@article{lacroce_eggleston_2023, title={PATTERNS AND PROCESSES UNDERLYING SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION IN BAY SCALLOP (<i>ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS CONCENTRICUS</i>) DENSITY AND SIZE STRUCTURE WITHIN THREE NORTH CAROLINA SOUNDS}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1943-6319"]}, DOI={10.2983/035.042.0306}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Populations of bay scallops (Argopecten irradians concentricus) in North Carolina (NC) declined precipitously following harmful algal blooms in the late 1980s and have struggled to recover. Following these harmful algal blooms, there was an increase in the frequency and magnitude of hurricanes and tropical cyclones in the 1990s, and a >30% loss of seagrass between 2006 and 2020 that further impacted the bay scallop populations. The last assessment of scallop density and distribution in multiple sounds in NC was performed in response to a 1987 red tide event. In the present study, 510 visual surveys of bay scallop densities and sizes in seagrass beds in southern Core Sound, Back Sound, and Bogue Sound, NC were conducted from May–November 2022. The mean scallop densities were 0.54/m2 in Core Sound, 0.26/m2 in Back Sound, and 0.19/m2 in Bogue Sound. Using the healthy population density limits of bay scallops from Florida and New York to Massachusetts, a healthy density threshold of >1.0 spawning adult scallops/m2 for NC was estimated. There was a positive relationship between seagrass density and scallop density, and as seagrass density decreased in the fall, scallop density also decreased. Bay scallops increased in size from May to August. In the fall there was a decline in the mean size as new recruits were added and a die-off of the adults occurred. Water quality appeared suitable to support healthy scallop populations at all sounds, consistent with previous observations in this system and others. The temporal scale of water quality sampling was not adequate to record short-term freshets that may have impacted scallop density. The information from this study can update the status of the bay scallop population in NC sounds, as well as inform management for the purpose of sustainable harvest or restoration.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH}, author={Lacroce, Melissa E. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={411–422} }
 @article{eggleston_searcy_dahlgren_reyns_shropshire_2023, title={Recruitment of postlarval spiny lobster, stone crabs, and larval fish to back-reef nursery habitats in the Florida Keys, USA}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1553-6955"]}, DOI={10.5343/bms.2023.0005}, abstractNote={Back reef areas contain a mosaic of relatively shallow habitats that serve as a key nursery for reef species. Expansive back reef habitats in the lower Florida Keys, USA border the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. A combination of floating, artificial settlement substrates and
 plankton nets moored in channels connecting coastal waters and back reef habitats quantified spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and stone crab (Menippe sp.) settlement, and larval fish ingress, respectively, during 1999 and 2002–2003. The key finding was that channels connecting
 coastal waters with back reef areas serve as conduits for ingressing larval spiny lobster, stone crabs, and fishes. The results highlight the important role of Atlantic Ocean sources of spiny lobster pueruli and lutjanid fish larvae in this back reef system, and Gulf sources of stone crabs.
 Spiny lobster settlement generally peaked in August and September and occurred on the Atlantic Ocean side of this back reef system; settlement of stone crabs peaked at the same time as spiny lobster yet occurred predominantly on the Gulf side. Recruitment of larval fish was higher on the Atlantic
 than the Gulf side, with 37% of fish species collected nearly exclusively on the Atlantic side and about 25% collected nearly exclusively on the Gulf side. Channel habitats appear critical to supporting the nursery role of back reef habitats and should receive special consideration in future
 ecosystem studies, as well as during spatial planning and evaluations of essential fish habitat.}, number={3}, journal={BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Searcy, Steven P. and Dahlgren, Craig P. and Reyns, Nathalie B. and Shropshire, Taylor A.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={185–211} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_2023, title={Timing and route of migration of mature female blue crabs in a large, wind-driven estuary}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1002/tafs.10391}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Bell, Geoffrey W. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={253–269} }
 @article{voigt_eggleston_2022, title={Spatial Variation in Nursery Habitat Use by Juvenile Blue Crabs in a Shallow, Wind-Driven Estuary}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1559-2731"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01143-0}, DOI={10.1007/s12237-022-01143-0}, journal={ESTUARIES AND COASTS}, author={Voigt, Erin P. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{simmons_bohnenstiehl_eggleston_2022, title={Spatiotemporal Variation in Coral Assemblages and Reef Habitat Complexity among Shallow Fore-Reef Sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1424-2818"]}, DOI={10.3390/d14030153}, abstractNote={With the unprecedented degradation and loss of coral reefs at multiple scales, the underlying changes in abiotic and biotic features relevant to the three-dimensional architecture of coral reefs are critical to conservation and restoration. This study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of habitat metrics at eight fore-reef sites representing three management zones in the Florida Keys, USA using visual habitat surveys (2017–2018) acquired before and after Hurricane Irma. Post-hurricane, five of those sites were surveyed using structure-from-motion photogrammetry to further investigate coral morphology on structural complexity. Multivariate results for visual surveys identified moderate separation among sites, with fished sites characterized by complex physical features such as depth and vertical hard relief while protected sites generally harbored high abundances of live coral cover. Three-dimensional models of mapped sites showed within site variation as another driver in site separation. Additionally, fine-scale orthoimage analyses identified significant differences in dominant coral morphologies at each mapped site. This study suggests protected reef sites generally harbor higher live coral cover despite some fished sites being structurally similar in seabed topography. Our work provides fine-scale spatial data on several managed sites within a marine sanctuary and highlights the contribution of diverse coral assemblages to the coral reef framework.}, number={3}, journal={DIVERSITY-BASEL}, author={Simmons, Kayelyn R. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{lyon_eggleston_smith_2021, title={COMPARISON OF VISUAL SURVEYS VERSUS DREDGING FOR MONITORING BAY SCALLOPS (ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS) IN SEAGRASS BEDS}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1943-6319"]}, DOI={10.2983/035.040.0308}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), once a profitable fishery species in North Carolina, have declined in population size following harmful algal blooms in the late 1980s. To prepare for future scallop restoration efforts, appropriate survey methods should be identified to evaluate the status of the population with respect to managing harvest. The North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries monitors bay scallop populations in seagrass beds using a scallop dredge, though it is still unclear what the current natural densities of bay scallops are. In this study, visual surveys in three time treatments (5, 10, and 20 min) were compared with dredging in terms of quantifying scallop density and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) in seagrass beds in Core Sound, North Carolina. There was no significant difference in scallop density and the CPUE among visual survey time treatments. Scallop densities observed during visual surveys were three times higher than densities using a scallop dredge; however, the CPUE was five times higher using a scallop dredge compared with visual surveys. If visual surveys indicate the true natural density of bay scallops in this study system, then the dredge sampling efficiency for evaluating bay scallop density was 33%. Dredging for bay scallops can uproot seagrass and displace juvenile bay scallops. Visual surveys provide a low-impact method for identifying the distribution and abundance of bay scallops in seagrass bed habitats.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH}, author={Lyon, R. Patrick and Eggleston, David B. and Smith, Leslie M.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={511–517} }
 @article{simmons_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2021, title={Hurricane impacts on a coral reef soundscape}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0244599}, abstractNote={Soundscape ecology is an emerging field in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and provides a powerful approach for assessing habitat quality and the ecological response of sound-producing species to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Little is known of how underwater soundscapes respond during and after severe episodic disturbances, such as hurricanes. This study addresses the impacts of Hurricane Irma on the coral reef soundscape at two spur-and-groove fore-reef sites within the Florida Keys USA, using passive acoustic data collected before and during the storm at Western Dry Rocks (WDR) and before, during and after the storm at Eastern Sambo (ESB). As the storm passed, the cumulative acoustic exposure near the seabed at these sites was comparable to a small vessel operating continuously overhead for 1–2 weeks. Before the storm, sound pressure levels (SPLs) showed a distinct pattern of low frequency diel variation and increased high frequency sound during crepuscular periods. The low frequency band was partitioned in two groups representative of soniferous reef fish, whereas the high frequency band represented snapping shrimp sound production. Daily daytime patterns in low-frequency sound production largely persisted in the weeks following the hurricane. Crepuscular sound production by snapping shrimp was maintained post-hurricane with only a small shift (~1.5dB) in the level of daytime vs nighttime sound production for this high frequency band. This study suggests that on short time scales, temporal patterns in the coral reef soundscape were relatively resilient to acoustic energy exposure during the storm, as well as changes in the benthic habitat and environmental conditions resulting from hurricane damage.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Simmons, Kayelyn R. and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{theuerkauf_puckett_eggleston_2021, title={Metapopulation dynamics of oysters: sources, sinks, and implications for conservation and restoration}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.3573}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Puckett, Brandon J. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{pittman_yates_bouchet_alvarez-berastegui_andrefouet_bell_berkstrom_bostrom_brown_connolly_et al._2021, title={Seascape ecology: identifying research priorities for an emerging ocean sustainability science}, volume={663}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps13661}, abstractNote={Seascape ecology, the marine-centric counterpart to landscape ecology, is rapidly emerging as an interdisciplinary and spatially explicit ecological science with relevance to marine management, biodiversity conservation, and restoration. While important progress in this field has been made in the past decade, there has been no coherent prioritisation of key research questions to help set the future research agenda for seascape ecology. We used a 2-stage modified Delphi method to solicit applied research questions from academic experts in seascape ecology and then asked respondents to identify priority questions across 9 interrelated research themes using 2 rounds of selection. We also invited senior management/conservation practitioners to prioritise the same research questions. Analyses highlighted congruence and discrepancies in perceived priorities for applied research. Themes related to both ecological concepts and management practice, and those identified as priorities include seascape change, seascape connectivity, spatial and temporal scale, ecosystem-based management, and emerging technologies and metrics. Highest-priority questions (upper tercile) received 50% agreement between respondent groups, and lowest priorities (lower tercile) received 58% agreement. Across all 3 priority tiers, 36 of the 55 questions were within a ±10% band of agreement. We present the most important applied research questions as determined by the proportion of votes received. For each theme, we provide a synthesis of the research challenges and the potential role of seascape ecology. These priority questions and themes serve as a roadmap for advancing applied seascape ecology during, and beyond, the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Pittman, S. J. and Yates, K. L. and Bouchet, P. J. and Alvarez-Berastegui, D. and Andrefouet, S. and Bell, S. S. and Berkstrom, C. and Bostrom, C. and Brown, C. J. and Connolly, R. M. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1–29} }
 @article{caretti_bohnenstiehl_eggleston_2021, title={Spatiotemporal Variability in Sedimentation Drives Habitat Loss on Restored Subtidal Oyster Reefs}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1559-2731"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12237-021-00921-6}, number={8}, journal={ESTUARIES AND COASTS}, author={Caretti, Olivia N. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={2100–2117} }
 @article{christianson_eggleston_2021, title={Testing ecological theories in the Anthropocene: alteration of succession by an invasive marine species}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.3471}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Christianson, Kayla A. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{lyon_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_layman_ricci_allgeier_2019, title={Fish community structure, habitat complexity, and soundscape characteristics of patch reefs in a tropical, back-reef system}, volume={609}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12829}, DOI={10.3354/meps12829}, abstractNote={Fig. S1. Box plots for nightly low frequency (0.1 – 1.5 kHz) SPL (a) and high frequency (4 – 20 kHz) SPL (b) for reef 5 for each lunar quarter. Red lines indicate median SPLs, ticks indicate maximum and minimum values, horizontal blue lines indicate 75% and 25% quantiles, and angled blue lines indicate the 95% upper and lower confidence levels in the median. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test for differences in SPL between lunar quarters. Relationships between water temperature (in C) and low frequency (0.1 – 1.5 kHz) SPL (c) and high frequency (4 – 20 kHz) SPL (d) were evaluated using linear regression models. 2 = 2.52 p = 0.47}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Lyon, R. Patrick and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Layman, Craig A. and Ricci, Shannon W. and Allgeier, Jacob E.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={33–48} }
 @article{theuerkauf_eggleston_puckett_2019, title={Integrating ecosystem services considerations within a GIS-based habitat suitability index for oyster restoration}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0210936}, abstractNote={Geospatial habitat suitability index (HSI) models have emerged as powerful tools that integrate pertinent spatial information to guide habitat restoration efforts, but have rarely accounted for spatial variation in ecosystem service provision. In this study, we utilized satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations for Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA in conjunction with data on water flow velocities and dissolved oxygen concentrations to identify potential restoration locations that would maximize the oyster reef-associated ecosystem service of water filtration. We integrated these novel factors associated with oyster water filtration ecosystem services within an existing, ‘Metapopulation Persistence’ focused GIS-based, HSI model containing biophysical (e.g., salinity, oyster larval connectivity) and logistical (e.g., distance to nearest restoration material stockpile site) factors to identify suitable locations for oyster restoration that maximize long-term persistence of restored oyster populations and water filtration ecosystem service provision. Furthermore, we compared the ‘Water Filtration’ optimized HSI with the HSI optimized for ‘Metapopulation Persistence,’ as well as a hybrid model that optimized for both water filtration and metapopulation persistence. Optimal restoration locations (i.e., locations corresponding to the top 1% of suitability scores) were identified that were consistent among the three HSI scenarios (i.e., “win-win” locations), as well as optimal locations unique to a given HSI scenario (i.e., “tradeoff” locations). The modeling framework utilized in this study can provide guidance to restoration practitioners to maximize the cost-efficiency and ecosystem services value of habitat restoration efforts. Furthermore, the functional relationships between oyster water filtration and chlorophyll a concentrations, water flow velocities, and dissolved oxygen applied in this study can guide field- and lab-testing of hypotheses related to optimal conditions for oyster reef restoration to maximize water quality enhancement benefits.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Eggleston, David B. and Puckett, Brandon J.}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{lipcius_eggleston_fodrie_meer_rose_vasconcelos_wolfshaar_2019, title={Modeling Quantitative Value of Habitats for Marine and Estuarine Populations}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2019.00280}, abstractNote={Coastal habitats (e.g., seagrass beds, shallow mud and sand flats) strongly influence survival, growth, and reproduction of exploited marine fish and invertebrate species. Many of these species have declined over the past decades, coincident with widespread degradation of coastal habitats, such that an urgent need exists to model the quantitative value of coastal habitats to their population dynamics. Demand for habitat considerations will increase as fisheries management contends with habitat issues in stock assessments and management in general moves towards a more ecosystem-based approach. The modeling of habitat function to support fishery species has, to date, been done on a case-by-case basis involving diverse approaches and types of population models, which has made it difficult to generalize about methods for incorporating habitat into population models. In this review, we offer guiding concepts for how habitat effects can be incorporated in population models commonly used to simulate the population dynamics of exploited fish and invertebrate species. We categorize population models based on whether they are static or dynamic representations of population status, and for dynamic, further into unstructured, age/size class structured, and individual-based. We then use examples to illustrate how habitat has been incorporated, implicitly (correlative) and explicitly (mechanistically), into each of these categories. We describe the methods used and provide details on their implementation and utility to facilitate adaptation of the approaches for other species and systems. We anticipate that our review can serve as a stimulus for more widespread use of population models to quantify the value of coastal habitats for exploited species, so that their importance can be accurately realized and to facilitate cross-species and cross-system comparisons. Quantitative evaluation of habitat effects in population dynamics will increasingly be needed for traditional stock assessments, ecosystem-based fisheries management, conservation of at-risk habitats, and recovery of overexploited stocks that rely on critical coastal habitats during their life cycle.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Lipcius, Romuald N. and Eggleston, David B. and Fodrie, F. Joel and Meer, Jaap and Rose, Kenneth A. and Vasconcelos, Rita P. and Wolfshaar, Karen E.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{theuerkauf_eggleston_theuerkauf_2018, title={An exotic species alters patterns of marine community development}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1557-7015"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecm.1277}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS}, author={Theuerkauf, Kathrynlynn W. and Eggleston, David B. and Theuerkauf, Seth J.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={92–108} }
