year-old male castrated Terrier mix (dog 1) and a 6-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever (dog 2) presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital with similar blood work abnormalities and no significant physical examination findings. A CBC, chemistry panel, and urinalysis performed on both dogs were relatively unremarkable, other than a marked increase in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Through imaging, both patients were diagnosed with a renal mass, and histopathology of both masses revealed a carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining of the renal mass in both dog 1 and dog 2 were intensely positive for GGT. Dog 1 had the affected kidney removed, which normalized the GGT value. Dog 2 was euthanized, and metastasis to the lung was noted upon postmortem examination. There have been limited case studies documenting an elevation in serum GGT in dogs diagnosed with renal carcinoma. While renal carcinoma is uncommon in dogs, it is an important differential to keep in mind when there is a marked increase in serum GGT without accompanying increases in other measured liver enzymes. In addition, serum GGT can serve as a helpful biomarker for disease resolution and recurrence, as surgical removal of the renal mass (dog 1) led to the resolution of the elevated serum GGT. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating IHC staining for GGT in a canine renal carcinoma.}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Stowe, Devorah M. and Held, Elizabeth P. and Cross, Emily A. and Meritet, Danielle and Hess, Paul R. and Ferris, Kelli and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hastain_mumm_ozawa_petritz_gaudette_troan_stowe_2024, title={Osteosarcoma of the wing in a sulfur-crested cockatoo}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13322}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13322}, abstractNote={AbstractA 26‐year‐old female sulfur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) was evaluated for vocalizing through the night and extending her right wing. Physical examination revealed a large, firm mass extending from the humerus to the distal aspect of the elbow. Computed tomography confirmed a large aggressive mass of the right distal humerus with a large soft tissue component, severe osteolysis, and adjacent periosteal proliferation. Fine‐needle aspirates of the mass were most compatible with sarcoma, and osteosarcoma was prioritized. An unstained slide was treated with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl phosphate toluidine salt‐phosphatase (NBT/BCIP) substrate for ALP detection and was strongly positive, confirming a diagnosis of osteosarcoma. A month later, the patient underwent wing amputation and arrested during recovery from anesthesia. Post‐mortem examination and histopathology were consistent with osteosarcoma. This case report highlights a rare occurrence of osteosarcoma in a cockatoo as well as its cytologic and histologic features. Additionally, this report provides support for NBT/BCIP application in ALP‐expressing tumors, a cytochemical stain that has been minimally investigated in avian species.}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Hastain, Sydney A. and Mumm, Lauren and Ozawa, Sarah and Petritz, Olivia and Gaudette, Chris and Troan, Brigid V. and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{wheatley_stowe_mochizuki_2023, title={Eosinophilic cavitary effusions in cats: 48 cases (2010-2020)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13295}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13295}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundEosinophilic effusions are commonly defined as effusions with ≥10% eosinophils. Eosinophilic cavitary effusions are infrequently observed in cats, with few case reports comprising the majority of the recent literature.ObjectiveThe objective was to review disease associations of cats with eosinophilic cavitary effusions and to assess if a lower threshold of eosinophils (5%–9%) may warrant consideration of similar etiologies associated with effusions with ≥10% eosinophils.MethodsCytology reports were retrospectively reviewed for all feline cavitary effusions submitted for fluid analysis from 2010 to 2020 at a veterinary teaching hospital. Cases were included if the manual leukocyte differential included ≥5% eosinophils and separated into 5%–9% and ≥10% eosinophils groups. Patient records were reviewed for associated medical conditions.ResultsA total of 669 effusions were submitted from 579 cats; 50 effusions from 48 cats had a leukocyte differential with ≥5% eosinophils. The eosinophil proportion was ≥10% in 22 cats; the most common underlying cause was neoplasia (10/22, 45%), followed by inflammatory disease (4/22, 18%), cardiac disease (3/22, 14%), suspect neoplasia (3/22, 14%), and undetermined (2/22, 9%). The underlying causes for the 26 cats with 5%–9% eosinophils were similar; neoplasia (8/26, 31%), cardiac disease (6/26, 23%), inflammatory disease (4/26, 15%), suspect neoplasia (3/26, 12%), undetermined (3/26, 12%), and idiopathic chylothorax (2/26, 8%). Cats with eosinophil proportions ≥10% in the fluid exhibited peripheral eosinophilia more frequently (35%) compared to those with 5%–9% eosinophils (5%).ConclusionsConsistent with the current literature, neoplasia, particularly lymphoma, remains a primary consideration for cats with eosinophilic effusions. Previously unreported associated diseases included cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. Our findings suggest an eosinophil differential of 5%–9% is seen with similar etiologies considered for classically defined eosinophilic effusions.}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Wheatley, Meagan A. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{wheatley_shamoun_maggi_breitschwerdt_sommer_cullen_stowe_2023, title={Eosinophilic pericardial effusion and pericarditis in a cat}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2055-1169"]}, DOI={10.1177/20551169231213498}, abstractNote={Case summary A 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat presented for lethargy, anorexia and labored breathing. Significant pleural and pericardial effusions prompted thoracocentesis and pericardiocentesis. Cytologic evaluation of the pericardial effusion revealed a highly cellular hemorrhagic, eosinophilic (12%) effusion, with many markedly atypical suspected mesothelial cells, interpreted as concerning for neoplasia. Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy and histology of the pericardium revealed predominantly eosinophilic inflammation with multifocal mesothelial hypertrophy and ulceration. A peripheral eosinophilia was not present on serial complete blood counts. Initial infectious disease testing was mostly negative. Toxoplasma gondii titers were most consistent with prior exposure, although reactivation could not be excluded. The owner’s medical history included a prior diagnosis of bartonellosis. Owing to the challenges of definitive Bartonella species exclusion, the cat was treated empirically with pradofloxacin and doxycycline, and a subtotal pericardectomy. There was improvement at first but pleural effusion recurred approximately 3 months after discharge. The cat was euthanized and a necropsy was not performed. Subsequent pericardial effusion Piroplasma/Bartonella/Borrelia droplet digital PCR detected DNA of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii, and peripheral blood culture and sequencing revealed a rare apicomplexan organism (90% homology with Colpodella species) of unknown clinical significance. Testing for filamentous bacteria and fungal pathogens was not performed. Relevance and novel information This case offers several unique entities – eosinophilic pericardial effusion and eosinophilic pericarditis of unknown etiology – and illustrates the well-known marked atypia that may occur in reactive and hyperplastic mesothelial cells, particularly of infrequently sampled and cytologically described feline pericardial effusion, supporting a cautious interpretation of this cytology finding. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS}, author={Wheatley, Meagan Alisa and Shamoun, John and Maggi, Ricardo and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Sommer, Samantha L. and Cullen, John M. and Stowe, Devorah Marks}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gookin_hartley_aicher_mathews_cullen_cullen_callahan_stowe_seiler_jacob_et al._2023, title={Gallbladder microbiota in healthy dogs and dogs with mucocele formation}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0281432}, abstractNote={To date studies have not investigated the culture-independent microbiome of bile from dogs, a species where aseptic collection of bile under ultrasound guidance is somewhat routine. Despite frequent collection of bile for culture-based diagnosis of bacterial cholecystitis, it is unknown whether bile from healthy dogs harbors uncultivable bacteria or a core microbiota. The answer to this question is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of biliary infection and as a baseline to exploration of other biliary diseases in dogs where uncultivable bacteria could play a pathogenic role. A pressing example of such a disease would be gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs. This prevalent and deadly condition is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus by the gallbladder epithelium that can eventually lead to rupture of the gallbladder or obstruction of bile flow. The cause of mucocele formation is unknown as is whether uncultivable, and therefore unrecognized, bacteria play any systematic role in pathogenesis. In this study we applied next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the culture-negative bacterial community of gallbladder bile from healthy dogs and gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Integral to our study was the use of 2 separate DNA isolations on each sample using different extraction methods and sequencing of negative control samples enabling recognition and curation of contaminating sequences. Microbiota findings were validated by simultaneous culture-based identification, cytological examination of bile, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) performed on gallbladder mucosa. Using culture-dependent, cytological, FISH, and 16S rRNA sequencing approaches, results of our study do not support existence of a core microbiome in the bile of healthy dogs or gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Our findings further document how contaminating sequences can significantly contribute to the results of sequencing analysis when performed on samples with low bacterial biomass.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Hartley, Ashley N. and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Cullen, Rachel and Cullen, John M. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Jacob, Megan E. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{slead_callahan_schreeg_seiler_stowe_azcarate-peril_jacob_gookin_2023, title={Microbiome analysis of bile from apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16852}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16852}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundBacterial infection of bile is a common cause of hepatobiliary disease in cats. Whether bile harbors a core microbiota in health or in cases of suspected hepatobiliary disease in cats is unknown.ObjectivesEstablish if gallbladder bile in apparently healthy cats harbors a core microbiota composed of bacterial taxa common to many individuals. Compare results of bile cytology, bile culture, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease.AnimalsForty‐three client‐owned cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease and 17 control cats.MethodsBile was collected by ultrasound guided cholecystocentesis (cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease) or laparotomy after euthanasia (controls). Bile samples underwent cytologic examination, aerobic and anaerobic culture, and DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.ResultsMicrobiome sequencing did not identify a core microbiota in control cats or cats having bile sampled because of clinical suspicion for hepatobiliary disease. Microbiome profiles from control cats were indistinguishable from profiles obtained from sampling instruments and reagents that were not exposed to bile (technical controls). Bacterial taxa that could not be explained by contamination or off‐target amplification were identified only in samples from cats with bactibilia and positive bile culture results for Escherichia coli. In several E. coli positive samples, microbiome sequencing also identified a small number of potentially co‐infecting bacterial genera not identified by culture.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCat bile does not harbor a core microbiota. Uncultured bacteria may contribute to pathogenesis of hepatobiliary disease in cats with bile E. coli infection.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Slead, Tanner S. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Schreeg, Megan E. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Azcarate-Peril, Maria Andrea and Jacob, Megan E. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gilbertie_schaer_engiles_seiler_deddens_schubert_jacob_stefanovski_ruthel_hickok_et al._2022, title={A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Biologic Clears Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms While Mitigating Cartilage Degeneration and Joint Inflammation in a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Infectious Arthritis Model}, volume={12}, ISSN={2235-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, DOI={10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, abstractNote={The leading cause of treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus infections is the development of biofilms. Biofilms are highly tolerant to conventional antibiotics which were developed against planktonic cells. Consequently, there is a lack of antibiofilm agents in the antibiotic development pipeline. To address this problem, we developed a platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-derived biologic, termed BIO-PLY (for the BIOactive fraction of Platelet-rich plasma LYsate) which has potent in vitro bactericidal activity against S. aureus synovial fluid free-floating biofilm aggregates. Additional in vitro studies using equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes showed that BIO-PLY protected these cells of the joint from inflammation. The goal of this study was to test BIO-PLY for in vivo efficacy using an equine model of infectious arthritis. We found that horses experimentally infected with S. aureus and subsequently treated with BIO-PLY combined with the antibiotic amikacin (AMK) had decreased bacterial concentrations within both synovial fluid and synovial tissue and exhibited lower systemic and local inflammatory scores compared to horses treated with AMK alone. Most importantly, AMK+BIO-PLY treatment reduced the loss of infection-associated cartilage proteoglycan content in articular cartilage and decreased synovial tissue fibrosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of AMK+BIO-PLY and represents a new approach to restore and potentiate antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms.}, journal={Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schaer, Thomas P. and Engiles, Julie B. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Deddens, Bennett L. and Schubert, Alicia G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Stefanovski, Darko and Ruthel, Gordon and Hickok, Noreen J. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{wheatley_stowe_2022, title={Incidental immitis; a microfilaria medley}, volume={51}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13121}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13121}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 51, Issue 1 p. 6-7 YESTERDAY • TODAY • TOMORROW Incidental immitis; a microfilaria medley Meagan A. Wheatley, Corresponding Author Meagan A. Wheatley mawheatl@ncsu.edu Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Devorah M. Stowe Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Meagan A. Wheatley, Corresponding Author Meagan A. Wheatley mawheatl@ncsu.edu Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Devorah M. Stowe Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13121Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue1March 2022Pages 6-7 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Wheatley, Meagan A. and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={6–7} }