 @article{puckett_theuerkauf_eggleston_guajardo_hardy_gao_luettich_2018, title={Integrating Larval Dispersal, Permitting, and Logistical Factors Within a Validated Habitat Suitability Index for Oyster Restoration}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2018.00076}, abstractNote={Habitat suitability index (HSI) models are increasingly used to guide ecological restoration. Successful restoration is a byproduct of several factors, including physical and biological processes, as well as permitting and logistical considerations. Rarely are factors from all of these categories included in HSI models, despite their combined relevance to common restoration goals such as population persistence. We developed a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based HSI for restoring persistent high-relief subtidal oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs protected from harvest (i.e., sanctuaries) in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Expert stakeholder input identified 17 factors to include in the HSI. Factors primarily represented physical (e.g., salinity) and biological (e.g., larval dispersal) processes relevant to oyster restoration, but also included several relevant permitting (e.g., presence of seagrasses) and logistical (e.g., distance to restoration material stockpile sites) considerations. We validated the model with multiple years of oyster density data from existing sanctuaries, and compared HSI output with distributions of oyster reefs from the late 1800’s. Of the 17 factors included in the model, stakeholders identified four factors—salinity, larval export from existing oyster sanctuaries, larval import to existing sanctuaries, and dissolved oxygen—most critical to oyster sanctuary site selection. The HSI model provided a quantitative scale over which a vast water body (~6,000 km2) was narrowed down by 95% to a much smaller suite of optimal (top 1% HSI) and suitable (top 5% HSI) locations for oyster restoration. Optimal and suitable restoration locations were clustered in northeast and southwest Pamlico Sound. Oyster density in existing sanctuaries, normalized for time since reef restoration, was a positive exponential function of HSI, providing validation for the model. Only a small portion (10-20%) of historical reef locations overlapped with current, model-predicted optimal and suitable restoration habitat. We contend that stronger linkages between larval connectivity, landscape ecology, stakeholder engagement and spatial planning within HSI models can provide a more holistic, unified approach to restoration.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Puckett, Brandon J. and Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Eggleston, David B. and Guajardo, Rodney and Hardy, Craig and Gao, Jie and Luettich, Richard A.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kroll_poray_puckett_eggleston_fodrie_2018, title={Quantifying estuarine‐scale invertebrate larval connectivity: Methodological and ecological insights}, volume={63}, ISSN={0024-3590 1939-5590}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/LNO.10819}, DOI={10.1002/LNO.10819}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Limnology and Oceanography}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kroll, Ian R. and Poray, Abigail K. and Puckett, Brandon J. and Eggleston, David B. and Fodrie, F. Joel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={1979–1991} }
 @article{theuerkauf_puckett_theuerkauf_theuerkauf_eggleston_2017, title={Density-dependent role of an invasive marsh grass, Phragmites australis, on ecosystem service provision}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0173007}, abstractNote={Invasive species can positively, neutrally, or negatively affect the provision of ecosystem services. The direction and magnitude of this effect can be a function of the invaders’ density and the service(s) of interest. We assessed the density-dependent effect of an invasive marsh grass, Phragmites australis, on three ecosystem services (plant diversity and community structure, shoreline stabilization, and carbon storage) in two oligohaline marshes within the North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NCNERR), USA. Plant species richness was equivalent among low, medium and high Phragmites density plots, and overall plant community composition did not vary significantly by Phragmites density. Shoreline change was most negative (landward retreat) where Phragmites density was highest (-0.40 ± 0.19 m yr-1 vs. -0.31 ± 0.10 for low density Phragmites) in the high energy marsh of Kitty Hawk Woods Reserve and most positive (soundward advance) where Phragmites density was highest (0.19 ± 0.05 m yr-1 vs. 0.12 ± 0.07 for low density Phragmites) in the lower energy marsh of Currituck Banks Reserve, although there was no significant effect of Phragmites density on shoreline change. In Currituck Banks, mean soil carbon content was approximately equivalent in cores extracted from low and high Phragmites density plots (23.23 ± 2.0 kg C m-3 vs. 22.81 ± 3.8). In Kitty Hawk Woods, mean soil carbon content was greater in low Phragmites density plots (36.63 ± 10.22 kg C m-3) than those with medium (13.99 ± 1.23 kg C m-3) or high density (21.61 ± 4.53 kg C m-3), but differences were not significant. These findings suggest an overall neutral density-dependent effect of Phragmites on three ecosystem services within two oligohaline marshes in different environmental settings within a protected reserve system. Moreover, the conceptual framework of this study can broadly inform an ecosystem services-based approach to invasive species management.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Puckett, Brandon J. and Theuerkauf, Kathrynlynn W. and Theuerkauf, Ethan J. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @article{theuerkauf_eggleston_theuerkauf_puckett_2017, title={OYSTER DENSITY AND DEMOGRAPHIC RATES ON NATURAL INTERTIDAL REEFS AND HARDENED SHORELINE STRUCTURES}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1943-6319"]}, DOI={10.2983/035.036.0111}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The ubiquitous loss of natural intertidal oyster reefs and associated ecosystem services has fueled restoration efforts throughout the world. Effective restoration requires an understanding of the distribution, density, and demographic rates (growth and survival) of oysters inhabiting existing natural reefs and how these may vary as a function of landscape-scale factors, such as tidal range and fetch distances. Furthermore, natural intertidal habitats are increasingly being replaced with hardened shoreline structures that may be colonized by oysters, yet little is known about habitat quality (as indexed by oyster density and demographic rates) of these hardened structures relative to natural habitats. The present study sought to compare oyster density, demographic rates, and population estimates (1) across estuarine landscape settings to inform natural intertidal oyster reef restoration (i.e., comparing natural intertidal reefs within adjacent water bodies that vary in tidal regimes and fetch distances) and (2) across natural habitats and human-made structures to assess variation in habitat quality between natural reefs and hardened shorelines. Oyster density, growth rates, and population estimates on natural intertidal reefs were greatest within the smaller, more tidally influenced Core Sound versus the larger, wind-driven Pamlico Sound, with no significant difference in survivorship identified between the two water bodies. Natural intertidal reefs and hardened shoreline structures were compared within Pamlico Sound only, with natural intertidal reefs hosting three to eight times higher oyster densities than hardened shoreline structures. When mean oyster density/m2 was multiplied by reef area to estimate population size, natural intertidal reefs within Pamlico Sound hosted considerably greater populations of oysters relative to hardened shorelines. The present study fills an existing need to understand oyster density and demographic rates on natural intertidal reefs and hardened shorelines to better inform future restoration and shoreline management scenarios.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH}, author={Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Eggleston, David B. and Theuerkauf, Kathrynlynn W. and Puckett, Brandon J.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={87–100} }
 @article{ricci_bohnenstiehl_eggleston_kellogg_lyon_2017, title={Oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) boatwhistle call detection and patterns within a large-scale oyster restoration site}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182757}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0182757}, abstractNote={During May 2015, passive acoustic recorders were deployed at eight subtidal oyster reefs within Harris Creek Oyster Sanctuary in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland USA. These sites were selected to represent both restored and unrestored habitats having a range of oyster densities. Throughout the survey, the soundscape within Harris Creek was dominated by the boatwhistle calls of the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. A novel, multi-kernel spectral correlation approach was developed to automatically detect these boatwhistle calls using their two lowest harmonic bands. The results provided quantitative information on how call rate and call frequency varied in space and time. Toadfish boatwhistle fundamental frequency ranged from 140 Hz to 260 Hz and was well correlated (r = 0.94) with changes in water temperature, with the fundamental frequency increasing by ~11 Hz for every 1°C increase in temperature. The boatwhistle call rate increased from just a few calls per minute at the start of monitoring on May 7th to ~100 calls/min on May 10th and remained elevated throughout the survey. As male toadfish are known to generate boatwhistles to attract mates, this rapid increase in call rate was interpreted to mark the onset of spring spawning behavior. Call rate was not modulated by water temperature, but showed a consistent diurnal pattern, with a sharp decrease in rate just before sunrise and a peak just after sunset. There was a significant difference in call rate between restored and unrestored reefs, with restored sites having nearly twice the call rate as unrestored sites. This work highlights the benefits of using automated detection techniques that provide quantitative information on species-specific call characteristics and patterns. This type of non-invasive acoustic monitoring provides long-term, semi-continuous information on animal behavior and abundance, and operates effectively in settings that are otherwise difficult to sample.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Ricci, Shannon W. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Eggleston, David B. and Kellogg, M. Lisa and Lyon, R. Patrick}, editor={Li, SonghaiEditor}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mcveigh_eggleston_todd_young_he_2017, title={The influence of larval migration and dispersal depth on potential larval trajectories of a deep-sea bivalve}, volume={127}, ISSN={["1879-0119"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.dsr.2017.08.002}, abstractNote={Abstract Many fundamental questions in marine ecology require an understanding of larval dispersal and connectivity, yet direct observations of larval trajectories are difficult or impossible to obtain. Although biophysical models provide an alternative approach, in the deep sea, essential biological parameters for these models have seldom been measured empirically. In this study, we used a biophysical model to explore the role of behaviorally mediated migration from two methane seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico on potential larval dispersal patterns and population connectivity of the deep-sea mussel “ Bathymodiolus” childressi , a species for which some biological information is available. Three possible larval dispersal strategies were evaluated for larvae with a Planktonic Larval Duration (PLD) of 395 days: (1) demersal drift, (2) dispersal near the surface early in larval life followed by an extended demersal period before settlement, and (3) dispersal near the surface until just before settlement. Upward swimming speeds varied in the model based on the best data available. Average dispersal distances for simulated larvae varied between 16 km and 1488 km. Dispersal in the upper water column resulted in the greatest dispersal distance (1173 km ± 2.00), followed by mixed dispersal depth (921 km ± 2.00). Larvae originating in the Gulf of Mexico can potentially seed most known seep metapopulations on the Atlantic continental margin, whereas larvae drifting demersally cannot (237 km ± 1.43). Depth of dispersal is therefore shown to be a critical parameter for models of deep-sea connectivity.}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McVeigh, Doreen M. and Eggleston, David B. and Todd, Austin C. and Young, Craig M. and He, Ruoying}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={57–64} }
 @article{ricci_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2017, title={Use of passive acoustic monitoring to characterize fish spawning behavior and habitat use within a complex mosaic of estuarine habitats}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1553-6955"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2016.1037}, DOI={10.5343/bms.2016.1037}, abstractNote={Structurally complex estuarine habitats, such as seagrass beds, salt marshes, and oyster reefs, are used by fish for foraging, avoiding predators, and spawning. Here, we used passive acoustics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns in the soundscape of an estuarine reserve that contained a mosaic of habitat types, and focused on relating characteristics of the soundscape [e.g., low-frequency (150–1500 Hz) sound pressure levels (SPLs), amount of fish chorusing] to patterns in the seascape (percent cover of estuarine habitats surrounding the recording sites). Over a 3-mo period, 2-min duration underwater sound recordings were made every 20 min at eight sites within Middle Marsh in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA. While habitat composition was not related to spatial patterns in low-frequency SPLs, there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between the percent recordings with fish chorusing, and percent cover of seagrass for silver perch [Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacepede, 1802)], spotted seatrout [Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830)], and other fish, irrespective of spatial scale (10 vs 25 m). Moreover, silver perch and spotted seatrout, soniferous species that share similar spawning locations, exhibited temporal partitioning in the soundscape with seatrout calls occurring just before sunset and peaking several hours after sunset, and declining sharply as perch chorusing increased after sunset with a peak at midnight. Overall, local habitat composition and the soundscape at these sites were not highly correlated; where major sound producing fish species are transient, other seascape characteristics, such as proximity to channels, likely have a larger influence on the resulting soundscape.}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE}, publisher={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Ricci, Shannon W. and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={439–453} }
 @article{theuerkauf_eggleston_puckett_theuerkauf_2017, title={Wave Exposure Structures Oyster Distribution on Natural Intertidal Reefs, But Not on Hardened Shorelines}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1559-2731"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12237-016-0153-6}, number={2}, journal={ESTUARIES AND COASTS}, author={Theuerkauf, Seth J. and Eggleston, David B. and Puckett, Brandon J. and Theuerkauf, Kathrynlynn W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={376–386} }
 @article{kroll_poray_puckett_eggleston_fodrie_2016, title={Environmental effects on elemental signatures in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica shells: using geochemical tagging to assess population connectivity}, volume={543}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps11549}, abstractNote={: We evaluated the utility of geochemical tagging methods to discern larval connec tivity among an invertebrate metapopulation within a large (~5000 km 2 ) temperate estuary. Specifically, we examined how estuarine-scale gradients in temperatures (21° to 26.5°C), salinities (12.5 to 20 ppt), and trace metal concentrations (ambient, +16 ppb Mn and 0.16 ppb Pb, or +32 ppb Mn and 0.32 ppb Pb) affect Crassostrea virginica larval-shell signatures of Mn, Sr, Ba, and Pb in controlled mesocosms. We also utilized field-collected, newly settled oysters across Pamlico Sound, NC, USA, to explore signature variability among natural temperature and salinity gradients and examine the spatial resolution at which geochemical signatures can be used to discriminate between collection regions. Mesocosm experiments revealed environmentally and statistically significant interactive effects between temperature and salinity on elemental ratios in larval oyster shells, favoring higher Sr concentrations in cooler, fresher water, but no effects of these factors on Ba signatures. Mesocosm trials also showed increased Mn signatures in larval shell following from spiking mesocosms with Mn solutions; however, this relationship did not hold for Pb following analogous elemental spikes. Our field collections of recent settlers showed similar patterns of high Sr at relatively low salinities and temperatures, without clear environmental gradients for Ba. Overall, we found that across regional (35 km) spatial scales, environmental variables, such as salinity and temperature, can generate distinct multi-elemental signatures between putative natal sites. However, if sites are close together or located in similar environments, discrimination among sites appears greatly reduced. We suggest that geochemical tagging provides a promising approach for characterizing larval connectivity among subpopulations within whole-estuarine systems.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Kroll, Ian R. and Poray, Abigail K. and Puckett, Brandon J. and Eggleston, David B. and Fodrie, F. Joel}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={173–186} }
 @article{puckett_eggleston_2016, title={Metapopulation dynamics guide marine reserve design: importance of connectivity, demographics, and stock enhancement}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.1322}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Puckett, B. J. and Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and Larval Settlement: Characterizing the Stimulus from a Larval Perspective}, ISBN={9781493929801 9781493929818}, ISSN={0065-2598 2214-8019}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_77}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_77}, abstractNote={There is growing evidence that underwater sounds serve as a cue for the larvae of marine organisms to locate suitable settlement habitats; however, the relevant spatiotemporal scales of variability in habitat-related sounds and how this variation scales with larval settlement processes remain largely uncharacterized, particularly in estuarine habitats. Here, we provide an overview of the approaches we have developed to characterize an estuarine soundscape as it relates to larval processes, and a conceptual framework is provided for how habitat-related sounds may influence larval settlement, using oyster reef soundscapes as an example.}, booktitle={The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2016}, pages={637–645} }
 @inbook{eggleston_lillis_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and Larval Settlement: Larval Bivalve Responses to Habitat-Associated Underwater Sounds}, ISBN={9781493929801 9781493929818}, ISSN={0065-2598 2214-8019}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_30}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_30}, abstractNote={We quantified the effects of habitat-associated sounds on the settlement response of two species of bivalves with contrasting habitat preferences: (1) Crassostrea virginicia (oyster), which prefers to settle on other oysters, and (2) Mercenaria mercenaria (clam), which settles on unstructured habitats. Oyster larval settlement in the laboratory was significantly higher when exposed to oyster reef sound compared with either off-reef or no-sound treatments. Clam larval settlement did not vary according to sound treatments. Similar to laboratory results, field experiments showed that oyster larval settlement in "larval housings" suspended above oyster reefs was significantly higher compared with off-reef sites.}, booktitle={The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Lillis, Ashlee and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2016}, pages={255–263} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and larval settlement: Characterizing the stimulus from a larval perspective}, volume={875}, journal={Effects of noise on aquatic life ii}, author={Lillis, A. and Eggleston, D. B. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}, year={2016}, pages={637–645} }
 @article{eggleston_lillis_bohnenstiehl_2016, title={Soundscapes and larval settlement: larval bivalve responses to habitat-associated underwater sounds}, volume={875}, journal={Effects of noise on aquatic life ii}, author={Eggleston, D. B. and Lillis, A. and Bohnenstiehl, D. R.}, year={2016}, pages={255–263} }
 @article{ricci_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_lillis_2016, title={Temporal soundscape patterns and processes in an estuarine reserve}, volume={550}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11724}, DOI={10.3354/meps11724}, abstractNote={: Underwater acoustic recordings can be used to measure the distribution and activity of sound-producing species and investigate variability in the physical and biological characteristics of marine ecosystems. This study characterized the summer soundscape of a coastal estuarine reserve, Middle Marsh, near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, USA. Passive recorders were de ployed at 8 sites, within a mixture of seagrass, saltmarsh, oyster reef and soft-bottom habitats, and sampled for 2 min every 20 min between June and August 2014. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) in a high-frequency band (7−43 kHz) exhibited a periodicity of once per day, being 11 dB higher during the nighttime. This pattern is correlated with snapping shrimp sounds, with an average excess of ~12% more snaps detected at night. The same analysis for SPLs in a low-frequency band (150−1500 Hz) revealed a periodicity of twice per day, with diurnal sound levels varying by up to 29 dB. Temporal variability in the low-frequency soundscape is correlated with fish chorusing, as well as tidal water level, which may influence both the presence and absence of fish and the propagation of sound in the water column. The greatest SPLs are observed in association with periods of high biological activity during nighttime high tides. Sampling marine animals and their activities over ecologically relevant time scales is challenging using conventional techniques (trawls and throw traps) within complex shallow water habitats, particularly at night. Soundscape monitoring provides an additional method to assess spatiotemporal variation in essential fish habitat use within a complex mosaic of habitat types.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Ricci, Shannon W. and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Lillis, Ashlee}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={25–38} }