 @article{marin_lewbart_stowe_2022, title={What is your diagnosis? Coelomic fluid in an Eastern River Cooter (
            <i>Pseudemys concinna concinna
            )}, volume={8}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13142}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13142}, abstractNote={An adult male intact Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna) was presented by a good Samaritan to North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital's Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) after presumably being hit by a motor vehicle. The patient suffered from a carapace fracture of the left bridge (see Figure 2), prefemoral lacerations cranial to the left hind leg, and partial externalization of the intestines. The injuries appeared to be acute in nature. A shell repair was performed, and supportive care was initiated while the patient was dry docked. Blood work was not performed at the time of intake. Approximately 2 months following admittance, the patient was placed in water submersion due to the development of plastron pressure sores secondary to dry-docking. A week later, the patient reportedly had become very lethargic and appreciably edematous. The patient's packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma protein by refractometry at this time were 19% and 8.0 g/dL, respectively (the reference interval [RI] for related species, PCV 14%-26%, total protein 2.3-3.8 g/dL).1 Gross plasma abnormalities, such as hemolysis, were not appreciated. A coelomocentesis was performed, and approximately 35 ml of yellow, slightly cloudy fluid was removed from the coelomic cavity via fine-needle aspiration, which was then submitted for cytologic evaluation only (Figure 1); a total leukocyte count and total protein by refractometry were not performed. Low cellularity fluid with spermatozoa. The cellularity of the effusion was estimated to be low, along with low numbers of erythrocytes and few thrombocytes. Nucleated cells consisted predominantly of variably intact heterophils and macrophages. Outnumbering the leukocytes were several variably intact spermatozoa. Spermatozoa had deeply basophilic staining vermiform-shaped heads, which were elongate and tapered to a point, and variably appreciable, poorly staining midpieces and tails (Figure 2). No intracellular spermatozoa were definitively seen. No infectious agents were identified. Following water submersion and cytologic findings, the patient underwent both a computed tomography (CT) scan and coelomic laparoscopy to re-evaluate the overall extent of injuries due to trauma. The most notable finding on the CT scan included multiple severe comminuted fractures of the pelvis bilaterally, with moderate left sacroiliac subluxation and marked accumulation of coelomic fluid. While there were no obvious abnormalities in the gonads, this region was directly adjacent to the spinal luxation. The CT scan was performed without contrast. Together with the amount of coelomic fluid, any trauma to the gonads may have been inadvertently overlooked. Coelomic laparoscopy revealed a large amount of fluid with free-floating particulate matter, suspected to be plant material. Following the presumptive diagnosis of GI perforation (due to free-floating plant material), euthanasia was elected. On necropsy, a duodenal perforation and ruptured bladder, both with fibrinous adhesions, were discovered. Grossly visible gonadal trauma was not appreciated. Histopathology was not performed. Descriptive texts and images of the cytomorphology of mature turtle spermatozoa are limited.3, 4 Since cytopathology is more commonly used as a diagnostic tool in exotic and wildlife animal medicine; it is advantageous to have accessible resources with both routine and unusual findings that one might encounter as a cytopathologist. Many mammals and birds are seasonal and continuous breeders with synchronous reproductive events. In contrast, turtles located in temperate zones have a unique reproductive cycle in which spermatogenesis in male turtles is asynchronous with ovulation in the female. Spermatogenesis in the male turtle occurs episodically, starting in early summer and ending in autumn, with spermatozoa leaving the testes and entering the epididymis.5 Asynchrony of reproduction events necessitates methods for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles.3 In spring-breeding turtles, such as the Eastern River Cooter, spermatozoa are stored in the ductus epididymis of the male. In a study by Gist et al, spermatozoa were found in the ductus epididymis of painted turtles throughout the year, even when the testes were completely regressed in the spring.5 The spermatozoa were observed to be relatively impervious to deterioration over time (as long as 5 months), when evaluated both within and outside of the epididymis. While an official total leukocyte count and protein by refractometry was not performed, a low cellularity fluid suggestive of a transudate was considered most likely. In this case, chief uncertainties included how both the fluid and spermatozoa came to be free within the coelomic cavity. The patient was not hypoproteinemic at the time of water submersion; thus, decreased oncotic pressure was not considered to be a likely cause for the increased presence of coelomic fluid. Given that the fluid accumulation in the coelomic cavity appeared to occur simultaneously with water submersion, a postulation for the coelomic fluid was that water from the patient's enclosure had entered the coelom through the patient's wounds. The testis and epididymis are both located ventral to the kidneys and cranial to the accessory urinary bladder in the male turtle.3 Spermatozoa are a normal finding in the urine of clinically normal male turtles, as well as female turtles that have been in contact with males.6 Therefore, considerations for the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid include both traumatization to the gonads and/or contamination from the ruptured urinary bladder. An interesting observation made during the cytologic evaluation of the coelomic effusion was the relatively minimal inflammatory response. While heterophils and macrophages were present in low numbers, the spermatozoa appeared practically untouched. In small domesticated animals, the testes are considered an immune-privileged site; if exposed to surrounding tissues, a robust inflammatory response (predominantly macrophages) is anticipated (eg, sperm granuloma).2 Medications administered during the patient's hospitalization at various time points included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketorolac and ketoprofen), as well as antibiotics (ceftazidime). Postulation for the lack of a significant inflammatory response includes anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects of these medications. The timing of duodenal and urinary bladder perforations is not clear; neither plant-like material nor bacteria were observed at the time of cytologic evaluation; however, fibrinous adhesions described during necropsy suggest a degree of chronicity. Given the necessity for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles,3 not only traumatic mating but trauma, such as vehicular trauma, to reproductive organs in either sex may lead to spermatozoa leakage into the coelomic cavity year-round. While the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid was not a primary issue for the patient, this case allowed for the documentation of the cytologic features of spermatozoa from the Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna). The authors thank Sabrina Kapp for the coordination and supervision of the patient's care. The authors have indicated that they have no affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial competition with, the subject matter or materials discussed in this article.}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Marin, Jessica and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Stowe, Devorah}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{graham_tefft_stowe_jacob_robertson_hawkins_2021, title={Factors associated with clinical interpretation of tracheal wash fluid from dogs with respiratory disease: 281 cases (2012-2017)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16052}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16052}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundClinicians face several dilemmas regarding tracheal washes (TWs) for the diagnosis of respiratory disease, including method and prediction of bacterial growth from cytology results.ObjectiveTo compare cytology and culture of endotracheal and transtracheal washes and identify factors associated with discordancy and bacterial growth.AnimalsTwo hundred forty‐five dogs with respiratory disease.MethodsRetrospective study. Tracheal wash submissions were included if cellularity was sufficient for cytologic interpretation and aerobic cultures were performed. Collection technique, cytology, bacterial growth, and antibiotic history were analyzed.ResultsFewer transtracheal specimens (9/144, 6.3%) were excluded for hypocellularity than endotracheal (28/174, 16.1%); otherwise, results were similar and were combined. Of 281 specimens with cellularity sufficient for interpretation, 97 (34.5%) had bacteria on cytology and 191 (68.0%) had bacterial growth. Cytology positive/culture negative discordancy was uncommon (8/97, 8%). Cytology negative/culture positive discordancy was frequent (102/184, 55.4%), but occurred less often (28/184, 14.2%) when only 1+ growth or greater was considered positive. Oropharyngeal contamination was associated with bacterial growth, but not discordancy. No association was found between antibiotic administration and bacterial growth.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceEndotracheal wash fluid, in particular, should be screened for gross mucus or turbidity to maximize the likelihood of an adequate specimen. Otherwise, endotracheal and transtracheal specimens were similar. Presence of bacteria on cytology was a good predictor of any growth, while their absence was a good predictor of the absence of growth of 1+ or more. Recent antibiotic usage should not discourage TW culture if there is compelling reason to avoid delay.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Graham, Amber M. and Tefft, Karen M. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Jacob, Megan E. and Robertson, James B. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1073–1079} }
 @article{mochizuki_stowe_2021, title={Hematologic and clinical characteristics of dogs with circulating macrophage-like cells}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12962}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12962}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundMacrophage‐like (ML) cells are rarely observed on blood smear examinations, and the significance of these cells has been poorly described.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to retrospectively describe selected hematologic and clinical characteristics of dogs with ML cells in peripheral blood.Materials and MethodsComplete blood count (CBC) reports with blood smear evaluations from the clinical pathology laboratory records at North Carolina University College of Veterinary Medicine were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected over a 10‐year‐period. Dogs were defined as having circulating ML cells if three or more ML cells were present on a single blood smear. Hematologic and clinical data of dogs with circulating ML cells were compared with age‐matched hospital‐derived control dogs.ResultsOf 61,631 CBC records, 87 reports (0.14%) described the presence of ML cells. Thirty‐nine dogs met the inclusion criteria. The hemogram of dogs with circulating ML cells was characterized by a pronounced inflammatory and stress leukogram, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Of the 39 dogs, 19 (49%) had systemic or severe localized inflammatory/necrotic diseases. Eighteen (46%) dogs were diagnosed with neoplasia of histiocytic (5) and non‐histiocytic origins (13). Dogs with circulating ML cells had a shorter median survival time (34 days) than the control dogs (595 days, P < .0001), with an increased occurrence of death/euthanasia within 1 month (3.89‐fold). However, the presence of circulating ML cells was not found to be an independent prognostic factor in a multivariable model.ConclusionsThe hemograms and diagnoses of dogs with ML cells suggest that severe inflammatory conditions or histiocytic and non‐histiocytic neoplasia are common causes for circulating ML cells.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={37–44} }
 @article{stowe_schoenfeld-tacher_hammond_hedgpeth_neel_2021, title={Impact of online courses and grading framework on student learning and motivation}, volume={4}, ISSN={2590-1761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ehp.ehp_27_21}, DOI={10.4103/ehp.ehp_27_21}, abstractNote={Background: At our institution, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an abrupt change from traditional in-person instruction to remote teaching along with a concurrent change from letter grades to satisfactory/marginal/unsatisfactory grading. Objectives: The aims of this study were to explore the effects of changes in instructional delivery on students’ learning and retention of the material and to assess students’ motivation to learn. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. Phase 1 involved the administration of an academic motivation survey and a clinical pathology exam using online platforms. Phase 2 involved conducting a focus group to further explore student experiences during the change in course instruction. Results: The academic motivation survey revealed that both prior to and during the pandemic, the main drivers for student achievement were an interest in learning the content due to anticipated relevance in clinical practice, as well as a desire to master course goals. While the students predicted feeling more confident in their data interpretation ability in the traditionally taught topics vs. topics modified due to social distancing, the data from the content exam suggests that students showed better retention of topics taught in a modified manner. Lastly, the focus group revealed that participants perceived online learning to be more challenging due to the lack of in-person contact and increased frustration with technical issues. Conclusion: While moving courses online may make it more difficult to engage with the materials, peers, and instructors, there did not appear to be adverse effects on the overall student learning or content retention.}, number={3}, journal={Education in the Health Professions}, publisher={Medknow}, author={Stowe, DevorahM and Schoenfeld-Tacher, ReginaM and Hammond, Sarah and Hedgpeth, Mari-Wells and Neel, JenniferA}, year={2021}, pages={99} }
 @article{stowe_fiebrandt_druley_taylor_2022, title={Implementation of a Fine Needle Aspirate Simulation Model}, volume={49}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2020-0157}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2020-0157}, abstractNote={ Being able to appropriately perform fine needle aspiration (FNA) collecting techniques and sample preparation is essential in obtaining a diagnostic sample, which is a critical skill for veterinary practitioners. Collection and preparation of cytologic samples are skills gained through practice. Experience leads to refinement of technique and improved diagnostic quality. Using live patients for mass skills training is not feasible; therefore, an aspiration simulation model and laboratory session was developed to reinforce physical exam skills, appropriate selection of sample collection supplies, and collection technique. Materials for the models include Ping-Pong balls, silicone, instant vanilla pudding mix, water, and stuffed animals. The laboratory session allows veterinary students to practice lesion identification, isolation, aspiration, and successful preparation. Subsequent submission of the collected sample involves being able to expel and spread the sample on a slide and proper labeling. While the simulation experience was initially developed for a short course with 12 students, it has recently been incorporated into the required clinical pathology clinical year rotation for up to 100 fourth-year veterinary students. The model is inexpensive and efficient and allows for technique development and immediate instructor assessment and feedback. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Stowe, Devorah M. and Fiebrandt, Kate E. and Druley, Gail E. and Taylor, Abi J.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={432–436} }