 @article{bohnenstiehl_lillis_eggleston_2016, title={The Curious Acoustic Behavior of Estuarine Snapping Shrimp: Temporal Patterns of Snapping Shrimp Sound in Sub-Tidal Oyster Reef Habitat}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0143691}, abstractNote={Ocean soundscapes convey important sensory information to marine life. Like many mid-to-low latitude coastal areas worldwide, the high-frequency (>1.5 kHz) soundscape of oyster reef habitat within the West Bay Marine Reserve (36°N, 76°W) is dominated by the impulsive, short-duration signals generated by snapping shrimp. Between June 2011 and July 2012, a single hydrophone deployed within West Bay was programmed to record 60 or 30 seconds of acoustic data every 15 or 30 minutes. Envelope correlation and amplitude information were then used to count shrimp snaps within these recordings. The observed snap rates vary from 1500–2000 snaps per minute during summer to <100 snaps per minute during winter. Sound pressure levels are positively correlated with snap rate (r = 0.71–0.92) and vary seasonally by ~15 decibels in the 1.5–20 kHz range. Snap rates are positively correlated with water temperatures (r = 0.81–0.93), as well as potentially influenced by climate-driven changes in water quality. Light availability modulates snap rate on diurnal time scales, with most days exhibiting a significant preference for either nighttime or daytime snapping, and many showing additional crepuscular increases. During mid-summer, the number of snaps occurring at night is 5–10% more than predicted by a random model; however, this pattern is reversed between August and April, with an excess of up to 25% more snaps recorded during the day in the mid-winter. Diurnal variability in sound pressure levels is largest in the mid-winter, when the overall rate of snapping is at its lowest, and the percentage difference between daytime and nighttime activity is at its highest. This work highlights our lack of knowledge regarding the ecology and acoustic behavior of one of the most dominant soniforous invertebrate species in coastal systems. It also underscores the necessity of long-duration, high-temporal-resolution sampling in efforts to understand the bioacoustics of animal behaviors and associated changes within the marine soundscape.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lillis_bohnenstiehl_peters_eggleston_2016, title={Variation in habitat soundscape characteristics influences settlement of a reef-building coral}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.2557}, abstractNote={Coral populations, and the productive reef ecosystems they support, rely on successful recruitment of reef-building species, beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival. Many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection; however, the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown. Usingin situsettlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues, larval settlement of a dominant Caribbean reef-building coral,Orbicella faveolata, was compared in response to three local soundscapes, with differing acoustic and habitat properties. Differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics, with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site (a 29.5 % increase). These results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement. This study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species, and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne and Peters, Jason W. and Eggleston, David}, year={2016}, month={Oct} }
 @article{qian_li_he_eggleston_2015, title={Connectivity in the Intra-American Seas and implications for potential larval transport}, volume={34}, ISSN={0722-4028 1432-0975}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00338-014-1244-0}, DOI={10.1007/s00338-014-1244-0}, number={2}, journal={Coral Reefs}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Qian, H. and Li, Y. and He, R. and Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={403–417} }
 @article{lillis_bohnenstiehl_eggleston_2015, title={Soundscape manipulation enhances larval recruitment of a reef-building mollusk}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.999}, abstractNote={Marine seafloor ecosystems, and efforts to restore them, depend critically on the influx and settlement of larvae following their pelagic dispersal period. Larval dispersal and settlement patterns are driven by a combination of physical oceanography and behavioral responses of larvae to a suite of sensory cues both in the water column and at settlement sites. There is growing evidence that the biological and physical sounds associated with adult habitats (i.e., the “soundscape”) influence larval settlement and habitat selection; however, the significance of acoustic cues is rarely tested. Here we show in a field experiment that the free-swimming larvae of an estuarine invertebrate, the eastern oyster, respond to the addition of replayed habitat-related sounds. Oyster larval recruitment was significantly higher on larval collectors exposed to oyster reef sounds compared to no-sound controls. These results provide the first field evidence that soundscape cues may attract the larval settlers of a reef-building estuarine invertebrate.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{eggleston_millstein_plaia_2015, title={Timing and route of migration of mature female blue crabs in a tidal estuary}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1098/rsbl.2014.0936}, abstractNote={Information on migration patterns is critical to using no-take migratory corridors and marine reserves to protect the spawning stock of commercially exploited species. Both active and passive acoustic tracking methods quantified movement of commercially and ecologically important blue crabs in the White Oak River estuary, NC, USA. We targeted post-mating female crabs migrating down-estuary to oceanic spawning grounds. Crabs travelled approximately 14.1 km mainly in deeper channels and over 12–26 days from mating areas to spawning grounds. No crabs were detected migrating down-estuary in the autumn and only 30% were detected migrating down-estuary in spring. None of the crabs detected near spawning grounds were detected or recaptured back up-estuary, suggesting that they either (i) do not return to the estuary after a one to two week period in the spawning area or (ii) were captured by fishermen. The results from this study demonstrate that (1) acoustic transmitters coupled with passive acoustic receivers provided reliable and valuable data on migration patterns of mature female blue crabs and (2) mature female blue crabs are capable of migrating primarily within deep channels to spawning grounds shortly after insemination.}, number={5}, journal={Biology Letters}, author={Eggleston, David and Millstein, E. and Plaia, G.}, year={2015} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2014, title={Estuarine soundscapes: distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs compared to soft-bottom habitats}, volume={505}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps10805}, abstractNote={Different types of benthic habitats likely produce distinct soundscapes due to differences in the physical and biological contributors to ambient sound. Despite their potential importance to ecologi- cal processes such as larval settlement, the sound- scapes of most coastal and estuarine habitats have not been characterized. We investigated whether an es- tuarine soundscape is a reliable indicator of habitat type by measuring the sounds of oyster reefs and nearby off-reef soft-bottom areas in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Acoustic sampling in 3 areas across the estuary revealed distinct acoustic patterns in oyster reef habitats compared to surrounding off- reef areas, with reef soundscapes dominated by snap- ping shrimp sounds and the vocalizations of reef- dwelling fish species. Compared to soft-bottom habitat, oyster reefs had significantly higher sound pressure levels in the 2−23 kHz frequency band and higher acoustic diversity index values at each concurrent sampling event. Spectral differences between adja- cent reef/off-reef habitats were present throughout the summer and fall sampling season and across 2 sampling years, but the acoustic signal strength dif- fered between reef sites. Passive sound propagation surveys found that the distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs within the 2−23 kHz frequency band were highly localized, with effective source levels of 108.8 to 120.0 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m and transmission loss approximating a cylindrical geometric spreading model. This soundscape characterization study sug- gests that spatial heterogeneity in ambient sound could serve as a reliable indicator of habitat type and potentially convey habitat quality information to dis- persing organisms.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2014}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{puckett_eggleston_kerr_luettich_2014, title={Larval dispersal and population connectivity among a network of marine reserves}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1365-2419"]}, DOI={10.1111/fog.12067}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Puckett, Brandon J. and Eggleston, David B. and Kerr, Patrick C. and Luettich, Richard A., Jr.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={342–361} }
 @article{dunn_eggleston_lindquist_2014, title={OYSTER-SPONGE INTERACTIONS AND BIOEROSION OF REEF-BUILDING SUBSTRATE MATERIALS: IMPLICATIONS FOR OYSTER RESTORATION}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-6319"]}, DOI={10.2983/035.033.0307}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Subtidal oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs constructed during in the mid 1990s in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, initially supported high densities of oysters; however, beginning around 2007, oyster density subsequently declined. Concurrent with the decline in oyster density was an increase in the prevalence of boring sponges (Cliona) on oysters and the underlying reef substrate material at these sites. The limestone marl substrate used to build these reefs became colonized by boring sponge to the degree that bioerosion by sponge potentially compromised the suitability of the reefs for oysters. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine whether oyster demographic rates of settlement, recruitment, growth, and mortality were affected by the presence of Cliona on underlying shell substrate. Oyster settlement on shells with varying levels of sponge was measured in the laboratory, and oyster recruitment, growth, and mortality in the presence and absence of sponge were measured in 2 estuaries in coastal North Carolina from 2011 to 2012. Potential alternative substrates for future reef restoration were tested in the field to determine their susceptibility to bioerosion by sponges. Substrates included 2 composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3; oyster shells and limestone marl) and 2 non-CaCO3 substrates (concrete and granite), because bioerosion by clionids target CaCO3. Surprisingly, no differences in oyster settlement, recruitment, growth, or mortality in the presence versus absence of Cliona were observed, suggesting that effects of the presence of sponge on oysters are either chronic rather than acute or are indirect and must act in concert with other oyster enemies. Notable patterns of sponge growth on the alternate substrates emerged; oyster shells were most susceptible to sponge growth, followed by marl, whereas concrete and granite were not susceptible to colonization by Cliona. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of having a strong understanding of the specific restoration methodology to be implemented, because the susceptibility of a substrate to bioerosion could have serious implications for reef longevity. Evidence is presented that consideration of the broader estuarine environment, including both biotic and abiotic factors, is vital when planning restoration actions, because the presence of Cliona was less important than the estuarine salinity gradient in altering oyster demographic rates and may shift the trajectories of restored reefs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH}, author={Dunn, Robert P. and Eggleston, David B. and Lindquist, Niels}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={727–738} }
 @misc{vasconcelos_eggleston_le pape_tulp_2014, title={Patterns and processes of habitat-specific demographic variability in exploited marine species}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1095-9289"]}, DOI={10.1093/icesjms/fst136}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Vasconcelos, Rita P. and Eggleston, David B. and Le Pape, Olivier and Tulp, Ingrid}, year={2014}, pages={638–647} }
 @article{pierson_eggleston_2014, title={Response of Estuarine Fish to Large-Scale Oyster Reef Restoration}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1080/00028487.2013.847863}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Pierson, Katherine J. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={273–288} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2014, title={Soundscape variation from a larval perspective: the case for habitat-associated sound as a settlement cue for weakly swimming estuarine larvae}, volume={509}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps10917}, abstractNote={Settlement is a critical phase in the life history of most benthic marine organisms and has important implications for their survival and reproductive success, and ultimately for pop - ulation and community dynamics. Larval encounter with settlement habitats is likely facilitated through the use of habitat-specific physical and chemical cues, but the scales over which particular habitat-related environmental cues may operate are rarely measured. In Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA we used passively drifting acoustic recorders to measure the varia- tion in habitat-related underwater sound, a potential broad-scale settlement cue, at spatio - temporal scales relevant to dispersing bivalve larvae in the estuary. Sound levels increased by up to 30 dB during passage over oyster reefs compared to off-reef soft bottom areas, and sound level fluctuations in the 2000 to 23 000 Hz frequency range closely corresponded to the presence of oyster reef patches below drifters, indicating that sound characteristics could reliably provide a signal of benthic habitat type to planktonic larvae. Using these soundscape measurements and the known descent capabilities of oyster larvae, we demonstrate with a conceptual model that response to habitat-related sound cues is a feasible mechanism for enhanced larval encounter with settlement substrate.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2014}, pages={57–70} }
 @article{lillis_eggleston_bohnenstiehl_2013, title={Oyster Larvae Settle in Response to Habitat-Associated Underwater Sounds}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0079337}, abstractNote={Following a planktonic dispersal period of days to months, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate suitable seafloor habitat in which to settle and metamorphose. For animals that are sessile or sedentary as adults, settlement onto substrates that are adequate for survival and reproduction is particularly critical, yet represents a challenge since patchily distributed settlement sites may be difficult to find along a coast or within an estuary. Recent studies have demonstrated that the underwater soundscape, the distinct sounds that emanate from habitats and contain information about their biological and physical characteristics, may serve as broad-scale environmental cue for marine larvae to find satisfactory settlement sites. Here, we contrast the acoustic characteristics of oyster reef and off-reef soft bottoms, and investigate the effect of habitat-associated estuarine sound on the settlement patterns of an economically and ecologically important reef-building bivalve, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Subtidal oyster reefs in coastal North Carolina, USA show distinct acoustic signatures compared to adjacent off-reef soft bottom habitats, characterized by consistently higher levels of sound in the 1.5–20 kHz range. Manipulative laboratory playback experiments found increased settlement in larval oyster cultures exposed to oyster reef sound compared to unstructured soft bottom sound or no sound treatments. In field experiments, ambient reef sound produced higher levels of oyster settlement in larval cultures than did off-reef sound treatments. The results suggest that oyster larvae have the ability to respond to sounds indicative of optimal settlement sites, and this is the first evidence that habitat-related differences in estuarine sounds influence the settlement of a mollusk. Habitat-specific sound characteristics may represent an important settlement and habitat selection cue for estuarine invertebrates and could play a role in driving settlement and recruitment patterns in marine communities.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Lillis, Ashlee and Eggleston, David B. and Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.}, year={2013}, month={Oct} }
 @article{haase_eggleston_luettich_weaver_puckett_2012, title={Estuarine circulation and predicted oyster larval dispersal among a network of reserves}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2012.02.011}, abstractNote={A critical component to understanding connectivity of isolated populations of marine organisms (i.e., metapopulations) is quantifying hydrodynamic paths of dispersal, and variation in the strength of these hydrodynamic connections. We replicated 3-dimensional wind-driven circulation patterns in Pamlico Sound (PS), North Carolina, USA using a numerical hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC, ADvanced CIRCulation) in conjunction with a particle-tracking model (PTM) to predict larval dispersal of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and estimate connectivity among a network of ten no-take oyster broodstock reserves in PS to inform restoration efforts. ADCIRC was forced with wind observations, which were predominately southwesterly during May–November 2007 when oyster larvae were dispersing in PS. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and surface drifters were used to validate ADCIRC-predicted current velocities and PTM-predicted larval dispersal, respectively. ADCIRC reliably predicted current velocities at different locations in PS, especially currents near-surface (R = 0.6, lags < 2 h). The PTM accurately predicted (R > 0.5) the total and net distance transported by drifters, which ranged from 1 to 63 km and 0.3–42 km, respectively over ≤7 days. Potential oyster larval connectivity was not uniform among broodstock reserves in PS. Of the 100 possible connections, 24 were present. Eight of the 10 reserves provided ≥ one inter-reserve connection, with 4 being the most. Self-recruitment occurred at all but one reserve. Spatial variation in the degree of potential oyster larval connectivity in PS, combined with evidence for spatiotemporal dynamics of oyster populations, provides strong evidence for an oyster metapopulation and possibly source-sink dynamics within the network of no-take reserves.}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Haase, Amy T. and Eggleston, David B. and Luettich, Rick A. and Weaver, Robert J. and Puckett, Brandon J.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={33–43} }
 @article{puckett_eggleston_2012, title={Oyster Demographics in a Network of No-Take Reserves: Recruitment, Growth, Survival, and Density Dependence}, volume={4}, ISSN={1942-5120}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2012.713892}, DOI={10.1080/19425120.2012.713892}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Marine and Coastal Fisheries}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Puckett, Brandon J. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={605–627} }
 @article{mroch_eggleston_puckett_2012, title={SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION IN OYSTER FECUNDITY AND REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN A NETWORK OF NO-TAKE RESERVES}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1943-6319"]}, DOI={10.2983/035.031.0420}, abstractNote={Adult fecundity and reproductive potential can be critical determinants of subsequent larval supply and juvenile recruitment, and important determinants of placed-based management, especially when selecting sites for marine reserves where larval export is an expected outcome. We quantified spatiotemporal variation in fecundity and reproductive potential of female oysters (Crassostrea virginica) within a network of no-take oyster broodstock reserves by sampling over 3 y at 3 spatial scales: (1) per capita, (2) per square meter, and (3) per reserve. A total of 2,596 oysters were collected using scuba from six reserves in Pamlico Sound, NC, during 2006 to 2008 and processed in the laboratory for fecundity. Per-capita fecundity ranged from 0–340,500 eggs, and increased exponentially with oyster size, peaking in May of all years. In general, per-capita fecundity was highest at more inland mesohaline reserves, whereas reproductive potential per square meter and reserve reproductive potential were highest at more seaward polyhaline reserves as a result of a combination of relatively high density, and large oyster size and reserve areas. All 3 reproductive metrics increased in general over time. These results suggest that inland broodstock reserves should be prioritized for stock enhancement/seeding—and more seaward reserves for reserve expansion—and highlight the need to consider spatiotemporal variation and the scale at which a key demographic rate (fecundity and reproductive potential) is expressed when assessing the efficacy and conservation/restoration targets of marine reserves.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH}, author={Mroch, Raymond M., III and Eggleston, David B. and Puckett, Brandon J.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1091–1101} }