 @article{didomenico_fowler_horne_bizikova_schnabel_stowe_2021, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={258}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.258.9.961}, DOI={10.2460/javma.258.9.961}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={DiDomenico, Amy E. and Fowler, Alexander W. and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Bizikova, Petra and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={961–964} }
 @article{marin_mochizuki_mastromauro_stowe_2021, title={What is your diagnosis? Dermal mass in a dog}, volume={51}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13015}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13015}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyEarly View WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Dermal mass in a dog Jessica Marin, Jessica Marin orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-2612 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorHiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mastromauro, Michael Mastromauro Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Jessica Marin, Jessica Marin orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-2612 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorHiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mastromauro, Michael Mastromauro Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13015Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Marin, Jessica and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Mastromauro, Michael and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={161–163} }
 @article{chandler_mochizuki_snyder_stowe_2021, title={What is your diagnosis? Mass in the abdomen of a cat}, volume={50}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12929}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12929}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 50, Issue 3 p. 465-467 WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Mass in the abdomen of a cat Whitney Chandler, Whitney Chandler NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorHiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorAmy Snyder, Amy Snyder Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Whitney Chandler, Whitney Chandler NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorHiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorAmy Snyder, Amy Snyder Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 July 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12929Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume50, Issue3September 2021Pages 465-467 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chandler, Whitney and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Snyder, Amy and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={465–467} }
 @article{griffioen_stowe_trosclair_minter_vanetten_harrison_2020, title={Comparison of Dilution on Eastern Box Turtle (<i>Terrapene carolina carolina</i>) and Marine Toad<i>(Rhinella marinus</i>) Blood Parameters as Measured on a Portable Chemistry Analyzer}, volume={2020}, ISSN={2090-8113 2042-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8843058}, DOI={10.1155/2020/8843058}, abstractNote={Biochemical testing is an important clinical tool in evaluating the physiology of reptiles and amphibians. Suitable point of care analyzers can allow for rapid delivery of results, but small patient size can inhibit sufficient sample collection. This study evaluated the utility of sample dilution with sterile distilled water as a means of biochemical evaluation when sample volume is limited. Blood was collected from 12 eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and 12 marine toads(Rhinella marinus) and analyzed via i-STAT CHEM8+ cartridges. Two undiluted samples and two samples diluted 1 : 1 with sterile water were evaluated immediately following collection for each animal in the study. Analytes reported in the diluted samples were limited to glucose, ionized calcium, and total carbon dioxide. The expected dilution ratio value of diluted to undiluted samples was 0.5, of which glucose in both turtles and toads was nearest. Dilution ratio values for ionized calcium, however, were higher than expected in both turtles and toads. Sample dilution is not recommended for most analytes included on the CHEM8+ cartridge due to values occurring outside the limits of detection for the analyzer. Glucose and ionized calcium values obtained on diluted samples should be interpreted with caution but may provide clinical utility in reptile and amphibian patients where sample volume is limited.}, journal={Veterinary Medicine International}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Griffioen, John A. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Trosclair, Macy and Minter, Larry J. and Vanetten, Chelsey and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{stowe_schoenfeld-tacher_royal_neel_2021, title={Evaluation of Retention of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Knowledge between Second-Year and Fourth-Year Clinical Pathology Courses}, volume={48}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2020-0038}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2020-0038}, abstractNote={ There is a concern over long-term retention of knowledge in professional programs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the retention of veterinary clinical pathology knowledge between the fourth-semester and fourth-year clinical pathology courses. We hypothesize that students will forget a significant amount of content area knowledge between the fourth semester and fourth year in the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) program. We further hypothesize that a review of material during the fourth-year clinical pathology rotation will help students rebuild existing knowledge and increase performance on specific test questions, between T2 (rotation pre-test) and T3 (rotation post-test). Initial mastery of course material was assessed via a 94-item multiple-choice final exam (T1) given in the semester 4 clinical pathology course. Retention of course material from semester 4 to year 4 was assessed via a 55-item multiple-choice pre-test, administered at the start of the clinical pathology rotation in year 4 while learning/mastery during the clinical rotation was assessed via a 55-item multiple-choice post-test, administered at the end of each clinical pathology rotation. In this study, evidence of knowledge retention between semester 4 and year 4 was 55.5%. There is a small increase in the measure of knowledge gain from the beginning to the end of the rotation. As an added benefit, we were able to use identified trends for retention of knowledge within specific subject areas as a mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of our course and reallocate additional instructional time to topics with poorer retention. }, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Stowe, Devorah M. and Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina M. and Royal, Kenneth D. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={664–669} }
 @inbook{haddad_stowe_neel_2020, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={5}, title={Gastrointestinal Chapter}, booktitle={Cowell and Tyler’s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Haddad, J. and Stowe, D.M. and Neel, J.}, editor={Valenciano, A.C. and Cowell, R.L.Editors}, year={2020}, pages={289–316} }
 @article{cerreta_houck_stowe_lewbart_2020, title={Hematology of the Keeled Box Turtle (Cuora Mouhotii)}, volume={1}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12857}, abstractNote={AbstractA healthy adult, intact female keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) was found to have a marked heterophilic leukocytosis using normal hematologic parameters established for the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), a related chelonian species. This animal was monitored with serial complete blood counts (CBCs) over the next 15 years despite remaining asymptomatic for an infectious condition. Retrospective CBC data were compiled from 38 presumably healthy keeled box turtles to establish hematologic values for comparison in this species. Using this species‐specific data, over the 15‐year period, the female keeled box turtle had two times where the white blood cell (WBC) count was greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean, six times where the WBC count was greater than 1 SD above the mean, six times where the PCV was greater than 2 SD above the mean, and eight times where the PCV was greater than 1 SD above the mean. Infection and inflammation are the most common causes of leukocytosis in reptiles; however, given the clinical presentation of this patient, it was postulated that these clinicopathologic changes could be secondary to a stress response. Establishing reference intervals and understanding how stress impacts CBC parameters are important for evaluating the health status of keeled box turtles kept in captivity and for assessing the effects of environmental changes on the health status of wild populations of this endangered chelonian species.}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Cerreta, Anthony and Houck, Emma and Stowe, Devorah and Lewbart, Greg}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cerreta_houck_stowe_lewbart_2020, title={Hematology of the keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12857}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12857}, abstractNote={AbstractA healthy adult, intact female keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) was found to have a marked heterophilic leukocytosis using normal hematologic parameters established for the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), a related chelonian species. This animal was monitored with serial complete blood counts (CBCs) over the next 15 years despite remaining asymptomatic for an infectious condition. Retrospective CBC data were compiled from 38 presumably healthy keeled box turtles to establish hematologic values for comparison in this species. Using this species‐specific data, over the 15‐year period, the female keeled box turtle had two times where the white blood cell (WBC) count was greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean, six times where the WBC count was greater than 1 SD above the mean, six times where the PCV was greater than 2 SD above the mean, and eight times where the PCV was greater than 1 SD above the mean. Infection and inflammation are the most common causes of leukocytosis in reptiles; however, given the clinical presentation of this patient, it was postulated that these clinicopathologic changes could be secondary to a stress response. Establishing reference intervals and understanding how stress impacts CBC parameters are important for evaluating the health status of keeled box turtles kept in captivity and for assessing the effects of environmental changes on the health status of wild populations of this endangered chelonian species.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cerreta, Anthony and Houck, Emma and Stowe, Devorah and Lewbart, Greg}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={227–231} }
 @article{meichner_stokol_tarigo_avery_burkhard_comazzi_fogle_stowe_rütgen_seelig_et al._2020, title={Multicenter flow cytometry proficiency testing of canine blood and lymph node samples}, volume={49}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12843}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12843}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundFlow cytometry (FC) is used increasingly in veterinary medicine for further characterization of hematolymphoid cells. Guidelines for optimizing assay performance and interpretation of results are limited, and concordance of results across laboratories is unknown.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine inter‐investigator agreement on the interpretation of FC results from split samples analyzed in different laboratories using various protocols, cytometers, and software; and on the interpretation of archived FC standard (FCS) data files contributed by the different investigators.MethodsThis was a multicenter observational cross‐sectional study. Anticoagulated blood or lymph node aspirate samples from nine client‐owned dogs were aliquoted and shipped to participating laboratories. Samples were analyzed with individual laboratory‐developed protocols. In addition, FCS files from a set of separate samples from 11 client‐owned dogs were analyzed by participating investigators. A person not associated with the study tabulated the results and interpretations. Agreement of interpretations was assessed with Fleiss’ kappa statistic.ResultsProlonged transit times affected sample quality for some laboratories. Overall agreement among investigators regarding the FC sample interpretation was strong (κ = 0.86 ± 0.19, P < .001), and for specific categories, ranged from moderate to perfect. Agreement of the lymphoproliferation or other leukocyte sample category from the analysis of the FCS files was weak (κ = 0.58 ± 0.05, P < .001).ConclusionsLymphoproliferations were readily identified by FC, but identification of the categories of hematolymphoid neoplasia in fresh samples or archived files was variable. There is a need for a more standardized approach to maximize the enormous potential of FC in veterinary medicine.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Stokol, Tracy and Tarigo, Jaime and Avery, Anne and Burkhard, Mary J. and Comazzi, Stefano and Fogle, Jonathan and Stowe, Devorah Marks and Rütgen, Barbara and Seelig, Davis and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={249–257} }
 @inbook{powers_stowe_2020, place={Hoboken, NJ}, title={Pigeons and Doves}, ISBN={9780470960356 9781119108610}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119108610.ch27}, DOI={10.1002/9781119108610.ch27}, abstractNote={This chapter reviews the available literature for clinical pathology of columbiformes. The avian order Columbiformes includes two families,the family Columbidae, and the family Pteroclididae. Columbiforme species native to the UnitedStates include the mourning dove,white-winged dove, band-tailed pigeon, white-crowned pigeon, and Inca dove. Blood parasites are commonly observed on blood smear evaluation of wild columbiformes. Blood gases and blood lactate in pigeons in normal states and in response to changes in temperature, simulated altitude, and flight distance have been studied. In Europe, more than 100human cases associated with contact with feral pigeonshave been reported. Mycobacteriosis is a challenging disease to diagnose and treat in pigeons. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes paratyphoid in pigeons. Pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) affects columbiformes and can also infect poultry. Commercial vaccines against PPMV-1 are available for pigeons.}, booktitle={Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Powers, Lauren Virginia and Stowe, Devorah Marks}, editor={Heatley, J.J. and Russell, K.E.Editors}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={543–564} }
 @inbook{haddad_stowe_neel_2020, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={5th}, title={The Gastrointestinal Tract}, booktitle={Cowell and Tyler’s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Haddad, J. and Stowe, D.M. and Neel, J.}, editor={Valenciano, A.C. and Cowell, R.L.Editors}, year={2020}, pages={289–316} }
 @article{didomenico_stowe_lynch_2020, title={What is your diagnosis? Abdominal fluid from a dog}, volume={49}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12815}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12815}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 49, Issue 1 p. 164-166 WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Abdominal fluid from a dog Amy E. DiDomenico, Amy E. DiDomenico orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-5599 Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAlex M. Lynch, Alex M. Lynch Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Amy E. DiDomenico, Amy E. DiDomenico orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-5599 Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Public Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAlex M. Lynch, Alex M. Lynch Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 January 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12815Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume49, Issue1March 2020Pages 164-166 This article also appears in:What is your diagnosis? Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={DiDomenico, Amy E. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Lynch, Alex M.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={164–166} }