 @article{rindone_eggleston_2011, title={Predator-prey dynamics between recently established stone crabs (Menippe spp.) and oyster prey (Crassostrea virginica)}, volume={407}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2011.06.018}, abstractNote={Range expansion and population establishment of individual species can have significant impacts on previously established food webs and predator–prey dynamics. The stone crab (Menippe spp.) is found throughout southwestern North Atlantic waters, from North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico and the Central American Caribbean, including the Greater Antilles. Recent observations suggest that stone crabs have become better established on certain oyster reefs in North Carolina than in the early 1900s when they we first observed in NC. To assess the predatory impact of stone crabs on oysters, we (1) quantified stone crab densities on subtidal oyster reefs in Pamlico Sound, NC using scuba surveys, and (2) conducted laboratory predation experiments to assess the functional response of stone crabs to varying densities of oysters. We then (3) analyzed previously unpublished functional response data on another important oyster predator, the mud crab Panopeus herbstii. Finally, we (4) compared and contrasted potential predatory impacts of stone, mud and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). The functional response data and analyses for both stone crabs and mud crabs were consistent with a type II functional response. Mud crabs, on a m2 basis, inflicted the highest proportional mortality on oysters over a 24 hour period, followed by stone and then blue crabs. Proportional mortality did not vary significantly with oyster size; however, relatively small and large oysters were consumed disproportionately less than medium-sized oysters, likely due to the mechanical inability of stone crabs to handle small oysters, and the inability to crush large oysters. Although stone crabs appear to be established in Pamlico Sound at densities equivalent to densities in other systems such as the U.S. Florida Panhandle, their predatory activities on oysters are not expected to have as significant a negative impact on oyster populations compared to other resident predators such as mud crabs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Rindone, R. Ryan and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={216–225} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_noga_2010, title={Molecular keys unlock the mysteries of variable survival responses of blue crabs to hypoxia}, volume={163}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1539-y}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-009-1539-y}, abstractNote={Hypoxia is a major stressor in coastal ecosystems, yet generalizing its impacts on fish and shellfish populations across hypoxic events is difficult due to variability among individuals in their history of exposure to hypoxia and related abiotic variables, and subsequent behavioral and survival responses. Although aquatic animals have diverse physiological responses to cope with hypoxia, we know little about how inter-individual variation in physiological state affects survival and behavioral decisions under hypoxic conditions. Laboratory experiments coupled with molecular techniques determined how extrinsic factors (e.g., water body and temperature) and respiratory physiology (hemocyanin concentration and structure) affected survival and behavior of adult blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) exposed to different levels of hypoxia over a 30-h time period. Nearly 100% of crabs survived the 1.3 mg dissolved oxygen (DO) l(-1) treatment (18.4% air saturation), suggesting that adult blue crabs are tolerant of severe hypoxia. Probability of survival decreased with increasing hypoxic exposure time, lower DO, and increasing temperature. Individual-level differences in survival correlated with water body and crab size. Crabs collected from the oligo/mesohaline and hypoxic Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA survived hypoxic exposures longer than crabs from the euhaline and normoxic Bogue and Back Sounds, North Carolina. Furthermore, small NRE crabs survived longer than large NRE crabs. Hemocyanin (Hcy) concentration did not explain these individual-level differences, however, hypoxia-tolerant crabs had Hcy structures indicative of a high-O(2)-affinity form of Hcy, suggesting Hcy "quality" (i.e., structure) may be more important for hypoxia survival than Hcy "quantity" (i.e., concentration). The geographic differences in survival we observed also highlight the importance of carefully selecting experimental animals when planning to extrapolate results to the population level.}, number={1}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bell, Geoffrey W. and Eggleston, David B. and Noga, Edward J.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={57–68} }
 @article{johnson_eggleston_2010, title={Population density, survival and movement of blue crabs in estuarine salt marsh nurseries}, volume={407}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps08574}, abstractNote={The importance of a broad suite of complex structured habitats as nurseries for estuarine fauna is well recognized. In contrast, recent evidence indicates the nursery value of salt marshes and contiguous unvegetated mud flats for blue crabs are underestimated. To assess the nursery value of salt marsh tidal creeks for the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in coastal North Carolina, USA, we quantified population density, survival and movement patterns of juvenile blue crabs in 2 tidal salt marsh creeks during summer and fall. Survival rates of blue crab juveniles were high (0.98 d–1) and similar in both creek systems. Juvenile crabs exhibited a high degree of site fidelity to a given marsh creek during summer–fall, suggesting that losses were predominantly due to mortality, not emigration. Our study provides critical information on the demographic processes underlying the importance of salt marshes as nurseries for estuarine-dependent species, and was novel in that it: (1) measured density, survival and emigration concurrently; and (2) enabled the identification of individuals, which allowed for the assessment of the relationship between blue crab size, survival and capture probability. We conclude that the observed patterns of abundance, survival and habitat utilization of blue crabs within tidal salt marsh creeks in North Carolina are consistent with the hypothesis that salt marsh creeks are important nurseries for blue crabs. Further, the relatively high use of the marsh surface by juvenile blue crabs, combined with a general lack of directed sampling within these complex habitats, suggests that crab densities may be even higher in salt marshes than previously thought.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Johnson, Eric G. and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2010}, pages={135–U150} }
 @article{eggleston_reyns_etherington_plaia_xie_2010, title={Tropical storm and environmental forcing on regional blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) settlement}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1365-2419"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2419.2009.00530.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Reyns, Nathalie B. and Etherington, Lisa L. and Plaia, Gayle R. and Xie, Lian}, year={2010}, pages={89–106} }
 @article{eggleston_bell_searcy_2009, title={Do Blue Crab Spawning Sanctuaries in North Carolina Protect the Spawning Stock?}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/T08-070.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Bell, Geoffrey W. and Searcy, Steven P.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={581–592} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_noga_2009, title={Environmental and Physiological Controls of Blue Crab Avoidance Behavior During Exposure to Hypoxia}, volume={217}, ISSN={["1939-8697"]}, DOI={10.1086/bblv217n2p161}, abstractNote={Generalizing the impacts of hypoxia on aquatic animal populations is difficult due to differences in behavioral and physiological responses among individuals as well as varying hydrodynamics of hypoxic events. Information on which environmental cues animals use to avoid hypoxia and how abiotic covariates and physiology influence avoidance behavior is lacking. Our laboratory flume studies quantified the interacting effects of hydrography (dissolved oxygen [DO], temperature, and salinity), hydrodynamics (rate of DO decline and current speed), and physiological state on avoidance behaviors of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Changes in DO stimulated increased rates of movement, regardless of whether the change resulted in hypoxia. Increased rates of DO decline stimulated faster movement rates under hypoxic conditions because crabs spent less time in hypoxia compared to crabs under conditions of slow rate of DO decline. Blue crabs that had hemocyanin structures with a high affinity for O2 (hypoxia-tolerant) were less active under hypoxic conditions than conspecifics with hemocyanins with a low O2 affinity, suggesting that physiological state influences behavioral responses to stressors. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how physiological acclimation and hypoxia hydrodynamics may influence population dynamics.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN}, author={Bell, Geoffrey W. and Eggleston, David B. and Noga, Edward J.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={161–172} }
 @article{moorman_eggleston_anderson_mansilla_szejner_2009, title={Implications of Beaver Castor canadensis and Trout Introductions on Native Fish in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile}, volume={138}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/T08-081.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Moorman, Michelle C. and Eggleston, David B. and Anderson, Christopher B. and Mansilla, Andres and Szejner, Paul}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={306–313} }
 @article{eggleston_parsons_2008, title={Disturbance-induced 'spill-in' of Caribbean spiny lobster to marine reserves}, volume={371}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps07699}, abstractNote={Marine reserves have the potential to enhance fisheries productivity by increasing total spawning potential or by spillover, the migration of juveniles and adults from reserves to non-reserve areas. Spillover has been the focus of many studies and has been an important argument in promot- ing the benefits of marine reserves to gain public support. Few studies, however, have examined mechanisms for colonization or migrations into marine reserves. The present study provides direct field evidence that disturbance from a sport diving fishery can elevate the abundance of Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in nearby marine reserves—particularly in reserves containing rela- tively high densities of non-disturbed lobsters—presumably through conspecific attraction where lobsters follow chemical cues to undisturbed sites in marine reserves. Population redistribution fol- lowing fishery disturbance has implications for marine reserve design and application. For example, risk-averse fishery management strategies might locate reserves adjacent to intensely fished areas to enhance spill-in of mobile species.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Parsons, Darren M.}, year={2008}, pages={213–220} }
 @article{eggleston_parsons_kellison_plaia_johnson_2008, title={Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1890/06-1409.1}, abstractNote={Fishery managers must understand the dynamics of fishers and their prey to successfully predict the outcome of management actions. We measured the impact of a two-day exclusively recreational fishery on Caribbean spiny lobster in the Florida Keys, USA, over large spatial scales (>100 km) and multiple years and used a theoretical, predator-prey functional response approach to identify whether or not sport diver catch rates were density-independent (type I) or density-dependent (type II or III functional response), and if catch rates were saturated (i.e., reached an asymptote) at relatively high lobster densities. We then describe how this predator-prey framework can be applied to fisheries management for spiny lobster and other species. In the lower Keys, divers exhibited a type-I functional response, whereby they removed a constant and relatively high proportion of lobsters (0.74-0.84) across all pre-fishing-season lobster densities. Diver fishing effort increased in a linear manner with lobster prey densities, as would be expected with a type-I functional response, and was an order of magnitude lower in the upper Keys than lower Keys. There were numerous instances in the upper Keys where the density of lobsters actually increased from before to after the fishing season, suggesting some type of "spill-in effect" from surrounding diver-disturbed areas. With the exception of isolated reefs in the upper Keys, the proportion of lobsters removed by divers was density independent (type-I functional response) and never reached saturation at natural lobster densities. Thus, recreational divers have a relatively simple predatory response to spiny lobster, whereby catch rates increase linearly with lobster density such that catch is a reliable indicator of abundance. Although diver predation is extremely high (approximately 80%), diver predation pressure is not expected to increase proportionally with a decline in lobster density (i.e., a depensatory response), which could exacerbate local extinction. Furthermore, management actions that reduce diver effort should have a concomitant and desired reduction in catch. The recreational diver-lobster predator-prey construct in this study provides a useful predictive framework to apply to both recreational and commercial fisheries, and on which to build as management actions are implemented.}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Parsons, Darren M. and Kellison, G. Todd and Plaia, Gayle R. and Johnson, Eric G.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={258–272} }
 @article{vander pluym_eggleston_levine_2008, title={Impacts of Road Crossings on Fish Movement and Community Structure}, volume={23}, ISSN={0270-5060 2156-6941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2008.9664244}, DOI={10.1080/02705060.2008.9664244}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We quantified the impact of four commonly used road crossings (bridge, arch culvert, box culvert, and pipe culvert) on stream fish community structure and movement in the Piedmont region of the Cape Fear River basin of North Carolina, USA during summer 2004. We focused on non-perched crossings, which did not present a physical barrier to fish movement. With the exception of species richness, all response variables (fish population size, species diversity, fish index of biotic integrity, and conditional percentage of movement) did not vary significantly with crossing type, position (upstream and downstream), or month. Streams with arch culverts contained significantly higher species richness than streams with bridges. The general lack of stream fish abundance and diversity responses to road crossings may be due to the insensitivity of stream fish community variables to anthropogenic effects, the insensitivity of fish communities to the presence of crossings, the overall resilience of fish communities, or the shifting baseline theory (fish communities having shifted to a different community prior to sampling). Triple-pass electrofishing results suggest that these road crossings had no detectable effect on fish abundance or diversity.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Freshwater Ecology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Vander Pluym, Jenny L. and Eggleston, David B. and Levine, Jay F.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={565–574} }
 @article{lipcius_eggleston_schreiber_seitz_shen_sisson_stockhausen_wang_2008, title={Importance of metapopulation connectivity to restocking and restoration of marine species}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1547-6553"]}, DOI={10.1080/10641260701812574}, abstractNote={We examine the impact of spatial processes on the efficacy of restocking in species with varying forms of population or metapopulation structure. Metapopulations are classified based on spatial complexity and the degree of connectedness between populations. Designation of effective restocking sites requires careful attention to metapopulation dynamics; populations in the metapopulation can differ dramatically in demography and connectivity, and the sites they occupy can vary in habitat quality. Source populations, which are optimal for restocking, can be distinct geographically and may be a small percentage of the metapopulation. Sink areas, where restocking is almost certain to be fruitless, can nonetheless serve as productive locations for habitat restoration since larvae from source reefs are likely to recruit to these areas. Effective restocking of metapopulations is most likely to be attained by selection of optimal source populations; inattention to metapopulation dynamics can doom restoration efforts with marine species.}, number={1-3}, journal={REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE}, author={Lipcius, Romuald N. and Eggleston, David B. and Schreiber, Sebastian J. and Seitz, Rochelle D. and Shen, Jian and Sisson, Mac and Stockhausen, William T. and Wang, Harry V.}, year={2008}, pages={101–110} }
 @article{drew_eggleston_2008, title={Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics}, volume={362}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps07430}, abstractNote={Ecological patterns and processes are often scale-dependent. Understanding organisms' perceptions of and responses to landscape heterogeneity and connectivity is essential for effective conservation and management. We used multiple regression models with backward elimination to test relationships between juvenile fish density and diversity, quantified visually by snorkelers, and site- (100s m) and landscape-scale (1 km) habitat characteristics of mangroves in the Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge (GWHNWR) in the lower Florida Keys, USA. We compared site and land- scape model performance using Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and adjusted R 2 values. Our results demonstrate the following: (1) juvenile fish density in mangrove backreef habitats correlated with landscape characteristics; (2) relationships between fish density and site or landscape character- istics differed greatly among species; and (3) juvenile fish diversity was not strongly correlated to either site or landscape characteristics. We therefore advise caution when (1) selecting fish species and sites for experiments to test nursery habitat hypotheses given the scale- and species-specific relation- ships between fish and mangrove habitats observed in the present study, and (2) implementing con- servation strategies based upon habitat surrogates or quotas (e.g. protect 20% of mangrove habitat to conserve fish species) because landscape context might strongly, and uniquely, influence individual fish species' juvenile density. In light of our results, we argue in support of landscape analyses and individual-based modeling as useful tools to prioritize conservation of backreef nursery habitats.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Drew, C. Ashton and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2008}, pages={233–243} }
 @article{eggleston_johnson_kellison_plaia_huggett_2008, title={Pilot evaluation of early juvenile blue crab stock enhancement using a replicated BACI design}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1547-6553"]}, DOI={10.1080/10641260701681664}, abstractNote={We quantified whether local populations of early juvenile blue crabs (J1–2) could be enhanced through the translocation of crabs to underutilized nursery habitats, and if enhancement success, survival, and potential impacts of stocked crabs on their benthic prey varied in a density-dependent manner. Using plankton nets, ∼143,000 blue crab megalopae were collected as they ingressed into Pamlico Sound, NC. Of these, ∼13,800 early juvenile blue crabs (J1–2 stages) were then stocked at potential nursery sites relatively far removed (32–70 km) from their initial settlement areas using a replicated before-after control impact (BACI) experimental design. On average, there was negative enhancement success (−34%) five weeks after local crab enhancement, and no evidence of density-dependent enhancement success, mortality, or impact on potential crab prey. Poor stocking success was likely due to pelagic emigration from enhancement sites relative to controls. Attempts to assess the feasibility of stocking blue crabs at local scales of small coves should (i) probably not consider J1–2 stages because of their apparent propensity to emigrate from these areas, or (ii) further assess the effects of geomorphology and wind fetch of release sites on density-dependent emigration.}, number={1-3}, journal={REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE}, author={Eggleston, David B. and Johnson, Eric G. and Kellison, G. Todd and Plaia, Gayle R. and Huggett, Cynthia L.}, year={2008}, pages={91–100} }
 @article{zohar_hines_zmora_johnson_lipcius_seitz_eggleston_place_schott_stubblefield_et al._2008, title={The Chesapeake Bay blue crab (Callinectes sapidus): A multidisciplinary approach to responsible stock replenishment}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1547-6553"]}, DOI={10.1080/10641260701681623}, abstractNote={The Chesapeake Bay has traditionally been one of North America's most productive fishing grounds, supporting the world's largest blue crab fishery. During the last several decades, fishing mortality and environmental degradation led to ∼ 70% drop in the bay's blue crab abundance, 84% decline in its spawning stock, and historically low levels of juvenile recruitment as well as nursery habitats being below carrying capacity. This situation makes the Chesapeake Bay blue crab an appropriate candidate for responsible stock enhancement. A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional program was developed to study the basic biology and life cycle of the blue crab, develop hatchery and nursery technologies for mass production of blue crab juveniles, and assess the potential of using cultured juveniles to enhance blue crab breeding stocks and, in turn, bay-wide abundance and harvests. Basic biology and culture studies enabled closing the life cycle of the blue crab in captivity. Juvenile crabs have been produced year round, with excellent survival. During 2002–2006, over 290,000 cultured crabs were tagged and experimentally released into the bay's nursery habitats. Cultured crabs survived as well as their wild counterparts, increased local populations at release sites by 50–250%, grew quickly to sexual maturity, mated, and migrated from the release sites to spawning grounds, contributing to the breeding stock as soon as 5 to 6 months post-release. Findings reported in this text and other articles in this volume are indicative of the feasibility of our approach of using hatchery juveniles to replenish the blue crab breeding stocks in the Chesapeake Bay.}, number={1-3}, journal={REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE}, author={Zohar, Yonathan and Hines, Anson H. and Zmora, Oded and Johnson, Eric G. and Lipcius, Romuald N. and Seitz, Rochelle D. and Eggleston, David B. and Place, Allen R. and Schott, Eric J. and Stubblefield, John D. and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={24–34} }