 @article{mochizuki_eaton_breuhaus_stowe_2020, title={What is your diagnosis? Transtracheal wash in a horse}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12907}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12907}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 49, Issue 4 p. 675-677 WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Transtracheal wash in a horse Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorErin Eaton, Erin Eaton Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorBabetta Breuhaus, Babetta Breuhaus Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorErin Eaton, Erin Eaton Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorBabetta Breuhaus, Babetta Breuhaus Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDevorah M. Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah M. Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2995 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah M. Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 October 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12907Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume49, Issue4December 2020Pages 675-677 This article also appears in:What is your diagnosis? Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Eaton, Erin and Breuhaus, Babetta and Stowe, Devorah}, year={2020}, pages={675–677} }
 @article{nemec_kapatos_holmes_stowe_hess_2019, title={Cancer‐testis antigens in canine histiocytic sarcoma and other malignancies}, volume={17}, ISSN={1476-5810 1476-5829}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vco.12475}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12475}, abstractNote={Cancer‐testis antigens (CTAs) are a category of self proteins aberrantly expressed in diverse malignancies, mostly solid tumours, due to epigenetic de‐repression. Normally expressed only in fetal or gametogenic tissues, CTAs are tantalizing immunotherapy targets, since autoimmunity risks appear minimal. Few prevalent CTAs have been identified in human hematologic cancers, and just two in their veterinary counterparts. We sought to discover new CTAs in canine hematologic cancers such as histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and lymphoma to foster immunotherapy development. To accomplish this, the ligandome binding the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)‐88*508:01 class I allele overexpressed in an HS line was searched by mass spectrometry to identify possible CTA‐derived peptides, which could serve as CD8+ T‐cell epitopes. Twenty‐two peptides mapped to 5 human CTAs and 12 additional proteins with CTA characteristics. Expression of five promising candidates was then evaluated in tumour and normal tissue by quantitative and end‐point RT‐PCR. The ortholog of an established CTA, IGF2BP3, had unexpectedly high expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Four other testis‐enhanced proteins were also assessed. AKR1E2, SPECC1 and TPX2 were expressed variably in HS and T‐cell lymphoma biopsies, but also at high levels in critical tissues, including kidney, brain and marrow, diminishing their utility. A more tissue‐restricted candidate, NT5C1B, was detected in T‐cell lymphomas, but also at low levels in some normal dog tissues. These results illustrate the feasibility of discovering canine CTAs by a reverse approach, proceeding from identification of MHC class I‐presented peptides to a comparative RNA expression survey of tumours and normal tissues.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Oncology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nemec, Paige S. and Kapatos, Alexander and Holmes, Jennifer C. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Hess, Paul R.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={317–328} }
 @article{foster_jacob_stowe_smith_2019, title={Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15529}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15529}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundSalmonellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal calves, often occurring before preventative vaccines can be administered.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo evaluate the protective effect on calves of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a commercially available Salmonella Newport bacterin against a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge.AnimalsTwenty Holstein bull calves from a university dairy farm.MethodsNonrandomized placebo‐controlled trial in which colostrum was harvested from 30 cows that received 2 doses of either Salmonella bacterin or saline before calving. Colostrum collected from each group was pooled and fed to 2 groups of 10 calves at birth. At approximately 2 weeks of age, calves were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical, hematologic, microbiological, and postmortem findings were compared between the 2 groups.ResultsNo differences in mortality, clinical findings, hematology results, blood and fecal cultures, or necropsy findings between the 2 groups were observed. Vaccinated cows had higher colostral titers, and calves fed this colostrum had higher serum titers (mean difference, 0.429; mean [SE], 0.852 [0.02] for vaccinated versus 0.423 [0.02] for control calves).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTransfer of colostral immunoglobulins from Salmonella enterica serotype Newport bacterin to neonatal calves was not sufficient to decrease mortality, clinical signs, sepsis, intestinal damage, or fecal shedding when exposed to a highly pathogenic Salmonella isolate. A large‐scale randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of this bacterin when administered in the dry period for prevention of salmonellosis in neonatal calves.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, D. and Jacob, M. and Stowe, D. and Smith, G.}, year={2019}, pages={1796–1806} }
 @article{mochizuki_sherrick_mastromauro_stowe_2019, title={What is your diagnosis? Lymphocytes engulfing erythrocytes in a cat}, volume={48}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12744}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12744}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 48, Issue 4 p. 768-770 WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? What is your diagnosis? Lymphocytes engulfing erythrocytes in a cat Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorEllen Sherrick, Ellen Sherrick Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mastromauro, Michael Mastromauro Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorDevorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence Devorah Marks Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Hiroyuki Mochizuki orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-0393 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorEllen Sherrick, Ellen Sherrick Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mastromauro, Michael Mastromauro Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorDevorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe damarks@ncsu.edu Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Correspondence Devorah Marks Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: damarks@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12744Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume48, Issue4December 2019Pages 768-770 This article also appears in:What is your diagnosis? Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Sherrick, Ellen and Mastromauro, Michael and Stowe, Devorah Marks}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={768–770} }