 @article{reyns_eggleston_luettich_2007, title={Dispersal dynamics of post-larval blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, within a wind-driven estuary}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00420.x}, number={3}, journal={Fisheries Oceanography}, author={Reyns, N. B. and Eggleston, David and Luettich, R. A.}, year={2007}, pages={257–272} }
 @article{searcy_eggleston_hare_2007, title={Is growth a reliable indicator of habitat quality and essential fish habitat for a juvenile estuarine fish?}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1205-7533"]}, DOI={10.1139/F07-038}, abstractNote={ A common assumption throughout the marine ecological and fisheries literature is that growth is a valid indicator of habitat quality and can be used as a criterion for designation of essential fish habitat (EFH). In this study, the validity of growth as an index of habitat quality was tested by examining how variability in otolith growth was related to abiotic and biotic environmental conditions and could be biased by previous growth history, density dependence, and selective mortality. The study was conducted with juvenile Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) collected in two North Carolina, USA, estuaries during two seasons of two recruitment years. Water temperature, a component of habitat quality, explained nearly 40% of the variability in juvenile otolith growth. There was also evidence that estimates of growth could be biased by density dependence (slower growth at higher conspecific abundance) and by selective mortality (higher mortality of individuals with relatively slower larval and juvenile otolith growth). Studies using growth-based assessment of habitat quality that fail to identify factors underlying growth rate differences among habitats may reach incorrect decisions regarding quality of different habitats and assignment of EFH. }, number={4}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={Searcy, Steven P. and Eggleston, David B. and Hare, Jonathan A.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={681–691} }
 @article{parsons_eggleston_2007, title={Potential population and economic consequences of sublethal injuries in the spiny lobster fishery of the Florida Keys}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1323-1650"]}, DOI={10.1071/MF06149}, abstractNote={

Animals that interact with but are not retained by fishing gears may later die. The population and economic consequences of these sublethal fishery interactions are seldom known but may be significant. In the present study, a population model was used to quantify potential population and economic consequences of injuries that Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) sustain from fishing activities in the Florida Keys, USA. Injuries generated by the fishery are known to reduce growth and elevate mortality. Simulation modelling results indicated that injuries may reduce adult lobster abundance and associated landings by ≥50% in areas with high recreational fishing effort. When simulated injuries were ~20 times lower (representing areas with lower fishing effort), these injuries were only responsible for a 5 and 8% reduction in the adult lobster population and commercial landings respectively. Important parameters within the model (growth, time in stage and mortality of injured lobsters) were altered by ±10% to assess model sensitivity. Final results changed <10% (with the exception of one 15% change), suggesting that model output was relatively insensitive to variation in key parameters. When the impact of sublethal injuries was applied to the entire spiny lobster fishery in the Florida Keys, adult stock biomass and annual commercial landings were reduced by 900 and 160 t (US$1.6 million) respectively. These results suggest that sublethal fishery interactions can lead to high population and economic losses, and highlight the need to incorporate sublethal injuries into stock assessments and economic models.
}, number={2}, journal={MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH}, author={Parsons, D. M. and Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2007}, pages={166–177} }
 @article{nunoo_eggleston_vanderpuye_2006, title={Abundance, biomass and species composition of nearshore fish assemblages in Ghana, West Africa}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1814-232X"]}, DOI={10.2989/18142320609504217}, abstractNote={Many of the world's fish populations are overexploited, including Ghana's fish resources. This study examines spatio-temporal trends in fish species composition in relation to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors, towards achieving better-informed management of the beach-seine fisheries. Fishery-dependent data were collected between November 1999 and October 2001 from 94 beach-seine hauls fished at two stations along the Ghanaian coast. The catch consisted of fish, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and macroalgae. Generally, juveniles of species that are exploited by offshore fisheries were found in the catches. Species abundance and their occurrence generally peaked between November and January. Duration of solar radiation and tide level appeared to be important predictors of fish biomass. It is important to exploit the nearshore fish assemblage sustainably because of its nursery role. A co-managed (fishers and government) three-month ban on beach-seining (between May and July) is recommended as the most appropriate control measure towards the sustainability of Ghanaian fish stocks.}, number={3-4}, journal={AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Nunoo, F. K. E. and Eggleston, D. B. and Vanderpuye, C. J.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={689–696} }
 @inproceedings{gabr_borden_smith_denton_eggleston_broome_2006, title={Characterization of jetting-induced disturbance zones}, booktitle={3rd Annual GEO3 T2 conference & expo 2006, Charlotte, April, 2006}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: NC Department of Transportation}, author={Gabr, M. A. and Borden, R. H. and Smith, A. W. and Denton, R. L. and Eggleston, D. B. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2006} }
 @article{drew_eggleston_2006, title={Currents, landscape structure, and recruitment success along a passive-active dispersal gradient}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1572-9761"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10980-005-5568-6}, number={6}, journal={LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY}, author={Drew, C. Ashton and Eggleston, David B.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={917–931} }
 @article{parsons_eggleston_2006, title={Human and natural predators combine to alter behavior and reduce survival of Caribbean spiny lobster}, volume={334}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2006.01.020}, abstractNote={Fishing disturbance can have indirect negative effects on animal behavior and survival, but receives little attention compared to measures of direct fisheries extraction. We quantified changes in the density of Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus when exposed to experimental human disturbance and injury typical of sport-diver harvest attempts in the field. A complementary study in a large seawater arena quantified lobster sheltering behavior and survival when exposed to the single and combined effects of human disturbance and triggerfish Balistes capriscus predators. Human disturbance and injury of lobsters in the field caused lobsters to emigrate from shelters that had been typically occupied over successive days. Similarly, both the presence of triggerfish predators and human disturbance promoted decreased lobster shelter fidelity to individual shelters in the arena. Overall shelter use and gregariousness increased in the presence of natural triggerfish predators but not as a function of human disturbance. Decreased shelter use and gregariousness by lobsters when exposed to human disturbance may have contributed to their decreased survival when exposed simultaneously to triggerfish. These results highlight how human disturbance and injury of lobsters can alter their behavior and reduce subsequent survival in the presence of their natural predators, and illustrate the need to incorporate the negative effects of sport-divers into models that estimate population demographic rates.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Parsons, DM and Eggleston, DB}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={196–205} }
 @article{reyns_eggleston_luettich_2006, title={Secondary dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs within a wind-driven estuary}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0024-3590"]}, DOI={10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.1982}, abstractNote={We used a coupled biophysical study to examine the processes underlying secondary dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) within Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, a predominately wind‐driven estuary. We quantified the spatiotemporal distribution of early juvenile blue crabs in the water column with vertically stratified plankton samples (during day‐night cruises during two consecutive years) and used a hydrodynamic numerical simulation model to recreate dispersal trajectories and assess potential transport pathways connecting inlet (eastern) and western sound nursery habitats. Early juvenile blue crabs belonging to the first benthic instar stage (J1) were observed within the water column, indicative of secondary dispersal occurring rapidly following postlarval settlement and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage. Moreover, J1 blue crabs were most abundant in near‐bottom waters at night. Particle‐tracking dispersal simulations revealed that across‐sound blue crab secondary dispersal only resulted from the combined use of flood‐tides near the inlets and wind‐induced bottom currents within the main body of Pamlico Sound. Thus, our results indicate that behavioral responses to multiple hydrodynamic conditions ultimately influence habitat connectivity, particularly in the northwest region of our study area where a distinct transport pathway was evident. As such, generalizations of recruitment dynamics based on systems with strong tidal signals cannot be used to accurately characterize patterns of estuarine recruitment in predominately wind‐driven systems.}, number={5}, journal={LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Reyns, Nathalie B. and Eggleston, David B. and Luettich, Richard A., Jr.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={1982–1995} }
 @article{darcy_eggleston_2005, title={Do habitat corridors influence animal dispersal and colonization in estuarine systems?}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0921-2973"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10980-005-3704-y}, number={7}, journal={LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY}, author={Darcy, MC and Eggleston, DB}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={841–855} }
 @article{forward_reyns_diaz_cohen_eggleston_2005, title={Endogenous swimming rhythms underlying secondary dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus}, volume={316}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2004.10.005}, abstractNote={Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, megalopae settle in seagrass or other complex submerged aquatic habitats in estuaries, where they metamorphose to the first juvenile (J1) crab stage. Within tidal areas, early juveniles (J1–2) leave such nursery areas by undergoing secondary dispersal during nocturnal flood tides. The present study determined whether J1–2 blue crabs have a biological rhythm in vertical swimming activity that contributes to secondary dispersal. Endogenous rhythms in vertical swimming were determined for (1) J1–2 crabs collected from two estuaries with semi-diurnal tides, (2) J1 crabs that metamorphosed from the megalopal stage in the laboratory the day after collection, and (3) premolt megalopae that metamorphosed to J1 crabs under constant conditions during the experiment. In all cases, a circadian rhythm was present in which crabs swam vertically during the time of night in the field. The time of peak vertical swimming did not correspond to the time of flood tide at the collection sites, but did consistently occur at night, with a mean around midnight. While responses to environmental factors probably control the onset and end of vertical swimming by early juvenile blue crabs during flood tides in tidal areas, a circadian rhythm underlies secondary dispersal at night.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Forward, RB and Reyns, NB and Diaz, H and Cohen, JH and Eggleston, DB}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={91–100} }
 @article{parsons_eggleston_2005, title={Indirect effects of recreational fishing on behavior of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus}, volume={303}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps303235}, abstractNote={Sublethal disturbance may lead to behavioral modifications that have detrimental con- sequences for the individual. Sublethal disturbance is an indirect effect of fishing that has seldom been examined. In summer 2003, we conducted surveys on the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys, USA, before and after a 2 d mini-season exclusively for recreational sport- divers to assess the frequency of injured lobsters. We also conducted (1) a tethering experiment to assess the influence of disturbance and injury on predation-induced mortality, and (2) Y-maze labo- ratory experiments to assess the effect of injury and disturbance on the shelter choice of conspecifics. Injury surveys revealed an immediate increase (to 27.16%) in the percentage of injured lobsters from pre- to post mini-season within patch reef habitats, but only a small increase in injured lobsters amongst patch head habitats. Tethering trials revealed that injured lobsters were more likely to suc- cumb to predation than uninjured controls, while the shelter choice experiments demonstrated that the usual ability to attract conspecifics was altered by injury. Considering the ability of this fishery to unintentionally injure >25% of the lobster population in patch reef habitats in just 2 d, the potential population consequences to spiny lobsters must be examined.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Parsons, DM and Eggleston, DB}, year={2005}, pages={235–244} }
 @article{eggleston_bell_amavisca_2005, title={Interactive effects of episodic hypoxia and cannibalism on juvenile blue crab mortality}, volume={325}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2005.04.023}, abstractNote={We hypothesized that as the spatial extent of hypoxic bottom water increased, (1) adult blue crab predator densities would increase in shallow habitats as they avoided hypoxia, and that (2) juvenile blue crabs, which use shallow unvegetated habitat as a predation refuge from adult conspecifics, would experience increased mortality rates during crowding by cannibalistic adult blue crabs. These hypotheses were tested along a depth gradient of sandy-mud shoreline in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA using a combination of (1) hydrographic measurements to characterize the spatial extent of hypoxia, (2) beach seines to quantify the density of adult blue crab predators in relatively shallow water as a function of 1, and (3) tethering experiments to quantify relative rates of predation on juvenile blue crabs as a function of 1 and 2. During our seven tethering experiments, the NRE study site experienced a range of DO scenarios including normoxia, chronic hypoxia, and hypoxic upwelling. No known predators of juvenile blue crabs, other than adult conspecifics, were collected in any of our shallow-water seines. During the transition from normoxia to chronic hypoxia, blue crab predator densities in shallow refuge habitats increased 4-fold, and relative mortality rates of juvenile blue crabs in shallow habitats increased exponentially with the density of adult conspecifics. Conversely, during hypoxic upwelling events, the density of adult blue crabs in shallow water declined, which may explain why the relative mortality of juvenile crabs did not increase significantly with the increasing spatial extent of hypoxia. Thus, juvenile blue crabs may be relatively safe from adult conspecifics during hypoxic upwelling events, but not during chronic hypoxia. These experimental results highlight the need to consider the effects of dynamic water quality on mobile consumers emigrating from degraded habitats when considering indirect trophic impacts beyond the immediate area of impact.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Eggleston, DB and Bell, GW and Amavisca, AD}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_2005, title={Species-specific avoidance responses by blue crabs and fish to chronic and episodic hypoxia}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0025-3162"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00227-004-1483-7}, number={4}, journal={MARINE BIOLOGY}, author={Bell, GW and Eggleston, DB}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={761–770} }
 @article{burkholder_eggleston_glasgow_brownie_reed_janowitz_posey_melia_kinder_corbett_et al._2004, title={Comparative impacts of two major hurricane seasons on the Neuse River and western Pamlico Sound ecosystems}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0306842101}, abstractNote={Ecosystem-level impacts of two hurricane seasons were compared several years after the storms in the largest lagoonal estuary in the U.S., the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine System. A segmented linear regression flow model was developed to compare mass-water transport and nutrient loadings to a major artery, the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), and to estimate mean annual versus storm-related volume delivery to the NRE and Pamlico Sound. Significantly less water volume was delivered by Hurricane Fran (1996), but massive fish kills occurred in association with severe dissolved oxygen deficits and high contaminant loadings (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended solids, and fecal bacteria). The high water volume of the second hurricane season (Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene in 1999) delivered generally comparable but more dilute contaminant loads, and no major fish kills were reported. There were no discernable long-term adverse impacts on water quality. Populations of undesirable organisms, such as toxic dinoflagellates, were displaced down-estuary to habitats less conducive for growth. The response of fisheries was species-dependent: there was no apparent impact of the hurricanes on commercial landings of bivalve molluscs or shrimp. In contrast, interacting effects of hurricane floodwaters in 1999 and intensive fishing pressure led to striking reductions in blue crabs. Overall, the data support the premise that, in shallow estuaries frequently disturbed by hurricanes, there can be relatively rapid recovery in water quality and biota, and benefit from the scouring activity of these storms.}, number={25}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Burkholder, J and Eggleston, D and Glasgow, H and Brownie, C and Reed, R and Janowitz, G and Posey, M and Melia, G and Kinder, C and Corbett, R and et al.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={9291–9296} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_2004, title={Coupling ecology and economy: modeling optimal release scenarios for summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) stock enhancement}, volume={102}, number={1}, journal={Fishery Bulletin (Washington, D.C.)}, author={Kellison, G. T. and Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2004}, pages={78–93} }
 @article{forward_reyns_diaz_cohen_eggleston_2004, title={Endogenous swimming rhythms of juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, as related to horizontal transport}, volume={299}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2003.09.002}, abstractNote={The blue crab Callinectes sapidus settles and metamorphoses in areas of aquatic vegetation in estuaries. Crabs in the first–fifth instar stages (J1–5) then emigrate from these areas by walking on the bottom or pelagic dispersal throughout estuaries. The present study was designed to characterize the timing of this migration pattern relative to the light–dark and tidal cycles. Field sampling in Pamlico Sound, NC, USA indicated that J4–5 juveniles were most abundant in the water column during the night. J4–5 juveniles were collected from Pamlico Sound in an area near Oregon Inlet that has semi-diurnal tides, a Mid-Sound area where tides are weak, and on the West side where regular tides do not occur. Crabs from all three sites had a circadian rhythm in which they swam up in the water column during the time of darkness in the field. Peak swimming consistently occurred at about 0300 h, but was not related to the timing of the tidal cycle. Similar results were obtained for juvenile crabs from an adjacent estuary having semi-diurnal tides. Dispersal at night reduces predation by visual predators, and allows early juvenile blue crabs to disperse planktonically from initial settlement sites.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Forward, RB and Reyns, NB and Diaz, H and Cohen, JH and Eggleston, DB}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={63–76} }