 @article{roode_shive_hoorntje_bernard_stowe_pool_grindem_2018, title={Multiloculated solitary (unicameral) bone cyst in a young dog}, volume={47}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12618}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12618}, abstractNote={AbstractA 20‐month‐old female spayed Staffordshire Terrier (22.3 kg) presented to the Orthopedic Surgery Service at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a 6‐week history of toe‐touching to nonweight‐bearing lameness in the right hind limb. Radiographs of the right stifle revealed a multiloculated lytic lesion of the distal femur, with a large open lytic zone centrally, numerous osseous septations peripherally, and focal areas of cortical thinning and loss. An aspirate of the right distal femoral lesion yielded mildly cloudy serosanguineous fluid. Cytologic examination of the fluid revealed a pleomorphic population of discrete cells that exhibited marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and a variable nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio, which were interpreted as probable neoplastic cells, with few macrophages, and evidence of hemorrhage. Given the clinical signs of pain, lesion size, and concern for malignant neoplasia, amputation of the right hind limb was performed. Histologically, the lesion had undulating walls 1‐3 mm thick with a continuous outer layer of dense fibrous tissue and an inner layer composed of reactive cancellous bone with no cortical compacta remaining. Remnants of thin fibrous or fibro‐osseous septa projected from the bony wall into the cyst lumen. The final histologic diagnosis was a benign multiloculated solitary (unicameral) bone cyst of the distal right femur. Based on the histopathologic findings, it was speculated that the cells identified on cytology were a mixture of developing osteoclasts, osteoblasts, endothelial, and stromal cells. This is the first report describing the cytologic examination of a solitary bone cyst in veterinary medicine.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Roode, Sarah C. and Shive, Heather R. and Hoorntje, Willemijn and Bernard, Jennifer and Stowe, Devorah M. and Pool, Roy R. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={484–488} }
 @article{stowe_bidwell_patel_2016, title={What is your diagnosis? Subcutaneous mass from a dog}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12375}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 45, Issue 3 p. 507-508 What is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Subcutaneous mass from a dog Devorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe devorah_stowe@ncsu.edu College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence D.M. Stowe, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: devorah_stowe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Bidwell, Andrew Bidwell VCA Alexandria Animal Hospital, Alexandria, VA, USASearch for more papers by this authorReema Patel, Reema Patel Antech Diagnostics, Annapolis, MD, USASearch for more papers by this author Devorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe devorah_stowe@ncsu.edu College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence D.M. Stowe, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: devorah_stowe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Bidwell, Andrew Bidwell VCA Alexandria Animal Hospital, Alexandria, VA, USASearch for more papers by this authorReema Patel, Reema Patel Antech Diagnostics, Annapolis, MD, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12375Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume45, Issue3September 2016Pages 507-508 This article also appears in:What is your diagnosis? Virtual Issue RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Stowe, Devorah Marks and Bidwell, Andrew and Patel, Reema}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={507–508} }
 @article{webb_stowe_devanna_neel_2015, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={247}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84947904387&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.247.11.1249}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Webb, Kyle L. and Stowe, Devorah Marks and DeVanna, Justin and Neel, Jennifer}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1249–1251} }
 @inbook{valenciano_cowell_2014, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={4th}, title={Gastrointestinal Chapter}, booktitle={Cowell and Tyler’s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Valenciano, AC and Cowell, RL}, editor={Haddad, J and Stowe, DM and Neel, JEditors}, year={2014}, pages={312–340} }
 @inbook{haddad_stowe_neel_2014, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={4}, title={Gastrointestinal Chapter}, booktitle={Cowell and Tyler’s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Haddad, J. and Stowe, D.M. and Neel, J.}, editor={Valenciano, A.C. and Cowell, R.L.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={312–340} }
 @article{uchiumi_stowe_devanna_willcox_neel_2014, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={245}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.245.8.893}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.8.893}, abstractNote={A 3-year-old castrated male American Cocker Spaniel was evaluated at the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex Small Animal Emergency Service because of a sudden onset of signs of pain.The dog had a 2-month history of diarrhea, which began as diarrhea of small bowel origin and progressed after 1.5 months to diarrhea of large bowel origin, and a 1-week history of decreased appetite.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Uchiumi, Kaori and Stowe, Devorah Marks and DeVanna, Justin C. and Willcox, Jennifer L. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={893–895} }
 @article{stowe_anderson_guy_linder_grindem_2012, title={A Case of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Ewe}, volume={2012}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/347193}, DOI={10.1155/2012/347193}, abstractNote={An approximately 2-year-old open Suffolk ewe presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Health Complex for evaluation of a left nasal mass. An ultrasound-guided aspirate and core biopsies were performed. An epithelial neoplasia with mild mixed inflammation (neutrophils and plasma cells) was diagnosed on cytology and confirmed on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and transmission electron microscopy were also performed. IHC and RT-PCR identified the presence of enzootic nasal tumor virus and confirmed the final diagnosis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Stowe, Devorah Marks and Anderson, Kevin L. and Guy, James S. and Linder, Keith E. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2012}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{stowe_birkenheuer_grindem_2012, title={Pathology in practice}, volume={241}, DOI={10.2460/javma.241.8.1029}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Stowe, D. A. M. and Birkenheuer, A. J. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2012}, pages={1029–1031} }
 @article{stowe_escobar_neel_2012, title={What is your diagnosis? Cerebrospinal fluid from a dog}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865985034&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00435.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 41, Issue 3 p. 429-430 What is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Cerebrospinal fluid from a dog Devorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah Marks Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: devorah_stowe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCarolina Escobar, Carolina Escobar Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Devorah Marks Stowe, Corresponding Author Devorah Marks Stowe Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence Devorah Marks Stowe, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: devorah_stowe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCarolina Escobar, Carolina Escobar Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Neel, Jennifer A. Neel Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 May 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2012.00435.xCitations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume41, Issue3September 2012Pages 429-430 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Stowe, Devorah Marks and Escobar, Carolina and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={429–430} }