 @article{reyns_eggleston_2004, title={Environmentally-controlled, density-dependent secondary dispersal in a local estuarine crab population}, volume={140}, ISSN={["0029-8549"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-004-1581-8}, abstractNote={The mechanisms driving the pelagic secondary dispersal of aquatic organisms following initial settlement to benthic habitats are poorly characterized. We examined the physical environmental (wind, diel cycle, tidal phase) and biological (ontogenetic, density-dependent) factors that contribute to the secondary dispersal of a benthic marine invertebrate, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in Pamlico Sound, NC, USA. Field studies conducted in relatively large (0.05 km2) seagrass beds determined that secondary dispersal is primarily undertaken by the earliest juvenile blue crab instar stages (J1 crabs). These crabs emigrated pelagically from seagrass settlement habitats using nighttime flood tides during average wind conditions (speed approximately 5 m s-1). Moreover, the secondary dispersal of J1 crabs was density-dependent and regulated by intra-cohort (J1) crab density in seagrass. Our results suggest that dispersal occurs rapidly following settlement, and promotes blue crab metapopulation persistence by redistributing juveniles from high-density settlement habitats to areas characterized by low postlarval supply. Collectively, these data indicate that blue crab secondary dispersal is an active process under behavioral control and can alter initial distribution patterns established during settlement. This study highlights the necessity of considering secondary dispersal in ecological studies to improve our understanding of population dynamics of benthic organisms.}, number={2}, journal={OECOLOGIA}, author={Reyns, NB and Eggleston, DB}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={280–288} }
 @article{eggleston_dahlgren_johnson_2004, title={Fish density, diversity, and size-structure within multiple back reef habitats of Key West National Wildlife Refuge}, volume={75}, number={2}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Eggleston, D. B. and Dahlgren, C. P. and Johnson, E. G.}, year={2004}, pages={175–204} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_taylor_burke_2003, title={An assessment of biases associated with caging, tethering, and trawl sampling of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0160-8347"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02691694}, number={1}, journal={ESTUARIES}, author={Kellison, GT and Eggleston, DB and Taylor, JC and Burke, JS}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={64–71} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_wolcott_2003, title={Behavioral responses of free-ranging blue crabs to episodic hypoxia. I. Movement}, volume={259}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps259215}, abstractNote={Episodic hypoxic events in estuaries can alter the trophic dynamics of important benthic predators. During hypoxic upwelling events mobile predators may reduce their feeding activity as they migrate to relatively shallower, oxygenated water, and may reinvade deep-water habitats dur- ing relaxation of hypoxia to exploit vulnerable infaunal prey (e.g. clams and polychaete worms) that have reduced their burial depth in response to hypoxia. We used biotelemetry techniques with con- current measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) to monitor the feeding and movement responses of free-ranging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus to episodic hypoxic upwelling and subsequent relaxation events within the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA. Although telemetered crabs fed in hypoxic water with DO concentrations as low as 1.01 mg l -1 , percent feeding occurrence declined slightly when crabs were exposed to mild (DO = 2 - 4 mg l -1 ) and severe hypoxia (DO 4 mg l -1 ). Crabs reduced the proportion of time spent feed- ing during hypoxic upwelling conditions except for the most severe events when DO dropped rapidly from normoxia to severe hypoxia. The proportion of time crabs spent feeding did not increase and crabs did not reinvade deeper water habitats during relaxation events, as was hypothesized. These results are somewhat inconsistent with previous studies and we suggest that crabs may have fed on prey other than benthic infauna, or that upwelling events may not have lasted long enough to cause infauna to migrate close enough to the sediment surface to be vulnerable to predation by blue crabs. Our study highlights the importance of examining the complex interaction between the hydrody- namics of episodic events and various behaviors (e.g. feeding and movement) when trying to under- stand the impact of these events on estuarine trophic dynamics.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Bell, GW and Eggleston, DB and Wolcott, TG}, year={2003}, pages={215–225} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_wolcott_2003, title={Behavioral responses of free-ranging blue crabs to episodic hypoxia. II. Feeding}, volume={259}, DOI={10.3354/meps259227}, abstractNote={Episodic hypoxic events in estuaries can alter the trophic dynamics of important benthic predators. During hypoxic upwelling events mobile predators may reduce their feeding activity as they migrate to relatively shallower, oxygenated water, and may reinvade deep-water habitats during relaxation of hypoxia to exploit vulnerable infaunal prey (e.g. clams and polychaete worms) that have reduced their burial depth in response to hypoxia. We used biotelemetry techniques with concurrent measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) to monitor the feeding and movement responses of free-ranging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus to episodic hypoxic upwelling and subsequent relaxation events within the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA. Although telemetered crabs fed in hypoxic water with DO concentrations as low as 1.01 mg l–1, percent feeding occurrence declined slightly when crabs were exposed to mild (DO = 2 – 4 mg l–1) and severe hypoxia (DO <2 mg l–1), relative to normoxic concentrations (DO > 4 mg l–1). Crabs reduced the proportion of time spent feeding during hypoxic upwelling conditions except for the most severe events when DO dropped rapidly from normoxia to severe hypoxia. The proportion of time crabs spent feeding did not increase and crabs did not reinvade deeper water habitats during relaxation events, as was hypothesized. These results are somewhat inconsistent with previous studies and we suggest that crabs may have fed on prey other than benthic infauna, or that upwelling events may not have lasted long enough to cause infauna to migrate close enough to the sediment surface to be vulnerable to predation by blue crabs. Our study highlights the importance of examining the complex interaction between the hydrodynamics of episodic events and various behaviors (e.g. feeding and movement) when trying to understand the impact of these events on estuarine trophic dynamics.}, number={2003}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, author={Bell, G. W. and Eggleston, David and Wolcott, T. G.}, year={2003}, pages={227–235} }
 @article{chaves_eggleston_2003, title={Blue crab mortality in the North Carolina soft-shell industry: Biological and operational effects}, volume={22}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={Chaves, J. C. and Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2003}, pages={241–249} }
 @misc{gillanders_able_brown_eggleston_sheridan_2003, title={Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries}, volume={247}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps247281}, abstractNote={A critical link missing from our understanding of the nursery role of specific marine habitats is the evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats. This paper reviews and evaluates evidence of, and spatial scales for, movements from juvenile to adult habitats and it sum- marises the methods used to study movements. Examples include many fish families but few inverte- brate taxa, and most are species of economic importance for USA and Australia. The types of juvenile habitat range from the entire estuary or shallow open coastal waters to specific habitats within estu- aries or coastal waters; in some cases juvenile habitats include habitats not traditionally regarded as nursery areas (e.g. the surf zone). The duration of time spent in juvenile habitats averages 13 mo (range 8 d to 5 yr). The majority of organisms move distances of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres from juvenile to adult habitats, although the scale of movements ranged from metres to thousands of kilometres. Changes in abundance among separate habitats and the progression of size classes among separate habitats are the main methods used to infer movement and habitat connectivity. Spa- tial partitioning of stages of maturity, natural parasites, and a variety of artificial tagging methods have also been used. The latter will become more useful with continued developments in the minia- turisation of artificial tags. More recent studies have used natural tags (e.g. trace elements and stable isotopes) and these methods show great promise for determining movements from juvenile to adult habitats. Few studies provide good evidence for movement from specific juvenile habitats to adult habitats. Future studies need to focus on this movement to supplement data on density, growth and survival of organisms in putative nursery habitats. Such information will allow management and con- servation efforts to focus on those habitats that make the greatest contribution to adult populations.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Gillanders, BM and Able, KW and Brown, JA and Eggleston, DB and Sheridan, PF}, year={2003}, pages={281–295} }
 @article{eggleston_johnson_kellison_nadeau_2003, title={Intense removal and non-saturating functional responses by recreational divers on spiny lobster Panulirus argus}, volume={257}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps257197}, abstractNote={The effects of recreational fishing often go undetected, yet can lead to the collapse of fishery populations. Fishery managers must understand the dynamics of recreational fishers and their prey to successfully predict the outcome of management actions. We measured the impact of a 2 d exclusively recreational fishery on the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys, USA, and used a theoretical, predator-prey functional response approach to identify whether or not sport diver catch rates were density-independent or -dependent (Types I, II or III functional response), and if catch rates were saturated (i.e. reached an asymptote) at relatively high lobster densities. Herein, we describe how this predator-prey framework could be applied to fisheries management for the spiny lobster. Our approach consisted of SCUBA diver surveys of lobster distribution and abundance patterns immediately before and after the 2 d recreational 'mini-season' coupled with counts of recreational boats and divers to assess the aggregative response of divers to lobster density. During the mini-season, the density of boats along coral patch reefs and patch heads was over 900 × higher than during the regular fishing season ~3 wk later. Overall, there was a 95 and 79% decline in mean lobster densities in the patch reef and patch head habitats, respectively. Fishing effort was 10 × greater on patch heads than on reefs, prob- ably due to ~100-fold higher lobster densities in patch-head habitats. In both patch reefs and heads, the proportion of lobsters removed by divers was density-independent (Type I functional response). Diver catch never reached saturation at natural lobster densities. Thus, recreational divers have a relatively simple predatory response to spiny lobsters, whereby catch rates increase linearly with lobster density such that catch is a reliable indicator of abundance. A major concern is that the current levels of lobster exploitation by sport divers are extremely high (~90%); however, diver predation pressure is not expected to increase proportionally with a decline in lobster density, which could exacerbate local extinction. Management actions that reduce diver effort should have a concomitant reduction in catch. The recreational diver-lobster predator-prey construct in this study provides a useful predictive frame- work on which to build as the spatiotemporal scales of measurements expand, management actions are implemented, and the lobster population varies.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Eggleston, DB and Johnson, EG and Kellison, GT and Nadeau, DA}, year={2003}, pages={197–207} }
 @article{eggleston_2003, title={Introduction to the Proceedings of the Blue Crab Conference 2000}, volume={72}, number={2}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Eggleston, D. B.}, year={2003}, pages={261–263} }
 @article{etherington_eggleston_stockhausen_2003, title={Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration}, volume={72}, number={2}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Etherington, L. L. and Eggleston, D. B. and Stockhausen, W. T.}, year={2003}, pages={371–391} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_taylor_burke_osborne_2003, title={Pilot evaluation of summer flounder stock enhancement potential using experimental ecology}, volume={250}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps250263}, abstractNote={Stock enhancement is receiving increasing attention as a management tool to rebuild depleted fisheries. Unfortunately, proactive studies addressing the potential of stock enhancement to accomplish management goals prior to the implementation of enhancement efforts are uncommon. We outline an ecologically based, pilot protocol with which to address the potential of fisheries stock enhancement using hatchery-reared (HR) organisms, through trial releases coupled with laboratory and field experiments with juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. Released HR fish did not persist in nursery habitats in which wild fish enjoyed relatively long residence times and high sur- vival. Multiple lines of observations and evidence suggest that the relatively rapid disappearance of released HR fish was not a result of emigration. Caging and tethering trials, coupled with previously obtained behavioral data, suggest that the poor performance of HR fish in this study was a result of increased susceptibility to predation-induced mortality, as compared with wild fish. These results suggest that post-release survival of HR summer flounder might be increased by (1) improving meth- ods of predator-conditioning, (2) releasing HR fish in sites that serve as natural refuges from preda- tors, or (3) releasing fish at larger sizes. While poor post-release survival of HR summer flounder may limit the success of stock enhancement efforts with this species, we suggest that conclusions regard- ing the potential of stock enhancement as a management tool can only be made if biological in- formation is coupled with economic information to predict economic costs associated with stock enhancement relative to costs associated with alternative management approaches.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Kellison, GT and Eggleston, DB and Taylor, JC and Burke, JS and Osborne, JA}, year={2003}, pages={263–278} }
 @article{etherington_eggleston_2003, title={Spatial dynamics of large-scale, multistage crab (Callinectes sapidus) dispersal: determinants and consequences for recruitment}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0706-652X"]}, DOI={10.1139/F03-072}, abstractNote={ We assessed determinants and consequences of multistage dispersal on spatial recruitment of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, within the Croatan, Albemarle, Pamlico Estuarine System (CAPES), North Carolina, U.S.A. Large-scale sampling of early juvenile crabs over 4 years indicated that spatial abundance patterns were size-dependent and resulted from primary post-larval dispersal (pre-settlement) and secondary juvenile dispersal (early post-settlement). In general, primary dispersal led to high abundances within more seaward habitats, whereas secondary dispersal (which was relatively consistent) expanded the distribution of juveniles, potentially increasing the estuarine nursery capacity. There were strong relationships between juvenile crab density and specific wind characteristics; however, these patterns were spatially explicit. Various physical processes (e.g., seasonal wind events, timing and magnitude of tropical cyclones) interacted to influence dispersal during multiple stages and determined crab recruitment patterns. Our results suggest that the nursery value of different habitats is highly dependent on the dispersal potential (primary and secondary dispersal) to and from these areas, which is largely determined by the relative position of habitats within the estuarine landscape. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={Etherington, LL and Eggleston, DB}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={873–887} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_tanaka_2002, title={Density-dependent predation and implications for stock enhancement with Japanese flounder}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1095-8649"]}, DOI={10.1006/jfbi.2002.1913}, abstractNote={In laboratory predation trials kinsen-gani crab Matuta lunaris rarely preyed on hatchery-reared (HR) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, even at extremely elevated prey densities (c. 90 fish m−2), but fed readily on sacrificed Japanese founder. This suggests that under similar conditions in the wild predator-prey interactions between kinsen-gani and juvenile Japanese flounder are likely to be weak. Larger Japanese flounder readily cannibalized smaller conspecifics, suggesting that within-release group cannibalism may contribute considerably to post-release mortality of HR Japanese flounder when sufficient size variation exists within groups of released fish. Kinsen-gani presence had no effect on within-release group cannibalism rates of large Japanese flounder on small Japanese flounder. Within-release group cannibalism rates were significantly affected by densities of smaller (prey) fish, implying that the number of fish released (and thus post-release densities) in stock enhancement programmes may significantly affect post-release mortality rates. The probability of within-release group cannibalism increased rapidly as the cannibal-to-prey size ratio exceeded 1.6, suggesting that minimizing size variation of released HR individuals will reduce post-release cannibalism rates. These results have implications for Japanese flounder stock enhancement release strategies, and may be applicable to other finfish stock enhancement programmes.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY}, author={Kellison, GT and Eggleston, DB and Tanaka, M}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={968–980} }
 @misc{seitz_lipcius_hines_eggleston_2001, title={Density-dependent predation, habitat variation, and the persistence of marine bivalve prey}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, DOI={10.2307/2679927}, abstractNote={The persistence of prey encountering intense predation varies by species, prey density, and habitat type; however, the collective impact of these factors has rarely been tested experimentally in natural marine systems. Using the thin-shelled clams Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica as prey, and the main epibenthic predator of whole adult clams, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, we conducted a series of experiments in Chesapeake Bay tributaries that (1) links field abundance and distribution of bivalve prey species with habitat-specific mortality patterns; (2) represents the first comprehensive field test of species-specific, habitat-specific, and density-dependent mortality for subtidal, soft-bottom, deep-burrowing prey; and (3) thereby enables development of a conceptual model to be used as a heuristic tool linking predator–prey dynamics, habitat type, and evolutionary defense tactics for marine benthos. In 15 years of field monitoring, Mya was more common in sand than mud habitats, and Macoma was widely distributed and at higher densities than Mya in mud and sand. In field experiments, mortality of both Mya and Macoma was density dependent in those habitats where the clams are common. The blue crab population in the field exhibited a type III “guild functional response” on Mya in sand, and on Macoma in both mud and sand. Mortality was lower in sand than mud for Mya, and similar in mud and sand for Macoma, correlating with the high abundances of Mya in sand and Macoma in sand and mud. The persistence of large juvenile and adult bivalves when confronted with intense predation derived substantially from a low-density refuge from predation that varied in a species-specific manner with habitat type, demonstrating the species-specific importance of density and habitat to clam survival. We developed a conceptual model detailing the relative importance of behavior, morphology, habitat features, and the basic components of predator–prey interactions to the survival of bivalve molluscs. At one extreme are bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, that emphasize morphological refuges that increase the predator's handling time. At the other extreme are bivalves, such as Mya and Macoma, that reduce predator encounter rates. The model is intended to be used as a heuristic tool to develop testable hypotheses.}, number={9}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Seitz, RD and Lipcius, RN and Hines, AH and Eggleston, DB}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={2435–2451} }
 @article{eggleston_dahlgren_2001, title={Distribution and abundance of Caribbean spiny lobsters in the Key West National Wildlife Refuge: relationship to habitat features and impact of an intensive recreational fishery}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1448-6059"]}, DOI={10.1071/MF01203}, abstractNote={
During 1999 we determined abundance and size frequency of the Caribbean spiny
lobster, Panulirus argus, in various habitats within the
‘Lakes’ and ‘Marquesas’ regions (122
km2 ) of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge (KWNWR),
USA, using visual surveys. We also assessed the relationship between lobster
abundance and habitat characteristics. During July–August 2000, we
quantified the impact of a two-day recreational fishing
‘miniseason’ in fished and nonfished areas within the KWNWR.
Lobster density was highest in channels, followed by hard bottom and patch
reefs. P. argus was rarely observed in sea-grass and
never in mangrove prop-roots. Its density was related to density and volume of
large sponges in channel habitats. Although channels represent only
0.06% of the study area, they provide abundant refuges and a likely
corridor for migrating juveniles. The two-day fishing season reduced density
of lobsters >7 cm CL by an average of 80% across several habitats,
including three marine protected areas closed to fishing. The observed decline
was probably due to fishing, because percent change in density was related to
number of recreational boats anchored at a given site. Relatively small marine
protected areas (30–150 ha) may therefore be too small to protect the
population structure of P. argus adequately within the
KWNWR.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH}, author={Eggleston, DB and Dahlgren, CP}, year={2001}, pages={1567–1576} }
 @article{blackmon_eggleston_2001, title={Factors influencing planktonic, post-settlement dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun)}, volume={257}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00334-8}, abstractNote={An emerging body of literature points to post-settlement, planktonic dispersal as a key determinant of distribution and abundance patterns of aquatic organisms, yet little is known about mechanisms inducing such dispersal. Recent evidence suggests that early juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) may use planktonic emigration as a means of post-settlement dispersal. The goal of this study was to identify mechanisms inducing post-settlement, planktonic dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs. A combination of field mark-recapture experiments in large seagrass beds within a 2x3 km region near Oregon Inlet, North Carolina, USA, and a series of laboratory flume experiments examined the effects of day vs. night, crab size (first-second juvenile benthic instars: J1-J2 vs. third-fifth juvenile benthic instars: J3-J5), crab density and current speed on planktonic dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs. Transport of dead crabs in the flume experiment identified that planktonic dispersal was an active behavioral response rather than a passive response to increasing current speed. The experimental results demonstrated that planktonic dispersal can range from 4 to 18% under medium to high flow conditions. Planktonic dispersal of juvenile crabs is (1) an active behavioral response, (2) increased significantly with current speeds above 20 cms(-1), and (3) was higher for relatively large (J3-J5) than small (J1-J2) instars. There was a non-significant trend towards greater dispersal at night than during the day in the field experiment, and no effect of crab density on dispersal in the flume experiment. The results from this study highlight the need to consider mechanisms inducing post-settlement, planktonic dispersal when attempting to understand and predict recruitment and population dynamics of aquatic organisms, as well as when linking hydrodynamics, animal behavior and planktonic dispersal.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Blackmon, DC and Eggleston, DB}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={183–203} }
 @article{lipcius_stockhausen_eggleston_2001, title={Marine reserves for Caribbean spiny lobster: empirical evaluation and theoretical metapopulation recruitment dynamics}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1448-6059"]}, DOI={10.1071/MF01193}, abstractNote={
Field data on spiny-lobster abundance, habitat quality, and hydrodynamic
transport patterns for a reserve (ECLSP) and three exploited sites (CI, EI,
LSI) were used to assess reserve success in reducing fishing mortality and
increasing theoretical metapopulation recruitment. Fishing mortality was
estimated empirically by quantification of lobster density at ECLSP and the
three exploited sites before and after the start of the fishing season in two
years. Fishing mortality was estimated to be 47–98% lower at the
reserve. Using a circulation model , we theoretically assessed effectiveness
of ECLSP and nominal reserves at the exploited sites in augmenting recruitment
through redistribution of larvae to all sites. Larvae discharged from ECLSP
and EI recruited throughout Exuma Sound, whereas those from LSI and CI
recruited only to CI and LSI. Hence, only reserves at EI and ECLSP would be
suitable for metapopulation recruitment. In selecting an optimal reserve for
metapopulation recruitment, use of information on habitat quality or adult
density did not yield a higher probability of success than did determining the
reserve location by chance. The only successful strategy was one that used
information on transport processes. Designation of effective marine reserves
therefore requires careful attention to metapopulation dynamics and
recruitment processes.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH}, author={Lipcius, RN and Stockhausen, WT and Eggleston, DB}, year={2001}, pages={1589–1598} }
 @article{beck_heck_able_childers_eggleston_gillanders_halpern_hays_hoshino_minello_et al._2001, title={The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0633:TICAMO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Michael W. Beck, Kenneth L. Heck, Jr., Kenneth W. Able, Daniel L. Childers, David B. Eggleston, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Benjamin Halpern, Cynthia G. Hays, Kaho Hoshino, Thomas J. Minello, Robert J. Orth, Peter F. Sheridan and Michael P. Weinstein}, number={8}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Beck, MW and Heck, KL and Able, KW and Childers, DL and Eggleston, DB and Gillanders, BM and Halpern, B and Hays, CG and Hoshino, K and Minello, TJ and et al.}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={633–641} }
 @article{kellison_eggleston_burke_2000, title={Comparative behaviour and survival of hatchery-reared versus wild summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1205-7533"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfas-57-9-1870}, abstractNote={We describe the use of laboratory trials to compare substrate-specific behaviour and susceptibility to predation of hatchery-reared (HR) versus wild summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) juveniles. HR fish spent significantly more time swimming in the water column than wild fish and took significantly longer to become cryptic on the benthos than wild fish, regardless of substrate type. In predation trials with a blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) predator, naïve HR fish were significantly more susceptible to predation than wild fish. Antipredator-conditioned HR fish were significantly less susceptible to predation than naïve HR fish but significantly more susceptible than wild fish, irrespective of substrate. The modified behavioural patterns and increased susceptibility to predation of HR individuals observed in this study indicate that flounder reared in psychosensory-deprived hatchery environments may be poorly equipped to survive in natural habitats; they also indicate that it may be possible to mitigate detrimental behavioural patterns by exposing naïve HR fish to natural stimuli before release into natural environments. These results have important implications for stock enhancement, suggesting that stocked organisms are more likely to achieve postrelease survival if they are conditioned with natural stimuli prior to release into the wild.}, number={9}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={Kellison, GT and Eggleston, DB and Burke, JS}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={1870–1877} }
 @article{dahlgren_eggleston_2000, title={Ecological processes underlying ontogenetic habitat shifts in a coral reef fish}, volume={81}, DOI={10.2307/177110}, number={8}, journal={Ecology (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.)}, author={Dahlgren, C. P. and Eggleston, David}, year={2000}, pages={2227–2240} }
 @article{taylor_eggleston_2000, title={Effects of hypoxia on an estuarine predator-prey interaction: foraging behavior and mutual interference in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus and the infaunal clam prey Mya arenaria}, volume={196}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps196221}, abstractNote={The effects of hypoxia on trophic interactions could vary dramatically depending on whether the benthos is experiencing the onset of a hypoxic event (decreasing dissolved oxygen concentrations from normoxia), or its dissipation (increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations from hypoxia). Predator-prey dynamics between the blue crab Callinectes sapidus and an infaunal clam prey Mya arenaria were examined to assess the impact of hypoxia upon predator foraging rates and prey mortality. Laboratory experiments quantified the behavioral response of M. arenaria to varying dissolved oxygen levels through the analyses of (1) sediment burial depth, and (2) siphon extension above the sediment surface. Moreover, the functional response (relationship between predator consumption rates and prey density) of single and 2 adult blue crabs to 2 densities of M. arenaria (6 and 24 clams tank -1 ) was examined across 3 dissolved oxygen treatments: (1) normoxia (≥6.0 mg DO l -1 ); (2) moderate hypoxia (3.0 to 4.0 mg DO l -1 ), subsequent to clam acclimation at high oxygen conditions (≥6.0 mg DO l -1 ); and (3) moderate hypoxia (3.0 to 4.0 mg DO l -1 ), subsequent to clam acclimation at low oxygen conditions (≤1.5 mg DO l -1 ). M. arenaria sediment burial depth decreased and siphon extension increased during exposure to severe hypoxia. Initiation of moderate hypoxia following normoxia altered blue crab foraging behavior from a destabilizing, type II functional response, to a partially stabilizing, type I functional response. Conversely, blue crabs exhibited a type II functional response under moderate hypoxia subsequent to clam exposure to severe hypoxia. Therefore, low dissolved oxygen concentrations appear to affect the predator-prey interaction between C. sapidus and M. arenaria by either hindering blue crab foraging, or alternatively, increasing clam vulnerability by altering their siphon extension and depth distribution within the sediment column. Moreover, the inclusion of a second blue crab in experimental trials further modified functional responses through both mutual interference and agonistic behavior or cooperative foraging between predators. The collective results indicate that fluctuations in dissolved oxygen concentrations, as well as both predator and prey density, must be examined jointly to understand their impact upon predator-prey dynamics in marine systems.}, number={2000}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Taylor, DL and Eggleston, DB}, year={2000}, pages={221–237} }
 @article{etherington_eggleston_2000, title={Large-scale blue crab recruitment: linking postlarval transport, post-settlement planktonic dispersal, and multiple nursery habitats}, volume={204}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps204179}, abstractNote={A large-scale study of early juvenile blue crab Callinectes sapidus recruitment within a shallow, predominantly wind-driven estuarine system demonstrated that distribution and abundance patterns were jointly influenced by location from oceanic sources of postlarvae, time period, habitat type, and post-settlement planktonic dispersal. The Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (CAPES) in North Carolina, USA, is a lagoonal body of water that is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a chain of barrier islands, which are bisected by Oregon, Hatteras, and Ocracoke Inlets. For sampling purposes, the CAPES was divided into 4 regions that differed in distance and orientation from oceanic sources of postlarvae, as well as available complex benthic habitat types. The Eastern region was closest to oceanic waters, contained 3 major inlets, and harbored extensive seagrass beds. The Northern and Western regions were located along the inland boundary of the CAPES, and con- tained alternative habitat types including the submersed rooted vascular plant Myriophyllum spica- tum and shallow detrital habitats. The Southern region was inshore and contained patchy seagrass. During a period that lacked storm events, virtually all juvenile recruitment occurred within seagrass beds at the Eastern region. Conversely, early juvenile blue crabs were distributed widely throughout the CAPES after the passage of tropical cyclones. The Eastern region appears to act as a relatively consistent initial recruitment site, whereas Northern and Western regions of the CAPES may act as episodic recruitment areas after the passage of tropical cyclones. Similar densities of early juveniles were found in different complex benthic habitats (seagrass, shallow detrital habitat, M. spicatum). A comparison of site-specific, settler-recruit densities (which represent distinct cohorts) suggested that post-settlement juveniles dispersed planktonically throughout the CAPES, most likely due to storm- driven transport. Post-settlement, planktonic dispersal altered the settler-recruit relationship, by both masking and potentially enhancing a density-dependent relationship between settlers and recruits. This study illustrates that ecological processes influencing recruitment, such as post-settlement dis- persal, may be missed when studied at relatively small spatial scales, and that our interpretation of population regulation can vary depending on the scale of study. Studies conducted over broad spa- tial scales can provide a more complete understanding of recruitment dynamics and can elucidate the interconnectedness of subpopulations by identifying potential 'source' areas in species with open populations.}, number={2000}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Etherington, LL and Eggleston, DB}, year={2000}, pages={179–198} }
 @article{ratchford_eggleston_2000, title={Temporal shift in the presence of a chemical cue contributes to a diel shift in sociality}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0003-3472"]}, DOI={10.1006/anbe.1999.1383}, abstractNote={Spatial and temporal variation in animal aggregations may be due to variation in the presence of cues for aggregation (or disaggregation) or to variation in the receptivity of the animal to a particular cue or suite of cues. Spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, forage solitarily but are often found aggregated in their diurnal shelters. An important proximate cause of aggregation among spiny lobsters is a scent they produce that influences shelter choice by conspecifics. We examined how variability in the presence of, or response to, such a chemical cue may contribute to diel shifts in sociality among spiny lobsters. We conducted a series of Y-maze shelter choice experiments using lobsters that were either maintained under altered dark:light schedules in the experimental arena or under natural lighting in the head tanks. Lobsters that were maintained on a light schedule 8 h later than normal chose shelters at their dawn (corresponding to the middle of the night for lobsters in the head tanks); however, their choices of shelter were not influenced by scents of conspecifics. Lobsters that were maintained on a schedule 8 h earlier than normal chose shelters in the middle of their night (corresponding to dawn for the lobsters in the head tanks). Their choices of shelter were significantly influenced by conspecific scents. These results suggest that the chemical cues for aggregation, released by spiny lobsters, are present discontinuously, that spiny lobsters are influenced by conspecific odours continuously, and that aggregation is controlled by temporal variation in the presence of a chemical cue. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.}, number={2000 Apr.}, journal={ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR}, author={Ratchford, SG and Eggleston, DB}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={793–799} }
 @inbook{eggleston_1999, title={Application of landscape ecological principles to oyster reef habitat restoration}, booktitle={Oyster reef habitat restoration: a synopsis and synthesis of approaches}, publisher={Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press}, author={Eggleston, D. B.}, editor={M. W. Lukenbach, R. Mann and Wesson, J. A.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={213–227} }
 @article{xie_eggleston_1999, title={Computer simulations of wind-induced estuarine circulation patterns and estuary-shelf exchange processes: The potential role of wind forcing on larval transport}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0272-7714"]}, DOI={10.1006/ecss.1999.0498}, abstractNote={Wind and density (salinity) driven circulation patterns in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (CAPES), North Carolina and its interaction with shelf waters via inlets were investigated using the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM). This study examines the sensitivity of three-dimensional flow within the CAPES and the exchange of water mass between the CAPES and continental shelf to eight different wind directions. The results indicate that stochastic wind forcing could interact with the topography of coastline and the geographic locations of inlet sources of larvae, to produce spatiotemporal variation in larval supply to potential estuarine nursery habitats. Larval transport between Pamlico, Croatan and Albemarle Sounds, and exchange between estuary and shelf can have horizontal and vertical variations. Thus, three dimensional models coupled with information on larval vertical migration behavior, are required to explain inshore migration and settlement patterns of estuarine-dependent finfish and crustaceans.}, number={2}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Xie, L and Eggleston, DB}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={221–234} }
 @article{eggleston_elis_etherington_dahlgren_posey_1999, title={Organism responses to habitat fragmentation and diversity: Habitat colonization by estuarine macrofauna}, volume={236}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00192-0}, abstractNote={Ecologists increasingly recognize that their choice of spatial scales may influence greatly their interpretation of ecological systems, and that small changes in the patchiness of habitat resources can produce abrupt, sometimes dramatic shifts in distribution and abundance patterns of a species. Moreover, identification of scale- and habitat-dependent ecological patterns are central to management efforts aimed at predicting the response of organisms to the increasing threat of habitat fragmentation. We used habitat plots containing artificial seagrass, oyster shell, and a mixture of seagrass and shell, placed on unstructured seafloor for 14 days in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA to examine the interactive effects of patch size, habitat diversity and experimental site on colonization by assemblages of estuarine macrofauna. We tested three a priori predictions of the general hypothesis that macrofaunal colonization is scale- and habitat-dependent: (1) colonization (per unit area) will be higher in small patches than in large ones; (2) small macrofauna will show a stronger response to habitat patchiness at a given scale than large macrofauna; and (3) colonization by estuarine macrofauna will be higher in habitat plots containing a mixture of seagrass and oyster shell compared to monotypic plots. Macrofauna responded to habitat patchiness in a complex manner that varied according to habitat type, experimental site, species, taxon, functional group, and animal body size (small: 500 μm–2 mm; large: >2 mm). Of the five out of seven response variables where we observed a significant patch size effect, grass shrimp (Palaemonidae sp.) and small, mobile crustaceans (i.e., amphipods and isopods) were the only taxonomic or functional groups whose densities were higher in small (0.25 m2) than large (1 m2) patches, as predicted. Moreover, there was a disproportionate reduction in macrofaunal abundance and diversity in small patches of oyster shell compared to seagrass and mixed habitat treatments; this pattern was significant for both the total density and numbers of small species but not for large macrofauna. The total density and number of macrofaunal species was not higher in the mixed habitat treatment compared to seagrass or oyster shell. Our study demonstrates that an organism's response to habitat patchiness is dependent upon species, taxa, functional group, and animal body size, and that an organism's response is further modified by habitat type. The patterns observed in this study highlight the importance of scale- and habitat-dependent responses by mobile organisms to complex benthic habitats, and, because of the disproportionate reduction in faunal density and diversity in small versus large patches of oyster shell, heightens concern over the negative impacts to biodiversity through large-scale fragmentation of subtidal oyster reefs in certain regions.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Eggleston, DB and Elis, WE and Etherington, LL and Dahlgren, CP and Posey, MH}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={107–132} }
 @article{eggleston_armstrong_elis_patton_1998, title={Estuarine fronts as conduits for larval transport: hydrodynamics and spatial distribution of Dungeness crab postlarvae}, volume={164}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps164073}, abstractNote={Frontal zones are common, hydrographic features in estuaries throughout the world, yet there is no consensus on the importance of fronts to larval transport processes. Frontal circulation may act as a 'barrier' to larval transport since it constrains cross-frontal flows, leading to strong along-frontal flows, which In turn may serve as a type of 'larval conduit' by funneling larvae collected at the front to settlement locations. We examined the larval conduit hypothesis by characterizing hydrodynamic features of apparent frontal structure in Grays Harbor estuary (Washington, USA) and quantifying the effects of frontal structure on the distribution and transport potential of Dungeness crab Cancermagister megalopae dunng spring-time recruitment pulses. CTD casts made perpendicular to fronts indicated that frontal structure was characteristic of buoyant plume and axial convergent fronts at the bay mouth and at a subtidal channel site within the estuary, respectively. Surface drifters deployed seaward of a front at the bay mouth during early flood tide were advected into the front, demonstrating convergent circulation. Surface drifters remained within buoyant plume fronts, which moved up-estuary during flood tide at 0.4 m S-', and were then entrained in axial convergent fronts. Drifters moved an average of 10 km up-estuary during a single flood tide; the direction that drifters tracked corresponded to prevailing winds. The mean concentration of megalopae, as measured with neuston nets, was significantly higher in fronts than in adjacent water, 20 to 30 m upstream of the front, irrespective of year or location within the estuary. Paired plankton nets deployed at the bay mouth during flood tide indicated that the mean concentration and flux of megalopae was higher at the surface than at 3 to 4 m depth; this trend was significant for megalopal flux. Variable wind stress during the recruitment period of Dungeness crab, combined with the suggested effect of fronts serving as larval cond.uits whose direction of transport is influenced by prevailing winds, could significantly influence spatial variation in postlarval supply and subsequent settlement within the estuary.}, number={1998 Apr. 9}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Eggleston, DB and Armstrong, DA and Elis, WE and Patton, WS}, year={1998}, pages={73–82} }
 @article{eggleston_grover_lipcius_1998, title={Ontogenetic diet shifts in Nassau grouper: Trophic linkages and predatory impact}, volume={63}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Eggleston, D. B. and Grover, J. J. and Lipcius, R. N.}, year={1998}, pages={111–126} }
 @article{eggleston_etherington_elis_1998, title={Organism response to habitat patchiness: species and habitat-dependent recruitment of decapod crustaceans}, volume={223}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00154-8}, abstractNote={Habitat fragmentation from natural or anthropogenic causes is a common phenomenon in shallow water marine habitats such as seagrass beds and oyster reefs throughout the world. Thus, habitat- and scale-dependent information on how organisms perceive and respond to changes in the landscape is critical to efforts aimed at predicting the effects of habitat change on population abundance. In estuarine systems, seagrass is considered one of the predominant nursery habitats for numerous ecologically and commercially important species; however, recent information suggests that alternative habitats such as oyster reefs may also be important sites for settlement and refuge. We used artificial seagrass- and shell-filled plastic trays placed on unstructured seafloor in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA to examine the interactive effects of Experiment, Patch size and Habitat type upon recruitment success of four species of decapod crustaceans: the grass shrimps, Palaemonetes intermedius Holthuis, P. pugio Holthuis and P. vulgaris (Say), and the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Regardless of habitat type, all species of grass shrimp and J1 blue crab responded to habitat patchiness at scales as small as 0.25 to 4 m−2, whereas larger J2–J4 blue crab did not. Mean densities of all three species of grass shrimp responded in a similar manner to patch size, with significantly higher densities in the smallest patch size (0.25 m−2) compared to larger patches (0.5 to 4 m−2). Conversely, mean densities of J1 blue crabs were significantly higher in the largest patch size (4 m−2) compared to smaller patches (0.25 to 1 m−2). There was a negative and significant relationship between the density of grass shrimp predators and density of J1 prey, and no relationship between potential fish predators and J1–J4 prey. Thus, patterns observed for J1 may be dependent upon predators and not habitat patch size. Both species demonstrated different responses to habitat type depending upon relative densities and body size. Mean densities of P. intermedius and P. vulgaris were higher in seagrass than oyster shell during Experiment 1 (May) when shrimp were relatively abundant, but did not differ between habitat types during Experiment 2 (October), when densities were reduced 10-fold. Conversely, densities of P. pugio did not differ between seagrass and oyster shell. Mean densities of J1 blue crab were similar between seagrass and oyster shell, but higher in seagrass than oyster shell for later juvenile stages (J2–J4). Thus, blue crabs may rely equally on seagrass and oyster reefs as an initial settlement and refuge habitat for early juveniles. Our study demonstrates that an organism's response to habitat patchiness is species-specific, and that for a given species, the response is further modified by animal density and body size. The patterns observed in this study further highlight the importance of scale-dependent responses by mobile organisms to complex benthic habitats.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Eggleston, DB and Etherington, LL and Elis, WE}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={111–132} }
 @article{ratchford_eggleston_1998, title={Size- and scale-dependent chemical attraction contribute to an ontogenetic shift in sociality}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0003-3472"]}, DOI={10.1006/anbe.1998.0869}, abstractNote={Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, reside solitarily during the first months postsettlement, but shift to gregarious shelter use in later juvenile stages, at sizes as small as 15 mm in carapace length. To determine whether receptivity to or production of a chemical attractant among spiny lobster conspecifics is dependent upon body size or spatial scale, we conducted a series of overnight Y-maze shelter choice experiments. We placed a test lobster in an experimental arena and allowed it to choose between two shelters, which differed only in that water flowing by one shelter contained sea water that had passed through a header tank containing a conspecific. We varied the size of the lobster in the arena, the size and number of lobsters in the header tank, and the size of the experimental arena. Lobsters of all sizes tested released odours that attracted conspecifics; however, a single small lobster could attract other conspecifics only in the small arena. Lobsters greater than 15 mm in carapace length were attracted to shelters from which conspecific odours were emanating, while smaller lobsters were not. The results of this study suggest that: (1) the earliest benthic stages (less than 15 mm in carapace length) are unresponsive to conspecific odours, but lobsters greater than 15 mm in carapace length are attracted by conspecific odours; and (2) large lobsters produce a sufficient quantity of scent to attract conspecifics over distances of at least a few metres, whereas small lobsters (15-30 mm in carapace length) cannot. Body size- and spatial scale-dependent attraction could contribute to the shift from solitary to gregarious shelter use among Caribbean spiny lobsters. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR}, author={Ratchford, SG and Eggleston, DB}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1027–1034} }
 @article{eggleston_lipcius_marshall_ratchford_1998, title={Spatiotemporal variation in postlarval recruitment of the Caribbean spiny lobster in the central Bahamas: lunar and seasonal periodicity, spatial coherence, and wind forcing}, volume={174}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps174033}, abstractNote={A large-scale recruitment study of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the central Bahamas identified (1 ) strong spatial coherence in settlement to inshore nursery habitats, (2) temporal variability due in part to stochastic wind forcing, and (3) lunar and seasonal periodicity in settlement. First, we quantified lunar variation in settlement on standardized artificial substrates to determine whether or not intraand inter-annual variability In recruitment could be adequately described by measuring influx of postlarvae during the first quarter of each new moon, as suggested by previous studies. Next, we compared settlement data obtained from artificial surface substrates to concentrations of postlarvae In the water column and benthic settlement. Long-term (6 yr) spatiotemporal variation in postlarval settlement was then quantified at 8 sites spanning a longitudmal and onshore distance of 43 km and 11 km, respectively. Lastly, we examined the relationship between postlarval settlement and environmental variables with time-series analyses. The key findings were that: (1) signlficant lunar (first quarter of lunar phase) and seasonal (fall peak) periodicities in settlement were consistent across sites; (2) postlarval settlement varied more across sites (-600%) than between years at a single site (-50%), and inter-site differences were consistent across time (i.e. some sites always had higher settlement than others); (3) settlement was correlated with along-shore winds blowing towards the southeast, but not with cross-shelf winds or water temperature; (4) floating. 'Witham-type' artificial settlement substrates yielded an accurate index of postlarval concentration and flux past a given point; and (5) floating substrates were a relatively poor indicator of benthic settlement, though the relationship between surface and benthic settlement may depend upon benth~c habitat availability and postlarval supply. These results indicate that artificial settlement substrates provide a reliable index of postlarval supply to inshore nursery habitats, and that a combination of stochastic and deterministic forces influence recruitment over various scales of time and space.}, number={1998 Nov. 26}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Eggleston, DB and Lipcius, RN and Marshall, LS and Ratchford, SG}, year={1998}, pages={33–49} }
 @article{lipcius_eggleston_miller_luhrs_1998, title={The habitat-survival function for Caribbean spiny lobster: an inverted size effect and non-linearity in mixed algal and seagrass habitats}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1448-6059"]}, DOI={10.1071/MF97094}, abstractNote={
The habitat-survival function (HSF) defines changes in survival relative to
habitat structure; forms include linear, hyperbolic and sigmoid (threshold)
curves, whose consequences on predator–prey dynamics are illustrated by
their first derivatives. Survival of two juvenile size classes of Caribbean
spiny lobster was evaluated as a function of plant biomass in tethering
experiments in mixed algal and seagrass patches adjacent to Bahía de la
Ascensión, Mexico, which serves as nursery habitat. The HSF was
hyperbolic for algal biomass; even modest increases of algal biomass
significantly enhanced lobster survival. The rate of change in survival as a
function of algal biomass (i.e. an approximation of the first derivative) was
greatest at low-to-moderate levels of habitat structure. Hence, survival in
these microhabitats is either low or rapidly changing with alterations in
habitat structure, and they should be avoided by juveniles. Seagrass biomass
did not significantly influence survival, although its levels were relatively
low. Smaller juveniles had significantly higher survival rates than larger
juveniles, probably because of the limited availability of appropriately
scaled refugia for larger juveniles; large juveniles may display an
ontogenetic shift from these habitats to coral reefs because of elevated
predation risk as they grow.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH}, author={Lipcius, RN and Eggleston, DB and Miller, DL and Luhrs, TC}, year={1998}, pages={807–816} }
 @article{grover_eggleston_shenker_1998, title={Transition from pelagic to demersal phase in early-juvenile Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, pigmentation, squamation, and ontogeny of diet}, volume={62}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Grover, J. J. and Eggleston, D. B. and Shenker, J. M.}, year={1998}, pages={97–113} }
 @article{lipcius_stockhausen_eggleston_marshall_hickey_1997, title={Hydrodynamic decoupling of recruitment, habitat quality and adult abundance in the Caribbean spiny lobster: source-sink dynamics?}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1448-6059"]}, DOI={10.1071/MF97194}, abstractNote={
Marine species possess dispersive stages that interconnect subpopulations,
which may inhabit ‘source’ and ‘sink’ habitats, where
reproduction and emigration either exceed or fall short of mortality and
immigration, respectively. Postlarval supply, juvenile density and adult
abundance of the Caribbean spiny lobster,
Panulirus argus, were measured at four widely separated
sites spanning >100 km in Exuma Sound, Bahamas. Adult abundance was lowest
at a site with the highest postlarval supply and little nursery habitat;
hence, it was tentatively classified as a sink. Circulation in Exuma Sound is
dominated by large-scale gyres which apparently concentrate and advect
postlarvae toward the nominal sink. The remaining three sites, including one
marine reserve, had higher adult abundances despite lower postlarval supply,
and are therefore tentatively classified as sources. Postlarval supply is
probably decoupled from adult abundance by physical transport. Adult abundance
is likely decoupled from postlarval supply by the effects of varying habitat
quality upon postlarval and juvenile survival, as indicated by non-significant
differences among sites in juvenile density. It appears that some sites with
suitable settlement and nursery habitat are sources of spawning stock for
Panulirus argus, whereas others with poor habitat are
sinks despite sufficient postlarval influx.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH}, author={Lipcius, RN and Stockhausen, WT and Eggleston, DB and Marshall, LS and Hickey, B}, year={1997}, pages={807–815} }
 @article{eggleston_lipcius_grover_1997, title={Predator and shelter-size effects on coral reef fish and spiny lobster prey}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps149043}, abstractNote={Population dynamics of coral reef fishes and spiny lobster appear to be determined by variable recruitment interacting wlth post-settlement processes, part~cularly p reda t~on The nsk of predation may be modified by the scaling between prey and shelter slze, whlch enhances the protective capaclty of a reef LVc experimentally tested these pred~ctlons by manlpula t~ng densities of predatory Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus on 8 a r t ~ f ~ c ~ a l patch reefs of 2 sizes (small, large) In a large seagrass bed near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. We initially censused patch reefs for 7 mo, after w h ~ c h we randomly selected equivalent numbers of small and large reefs to serve as permanent grouper removal vrrsus control (non-removal) reefs. We continued to census patch reefs for 12 mo after predators were removed from certain reefs The abundance of predatory Nassau grouper and the slze of shelters from predatlon jointly explained the observed d~strlbution and abundance patterns of splny lobster and reef flsh prey inhabiting artiflclal patch reef habitats For example, the abundance of small lobsters was highest In small reefs where Nassau grouper were experimentally removed. When we assessed the effects of predator abundance on all reef flsh prey (1 to 10 cm TL), we were unable to detect any sign~ficant effects on prey abundance or species d ~ v e r s ~ t y due to low statistical power. However, the total abundance and specles richness of medium size reef fish (4 to 10 cm TL) was s~gnificantly higher in small shelters from w h ~ c h grouper were removed In comparing species' relative abundances on reefs with low versus hlgh numbers and Nassau grouper, the results indicated that grouper reduce prey abundances In a generalized, non-selective pattern, with no difference in the nuinber of rare versus common prey species that were extirpated. Thus. l uven~ le Nassau grouper Inhabiting certaln patch reefs produce a general predatory Impact, whereby predatlon reduces prey abundance and diversity in proportion to the lnitial relatlve abundance of prey Our results support the prediction that a t certain scales of space and time, post-settlement predatlon is a crl t~cal determinant of population abundance and species d~versity of reef-flsh and spiny lobstelprey, and that the effect of predation is m e d ~ a t e d by the protective capacity of a reef}, number={1-3}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Eggleston, DB and Lipcius, RN and Grover, JJ}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={43–59} }